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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tSSdM4HwSjjvJyHf89MXBQH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400446</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005025102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160145</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Gene Polymorphism on Echocardiographic Data of Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duque</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Salgado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Aparecida da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schneider</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Siuffo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gimenez</surname>
            <given-names>Alinne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Mourilhe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ); RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gustavo Salgado Duque</bold>, Rua Bambina, 56, sala 202, Botafogo. Postal Code 22251-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>gustavosduque@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Duque GS, Silva DA, Albuquerque FN, Albuquerque DC; Acquisition of data: Duque GS, Albuquerque FN, Schneider RS, Gimenez A, Rocha RM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Duque GS, Silva DA, Albuquerque FN, Albuquerque FN, Schneider RS, Pozzan R, Albuquerque DC; Statistical analysis: Duque GS, Pozzan R; Obtaining financing: Albuquerque DC; Writing of the manuscript: Duque GS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Duque GS, Silva DA, Albuquerque FN, Schneider RS, Pozzan R, Rocha RM, Albuquerque DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>446</fpage>
      <lpage>454</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Association between angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms and different clinical and echocardiographic outcomes has been described in patients with heart failure (HF) and coronary artery disease. Studying the genetic profile of the local population with both diseases is necessary to assess the occurrence of that association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the frequency of ACE gene polymorphisms in patients with ischemic HF in a Rio de Janeiro population, as well as its association with echocardiographic findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Genetic assessment of I/D ACE polymorphism in association with clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic analysis of 99 patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The allele frequency was: 53 I alleles, and 145 D alleles. Genotype frequencies were: 49.5% DD; 47.48% DI; 3.02% II. Drug treatment was optimized: 98% on beta-blockers, and 84.8% on ACE inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blocker. Echocardiographic findings: difference between left ventricular diastolic diameters (&#916;LVDD) during follow-up: 2.98&#177;8.94 (DD) vs. 0.68&#177;8.12 (DI) vs. -11.0&#177;7.00 (II), p=0.018; worsening during follow-up of the LV systolic diameter (LVSD): 65.3% DD vs. 19.0% DI vs. 0.0% II, p=0.01; of the LV diastolic diameter (LVDD): 65.3% DD vs. 46.8% DI vs. 0.0% II, p=0.03; and of the LV ejection fraction (LVEF): 67.3% DD vs. 40.4% DI vs. 33.3% II, p=0.024. Correlated with D allele: &#916;LVEF, &#916;LVSD, &#916;LVDD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>More DD genotype patients had worsening of the LVEF, LVSD and LVDD, followed by DI genotype patients, while II genotype patients had the best outcome. The same pattern was observed for &#916;LVDD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography / methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure is a complex syndrome, and there is strong evidence that gene polymorphisms play an important role in its pathophysiology and progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In addition, neuro-hormonal activation has a role in heart failure course. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE), a key player in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is essential to heart function regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphisms (ACEGP) have been associated with heart failure prognosis, and several studies have shown the association of D allele and DD genotype with worse echocardiographic outcomes in patients with systolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The DD genotype is associated with higher frequency of acute myocardial infarction in several populations, in addition to major ischemic defects after occlusion of a coronary artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common cause of heart failure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and, similarly to the presence of the D allele and DD genotype, is associated with both CAD and heart failure independently.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Thus, we decided to study the frequency of ACEGP in a population of patients with CAD and heart failure, assessing their echocardiographic findings, and comparing them in the different genotype groups.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Observational, retrospective cohort of 3 years and 4 months, with data collected from the medical records of patients of a university-affiliated hospital, in addition to genetic analysis at the same university.</p>
      <p>This study assessed 101 patients, 99 of whom completed the genotyping process for ACE gene alleles, constituting this study's sample. The alleles were determined at the time of patients' inclusion in the study, their clinical follow-up being then retrospectively assessed.</p>
      <p>The patients were assessed by a multidisciplinary team, their guidance and treatment following the Brazilian Society of Cardiology guidelines. Data were collected during visits to the outpatient clinic by doctors participating in the study, and were reviewed by the main author of the study.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: age over 18 years; heart failure diagnosis according to the Framingham criteria; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;50% on echocardiography, assessed with the Simpson's method at any time of clinical follow-up; CAD demonstrated on coronary angiography with evidence of significant obstructive disease (&#8805; 75%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> or previous acute myocardial infarction or previous percutaneous coronary angioplasty or surgical myocardial revascularization. The exclusion criteria were as follows: unavailable or inappropriate medical records; non-ischemic etiology of heart failure; and loss to follow-up by the end of the study.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University, being included in the Brazilian system of Ethics in Research. All patients provided written informed consent before the beginning of the study, which abided by the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>The procedures of data analysis and collection from the medical records were blind to the researchers. The genotype was known only at the end of the review of the medical record; therefore, no physician knew that information at the time of the medical visits.</p>
      <p>Skin color was observed by the physician, the individuals being classified as white, black, mixed or other (yellow/Asian).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic variables</title>
        <p>All patients underwent at least two echocardiographic assessments at different times, undergoing new tests at the clinical discretion of the medical team. Data of the first echocardiography and of another conducted at the end of the follow-up were collected, in two device models, GE Vivid 3 and HD7 Philips, with a 2.75-MHz transducer, the test being performed by a physician blinded to the patients' genotypes.</p>
        <p>The following echocardiographic data were assessed: LVEF (Simpson's method); left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters (LVSD and LVDD, respectively). The methodology to measure echocardiographically the ventricular diameters and muscle thickness followed the rules of the American Society of Echocardiography.</p>
        <p>Echocardiographic outcomes were assessed by calculating the differences between the final and initial values of the parameters measured (LVEF, LVSD and LVDD) as follows: variation of the left ventricular ejection fraction (&#916;LVEF), variation of the LVSD (&#916;LVSD), and variation of the LVDD (&#916;LVDD). In addition, objective improvement or worsening of those parameters during follow-up was assessed, with the creation of the following variables: F&#916;LVEF, for LVEF improvement or worsening during follow-up; F&#916;LVSD and F&#916;LVDD, for improvement or worsening of LVSD and LVDD, respectively, during follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genetic analysis</title>
        <p>Blood samples were collected and stored at 5-15&#186;C for genetic analysis with DNA extraction, according to the salting-out method, genotyping with polymerase chain reaction, and later classification as DD, DI or II genotypes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All data obtained were analyzed with an IBM PC computer by using the SPSS for Windows statistical program, version 17.0 of 2008. The following tests were used: Tukey, chi-square (&#967;<sup>2</sup>), analysis of variance (F) and Pearson correlation. The statistical significance level adopted was 5%. Categorical variables were presented as absolute values and their respective percentages. Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. To assess the distribution of the variables studied, skewness analysis was used. Gene and haplotype frequencies were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, using ARLEQUIN software, version 2000.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Weight of D allele</title>
        <p>In addition to categorizing ACE genotypes into three groups (DD, DI and II) and assessing their relationship with the other variables, an analysis model was elaborated to test the isolated impact of each D allele on echocardiographic findings. Thus, a mathematical model was created to simulate the behavior of the ACE gene codominance, in which each copy of the D allele was assigned weight 1 in the analysis, so that the genotypes had the following weights: 0 (II genotype), 1 (DI genotype) and 2 (DD genotype), depending on the number of D alleles. Therefore, a categorical variable of ACEGP was transformed into a numerical variable (0, 1, 2) to simulate the weight of each copy of the D allele in the echocardiographic findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Genetic profile of the sample</title>
        <p>Regarding the allele frequency, I alleles occurred 53 times, while D alleles, 145 times. Genotype frequencies were 3.02% II, 47.48% DI and 49.5% DD. The genetic profile was tested and showed no deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the population</title>
        <p>Mean age was 65.4&#177;11.4 years, with a wide range (36 years - 94 years). The distribution of skin color was as follows: white, 69.7%; mixed, 16.2%; black, 14.1%. There were no Asians. There were more males (73 men and 26 women) in the population and in the groups with D alleles, but not in the II group. There were more white individuals in all groups, with lower evidence in the DD group, with no statistically significant difference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Drug treatment was assessed, and most patients were on ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers. There was no statistically significant variation between the gene groups assessed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics, tests and drug treatment of the population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n=99)</th>
                <th align="center">DD (n=49)</th>
                <th align="center">DI (n=47)</th>
                <th align="center">II (n=3)</th>
                <th align="center">Statistical test</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">65.40&#177;11.42</td>
                <td align="center">65.38&#177;12.41</td>
                <td align="center">65.34&#177;10.27</td>
                <td align="center">66.64&#177;16.28</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.018</td>
                <td align="center">0.982</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">73 (73.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (75.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (74.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 2.621</td>
                <td align="center">0.270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">26 (26.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (25.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">White color</td>
                <td align="center">69 (69.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (57.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (80.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 8.525</td>
                <td align="center">0.074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-white/non-black</td>
