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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RFhLbvGD7yN4byBgnkgZfCn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400427</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005025104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160147</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Ethanol Intake Induces NAD(P)H Oxidase Activation and Rhoa Translocation in Resistance Arteries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simplicio</surname>
            <given-names>Janaina A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hip&#243;lito</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vale</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Tavares do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Callera</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Touyz</surname>
            <given-names>Rhian M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tostes</surname>
            <given-names>Rita de C&#225;ssia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tirapelli</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermagem Psiqui&#225;trica e Ci&#234;ncias Humanas - Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia - Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP); SP, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Ottawa</institution>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Ottawa, Canada</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of Ottawa</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Renato Tirapelli</bold>, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre. Postal Code 14040 902, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>crtirapelli@eerp.usp.br</email>, <email>crtlilo@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Simplicio JA, Hip&#243;lito UV, Vale GT, Pereira CA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Simplicio JA, Hip&#243;lito UV, Vale GT, Pereira CA, Tostes RC; Writing of the manuscript: Simplicio JA, Hip&#243;lito UV, Tirapelli CR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Callera GE, Touyz RM, Tostes RC, Tirapelli CR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>427</fpage>
      <lpage>436</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The mechanism underlying the vascular dysfunction induced by ethanol is not totally understood. Identification of biochemical/molecular mechanisms that could explain such effects is warranted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether acute ethanol intake activates the vascular RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in resistance arteries and the role of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) on such response. We also evaluated the requirement of p47phox translocation for ethanol-induced NAD(P)H oxidase activation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats were orally treated with ethanol (1g/kg, p.o. gavage) or water (control). Some rats were treated with vitamin C (250 mg/kg, p.o. gavage, 5 days) before administration of water or ethanol. The mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) was collected 30 min after ethanol administration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Vitamin C prevented ethanol-induced increase in superoxide anion (O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) generation and lipoperoxidation in the MAB. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and the reduced glutathione, nitrate and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) levels were not affected by ethanol. Vitamin C and 4-methylpyrazole prevented the increase on O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation induced by ethanol in cultured MAB vascular smooth muscle cells. Ethanol had no effect on phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B (Akt) and eNOS (Ser<sup>1177</sup> or Thr<sup>495</sup> residues) or MAB vascular reactivity. Vitamin C prevented ethanol-induced increase in the membrane: cytosol fraction ratio of p47phox and RhoA expression in the rat MAB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Acute ethanol intake induces activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway by a mechanism that involves ROS generation. In resistance arteries, ethanol activates NAD(P)H oxidase by inducing p47phox translocation by a redox-sensitive mechanism.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ethanol</kwd>
        <kwd>NADPH Oxidase</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Ascorbic Acid</kwd>
        <kwd>rhoAGTP-Binding Protein</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Excessive consumption of ethanol, often referred in the literature as "binge drinking", is considered a risk for the cardiovascular system. Binge drinking is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as atherosclerosis, stroke and myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The exact mechanism underlying the cardiovascular dysfunction induced by binge drinking is not totally understood; but changes on vascular function may play a key role.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>One important mechanism by which ethanol leads to vascular damage is by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ethanol-mediated generation of superoxide anion (O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) is associated with vascular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] oxidase is the main source of ROS in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and a an essential factor in ethanol-induced vascular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The activation of NAD(P)H oxidase is a complex process , but translocation of the cytosolic subunit p47phox to the membrane, with further association with the cytochrome b<sub>558</sub>, is a decisive step for the activation of the enzyme .<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Recent findings from our laboratory have shown that acute ethanol intake increases the generation of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived ROS in resistance arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>ROS activate downstream signaling targets, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and RhoA/Rho kinase, which are considered important mediators of vascular dysfunction. Activation of these redox-sensitive pathways regulates vascular cell growth, inflammation and contraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Importantly, acute ethanol intake induces NAD(P)H oxidase activation and MAPK phosphorylation in resistance arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Additionally, the rapid inactivation of nitric oxide (NO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> induced by O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, and changes in NO synthesis and/or bioavailability have been implicated in the development of clinically significant vascular events.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we sought to investigate whether acute ethanol intake activates the vascular RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in resistance arteries and the role of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived ROS on such response. Additionally, we evaluated the requirement of p47phox translocation for the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase induced by ethanol and the effect of ethanol-induced ROS on NO production. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was chosen as the antioxidant since it has been described to reduce oxidative stress in the vasculature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Acute ethanol administration</title>
        <p>A dose of 1g/kg of ethanol (10 mL/kg of 13% ethanol diluted in water) was administered by gavage to 20 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) fasted for 12 h.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Blood ethanol levels using this model of ethanol administration are within the range of 20-24 mmol/L.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Rats from the control group (n=20) received water (gavage). Some rats were treated with vitamin C at a dose of 250 mg/kg (gavage) for 5 days,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> before administration of water (n=18) or ethanol (n=19). The sample size was based on previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) was isolated from the rats 30 min after ethanol administration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> All experiments were in accordance with the principles and guidelines of the animal ethics committee of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (#10.1.235.53.0).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detection of O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> in the rat MAB</title>