                <td align="center">16 (16.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Black color</td>
                <td align="center">14 (14.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (22.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T. diagn (months)</td>
                <td align="center">108.10&#177;86.50</td>
                <td align="center">107.84&#177;90.76</td>
                <td align="center">102.07&#177;79.23</td>
                <td align="center">206.81&#177;95.28</td>
                <td align="center">F= 2.115</td>
                <td align="center">0.126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Follow-up (months)</td>
                <td align="center">54.95&#177;43.57</td>
                <td align="center">56.43&#177;45.74</td>
                <td align="center">53.43&#177;41.62</td>
                <td align="center">54.70&#177;53.53</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.056</td>
                <td align="center">0.946</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">74.437&#177;15.23</td>
                <td align="center">72.62 &#177;17.94</td>
                <td align="center">76.16&#177;12.14</td>
                <td align="center">77.13&#177;10.33</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.694</td>
                <td align="center">0.502</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1.64&#177;0.87</td>
                <td align="center">1.63&#177;0.93</td>
                <td align="center">1.65 &#177;0.80</td>
                <td align="center">1.60&#177;0.93</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.795</td>
                <td align="center">0.455</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27.66&#177;4.83</td>
                <td align="center">27.06&#177;5.11</td>
                <td align="center">28.13 &#177;4.52</td>
                <td align="center">30.09&#177;4.9</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.976</td>
                <td align="center">0.381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">96.14&#177;11.71</td>
                <td align="center">94.48&#177;12.52</td>
                <td align="center">97.39&#177;10.87</td>
                <td align="center">102.5&#177;9.99</td>
                <td align="center">F= 1.190</td>
                <td align="center">0.309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAH</td>
                <td align="center">79 (79.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (75.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (83.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 1.613</td>
                <td align="center">0.446</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">32 (32.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (31.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 1.687</td>
                <td align="center">0.430</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking currently</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 5.132</td>
                <td align="center">0.274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ex-smoker</td>
                <td align="center">54 (54.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (53.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (53.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Never smoked</td>
                <td align="center">36 (36.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (34.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (40.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcoholism currently</td>
                <td align="center">12 (12.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 5.931</td>
                <td align="center">0.204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ex-alcoholic</td>
                <td align="center">17 (17.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (18.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">75 (75.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (77.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (72.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 1.345</td>
                <td align="center">0.511</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FH HF</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 0.931</td>
                <td align="center">0.628</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FH CAD</td>
                <td align="center">46 (46.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (46.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (48.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 2.724</td>
                <td align="center">0.256</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP1 (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">126.27 &#177; 20.52</td>
                <td align="center">127.35 &#177; 20.22</td>
                <td align="center">124.64&#177;20.86</td>
                <td align="center">134.33&#177;25.03</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.443</td>
                <td align="center">0.644</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP1 (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75.46&#177;12.93</td>
                <td align="center">75.98&#177;12.23</td>
                <td align="center">74.60&#177;13.47</td>
                <td align="center">80.67&#177;19.01</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.383</td>
                <td align="center">0.683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR1 (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">73.06&#177;14.85</td>
                <td align="center">72.86&#177;14.42</td>
                <td align="center">72.02&#177;14.73</td>
                <td align="center">92.67&#177;14.01</td>
                <td align="center">F= 2.839</td>
                <td align="center">0.063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP2 (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">116.02&#177;16.49</td>
                <td align="center">117.31&#177;15.76</td>
                <td align="center">113.68&#177;15.15</td>
                <td align="center">131.67&#177;39.31</td>
                <td align="center">F= 2.014</td>
                <td align="center">0.139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP 2 (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">71.79&#177;10.68</td>
                <td align="center">72.76&#177;10.49</td>
                <td align="center">70.21&#177;10.49</td>
                <td align="center">80.67&#177;14.74</td>
                <td align="center">F= 1.776</td>
                <td align="center">0.175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR2 (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">70.27&#177;11.80</td>
                <td align="center">71.57&#177;11.52</td>
                <td align="center">69.04&#177;12.32</td>
                <td align="center">69.33&#177;8.51</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.529</td>
                <td align="center">0.591</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">-10.25&#177;20.45</td>
                <td align="center">-10.04&#177;21.11</td>
                <td align="center">-10.96&#177;19.75</td>
                <td align="center">-2.67&#177;27.03</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.233</td>
                <td align="center">0.792</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">-3.68&#177;14.30</td>
                <td align="center">-3.22&#177;13.75</td>
                <td align="center">-4.38&#177;14.39</td>
                <td align="center">0&#177;26</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.178</td>
                <td align="center">0.837</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">-2.79&#177;15.67</td>
                <td align="center">-1.35&#177;14.58</td>
                <td align="center">-2.98&#177;15.80</td>
                <td align="center">-23.33&#177;22.50</td>
                <td align="center">F= 2.897</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hb (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13.72 &#177; 1.71</td>
                <td align="center">13.32 &#177; 1.90</td>
                <td align="center">14.12&#177;1.39</td>
                <td align="center">14.00&#177;2.17</td>
                <td align="center">F= 2.790</td>
                <td align="center">0.066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">UA (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">6.42&#177;2.28</td>
                <td align="center">6.72&#177;2.02</td>
                <td align="center">6.01&#177;2.52</td>
                <td align="center">7.83&#177;0.681</td>
                <td align="center">F= 1.797</td>
                <td align="center">0.171</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TC (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">178.19&#177;52.12</td>
                <td align="center">176.27&#177;56.81</td>
                <td align="center">183.64&#177;46.22</td>
                <td align="center">124.33&#177;37.54</td>
                <td align="center">F= 1.927</td>
                <td align="center">0.151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Na (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">138.66&#177;3.79</td>
                <td align="center">138.37&#177;3.94</td>
                <td align="center">139.02&#177;3.47</td>
                <td align="center">137.67&#177;7.10</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.457</td>
                <td align="center">0.635</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cr (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.28&#177;0.99</td>
                <td align="center">1.45&#177;1.31</td>
                <td align="center">1.10&#177;0.48</td>
                <td align="center">1.38&#177;0.45</td>
                <td align="center">F= 1.592</td>
                <td align="center">0.209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CrCl (ml/min)</td>
                <td align="center">70.30&#177;31.29</td>
                <td align="center">66.68&#177;36.19</td>
                <td align="center">75.17&#177;25.20</td>
                <td align="center">53.25&#177;24.42</td>
                <td align="center">F= 1.352</td>
                <td align="center">0.264</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QRS&gt;120ms</td>
                <td align="center">14 (14.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (14.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=1.077</td>
                <td align="center">0.584</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LBBB</td>
                <td align="center">21 (21.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>= 0.283</td>
                <td align="center">0.868</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BB</td>
                <td align="center">97 (98.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (95.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2.258</td>
                <td align="center">0.323</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BB target</td>
                <td align="center">65.49%&#177;3.9%</td>
                <td align="center">60.59%&#177;5.3%</td>
                <td align="center">70.63%&#177;5.8%</td>
                <td align="center">66.67%&#177;16.7%</td>
                <td align="center">F= 0.825</td>
                <td align="center">0.441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI</td>
                <td align="center">47 (47.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (51.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=4.433</td>
                <td align="center">0.109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI target</td>
                <td align="center">46.35%%&#177;4.5%</td>
                <td align="center">46.35%&#177;7.4%</td>
                <td align="center">42.06%&#177;5.4%</td>
                <td align="center">75%&#177;25%</td>
                <td align="center">F= 1.551</td>
                <td align="center">0.223</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ARB</td>
                <td align="center">37 (37.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (36.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2.068</td>
                <td align="center">0.356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spiro</td>
                <td align="center">37 (37.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (36.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (40.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=1.986</td>
                <td align="center">0.370</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digitalis</td>
                <td align="center">19 (19.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2.525</td>
                <td align="center">0.283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furos</td>
                <td align="center">49 (49.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (51.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (44.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=3.543</td>