        <p>Lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence assay was performed to measure O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> production in the rat MAB as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Luminescence was measured in a luminometer (Orion II Luminometer, Berthold detection systems, Pforzheim, Germany) and the results are expressed as relative light units per mg of protein. Protein concentrations in the samples were measured using the method of Lowry (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detection of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in the rat MAB</title>
        <p>In order to measure H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration in the rat MAB, Amplex red<sup>&#174;</sup> (#A22188, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Results are expressed as nmol H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/mg protein</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detection of basal nitrate in the rat MAB</title>
        <p>Baseline nitrate concentrations of supernatants from MAB homogenates was evaluated using a Sievers Chemiluminescence Analyzer (Nitric Oxide Analyser, NOA&#8482; 280, Sievers Instruments, CO, USA) as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Results are expressed as <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L per mg of protein.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the rat MAB</title>
        <p>The activity of SOD in the rat MAB was evaluated using a commercially available kit (#19160, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). SOD activity is expressed as inhibition rate % per mg of protein. The activity of CAT was determined as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> One CAT unit (U) was defined as the amount of enzyme required to decompose 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/min.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in the rat MAB</title>
        <p>The concentration of GSH in the rat MAB was determined as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Results are expressed as <italic>&#181;</italic>g GSH per mg of protein.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the rat MAB</title>
        <p>The concentration of TBARS in the rat MAB was determined using a commercially available kit (#10009055, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Results are expressed as nmol per mg of protein.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunoblotting</title>
        <p>The rat MAB was homogenized in a lysis buffer composed of 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), NP-40 (1%), sodium deoxycholate (0.5%) and SDS (0.1%). Samples were centrifuged at 5,000 &#215; g for 10 min (4&#186;C). Forty micrograms of protein were separated by electrophoresis on a 10% polyacrylamide gel, and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Skimmed milk 5% diluted in Tris-buffered saline solution with Tween 20 was used to block nonspecific binding sites (1 h at 24&#186;C). Membranes were then incubated overnight at 4&#186;C with the following primary antibodies: p-eNOS (Ser<sup>1177</sup>) (diluted 1:1000, 9571, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), p-eNOS (Thr<sup>495</sup>) (diluted 1:1000, 9574, Cell Signaling), total eNOS (diluted 1:1000, 9572, Cell Signaling), P-protein kinase B (P-Akt) (Ser<sup>473</sup>) (diluted 1:1000, 4058, Cell Signaling) and total Akt (diluted 1:1000, 9272, Cell Signaling). Membranes were then incubated with secondary antibodies for 90 min at room temperature. Signals were revealed with chemiluminescence and quantified densitometrically. The results are expressed as the non-phospho/total proteins ratio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cytosol/membrane fractionation</title>
        <p>The rat MAB was homogenized in lysis buffer containing 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 2.5 mmol/L EDTA, 5 mmol/L EGTA, and protease inhibitor. Homogenates were centrifuged at 100,000 &#215; g for 1 h, at 4&#186;C. The supernatant (cytosolic fraction) was collected. The pellet, containing the particulate fraction, was resuspended in lysis buffer containing 1% Triton X-100 and centrifuged at 10,000 &#215; g for 10 min at 4 &#176;C. Membranes were then incubated with specific antibodies for RhoA (diluted 1:1000, sc-418, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) or p47phox (diluted 1:500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as previously published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular reactivity experiments</title>
        <p>Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.25 g/kg, i.p., Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and killed by aortic exsanguination. Segments of third-branch mesenteric arteries, measuring about 2 mm in length, were mounted in a small vessel myograph (Danish Myo Tech, Model 620M, A/S, &#197;rhus, Denmark) as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Arteries were maintained in Krebs Henseleit solution [(in mmol/L) 130 NaCl, 4.7 KCl, 1.18 KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 1.17 MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 14.9 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 5.5 glucose, 0.03 EDTA, 1.6 CaCl<sub>2</sub> )], at a constant temperature of 37&#176;C, pH 7.4 and gassed with a mixture of 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. Concentration-response curves to phenylephrine (0.1 nmol/L-100 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L) were performed in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded arteries. The curves for acetylcholine (0.1 nmol/L-10 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L) were performed in endothelium-intact arteries, pre-contracted with phenylephrine (1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L). Concentration-response curves were fitted using a nonlinear curve fitting program (Graph Pad Prism 3.0; GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA). Two pharmacological parameters were analyzed: pD<sub>2</sub> (negative logarithm of the molar concentration of the drug producing 50% of the maximum response) and E<sub>max</sub> (maximum effect elicited by the agonist).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cell culture and stimulation</title>
        <p>VSMC derived from the MAB of male Wistar-Kyoto rats were isolated and characterized as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Cells at passages 4 to 8 isolated from at least 5 different primary cell cultures were used. VSMC were stimulated with ethanol (50 mmol/L, 5 min) in the absence or in the presence of apocynin, a NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor (10 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L, 30 min), tiron (O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> scavenger, 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L, 30 min), 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP,10 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L, 30 min), a selective alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor, or vitamin C (100 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L, 24 h). The concentration and period of exposition to ethanol and antioxidants were based on previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Superoxide anion production was measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence as described above, and is expressed as percentage increase from baseline values.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM). Groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. Data followed a normal distribution. Results of statistical tests with p&lt;0.05 were considered as significant. Statistical analysis was carried out using the program Graph Pad Prism 3.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood ethanol levels</title>
        <p>As we had previously reported,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> in this model of ethanol administration, blood ethanol levels vary from 20-24 mmol/L, which are within the range found in the bloodstream of humans after a binge drinking episode.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of acute ethanol intake on O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, TBARS, nitrate and GSH levels and SOD and CAT activities in the rat MAB</title>
        <p>The effect of acute ethanol intake on ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in the rat MAB was evaluated by assessing the generation of O<sub>2</sub>
					<sup>-</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and the concentration of TBARS. Lucigenin-derived luminescence was significantly higher in the MAB from ethanol-treated rats, and such response was prevented by treatment with vitamin C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). No changes in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> levels were observed after treatment with ethanol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). Vitamin C prevented the increase on TBARS concentration induced by acute ethanol intake (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). Since increased oxidative stress is associated with reduced NO bioavailability, we evaluated the effect of acute ethanol intake on nitrate concentration in the rat MAB. Ethanol treatment did not alter the baseline levels of nitrate in the rat MAB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>). In order to evaluate the effect of ethanol on the vascular antioxidant status, SOD and CAT activities as well as GSH concentrations were determined in the rat MAB. Our results showed that treatment with ethanol had no effect on these parameters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of acute ethanol intake on O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and nitrate levels in the rat mesenteric arterial bed . Vascular levels of O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> (A) and nitrate (D) were determined by chemiluminescence. Vascular H<sub>2</sub> O <sub>2</sub> levels were measured fluorometrically (B). thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration was determined colorimetrically (C). Results are presented as means &#177; SEM of 6-9 experiments. *Compared to control, control plus vitamin C and ethanol plus vitamin C (p&lt;0.05, ANOVA).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of acute ethanol intake on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the rat mesenteric arterial bed. SOD and CAT activities (A and B) and GSH levels (C) were determinate colorimetrically. Results are presented as means &#177; SEM of 6-8 experiments.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of ethanol on O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation in cultured MAB VSMC</title>
        <p>The antioxidant effect of vitamin C was tested in cultured MAB VSMC. Vitamin C prevented the increase on O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation induced by ethanol (50 mmol/L, 5 min) in cultured VSMC. To test the role of an ethanol metabolite on ethanol-induced O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation, the cells were incubated with 4-MP, an ADH inhibitor. 4-MP prevented ethanol-induced O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation in cultured VSMC. Apocynin and tiron also prevented the generation of O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> induced by ethanol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of tiron, apocynin, 4-MP and vitamin C on ethanol-induced O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation in cultured VSMC of the rat mesenteric arterial bed . Cells were stimulated with ethanol (50 mmol/L, 5 min) in the absence or after incubation with tiron (10 &#181;mol/L, 30 min), apocynin (10 &#181;mol/L, 30 min), 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) (10 &#181;mol/L, 30 min) or vitamin C (100 &#181;mol/L, 24 h). The bars represent the mean &#177; SEM of 7-11 experiments. * Compared to vehicle (p&lt;0.05, ANOVA).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of Akt and eNOS phosphorylation in the rat MAB</title>
        <p>Our findings showed no alteration in the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser<sup>473</sup> residue or eNOS at Ser<sup>1177</sup> and Thr<sup>495</sup> residues after acute ethanol intake or treatment with vitamin C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of acute ethanol intake on protein kinase B (Akt) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation in the rat mesenteric arterial bed . Top panels: representative immunoblots for Akt and eNOS protein phosphorylation and expression. Bottom panels: corresponding bar graphs showing densitometric data for phosphorylation of Akt at Ser<sup>473</sup> residue (A), eNOS at Ser<sup>1177</sup> residue (B) and eNOS at Thr<sup>495</sup> residue (C). Results are presented as mean &#177; SEM of 4-6 experiments.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of p47phox and RhoA translocation in the rat MAB</title>
        <p>Since NAD(P)H oxidase is the major source of ROS in the vasculature, and NAD(P)H-derived ROS induce activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway, we evaluated the effect of ethanol on p47phox and RhoA translocation. MAB from ethanol-treated rats displayed a significant increase in the membrane/cytosol fraction ratio of p47phox (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5A</xref>) and RhoA expression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5B</xref>), indicating the translocation of the proteins. Treatment with vitamin C prevented the increase in p47phox and RhoA translocation induced by ethanol.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of acute ethanol intake on p47phox and RhoA translocation in the rat mesenteric arterial bed (MAB). Bar graph represents translocation of p47phox and RhoA as a ratio of membrane/cytosol expression (A and B) in the rat MAB. Top panels: representative immunoblots. Results are presented as mean &#177; SEM of 5-7 experiments. *Compared with control, control plus vitamin C and ethanol plus vitamin C (p&lt;0.05, ANOVA).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experiments on vascular reactivity of mesenteric artery</title>
        <p>Ethanol treatment did not affect acetylcholine-induced relaxation (E<sub>max</sub>: 98.3 &#177; 1.5%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 8.2 &#177; 0.2, n=6), when compared to control (E<sub>max</sub>: 100.3 &#177; 2.3%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 8.1 &#177; 0.4, n=6), control plus vitamin C (E<sub>max</sub>: 98.6 &#177; 1.8%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 8.1 &#177; 0.2, n=4) and ethanol plus vitamin C (E<sub>max</sub>: 99.8 &#177; 0.4%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 7.8 &#177; 0.3, n=5) groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>) . In endothelium-intact arteries, acute ethanol intake had no effect on contraction (% KCl 120 mmol/L) induced by phenylephrine (E<sub>max</sub>: 138.8 &#177; 10.4%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 5.9 &#177; 0.3, n=5), when compared to control (E<sub>max</sub>: 136.3 &#177; 10.3%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6.3 &#177; 0.2, n=4), control plus vitamin C (E<sub>max</sub>: 112.9 &#177; 2.4%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6.3 &#177; 0.1, n=4) and ethanol plus vitamin C (E<sub>max</sub>: 122.3 &#177; 7.7%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6.1 &#177; 0.1, n=6) groups. Similarly, ethanol treatment did not alter the contraction induced by phenylephrine in endothelium-denuded arteries (E<sub>max</sub>: 135.1 &#177; 7.2%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6.1 &#177; 0.1, n=6), when compared to control (E<sub>max</sub>: 120.7 &#177; 5.5%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6.1 &#177; 0.3, n=5), control plus vitamin C (E<sub>max</sub>: 116.3 &#177; 3.5%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 5.7 &#177; 0.1, n=4) and ethanol plus vitamin C (E<sub>max</sub>: 144.3 &#177; 10.4%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6.1 &#177; 0.3, n=5) groups.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of acute ethanol intake on vascular reactivity to acetylcholine and phenylephrine. Concentration-response curves for acetylcholine were performed in endothelium-intact third branch mesenteric arteries (A). Concentration-response curves for phenylephrine were obtained in endothelium-intact (Endo+, B) or endothelium-denuded (Endo-, C) arteries. Results are presented as means &#177; SEM of 4 to 6 experiments.