                <td align="center">0.170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furos dose</td>
                <td align="center">70.98&#177;56.3</td>
                <td align="center">80&#177;70</td>
                <td align="center">57.27&#177;36.2</td>
                <td align="center">93.3&#177;23</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=1.232</td>
                <td align="center">0.301</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HCTZ</td>
                <td align="center">12 (12.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2.194</td>
                <td align="center">0.334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stat</td>
                <td align="center">92 (92.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (89.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (95.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=1.527</td>
                <td align="center">0.466</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Allop</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2.392</td>
                <td align="center">0.302</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Continuous variables: mean &#177; standard deviation; categorical variables: n (%).</p>
              <p>DD: deletion/deletion genotype; DI: deletion/insertion genotype; II: insertion/insertion genotype; T. diagn: time to disease diagnosis; BMI: body mass index; AC: abdominal circumference; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; FH HF: family history of heart failure; FH CAD: family history of coronary artery disease; SBP1 and SBP2: systolic blood pressure at the first and second medical visits, respectively; DBP1 and DBP2: diastolic blood pressure at the first and second medical visits, respectively; HR1 and HR2: heart rate at the first and second medical visits, respectively; &#916;SBP: difference between systolic blood pressure at the second and first medical visits; &#916;DBP: difference between diastolic blood pressure at the second and first medical visits; &#916;HR: difference between heart rate at the second and first medical visits; Hb: hemoglobin; UA: uric acid; TC: total cholesterol; Na: sodium; Cr: creatinine; CrCl: estimated creatinine clearance; QRS: QRS complex on electrocardiogram; LBBB: left bundle-branch block; BB: beta-blocker; ACEI: angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; Spiro: spironolactone; Furos: furosemide; HCTZ: hydrochlorothiazide; Stat: statin; Allop: allopurinol; BB target: target dose of beta-blocker; ACEI target: target dose of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; Furos dose: mean dose of furosemide at the last medical visit.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the LVEF findings at the initial and final echocardiographic tests.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic findings of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at the initial and final tests in the study sample.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0446-60145-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Initially most patients (37.38%) were in the LVEF range of 35-45%, being followed by those in the LVEF range of 46-55% (24.24%). On the final echocardiogram, there was a change in that pattern, most patients (33.34%) being in the LVEF range of 26-35% (one LVEF range below that of most patients on the first test), followed by those in the LVEF range of 36-45% (21.21%) (one LVEF range below the second highest percentage of patients on the first echocardiogram).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the mean values of LVEF, LVSD and LVDD on both echocardiograms assessed, without statistical difference between the values found.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic parameters in the population and their evolution according to ACE gene polymorphisms (ACEGP)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Total ACEGP (n=99)</th>
                <th align="center">DD (n=49)</th>
                <th align="center">DI (n=47)</th>
                <th align="center">II (n=3)</th>
                <th align="center">F</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF1 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38.84&#177;11.11</td>
                <td align="center">39.51&#177;9.39</td>
                <td align="center">38.50&#177;12.36</td>
                <td align="center">33.33&#177;18.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.475</td>
                <td align="center">0.623</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVSD1 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">48.85&#177;15.09</td>
                <td align="center">49.96&#177;17.48</td>
                <td align="center">46.98&#177;12.14</td>
                <td align="center">60&#177;11.53</td>
                <td align="center">1.321</td>
                <td align="center">0.272</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDD1 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">62.21&#177;15.71</td>
                <td align="center">63.31&#177;20.37</td>
                <td align="center">60.57&#177;8.99</td>
                <td align="center">70&#177;9.64</td>
                <td align="center">0.739</td>
                <td align="center">0.480</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF2 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38.45&#177;13.71</td>
                <td align="center">36.07&#177;14.29</td>
                <td align="center">40.83&#177;12.87</td>
                <td align="center">40&#177;14.80</td>
                <td align="center">1.487</td>
                <td align="center">0.231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVSD2 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">50.24&#177;12.15</td>
                <td align="center">52.16&#177;11.84</td>
                <td align="center">48.26&#177;12.58</td>
                <td align="center">50&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">1.248</td>
                <td align="center">0.292</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDD2 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">62.39&#177;10.03</td>
                <td align="center">63.71&#177;10.29</td>
                <td align="center">61.23&#177;9.98</td>
                <td align="center">59&#177;2.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.909</td>
                <td align="center">0.407</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.39 &#177;15.02</td>
                <td align="center">- 3.44&#177;14.70</td>
                <td align="center">2.34&#177;15.26</td>
                <td align="center">6.67&#177;6.66</td>
                <td align="center">2.165</td>
                <td align="center">0.120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;LVSD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2.41&#177;10.51</td>
                <td align="center">4.06&#177;10.47</td>
                <td align="center">1.49&#177;10.31</td>
                <td align="center">- 10 &#177; 4.60</td>
                <td align="center">2.991</td>
                <td align="center">0.055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;LVDD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1.46&#177;8.79</td>
                <td align="center">2.98&#177;8.94</td>
                <td align="center">0.68&#177;8.12</td>
                <td align="center">- 11 &#177; 7.00</td>
                <td align="center">4.184</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. ACEGP: angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphisms; DD: genotype deletion/deletion; DI: genotype deletion/insertion; II: genotype insertion/insertion; LVEF1: LV ejection fraction on the first echocardiogram; LVSD1: LV systolic diameter on the first echocardiogram; LVDD1: LV diastolic diameter on the first echocardiogram; LVEF2: LV ejection fraction on the final echocardiogram; LVSD2: LV systolic diameter on the final echocardiogram; LVDD2: LV diastolic diameter on the final echocardiogram; &#916;LVEF: difference between LV ejection fraction on the final and on the first echocardiograms; &#916;LVSD: difference between the LV systolic diameters on the final and on the first echocardiograms; &#916;LVDD: difference between the LV diastolic diameters on the final and on the first echocardiograms; DD: deletion/deletion genotype; DI: deletion/insertion genotype; II: insertion/insertion genotype.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the mean LVEF value changes during follow-up between final and initial echocardiographies in the sample and in the genotype groups.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) value changes during follow-up between final and initial echocardiographies in the sample and according to the genotype groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0446-60145-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The changes during follow-up in the echocardiographic parameters, regarding their improvement or worsening, were objectively assessed, and the differences were quantified. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the differences between the two echocardiographic assessments of LVSD, LVDD and LVEF (&#916;LVSD, &#916;LVDD and &#916;LVEF).</p>
        <p>The &#916;LVDD was positive in the sample and individuals with DD and DI genotypes, showing and increase in LVDD. Patients with II genotype had negative &#916;LVDD (mean, -11), evidencing a reduction in LVDD. That &#916;LVDD assessment was statistically significant in the analysis between the groups (p=0.018).</p>
        <p>The &#916;LVSD showed the same trend in the genotype groups and in the sample (increase in the DD and DI genotypes, and decrease in the II genotype), but with no statistical significance.</p>
        <p>The &#916;LVEF was negative in the sample and individuals with DD genotype, showing a decrease in LVEF, and positive in DI and II genotypes, showing an increase in LVEF. However, differently from &#916;LVDD, there was no statistical significance.</p>
        <p>To objectively assess whether there was improvement or worsening of the parameters analyzed (LVEF, LVDD and LVSD) during follow-up, F&#916;LVEF, F&#916;LVSD and F&#916;LVDD were obtained.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> evidences, with statistical significance (&#935;<sup>2</sup>= 7.497, p=0.024), the improvement or worsening during follow-up of LVEF (F&#916;LVEF) according to the ACEGP genotypes, with each cylinder representing 100.0% of genotype groups, and the colors green and blue representing the percentages of patients with LVEF improvement and worsening, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Left ventricular ejection fraction change during follow-up according to the genotype groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0446-60145-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Worsening of the LVEF was observed in most DD genotype patients (67.3%), in 40.4% of DI genotype patients and in only 33.3% of genotype II patients.</p>
        <p>Regarding F&#916;LVSD, worsening was observed in most DD genotype patients (65.4%) and in 40.4% of DI genotype patients, with statistical significance (p=0.010), while all II genotype patients (100.0%) had improvement of that parameter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Analysis of left ventricular systolic diameter variation during follow-up (F&#916;LVSD) according to the genotype groups studied.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">F&#916;LVSD</th>
                <th align="center">DD</th>
                <th align="center">DI</th>
                <th align="center">II</th>
                <th align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Improvement</td>
                <td align="center">17 (34.7)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (59.6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">9.233</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Worsening</td>
                <td align="center">32 (65.3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (40.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">49 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>DD: deletion/deletion genotype; DI: deletion/insertion genotype; II: insertion/insertion genotype; &#967;2: chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The same analysis was performed for F&#916;LVDD, evidencing worsening, that is dilation, in 32 DD genotype patients (65.3%) and 22 (46,8%) DI genotype patients, but in no II genotype patient, with statistical significance (&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 7.023; p=0.030) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Left ventricular diastolic diameter variation during follow-up (F&#916;LVDD) according to the genotype groups studied.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0446-60145-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the correlations between the echocardiographic variables and D allele weight (Pearson correlation - r). Significant correlation was evidenced with &#916;LVEF, &#916;LVSD and &#916;LVDD.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Table of correlations with D allele weight</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF1</td>