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present findings show that acute ethanol intake induces RhoA translocation and NAD(P)H oxidase activation by promoting p47phox translocation in resistance arteries. Despite increasing ROS generation, acute ethanol intake does not affect NO synthesis or bioavailability in resistance arteries. The relevance of our findings is strengthened by previous studies of our group that showed that using this same model of ethanol administration, plasma ethanol levels are within the range of 20-24 mmol/L<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> which corresponds to that found in humans after a "binge drinking" session ,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and in rats 30 min after oral administration of ethanol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our findings demonstrated that ethanol increased O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation in the rat MAB, which is in accordance with previous results from our laboratory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Additionally, increased lipid peroxidation was observed in the rat MAB after ethanol intake. The lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence assay is based on the enzymatic action of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In this sense, the increase in chemiluminescence here described suggests that the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase is an important source of acute ethanol-induced O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation in resistance arteries. This idea is supported by the fact that apocynin inhibited ethanol-induced O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation in cultured VSMC. Vitamin C is an effective scavenger of O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and in our model it decreased ethanol-induced O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation and lipid peroxidation in resistance arteries. The antioxidant property of vitamin C is also associated with decreased activation of NAD(P)H oxidase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In cultured VSMC, vitamin C prevented ethanol-induced O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation, suggesting that the inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase by vitamin C may also be implicated in diminishing ethanol-induced vascular O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation.</p>
      <p>ADH is an ethanol-metabolizing enzyme that is functionally active in the vasculature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> We have previously described that ethanol metabolites are involved in the vascular effects elicited by ethanol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In order to determine a possible role for ethanol metabolites on O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation induced by ethanol in resistance arteries, we evaluated the effect of 4-MP on this process. Inhibition of ethanol metabolism mediated by ADH led to a decrease in ethanol-induced O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation in cultured VSMC. Thus, we present evidence that an ethanol metabolite, possibly acetaldehyde, is responsible for ROS generation in resistance arteries.</p>
      <p>NAD(P)H oxidase is the major source of ROS in the vasculature. The prototypical phagocytic Nox comprises five subunits: three cytosolic regulatory subunits, p40phox, p47phox and p67phox and two membrane-associated components named gp91phox (Nox2) and p22phox. The enzymatic complex is dissociated in resting cells but it is rapidly activated upon cellular stimulation. Phosphorylation of p47phox at a serine residue initiates the activation of the enzyme, triggering the formation of a complex composed by the cytosolic subunits. This response is followed by translocation of the cytosolic complex to the membrane and association with gp91phox and p22phox subunits (cytochrome b<sub>558</sub>). NAD(P)H oxidase components are expressed in endothelial and VSMC, and translocation of the p47phox subunit has been shown to be essential for ROS production in these cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> In our study, the translocation of p47phox was increased in MAB from ethanol-treated rats, and this effect was inhibited by vitamin C, suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in ethanol-induced p47phox translocation and NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Moreover, this observation strengthens our initial idea that NAD(P)H oxidase is implicated in ethanol-induced O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> generation in the rat MAB. The inhibitory action of vitamin C on p47phox translocation has been previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Mechanisms whereby vitamin C inhibits the translocation of p47phox are ill defined, but may involve the inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activators. A large number of proteins are involved in NAD(P)H oxidase assembly. These include Rac GTPases, protein kinase C (PKC) and c-Src.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Papparella et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> showed that vitamin C inhibited PKC activation with subsequent reduction in p47phox translocation and ROS generation. The current study did not address the exact mechanism whereby ethanol modulates NAD(P)H oxidase activity. Different stimuli, such as endothelin-1, angiotensin II, catecholamines, thrombin and growth factors (eg.: epidermal and growth factor and platelet-derived growth factors ) acutely activate NAD(P)H oxidase in the vasculature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> We have previously shown that losartan, an antagonist of AT<sub>1</sub> receptors, did not prevent ethanol-induced ROS generation in the rat MAB,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> ruling out a role for angiotensin II in ethanol-induced NAD(P)H activation here described. Future studies designed to address how acute ethanol intake induces p47phox translocation and ROS generation in resistance arteries are of interest.</p>
      <p>Superoxide anion is a highly unstable molecule that is reduced by SOD to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2.</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> In our study, the antioxidant action of vitamin C was not related to an increase in SOD activation, since no difference on SOD activity was observed in the MAB after treatment with the vitamin . In addition , since ethanol treatment did not alter SOD activity , the ethanol-induced increase in O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> levels seems not to be related to decreased dismutation of O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> by SOD. Although both O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> act as signaling molecules, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is considered the main signaling compound because of its relative stability and sub-cellular localization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> For example, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> activates redox-signaling sensitive pathways such as MAPK and Rho kinase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is tightly regulated by intracellular and extracellular enzymes, including CAT, which converts H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> into water and O<sub>2</sub>. Our findings showed that acute ethanol intake did not alter either H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> levels or CAT activity in the rat MAB.</p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction is caused by an increase in ROS generation and a reduction of endothelial NO bioavailability, by increasing the oxidative inactivation of NO and/or by decreasing its synthesis. In the vascular endothelium NO is synthesized by eNOS. Akt, a serine/threonine kinase, phosphorylates eNOS thereby activating the enzyme.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser<sup>1177</sup> residue is a critical requirement for eNOS activation, whereas phosphorylation at Thr<sup>495</sup> residue leads to inactivation of the enzyme.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Here we demonstrated that ethanol had no effect on the Akt/eNOS phosphorylation, which corroborated the observation that ethanol intake did not alter the concentration of nitrate in the rat MAB. Ethanol induces a transient increase in the activity of both SOD and CAT and this response can shift the balance ROS/NO towards NO levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In this regard , ethanol-induced increase in antioxidant defenses could explain the lack of effect of ethanol on nitrate levels in the rat MAB. However, acute ethanol intake did not alter GSH levels or SOD and CAT activities in the rat MAB, indicating that the treatment did not affect the cellular antioxidant capacity.</p>
      <p>NAD(P)H oxidase-derived ROS in the vasculature activate redox-sensitive targets such as RhoA/Rho kinase. Superoxide anion and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> activate the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway, which represents an important class of redox-regulated signaling molecules in the cardiovascular system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The RhoA/Rho kinase pathway regulates many intracellular signaling pathways in the vasculature. Rho cycles between the GDP-bound inactive form located in the cytoplasm and the GTP-bound active form in the cell membrane,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> and RhoA translocation to the membrane is associated with its activation. The present findings showed that ethanol intake increased RhoA translocation, further suggesting an activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Also , the fact that vitamin C prevented ethanol-induced RhoA translocation suggests that this response is mediated by ROS. This result is in agreement with previous findings showing that ROS, most notably O<sub>2</sub>
				<sup>-</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, are linked to the activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a direct interaction among ethanol intake, NAD(P)H oxidase-derived ROS and the activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway. RhoA is abundantly expressed in VSMC and participates in vasoconstriction via phosphorylation of myosin light chain and sensitization of contractile proteins to calcium. Additionally, increased RhoA activation has been linked to endothelial dysfunction, increased peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Despite the activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway, acute ethanol intake did not affect the contractile response induced by phenylephrine or the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine in the mesenteric artery. These results suggest that RhoA activation here described probably occurs before the onset of severe functional abnormalities.</p>
      <p>Some limitations for the present study should be considered. In our study, all parameters were evaluated when ethanol reached its maximal plasma concentration. The period of action of ethanol in the vasculature after a single dose was not evaluated. Thus, studies on the time-course effect of a single dose administration of ethanol are of interest. Another point that should be considered is that while "binge drinking" in humans is broadly defined as the consumption of a large amount of ethanol (4-5 standard drinks) in a two-hour period, in our study the total amount of ethanol (1g/kg) was administered in a single dose.</p>
      <p>Activation of NAD(P)H oxidase with subsequent increase in ROS generation and activation of redox-sensitive signalling pathways, such as the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway, are important events linked to vascular dysfunction and are described to play a role in the pathophysiology of several cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Binge drinking is associated with a heightened risk of cardiovascular events, such as stroke, sudden death, myocardial infarction, increased mortality after myocardial infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and with progression of carotid atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Importantly, changes in vascular biology are key mechanisms underlying the increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events induced by binge drinking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Thus, our findings raise the possibility that not only chronic ethanol intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular events, but also acute ethanol intake may increase the risk for vascular injury by increasing ROS generation and activation of redox-sensitive pathways. Altogether, these responses trigged by ethanol could predispose to the development of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In summary, the major new finding of the present study is that acute ethanol intake induces activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway by a mechanism that involves ROS generation. Additionally, we first demonstrated that ethanol activates NAD(P)H oxidase by induction of p47phox translocation and by redox-sensitive mechanisms in resistance arteries.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O consumo agudo de etanol induz a ativa&#231;&#227;o da NAD(P)H oxidase e transloca&#231;&#227;o da RhoA em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simplicio</surname>
            <given-names>Janaina A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hip&#243;lito</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vale</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Tavares do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Callera</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Touyz</surname>
            <given-names>Rhian M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tostes</surname>
            <given-names>Rita de C&#225;ssia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tirapelli</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermagem Psiqui&#225;trica e Ci&#234;ncias Humanas - Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia - Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP); SP, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), SP, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Ottawa, Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Renato Tirapelli</bold>, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre. CEP 14040 902, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>crtirapelli@eerp.usp.br</email>, <email>crtlilo@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Simplicio JA, Hip&#243;lito UV, Vale GT, Pereira CA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Simplicio JA, Hip&#243;lito UV, Vale GT, Pereira CA, Tostes RC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Simplicio JA, Hip&#243;lito UV, Tirapelli CR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Callera GE, Touyz RM, Tostes RC, Tirapelli CR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O mecanismo da disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular induzido pelo consumo de etanol n&#227;o &#233; totalmente compreendido. Justifica-se, assim a identifica&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos bioqu&#237;micos e moleculares que poderiam explicar tais efeitos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar se a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol ativa a via vascular RhoA/Rho quinase em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia e o papel das esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO) derivadas da NAD(P)H oxidase nessa resposta. N&#243;s tamb&#233;m avaliamos se ocorreu transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox e ativa&#231;&#227;o da NAD(P)H oxidase ap&#243;s o consumo agudo de etanol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram tratados com etanol via oral (1g/kg, p.o. gavagem) ou &#225;gua (controle). Alguns ratos foram tratados com vitamina C (250 mg/kg, p.o. gavagem, 5 dias) antes de &#225;gua ou etanol. O leito arterial mesent&#233;rico (LAM) foi coleado 30 min ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de etanol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A vitamina C preveniu o aumento da gera&#231;&#227;o de &#226;nion super&#243;xido (O<sub>2</sub>
						<sup>-</sup>) e lipoperoxida&#231;&#227;o no LAM induzidos pelo etanol. A atividade da catalase (CAT), da super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) e os n&#237;veis de glutationa reduzida(GSH), nitrato e per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) n&#227;o foram afetados ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol. A vitamina C e o 4-metilpirazol preveniram o aumento na gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>
						<sup>-</sup> induzido pelo etanol em cultura de c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular (CMLV). O etanol n&#227;o afetou a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na quinase B (Akt) e nem da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS) (nos res&#237;duos de Ser<sup>1177</sup> ou Thr<sup>495</sup>) ou a reatividade vascular do LAM. A vitamina C preveniu o aumento da raz&#227;o membrana:citosol da p47phox e a express&#227;o da RhoA no LAM de rato induzido pelo etanol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol induz a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via RhoA/Rho quinase por um mecanismo que envolve a gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO. Nas art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia, o etanol ativa NAD(P)H oxidase induzindo a transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox por um mecanismo redox-sens&#237;vel.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Etanol</kwd>