                <td align="center">0.081</td>
                <td align="center">0.426</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVSD1</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
                <td align="center">0.803</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDD1</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
                <td align="center">0.730</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF2</td>
                <td align="center">0.162</td>
                <td align="center">0.110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVSD2</td>
                <td align="center">0.142</td>
                <td align="center">0.159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDD2</td>
                <td align="center">0.136</td>
                <td align="center">0.179</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;LVEF</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.207</td>
                <td align="center">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;LVSD</td>
                <td align="center">0.205</td>
                <td align="center">0.042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;LVDD</td>
                <td align="center">0.232</td>
                <td align="center">0.021</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>LVEF1: LV ejection fraction on the first echocardiogram ; LVSD1: LV systolic diameter on the first echocardiogram; LVDD1: LV diastolic diameter on the first echocardiogram; LVEF2: LV ejection fraction on the final echocardiogram; LVSD2: LV systolic diameter on the final echocardiogram; LVDD2: LV diastolic diameter on the final echocardiogram &#916;LVEF: difference between LV ejection fraction on the final and on the first echocardiograms; &#916;LVSD: difference between the LV systolic diameters on the final and on the first echocardiograms; &#916;LVDD: difference between the LV diastolic diameters on the final and on the first echocardiograms.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The allele frequency obtained in this study differs from that of most national and international studies, because we found a lower number of II genotype patients, only 3% of the population. In patients with CAD or heart failure, higher D allele frequency than that in the general population and higher prevalence of the DI genotype have been reported, which differs from the findings in this study, where the DD genotype was the most prevalent.</p>
      <p>Remodeling after acute myocardial infarction is a predictor of heart failure and mortality, and the increase in ventricular diameters in patients with heart failure is associated with clinical worsening. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ACE are known to contribute to those processes; thus, some studies assessing ACEGP in those populations have also assessed echocardiographic parameters, similarly to the present study. Higher serum levels of ACE and angiotensin II in patients with DD and DI genotypes can be related to worse outcome for those patients.</p>
      <p>Some studies have reported different echocardiographic outcomes for patients with heart failure and CAD, depending on the ACEGP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nagashima et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have shown, in patients with old anteroseptal infarction, the higher influence of DD and DI genotypes on left ventricular remodeling as compared with that of II genotype patients. In addition, He et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have reported that the I/D ACEGP can have an important role in late ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. Ohmichi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> have shown that the D allele presence can be a risk factor for the development of heart failure with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>The present study found worsening in the LVEF ranges during follow-up, with most patients with ejection fraction values lower than those in the initial test, despite drug treatment. Analyzing the mean values of ejection fraction and ventricular systolic diameters, a trend towards worsening is observed in DD genotype individuals, but with no statistical significance between the ACEGP groups.</p>
      <p>However, there was echocardiographic worsening of the mean values of LV diastolic volume in DD genotype patients, with an increase in the &#916;LVDD, with statistical significance in the analysis between the ACEGP groups. In addition, the objective analysis of improvement or worsening of the echocardiographic parameters during follow-up evidenced, with statistical significance, more DD genotype patients with worsening, followed by DI genotype patients, while most II genotype patients improved those parameters. This suggests a pattern in which the D allele presence would be associated with worsening of echocardiographic parameters, more evident in the DD genotype group than in the DI genotype group.</p>
      <p>Assessing the importance of the D allele, there was a significant correlation between its weight and the echocardiographic variables &#916;LVEF, &#916;LVSD and &#916;LVDD, evidencing that, in that population, ACEGP associated with different echocardiographic outcomes, according to the D allele presence and genotypes of that polymorphism. Such results are in accordance with literature reports of higher severity of those patients and worse echocardiographic outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A Brazilian study conducted in 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> with patients with heart failure of all causes, 63 of ischemic etiology, has shown the trend towards greater left ventricular diameters, mainly the LVSD in patients with the DD genotype, meaning worse outcome for the DD genotype; however, the present study did not find the same statistical impact. Another study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> has reported the association of the D allele presence with left ventricular dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction, but at a more acute phase of the infarction, differently from that proposed in the present study.</p>
      <p>In a study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> assessing 142 patients with acute myocardial infarction, echocardiographic assessment including the measurement of LVEF and left ventricular diastolic and systolic volumes has shown no statistical difference between the mean values of the tests performed in each genotype group. However, differently from the results of the present study, those authors have reported improvement during follow-up of LVEF and both diameters in patients with the DD genotype, as well as improvement in LVEF during follow-up in DI genotype patients, but not in II genotype patients.</p>
      <p>Other studies support the thesis that drug treatment with ACE inhibitors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> or with beta-blockers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> has a more positive influence on the echocardiographic parameters of DD genotype patients. The Russian study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> assessing patients with ischemic heart failure has reported greater improvement in ejection fraction and systolic and diastolic diameters in the DD genotype patients who started treatment with perindopril. In those studies, the rates of ACE inhibitor use were higher than those of this study, which, considering the reports on the benefit of the use of those drugs in D allele patients, could partially explain the difference in results; that, however, cannot be applied when analyzing the use of angiotensin-receptor blockers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The beta-blocker use across the genotypes was very high and very similar (100% DD, 95.7% DI and 100% II). In addition, the rates of use of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers were high and similar, with no statistically significant difference in treatment according to the genotypes. The same occurs regarding the target dose of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers, because, although higher doses could lead to a different outcome, the genotype groups studied did not significantly differ regarding the target dose.</p>
      <p>Possible limitations of this study include the number of patients, mainly in the II genotype group; however, although several studies have larger samples,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> genetic studies with smaller numbers of patients have been reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In addition, several pertinent results were obtained with evident statistical significance. The small number of patients with II genotype might somehow be related to the severity of the population studied, mostly composed by patients with DD and DI genotypes, reported as related to worse outcome. The analysis of genotype subgroups reported in the literature comprises always the three subgroups, without gathering any of them. This study evidenced the correlation of the D allele presence (none in II, one in DI and two in DD) with echocardiographic outcome, emphasizing the importance of analyzing each genotype separately, despite the difference in the number of patients in each genotype group. Another limitation relates to data collection from medical records, which can generate errors, but that was reduced by the fact that the population was cared for at a university center of teaching and research with experienced professionals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In a population of 99 patients with ischemic heart failure:</p>
      <p>The allele and genotype frequencies related to ACEGP found in this study differed from those of the national and international literature. Only 3% of the population had II genotype.</p>
      <p>The ACEGP studied associated with the echocardiographic outcome: there were more DD genotype patients with worsening of the LVEF, LVSD and LVDD, followed by DI genotype patients, while II genotype patients had the best outcome. Echocardiographic analysis of the difference between LVDD during follow-up showed the same pattern.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gustavo Salgado Duque, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina em Dados Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Isqu&#234;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duque</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Salgado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Aparecida da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schneider</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Siuffo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gimenez</surname>
            <given-names>Alinne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Mourilhe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ); RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Salgado Duque</bold>, Rua Bambina, 56, sala 202. CEP 22251-050, Botafogo, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>gustavosduque@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Duque GS, Silva DA, Albuquerque FN, Albuquerque DC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Duque GS, Albuquerque FN, Schneider RS, Gimenez A, Rocha RM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Duque GS, Silva DA, Albuquerque FN, Schneider RS, Pozzan R, Albuquerque DC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Duque GS, Albuquerque FN, Pozzan R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Albuquerque DC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Duque GS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Duque GS, Silva DA, Albuquerque FN, Schneider RS, Pozzan R, Rocha RM, Albuquerque DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) e diferentes evolu&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi descrita em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e coronariopatia. O estudo do perfil gen&#233;tico da popula&#231;&#227;o local com as duas doen&#231;as torna-se necess&#225;rio para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia dessa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a frequ&#234;ncia dos polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da ECA em pacientes com IC de etiologia isqu&#234;mica de uma popula&#231;&#227;o do Rio de Janeiro e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica do polimorfismo I/D da ECA associada a an&#225;lise de dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de 99 pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram encontrados 53 alelos I, 145 alelos D, quanto aos gen&#243;tipos da ECA: 49,5% DD, 47,48% DI, 3,02% II. O tratamento medicamentoso foi otimizado com 98% usando betabloqueadores e 84,8%, IECA ou bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina. Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: diferen&#231;a entre os di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (&#916;VED): 2,98&#177;8,94 (DD) vs. 0,68&#177;8,12 (DI) vs. -11,0&#177;7,00 (II), p=0,018; piora evolutiva do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (VES): 65,3 % DD vs. 19,0 % DI vs. 0,0 % II, p=0,01; do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (VED): 65,3 % DD vs. 46,8 % DI vs. 0,0 % II, p=0,03; e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE): 67,3 % DD vs. 40,4 % DI vs. 33,3 % II, p=0,024. Correla&#231;&#227;o com alelo D: &#916;FEVE, &#916;VES, &#916;VED.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Foram identificados mais pacientes com piora evolutiva da FEVE e dos di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios do VE no gen&#243;tipo DD, seguido do DI, sendo o II o de melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o. O mesmo padr&#227;o foi observado na &#916;VED.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome complexa e h&#225; fortes evid&#234;ncias de que os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos desempenham um papel importante na fisiopatologia e na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal tamb&#233;m &#233; importante na progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA), uma enzima chave no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, &#233; essencial na regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da ECA (PGECA) t&#234;m sido associados com o progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m demonstrado associa&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a do alelo D e do gen&#243;tipo DD com piores resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Gen&#243;tipo DD est&#225; ligado a uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em v&#225;rias popula&#231;&#245;es e tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado a defeitos isqu&#234;micos maiores ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; causa comum de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e como a presen&#231;a do alelo D e do gen&#243;tipo DD est&#225; associada tanto com DAC e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de forma independente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> decidimos estudar em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca a frequ&#234;ncia de PGECA, avaliando os resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos desses pacientes, comparando com os diferentes grupos de gen&#243;tipos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Coorte observacional, retrospectivo, por 3 anos e 4 meses, com dados coletados a partir da an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de pacientes de hospital universit&#225;rio e an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica na mesma universidade.</p>
        <p>Foram avaliados 101 pacientes, dos quais 99 completaram o processo de genotipagem para os alelos do gene da ECA, constituindo a amostra deste estudo. Os alelos foram determinados no momento da inclus&#227;o do paciente no estudo e a partir da&#237; foi avaliada de forma retrospectiva o seu acompanhamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados por equipe multidisciplinar, com orienta&#231;&#245;es e tratamento seguindo as diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Os dados foram coletados durante as consultas pelos m&#233;dicos dos ambulat&#243;rios participantes do estudo, e revisados pelo autor principal deste estudo.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: idade maior que 18 anos; diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pelos crit&#233;rios de Framingham; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;50% ao ecocardiograma, avaliado pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson em qualquer momento do seguimento cl&#237;nico; DAC demonstrada por coronariografia com evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a obstrutiva significativa (&#8805;75%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio ou realiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de angioplastia coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram registros m&#233;dicos indispon&#237;veis ou inadequados, etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e perda de seguimento ao final do estudo.</p>
        <p>O trabalho passou pela aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade e inclus&#227;o no sistema nacional de &#233;tica em pesquisa. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes do in&#237;cio do estudo e essa pesquisa foi realizada de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        <p>Os procedimentos referentes ao estudo, como an&#225;lise e obten&#231;&#227;o de dados do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico, foram realizados de forma cega para os investigadores. A informa&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo s&#243; foi conhecida ao final da revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios; portanto, nenhum dos m&#233;dicos tinha conhecimento dessa informa&#231;&#227;o durante as consultas realizadas.</p>
        <p>A cor da pele foi observada pelo pr&#243;prio m&#233;dico e os indiv&#237;duos classificados em branco, negro, pardo ou outros (amarelo/asi&#225;tico).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes possu&#237;am, no m&#237;nimo, duas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em momentos distintos e realizavam novos exames conforme a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica da equipe m&#233;dica. Foram coletados dados relacionados ao exame mais antigo e ao final do acompanhamento, em dois modelos de aparelhos, <italic>GE Vivid 3</italic> e <italic>Philips</italic> modelo HD7, utilizando transdutor de 2,75 MHz, realizados por m&#233;dicos que n&#227;o conheciam o gen&#243;tipo dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>Foram avaliados dados pertinentes ao exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, a saber: FEVE (pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson); di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VES e VED). A metodologia de obten&#231;&#227;o das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas correspondentes aos di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios e espessuras musculares obedeceram &#224;s normas da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<italic>.</italic></p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada com a cria&#231;&#227;o de algumas vari&#225;veis. As diferen&#231;as entre os valores final e inicial dos par&#226;metros anotados (FEVE, VES e VED) criaram a varia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (&#916;FEVE), a varia&#231;&#227;o do VES (&#916;VES) e a varia&#231;&#227;o do VED (&#916;VED). Anotou-se tamb&#233;m se houve objetivamente melhora ou piora evolutiva desses par&#226;metros durante o seguimento, com a cria&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis F&#916;FEVE, com resultado de melhora ou piora da FEVE evolutivamente, frente ao resultado da &#916;FEVE; F&#916;VES e F&#916;VED, com o mesmo conceito: melhora ou piora evolutiva desses par&#226;metros, entre os exames inicial e final.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise gen&#233;tica</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise gen&#233;tica foi feita com amostras de sangue coletadas e armazenadas em temperatura de 5-15&#186;C, com extra&#231;&#227;o de DNA pelo m&#233;todo de <italic>Salting-out</italic> e posterior genotipagem pela rea&#231;&#227;o de polimeriza&#231;&#227;o em cadeia e classifica&#231;&#227;o em DD, DI ou II.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados obtidos foram analisados por computador <italic>IBM PC,</italic> atrav&#233;s do programa estat&#237;stico <italic>SPSS for Windows</italic>, vers&#227;o 17.0, de 2008. Foram utilizados o teste de Tukey, qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2)</sup>, an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (F) e teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em valores absolutos e seus respectivos percentuais. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foram apresentadas medidas expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Para a an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas, foi utilizado o Teste de An&#225;lise de Skewness. As frequ&#234;ncias g&#234;nicas e haplot&#237;picas foram testadas para o equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg, utilizando o <italic>software</italic> ARLEQUIN, vers&#227;o 2000.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Peso do alelo D</title>
          <p>Al&#233;m de analisar categoricamente os gen&#243;tipos da ECA em tr&#234;s grupos (DD, DI e II) e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as demais vari&#225;veis, tamb&#233;m foi elaborado um modelo de an&#225;lise para testar o impacto isolado de cada alelo D nos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Com esse intuito, foi produzido um modelo matem&#225;tico para simular o comportamento de codomin&#226;ncia apresentado pelo gene da ECA. Nesse modelo, cada c&#243;pia do alelo D teve peso 1 na an&#225;lise, de forma que os gen&#243;tipos tivessem os pesos 0 (gen&#243;tipo II), 1 (gen&#243;tipo DI) e 2 (gen&#243;tipo DD), dependendo da quantidade de alelos D. Dessa maneira, uma vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica do PGECA foi transformada em uma vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica (0, 1, 2) para simular o peso de cada c&#243;pia do alelo nos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfil gen&#233;tico da amostra</title>
          <p>Quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica, alelos I ocorreram 53 vezes, enquanto os alelos D, 145 vezes. A frequ&#234;ncia genot&#237;pica foi de 3,02% II, 47,48% DI e 49,5% DD. O perfil genot&#237;pico foi testado e est&#225; em equil&#237;brio segundo o teorema de Hardy-Weinberg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 65,4&#177;11,4 anos, com varia&#231;&#227;o ampla (36 anos - 94 anos). A distribui&#231;&#227;o da cor da pele foi: branca, 69,7%; parda, 16,2%; negra, 14,1%. N&#227;o houve asi&#225;ticos. Havia mais homens (73 homens e 26 mulheres) na popula&#231;&#227;o e nos grupos com alelo D, mas n&#227;o no grupo II. Houve maior presen&#231;a de brancos em todos os grupos, com menor evid&#234;ncia no grupo DD, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>). O tratamento medicamentoso tamb&#233;m foi avaliado, com a maioria dos pacientes usando inibidores da ECA e betabloqueadores. N&#227;o ocorreram varia&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos gen&#233;ticos avaliados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, exames e tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Total (n=99)</th>
                  <th align="center">DD (n=49)</th>
                  <th align="center">DI (n=47)</th>
                  <th align="center">II (n=3)</th>
                  <th align="center">Teste estat&#237;stico</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">65,40&#177;11,42</td>
                  <td align="center">65,38&#177;12,41</td>
                  <td align="center">65,34&#177;10,27</td>
                  <td align="center">66,64&#177;16,28</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,982</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (73,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (75,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (74,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 2,621</td>
                  <td align="center">0,270</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (26,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (24,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (25,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cor branca</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (69,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (57,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (80,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 8,525</td>
                  <td align="center">0,074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o branca / n&#227;o negra</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (16,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (20,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cor negra</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (14,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (22,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">T. diagn (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">108,10&#177;86,50</td>
                  <td align="center">107,84&#177;90,76</td>
                  <td align="center">102,07&#177;79,23</td>
                  <td align="center">206,81&#177;95,28</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 2,115</td>
                  <td align="center">0,126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">T. acomp (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,95&#177;43,57</td>
                  <td align="center">56,43&#177;45,74</td>
                  <td align="center">53,43&#177;41,62</td>
                  <td align="center">54,70&#177;53,53</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,056</td>
                  <td align="center">0,946</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,437&#177;15,23</td>
                  <td align="center">72,62 &#177;17,94</td>