        <kwd>NADPH Oxidase</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cido Asc&#243;rbico</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na rhoA de Liga&#231;&#227;o do GTP</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O consumo excessivo de etanol, frequentemente referido na literatura como "<italic>binge drinking</italic>", &#233; considerado um fator de risco para o sistema cardiovascular. <italic>Binge drinking</italic> est&#225; associado a um risco aumentado para eventos cardiovasculares, tais como aterosclerose, acidente vascular cerebral e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. O mecanismo exato que envolve a disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular associada com o consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool n&#227;o foi totalmente elucidado, mas altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular parecem exercer um papel fundamental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Um mecanismo importante pelo qual o etanol causa danos vasculares &#233; pelo aumento da gera&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO). A forma&#231;&#227;o de &#226;nion super&#243;xido (O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) e per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) est&#225; associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A enzima nicotinamida adenina dinucleot&#237;deo fosfato, [NAD(P)H] oxidase, &#233; a principal fonte de ERO nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais e nas c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular (CMLV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, sendo um fator essencial na disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular induzida por etanol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A ativa&#231;&#227;o da [NAD(P)H] oxidase &#233; um processo complexo, mas a transloca&#231;&#227;o da subunidade p47phox para a membrana, com posterior associa&#231;&#227;o com o citocromo b<sub>558</sub>, &#233; uma etapa decisiva para a ativa&#231;&#227;o da enzima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Achados recentes do nosso laborat&#243;rio mostraram que a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol aumenta a gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO derivados da NADPH oxidase em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>ERO influenciam na ativa&#231;&#227;o de diversas vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, incluindo as prote&#237;nas quinases ativadas por mit&#243;genos (MAPK) e a RhoA/Rho quinase, consideradas importantes mediadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular. A ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias redox-sens&#237;veis regula o crescimento de c&#233;lulas vasculares, a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a contra&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Um dado importante &#233; que a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol induz a ativa&#231;&#227;o da [NAD(P)H] oxidase e a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de MAPK em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, o O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> &#233; respons&#225;vel pela r&#225;pida inativa&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e, altera&#231;&#245;es na s&#237;ntese e/ou biodisponibilidade do NO est&#227;o envolvidas no desenvolvimento de eventos vasculares clinicamente significantes.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, buscamos investigar se a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol ativa a via da RhoA/Rho quinase em c&#233;lulas vasculares de art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia, e o papel das ERO derivadas da [NAD(P)H] oxidase nessa resposta. Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos a transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox para a ativa&#231;&#227;o da [NAD(P)H] oxidase induzida por etanol, e o efeito das ERO induzidas pelo etanol sobre a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO. O &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico (vitamina C) foi o antioxidante escolhido, uma vez que, segundo estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, reduz o estresse oxidativo na vasculatura.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Administra&#231;&#227;o aguda de etanol</title>
          <p>Dose de 1g/kg de etanol (10mL/kg de etanol a 13% dilu&#237;do em &#225;gua) foi administrado por gavagem a 20 ratos Wistar machos (200-250g) mantidos em jejum por 12 h.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Aplicando esse modelo de administra&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de etanol mant&#234;m-se no intervalo entre 20 e 24 mmoL/L<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Ratos do grupo controle (n=20) receberam &#225;gua (gavagem). Alguns animais foram tratados com vitamina C na dose de 250 mg/kg (gavagem) por 5 dias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua (n=18) ou etanol (n=19). O tamanho da amostra foi baseado em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O leito arterial mesent&#233;rico (LAM) foi isolado 30 min ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de etanol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Todos os experimentos estavam de acordo com os princ&#237;pios e diretrizes do comit&#234; de &#233;tica em uso de animais da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (#10.1.235.53.0).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> no LAM de rato</title>
          <p>A produ&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> no LAM de ratos foi medida pelo m&#233;todo da quimioluminesc&#234;ncia da lucigenina, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A luminesc&#234;ncia foi medida em um lumin&#244;metro (Orion II Luminometer, Berthold detection systems, Pforzheim, Germany), e os resultados expressos em unidades relativas de luz (URL) por mg de prote&#237;na. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de prote&#237;na nas amostras foram medidas pelo m&#233;todo de Lowry (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> no LAM de rato</title>
          <p>Para medir a concentra&#231;&#227;o de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> no LAM de rato, foi utilizado o Amplex red<sup>&#174;</sup> (#A22188, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Os resultados foram expressos em nmol por mg de prote&#237;na.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de nitrato basal no LAM de rato</title>
          <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o basal de nitrato no sobrenadante do homogeneizado de LAM foi avaliado usando um analisador de &#243;xido n&#237;trico Sievers (NOA&#8482; 280, Sievers Instruments, CO, USA), conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os resultados foram expressos em <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L por mg de prote&#237;na.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das atividades da super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) e da catalase (CAT) em LAM de rato</title>
          <p>A atividade da SOD no LAM de rato foi avaliada usando um kit dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (#19160, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). A atividade da SOD foi expressa como taxa de inibi&#231;&#227;o (%) / mg de prote&#237;na. A atividade da CAT foi determinada conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Uma unidade de CAT foi definida como a quantidade de enzima necess&#225;ria para decompor 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/min.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de glutationa reduzida (GSH) em LAM de rato</title>
          <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de GSH no LAM foi determinada conforme descrito anteriormente .<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os resultados foram expressos em <italic>&#181;</italic>g GSH por mg de prote&#237;na.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBARS) em LAM de rato</title>
          <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de TBARS no LAM foi determinada utilizando-se um kit dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (#10009055, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Os resultados foram expressos em nmol por mg de prote&#237;na.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Immunoblotting</title>