                  <td align="center">76,16&#177;12,14</td>
                  <td align="center">77,13&#177;10,33</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,694</td>
                  <td align="center">0,502</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64&#177;0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63&#177;0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65 &#177;0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60&#177;0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,795</td>
                  <td align="center">0,455</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,66&#177;4,83</td>
                  <td align="center">27,06&#177;5,11</td>
                  <td align="center">28,13 &#177;4,52</td>
                  <td align="center">30,09&#177;4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,976</td>
                  <td align="center">0,381</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CA (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">96,14&#177;11,71</td>
                  <td align="center">94,48&#177;12,52</td>
                  <td align="center">97,39&#177;10,87</td>
                  <td align="center">102,5&#177;9,99</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 1,190</td>
                  <td align="center">0,309</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (79,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (75,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (83,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 1,613</td>
                  <td align="center">0,446</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (32,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (30,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (31,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 1,687</td>
                  <td align="center">0,430</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo atual</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 5,132</td>
                  <td align="center">0,274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ex-tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (54,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (53,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (53,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nunca fumou</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (36,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (34,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (40,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etilismo atual</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (12,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 5,931</td>
                  <td align="center">0,204</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ex-etilista</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (17,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (18,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (75,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (77,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (72,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 1,345</td>
                  <td align="center">0,511</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HF IC</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 0,931</td>
                  <td align="center">0,628</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HF DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (46,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (46,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (48,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> = 2,724</td>
                  <td align="center">0,256</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS1 (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">126,27 &#177; 20,52</td>
                  <td align="center">127,35 &#177; 20,22</td>
                  <td align="center">124,64&#177;20,86</td>
                  <td align="center">134,33&#177;25,03</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,443</td>
                  <td align="center">0,644</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD1 (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,46&#177;12,93</td>
                  <td align="center">75,98&#177;12,23</td>
                  <td align="center">74,60&#177;13,47</td>
                  <td align="center">80,67&#177;19,01</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,383</td>
                  <td align="center">0,683</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC1 (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,06&#177;14,85</td>
                  <td align="center">72,86&#177;14,42</td>
                  <td align="center">72,02&#177;14,73</td>
                  <td align="center">92,67&#177;14,01</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 2,839</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS2 (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">116,02&#177;16,49</td>
                  <td align="center">117,31&#177;15,76</td>
                  <td align="center">113,68&#177;15,15</td>
                  <td align="center">131,67&#177;39,31</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 2,014</td>
                  <td align="center">0,139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD2 (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,79&#177;10,68</td>
                  <td align="center">72,76&#177;10,49</td>
                  <td align="center">70,21&#177;10,49</td>
                  <td align="center">80,67&#177;14,74</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 1,776</td>
                  <td align="center">0,175</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC2 (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,27&#177;11,80</td>
                  <td align="center">71,57&#177;11,52</td>
                  <td align="center">69,04&#177;12,32</td>
                  <td align="center">69,33&#177;8,51</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,529</td>
                  <td align="center">0,591</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-10,25&#177;20,45</td>
                  <td align="center">-10,04&#177;21,11</td>
                  <td align="center">-10,96&#177;19,75</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,67&#177;27,03</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,233</td>
                  <td align="center">0,792</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,68&#177;14,30</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,22&#177;13,75</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,38&#177;14,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0&#177;26</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,178</td>
                  <td align="center">0,837</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,79&#177;15,67</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,35&#177;14,58</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,98&#177;15,80</td>
                  <td align="center">-23,33&#177;22,50</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 2,897</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hb (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,72 &#177; 1,71</td>
                  <td align="center">13,32 &#177; 1,90</td>
                  <td align="center">14,12&#177;1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">14,00&#177;2,17</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 2,790</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AU (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,42&#177;2,28</td>
                  <td align="center">6,72&#177;2,02</td>
                  <td align="center">6,01&#177;2,52</td>
                  <td align="center">7,83&#177;0,681</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 1,797</td>
                  <td align="center">0,171</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CT (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">178,19&#177;52,12</td>
                  <td align="center">176,27&#177;56,81</td>
                  <td align="center">183,64&#177;46,22</td>
                  <td align="center">124,33&#177;37,54</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 1,927</td>
                  <td align="center">0,151</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Na (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">138,66&#177;3,79</td>
                  <td align="center">138,37&#177;3,94</td>
                  <td align="center">139,02&#177;3,47</td>
                  <td align="center">137,67&#177;7,10</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,457</td>
                  <td align="center">0,635</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cr (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28&#177;0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,45&#177;1,31</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10&#177;0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38&#177;0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 1,592</td>
                  <td align="center">0,209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ClCr(ml/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,30&#177;31,29</td>
                  <td align="center">66,68&#177;36,19</td>
                  <td align="center">75,17&#177;25,20</td>
                  <td align="center">53,25&#177;24,42</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 1,352</td>
                  <td align="center">0,264</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">QRS&gt;120ms</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (14,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (14,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=1,077</td>
                  <td align="center">0,584</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BRE</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (21,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (20,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (20,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>= 0,283</td>
                  <td align="center">0,868</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BB</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (98,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (95,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2,258</td>
                  <td align="center">0,323</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alvo BB</td>
                  <td align="center">65,49%&#177;3,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">60,59%&#177;5,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">70,63%&#177;5,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">66,67%&#177;16,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 0,825</td>
                  <td align="center">0,441</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (47,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (40,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (51,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=4,433</td>
                  <td align="center">0,109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alvo IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">46,35%%&#177;4,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">46,35%&#177;7,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">42,06%&#177;5,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">75%&#177;25%</td>
                  <td align="center">F= 1,551</td>
                  <td align="center">0,223</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (37,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (40,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (36,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2,068</td>
                  <td align="center">0,356</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espiro</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (37,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (36,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (40,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=1,986</td>
                  <td align="center">0,370</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Digital</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (19,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (24,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2,525</td>
                  <td align="center">0,283</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Furos</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (49,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (51,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (44,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=3,543</td>
                  <td align="center">0,170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dose furos</td>
                  <td align="center">70,98&#177;56,3</td>
                  <td align="center">80&#177;70</td>
                  <td align="center">57,27&#177;36,2</td>
                  <td align="center">93,3&#177;23</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=1,232</td>
                  <td align="center">0,301</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HCTZ</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (12,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2,194</td>
                  <td align="center">0,334</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estat</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (92,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (89,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (95,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=1,527</td>
                  <td align="center">0,466</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alop</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup>=2,392</td>
                  <td align="center">0,302</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas: m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas: n (%). DD: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; T. diagn: tempo de diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a; T. acomp: tempo de acompanhamento m&#233;dico no servi&#231;o da UERJ; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; HF IC: hist&#243;ria familiar de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HF DAC: hist&#243;ria familiar de coronariopatia; PAS1 e PAS2: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica na primeira e segunda consulta, respectivamente; PAD1 e PAD2: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica na primeira e segunda consulta, respectivamente; FC1 e FC2: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na primeira e segunda consulta, respectivamente; &#916;PAS: diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na segunda e na primeira consulta; &#916;PAD: diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica na segunda e naprimeira consultas; &#916;FC: diferen&#231;a entre a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na segunda e na primeira consultas; Hb: hemoglobina; AU: &#225;cido &#250;rico; CT: colesterol total; Na: s&#243;dio; Cr: creatinina; ClCr: clearance de creatinina estimado; QRS: complexo QRS no eletrocardiograma; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BB: betabloqueador; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; Espiro: espironolactona; Furos: furosemida; HCTZ: hidroclorotiazida; Estat: estatina; Alop: alopurinol; Alvo BB: dose alvo de betabloqueador; Alvo IECA: dose alvo de inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; Dose furos: dose m&#233;dia de furosemida utilizada na &#250;ltima consulta.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref> apresenta os achados nos exames inicial e final, quanto &#224; FEVE.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos nos exames inicial e final quanto &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) na amostra</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0446-60145-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Conforme se pode observar, inicialmente a maior parte dos pacientes (37,38%) est&#225; na faixa de FEVE de 35-45%, seguida por aqueles com FEVE de 46-55% (24,24%). No &#250;ltimo exame, h&#225; uma mudan&#231;a nesse padr&#227;o, com a maioria dos pacientes (33,34%) na faixa de FEVE de 26-35% (uma "faixa" de FEVE abaixo da maioria no primeiro ecocardiograma), seguida por aqueles com FEVE de 36-45% (21,21%) (uma "faixa" de FEVE abaixo da segunda maior porcentagem de pacientes no primeiro exame).</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as m&#233;dias dos valores de FEVE, VES e VED nos dois ecocardiogramas analisados, mas sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os valores encontrados.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos na popula&#231;&#227;o e evolu&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos de acordo com os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da ECA (PGECA).</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Total PGECA (n=99)</th>
                  <th align="center">DD (n=49)</th>
                  <th align="center">DI (n=47)</th>
                  <th align="center">II (n=3)</th>
                  <th align="center">F</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE1 (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,84&#177;11,11</td>
                  <td align="center">39,51&#177;9,39</td>
                  <td align="center">38,50&#177;12,36</td>
                  <td align="center">33,33&#177;18,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VES1 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,85&#177;15,09</td>
                  <td align="center">49,96&#177;17,48</td>
                  <td align="center">46,98&#177;12,14</td>
                  <td align="center">60&#177;11,53</td>
                  <td align="center">1,321</td>
                  <td align="center">0,272</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VED1 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,21&#177;15,71</td>
                  <td align="center">63,31&#177;20,37</td>
                  <td align="center">60,57&#177;8,99</td>
                  <td align="center">70&#177;9,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,739</td>
                  <td align="center">0,480</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE2 (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,45&#177;13,71</td>
                  <td align="center">36,07&#177;14,29</td>
                  <td align="center">40,83&#177;12,87</td>
                  <td align="center">40&#177;14,80</td>
                  <td align="center">1,487</td>
                  <td align="center">0,231</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VES2 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,24&#177;12,15</td>
                  <td align="center">52,16&#177;11,84</td>
                  <td align="center">48,26&#177;12,58</td>
                  <td align="center">50&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,248</td>
                  <td align="center">0,292</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VED2 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,39&#177;10,03</td>
                  <td align="center">63,71&#177;10,29</td>
                  <td align="center">61,23&#177;9,98</td>
                  <td align="center">59&#177;2,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,909</td>
                  <td align="center">0,407</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,39 &#177;15,02</td>
                  <td align="center">- 3,44&#177;14,70</td>
                  <td align="center">2,34&#177;15,26</td>
                  <td align="center">6,67&#177;6,66</td>
                  <td align="center">2,165</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;VES (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,41&#177;10,51</td>
                  <td align="center">4,06&#177;10,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49&#177;10,31</td>
                  <td align="center">- 10 &#177; 4,60</td>
                  <td align="center">2,991</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;VED (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,46&#177;8,79</td>
                  <td align="center">2,98&#177;8,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68&#177;8,12</td>
                  <td align="center">- 11 &#177; 7,00</td>
                  <td align="center">4,184</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. PGECA: polimorfismos da enzima conversora de angiotensina; DD: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/ inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; FEVE1: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no primeiro ecocardiograma; VES1: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no primeiro ecocardiograma; VED1: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no primeiro ecocardiograma; FEVE2: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma; VES2: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma; VED2: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma; &#916;FEVE: diferen&#231;a entre as fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo e no primeiro ecocardiograma; &#916;VES: diferen&#231;a entre os di&#226;metros sist&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo e no primeiro ecocardiograma; &#916;VED: diferen&#231;a entre os di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo e no primeiro ecocardiograma; DD: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref> mostra as mudan&#231;as evolutivas nas m&#233;dias de FEVE entre os exames na amostra e nos grupos genot&#237;picos.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das m&#233;dias da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre os exames inicial e final.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0446-60145-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Para avaliar as mudan&#231;as evolutivas dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, foram utilizadas an&#225;lises objetivas quanto &#224; melhora ou piora dos par&#226;metros e quantificadas as diferen&#231;as.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as diferen&#231;as entre os valores de VES, VED e FEVE avaliados nos dois exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
          <p>A &#916;VED apresentou valores positivos na amostra e nos indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipos DD e DI, demonstrando um aumento evolutivo. Por outro lado, pacientes com gen&#243;tipo II apresentaram &#916;VED negativo (m&#233;dia de -11), evidenciando redu&#231;&#227;o evolutiva dos di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios diast&#243;licos. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#916;VED apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise entre os grupos (p=0,018).</p>
          <p>A &#916;VES apresentou a mesma tend&#234;ncia entre os grupos genot&#237;picos e na amostra (aumento dos di&#226;metros na amostra e nos gen&#243;tipos DD e DI, com redu&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos no II), por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>A &#916;FEVE evidenciou valores negativos na amostra e no gen&#243;tipo DD, ou seja, queda evolutiva da FEVE, e valores positivos nos gen&#243;tipos DI e II, ou seja, aumento da FEVE; por&#233;m, ao contr&#225;rio da &#916;VED, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>Para se analisar de maneira objetiva se evolutivamente houve melhora ou piora dos par&#226;metros analisados (FEVE, VED e VES), obteve-se o F&#916;FEVE, F&#916;VES e F&#916;VED.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref> evidencia, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (&#935;<sup>2</sup>=7,497, p=0,024), a melhora ou piora evolutiva da FEVE (F&#916;FEVE) conforme os gen&#243;tipos do PGECA, com cada cilindro representando 100,0% dos grupos genot&#237;picos, e as cores verde e azul representando os percentuais de pacientes com melhora e piora evolutiva da FEVE, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com os grupos genot&#237;picos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0446-60145-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Conforme se observa, a maioria dos pacientes (67,3%) no gen&#243;tipo DD apresentou piora, enquanto que 40,4% do grupo DI e apenas 33,3% dos II apresentaram piora.</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224; F&#916;VES, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,010), houve piora na maioria dos pacientes (65,4%) com gen&#243;tipo DD, em 40,4% dos pacientes com gen&#243;tipo DI, e em nenhum do grupo II (100,0 % com melhora) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise evolutiva da varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (F&#916;VES) nos grupos genot&#237;picos estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">F&#916;VES</th>
                  <th align="center">DD</th>
                  <th align="center">DI</th>
                  <th align="center">II</th>
                  <th align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup></th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Melhora</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (34,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (59,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,233</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Piora</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (65,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (40,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>F&#916;VES: varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DD: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; &#967;2: qui-quadrado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A mesma an&#225;lise foi realizada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; F&#916;VED, observando-se piora, ou seja, dilata&#231;&#227;o, em 32 (65,3%) pacientes com gen&#243;tipo DD, 22 (46,8%) pacientes do grupo DI e em nenhum do grupo II, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (&#935;<sup>2</sup>= 7,023; p=0,030) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (F&#916;VED) de acordo com os grupos genot&#237;picos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0446-60145-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>, com a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r), est&#227;o representadas as correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e a vari&#225;vel peso alelo D. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre &#916;FEVE, &#916;VES, &#916;VED.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tabela de correla&#231;&#245;es com o peso do alelo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">r</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,081</td>