          <p>O LAM de rato foi homogeneizado em um tamp&#227;o de lise composto por 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7,4), NP-40 (1%), desoxicolato de s&#243;dio (0,5%) e SDS (0,1%). As amostras foram centrifugadas a 5000 &#215; g por 10 min (4&#186;C). Quarenta microgramas de prote&#237;na foram separadas por eletroforese em um gel de poliacrilamida a 10%, e transferida para uma membrana de nitrocelulose. Leite desnatado (5%) dilu&#237;do em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada (Tris) com Tween 20 foi usado para bloquear s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos (1 h a 24&#186;C). As membranas foram incubadas por uma noite a 4&#186;C com os seguintes anticorpos prim&#225;rios: p-eNOS (Ser<sup>1177</sup>) (dilu&#237;do 1:1000, 9571, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), p-eNOS (Thr<sup>495</sup>) (dilu&#237;do 1:1000, 9574, Cell Signaling), eNOS total (dilu&#237;do 1:1000, 9572, Cell Signaling), P- prote&#237;na quinase B (P-Akt) (Ser<sup>473</sup>) (dilu&#237;do 1:1000, 4058, Cell Signaling) e Akt total (dilu&#237;do 1:1000, 9272, Cell Signaling). Em seguida, as membranas foram incubadas com anticorpos secund&#225;rios por 90 min &#224; temperatura ambiente e os sinais foram revelados pela exposi&#231;&#227;o das membranas &#224; uma solu&#231;&#227;o de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia e quantificados densitometricamente. Os resultados foram expressos pela raz&#227;o entre prote&#237;nas n&#227;o fosforiladas / prote&#237;nas totais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fracionamento celular (membrana plasm&#225;tica / citosol)</title>
          <p>O LAM de rato foi homogeneizado em tamp&#227;o de lise contendo Tris-HCl 50 mmol/L (pH 7,4), EDTA 2,5 mmol/L, EGTA 5 mmol/L, e inibidor de protease. Em seguida, centrifugado a 100 000 &#215; g por 1 h, a 4&#186;C. O sobrenadante (fra&#231;&#227;o citos&#243;lica) foi coletado. O <italic>pellet</italic>, contendo a fra&#231;&#227;o com part&#237;culas, foi ressuspenso em tamp&#227;o de lise contendo Triton X-100 1%, e centrifugado a 10 000 &#215; g por 10 min a 4 &#186;C. As membranas foram ent&#227;o incubadas com anticorpos espec&#237;ficos para RhoA (dilu&#237;do 1:1000, sc-418, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) ou p47phox (dilu&#237;do 1:500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), como publicado anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimentos de reatividade vascular</title>
          <p>Ratos machos Wistar foram anestesiados com uretana (1,25 g/kg, i.p., Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), e sacrificados por exsanguina&#231;&#227;o da aorta. Segmentos do terceiro ramo das art&#233;rias mesent&#233;ricas, medindo aproximadamente 2 mm de comprimento, foram colocados em um mi&#243;grafo para pequenos vasos (Danish Myo Tech, Model 620M, A/S, &#197;rhus, Denmark), conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> As art&#233;rias foram mantidas em solu&#231;&#227;o Krebs Henseleit [(em mmol/L) NaCl 130, KCl 4,7, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,18, MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1,17, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 14,9, glicose 5,5, EDTA 0,03, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1,6)], temperatura constante de 37&#176;C, pH 7,4, e gaseificadas com uma mistura de O<sub>2</sub> 95% e CO<sub>2</sub> 5%. Curvas dose-resposta &#224; fenilefrina (0,1 nmol/L-100 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L) foram obtidas em art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio intacto e na aus&#234;ncia de endot&#233;lio. As curvas para acetilcolina (0,1 nmol/L-10 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L) foram obtidas nas art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio intacto, pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina (1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L). Curvas dose-resposta foram ajustadas com um programa n&#227;o linear de ajuste de curvas (Graph Pad Prism 3.0; GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA) e dois par&#226;metros farmacol&#243;gicos foram analisados: pD<sub>2</sub> (logaritmo negativo da concentra&#231;&#227;o molar da droga produzindo 50% da resposta m&#225;xima) e E<sub>max</sub> (efeito m&#225;ximo induzido pelo agonista).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cultura de c&#233;lulas e estimula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>CMLV derivadas do LAM de ratos machos foram isoladas e caracterizadas como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Foram utilizadas c&#233;lulas nas s&#233;ries 4 a 8 isoladas de pelo menos 5 culturas diferentes de c&#233;lulas prim&#225;rias. As CMLV foram estimuladas com etanol (50 mmol/L, 5 min) na aus&#234;ncia e na presen&#231;a de apocinina, um inibidor da NAD(P)H oxidase (10 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L, 30 min), tiron (sequestrador de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L, 30 min), 4-metilpirazol (4-MP) (10 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L, 30 min), um inibidor seletivo de &#225;lcool desidrogenase (ADH,) ou vitamina C (100 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L, 24 h). A concentra&#231;&#227;o e o per&#237;odo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao etanol e aos antioxidantes foram baseados em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A produ&#231;&#227;o de &#226;nion super&#243;xido foi medida por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia dependente de lucigenina como descrito acima, e expressa em porcentagem de aumento dos valores basais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram representados pela m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi realizada por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Bonferroni. Os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os resultados dos testes estat&#237;sticos com p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significativos. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas pelo programa Graph Pad Prism 3.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;veis de etanol sangu&#237;neo</title>
          <p>Conforme descrito previamente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> neste modelo de administra&#231;&#227;o de etanol, os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de etanol variam de 20 a 24 mmol/L, os quais encontram-se dentro dos valores encontrados na corrente sangu&#237;nea humana ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de <italic>binge drinking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito da ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol sobre os n&#237;veis de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, TBARS, nitrato, GSH e atividades da SOD e CAT no LAM de ratos</title>
          <p>Para verificar o efeito da ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol sobre a gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO e peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica no LAM de rato, foi avaliada a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>
						<sup>-</sup> e H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, bem como a concentra&#231;&#227;o de TBARS. A quimioluminesc&#234;ncia dependente de lucigenina foi significativamente maior no LAM de ratos tratados com etanol, e o tratamento com vitamina C preveniu essa resposta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1A</xref>). N&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ap&#243;s tratamento com etanol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1B</xref>). A vitamina C preveniu o aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de TBARS induzido por ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1C</xref>). Uma vez que o estresse oxidativo est&#225; associado com menor biodisponibilidade de NO, n&#243;s avaliamos o efeito da ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol sobre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de nitrato no LAM de rato. O tratamento com etanol n&#227;o alterou os n&#237;veis basais de nitrato no LAM de rato (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1D</xref>). Para avaliar o efeito do etanol sobre o estado antioxidante vascular, foram determinadas as atividades da SOD e CAT, bem como as concentra&#231;&#245;es de GSH no LAM de rato. Nossos resultados mostraram que a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol n&#227;o alterou as atividades da SOD e CAT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">B</xref>), ou os n&#237;veis de GSH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2C</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos da ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol sobre os n&#237;veis de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> e nitrato no leito arterial mesent&#233;rico de rato. Os n&#237;veis vasculares de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> (A) e nitrato (D) foram determinados por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia. Os n&#237;veis vasculares de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> foram determinados por fluorimetria (B). Subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBARS) foram medidas por colorimetria (C). Os resultados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de 6-9 experimentos. *Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle, controle + vitamina C e etanol + vitamina C (p&lt;0,05, ANOVA).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos da ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol sobre as atividades das enzimas super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CTA) e os n&#237;veis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) no leito arterial mesent&#233;rico de rato. As atividades da SOD e CAT (A e B) e os n&#237;veis de GSH (C) foram determinados colorimetricamente. Os resultados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de 6-8 experimentos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito de etanol sobre a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2-</sub> na cultura de CMLV de LAM</title>