                  <td align="center">0,426</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VES1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">0,803</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VED1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                  <td align="center">0,730</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,162</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VES2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,142</td>
                  <td align="center">0,159</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VED2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,136</td>
                  <td align="center">0,179</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,207</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;VES</td>
                  <td align="center">0,205</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;VED</td>
                  <td align="center">0,232</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>FEVE1: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no primeiro ecocardiograma; VES1: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no primeiro ecocardiograma; VED1: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no primeiro ecocardiograma; FEVE2: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma; VES2: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma; VED2: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma; &#916;FEVE: diferen&#231;a entre as fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o no &#250;ltimo e primeiro ecocardiograma; &#916;VES: diferen&#231;a entre os di&#226;metros sist&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo e no primeiro ecocardiograma; &#916;VED: diferen&#231;a entre os di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no &#250;ltimo e no primeiro ecocardiograma.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica encontrada neste estudo difere daquela da maioria dos estudos nacionais e internacionais, pois encontramos um n&#250;mero menor de pacientes com gen&#243;tipo II, apenas 3% da popula&#231;&#227;o. Em relatos de pacientes portadores de DAC ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a frequ&#234;ncia do alelo D &#233; mais prevalente do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, por&#233;m o gen&#243;tipo DI &#233; o mais encontrado, diferentemente deste estudo, onde o gen&#243;tipo mais prevalente foi o DD.</p>
        <p>O desenvolvimento de remodelamento ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; preditor de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade, assim como o aumento dos di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios evolutivamente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225; associado &#224; piora cl&#237;nica. Sabe-se que o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e a ECA contribuem para esses processos, raz&#227;o pela qual estudos nessas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes que avaliaram PGECA muitas vezes avaliam tamb&#233;m par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como o presente estudo. A presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de ECA e angiotensina II em pacientes com gen&#243;tipos DD e DI pode estar relacionada &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o pior nesses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Existem estudos com diferentes evolu&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e coronariopatia, dependendo do PGECA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nagashima et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> demonstraram que, em pacientes com infarto anterosseptal antigo, gen&#243;tipos DD e DI t&#234;m maior influ&#234;ncia no remodelamento ventricular esquerdo do que a encontrada em pacientes com gen&#243;tipo II. He et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> tamb&#233;m descrevem que o polimorfismo I/D da ECA pode ter papel importante no remodelamento ventricular tardio ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Ohmichi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> evidenciaram que a presen&#231;a do alelo D pode ser fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo encontrou na amostra uma mudan&#231;a evolutiva nas faixas de FEVE, com uma piora evolutiva nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o, com a maioria dos pacientes em faixas de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menores que no exame inicial, apesar do tratamento medicamentoso. Quando s&#227;o analisadas as m&#233;dias dos valores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e dos di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios sist&#243;licos, observa-se uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros em indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipo DD, por&#233;m sem relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os polimorfismos da ECA.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, encontrou-se, com relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise entre os grupos do PGECA, pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica quanto &#224;s m&#233;dias de volume diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre pacientes com gen&#243;tipo DD, com &#916;VED demonstrando um aumento evolutivo. Al&#233;m disso, de maneira mais evidente, ao se analisar com crit&#233;rios objetivos de melhora ou piora evolutiva dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, em todos eles houve, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, mais pacientes com piora evolutiva no grupo DD, seguido pelo DI, apresentando o grupo II, em sua maioria, melhora dos par&#226;metros. Isso sugere um padr&#227;o no qual a presen&#231;a do alelo D estaria associada &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, mais evidente no DD que no DI.</p>
        <p>Ao se verificar a import&#226;ncia do alelo D nos resultados, houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a vari&#225;vel peso alelo D e as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas &#916;FEVE, &#916;VES e &#916;VED, evidenciando que, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o PGECA esteve associado a diferentes evolu&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, de acordo com a presen&#231;a do alelo D e dos gen&#243;tipos desse polimorfismo. Esses resultados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com a descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura de maior gravidade desses pacientes e com relatos de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudo nacional realizado em 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> com popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de todas as causas, dos quais 63 pacientes portadores de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, demonstrou tend&#234;ncia de maiores di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, notadamente o VES em pacientes com gen&#243;tipo DD, ou seja, pior evolu&#231;&#227;o no gen&#243;tipo DD, mas n&#227;o obteve o mesmo impacto estat&#237;stico da presente an&#225;lise. Em outro relato,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio tamb&#233;m esteve associada &#224; presen&#231;a do alelo D, por&#233;m com an&#225;lise em fase mais aguda do infarto, diferentemente do proposto no presente trabalho.</p>
        <p>Em estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> com 142 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica que incluiu as medidas da FEVE e volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre as m&#233;dias dos exames realizados em cada grupo genot&#237;pico, demonstrando por outro lado, diferentemente dos resultados aqui encontrados, melhora evolutiva nos valores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e de ambos os di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios em pacientes com gen&#243;tipos DD e melhora na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o evolutiva no gen&#243;tipo DI, sem essas melhoras no gen&#243;tipo II.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos refor&#231;am a tese de que o tratamento medicamentoso com inibidores da ECA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> ou com betabloqueadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> influencia mais positivamente os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes com gen&#243;tipo DD, como relatado na R&#250;ssia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> com pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia isqu&#234;mica que melhoraram mais a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e os di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico nos pacientes DD que iniciaram tratamento com perindopril. Nesses estudos, os pacientes apresentavam taxas de uso de inibidores da ECA superiores &#224;s encontradas na popula&#231;&#227;o aqui estudada, o que, frente aos relatos do maior benef&#237;cio do uso dessas drogas em pacientes com alelo D, poderia explicar em parte a diferen&#231;a entre os resultados; essa justificativa, por&#233;m, n&#227;o se aplica se for analisado o uso substituto de bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina (BRA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O uso de betabloqueador entre os gen&#243;tipos foi muito elevado e quase sem diferen&#231;as (100% DD, 95,7% DI e 100% II) e quando avaliamos o uso de inibidores da ECA ou BRA as taxas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o elevadas e pr&#243;ximas e, o mais pertinente, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na an&#225;lise do tratamento entre os gen&#243;tipos. O mesmo ocorre com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dose-alvo de inibidor da ECA e betabloqueador, uma vez que embora doses maiores pudessem levar a um desfecho diferente, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise da dose-alvo entre os grupos estudados.</p>
        <p>Poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es desse trabalho referem-se ao n&#250;mero de pacientes, principalmente no grupo II; por&#233;m, enquanto v&#225;rios estudos apresentam n&#250;meros maiores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> estudos gen&#233;ticos com n&#250;meros de pacientes menores s&#227;o descritos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foram obtidos v&#225;rios resultados pertinentes com evidente signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Talvez o n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes com gen&#243;tipo II esteja de alguma forma relacionado &#224; gravidade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, com a maioria de gen&#243;tipos DD e DI, descritos na literatura como relacionados &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise de subgrupos genot&#237;picos na literatura se d&#225; sempre com os 3 subgrupos, n&#227;o agrupando nenhum deles. Nosso estudo inclusive evidenciou a correla&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de alelo D (nenhum no II, um no DI e dois no DD) com a evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, o que refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da an&#225;lise de cada gen&#243;tipo separadamente, mesmo com a diferen&#231;a do n&#250;mero de pacientes encontrada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel se refere &#224; coleta de dados em prontu&#225;rios, que pode gerar erros, mas reduzida pelo fato de se tratar de popula&#231;&#227;o atendida em centro universit&#225;rio de ensino e pesquisa, com profissionais experientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Conclu&#237;mos que, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 99 portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia isqu&#234;mica:</p>
        <p>As frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas e genot&#237;picas relacionadas ao PGECA encontradas diferem daquelas da literatura nacional e internacional. Apenas 3% da popula&#231;&#227;o apresentou gen&#243;tipo II.</p>
        <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o do PGECA estudado com a evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica: mais pacientes com piora evolutiva da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e dos di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no gen&#243;tipo DD, seguido do DI e o II com a melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o. O mesmo padr&#227;o foi observado na an&#225;lise da diferen&#231;a entre os di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre os ecocardiogramas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Gustavo Salgado Duque pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