          <p>O efeito antioxidante da vitamina C foi testado na cultura de CMLV derivadas do LAM. A vitamina C preveniu o aumento da gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> induzida por etanol (50 mmol/L, 5 min) em cultura de CMLV. A fim de avaliar o papel de um metab&#243;lito de etanol sobre a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>- induzida por etanol, as c&#233;lulas foram incubadas com 4-MP, um inibidor de ADH. 4-MP preveniu a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> induzida por etanol na cultura de CMLV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito do tiron, da apocinina, do 4-metilpirazol (4-MP) e da vitamina C sobre a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> induzida por etanol na cultura de c&#233;lulas vasculares do m&#250;sculo liso de c&#233;lulas do leito arterial mesent&#233;rico de rato. As c&#233;lulas foram estimuladas com etanol (50 mmol/L, 5 min) na aus&#234;ncia de inibidor ou ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com tiron (10 &#181;mol/L, 30 min), apocinina (10 &#181;mol/L, 30 min), 4-MP (10 &#181;mol/L, 30 min) ou vitamina C (100 &#181;mol/L, 24 h). As barras representam m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de 7-11 experimentos. *Comparado ao ve&#237;culo (p&lt;0.05, ANOVA).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de fosforila&#231;&#227;o de Akt e eNOS no LAM de rato</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o na fosforila&#231;&#227;o da Akt no res&#237;duo de Ser<sup>473</sup> ou da eNOS nos res&#237;duos de Ser<sup>1177</sup> e Thr<sup>495</sup> ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol ou tratamento com vitamina C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos da ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol sobre a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na quinase B (Akt) e &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS) no leito arterial mesent&#233;rico de rato. Parte superior: resultados de western blotting para express&#227;o e fosforila&#231;&#227;o de Akt e prote&#237;na eNOS. Parte inferior: gr&#225;ficos de coluna correspondentes mostrando dados densitom&#233;tricos para fosforila&#231;&#227;o da Akt no res&#237;duo de Ser<sup>473</sup> (A), eNOS no res&#237;duo de Ser<sup>1177</sup> (B), eNOS no res&#237;duo de Tre<sup>495</sup> (C). Os resultados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de 4-6 experimentos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox e RhoA em LAM de rato</title>
          <p>Uma vez que a NAD(P)H oxidase &#233; a principal fonte de ERO na vasculatura, e as ERO proveniente da NAD(P)H induzem a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o RhoA/Rho quinase, foi avaliado o efeito do etanol sobre a transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox e RhoA. LAM de ratos tratados com etanol apresentaram um aumento significativo na express&#227;o proteica da raz&#227;o fra&#231;&#227;o membrana/citosol da p47phox (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5A</xref>) e na express&#227;o proteica de RhoA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5B</xref>), indicando a transloca&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas. O tratamento com vitamina C preveniu o aumento da transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox e da RhoA induzida pelo etanol.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos da ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol sobre a transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox e RhoA no leito arterial mesent&#233;rico (LAM) de rato. O gr&#225;fico de barra representa a transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox e RhoA como raz&#227;o da express&#227;o membrana/citosol (A e B) no LAM de rato. Parte superior: resultados de western blotting. Resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de 5-7 experimentos. *em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle, controle + vitamina C e etanol + vitamina C (p&lt;0,05, ANOVA).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimentos sobre a reatividade vascular da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica</title>
          <p>O tratamento com etanol n&#227;o afetou o relaxamento induzido por acetilcolina (E<sub>max</sub>: 98,3 &#177; 1,5%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 8,2 &#177; 0,2, n=6), quando comparado aos grupos controle (E<sub>max</sub>: 100,3 &#177; 2,3%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 8,1 &#177; 0,4, n=6), controle + vitamina C (E<sub>max</sub>: 98,6 &#177; 1,8%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 8,1 &#177; 0,2, n=4) e etanol + vitamina C (E<sub>max</sub>: 99,8 &#177; 0,4%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 7,8 &#177; 0,3, n=5). Nas art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio intacto, a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol n&#227;o afetou a contra&#231;&#227;o (% KCl 120 mmol/L) induzida por fenilefrina (E<sub>max</sub>: 138,8 &#177; 10,4%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 5,9 &#177; 0,3, n=5), em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle (E<sub>max</sub>: 136,3 &#177; 10,3%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6,3 &#177; 0,2, n=4), controle + vitamina C (E<sub>max</sub>: 112,9 &#177; 2,4%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6,3 &#177; 0,1, n=4) e etanol + vitamina C (E<sub>max</sub>: 122,3 &#177; 7,7%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6,1 &#177; 0,1, n=6). O mesmo foi observado nas art&#233;rias sem endot&#233;lio, em que o tratamento com etanol n&#227;o afetou a contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por fenilefrina (E<sub>max</sub>: 135,1 &#177; 7,2%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6,1 &#177; 0,1, n=6), em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle (E<sub>max</sub>: 120,7 &#177; 5,5%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 6,1 &#177; 0,3, n=5), controle + vitamina C (E<sub>max</sub>: 116,3 &#177; 3,5%; pD<sub>2</sub>: 5,7 &#177; 0,1, n=4) e etanol+ vitamina ((Emax: 144.3 &#177; 10.4%; pD2: 6.1 &#177; 0.3, n=5).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados presentes mostram que a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol induz a transloca&#231;&#227;o da RhoA e a ativa&#231;&#227;o da NAD(P)H oxidase, pela transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia. Apesar de aumentar a gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO, a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol n&#227;o afeta a s&#237;ntese ou a biodisponibilidade de NO nas art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia. A relev&#226;ncia de nossos achados ganha for&#231;a ao considerarmos estudos pr&#233;vios de nosso grupo de pesquisa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> em que se demonstrou que, utilizando este mesmo modelo de administra&#231;&#227;o de etanol, a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de etanol atingida &#233; de 20-24 mmol/L, a qual corresponde &#224; encontrada em humanos ap&#243;s consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> ou em ratos ap&#243;s 30 min de administra&#231;&#227;o oral de etanol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados demonstraram que o etanol aumentou a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> no LAM de rato, o que est&#225; de acordo com resultados pr&#233;vios de nosso laborat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, observou-se um aumento da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica no LAM de rato ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool. O teste de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia dependente de lucigenina baseia-se na a&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica da enzima NAD(P)H oxidase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Nesse sentido, o aumento na quimioluminesc&#234;ncia descrito neste estudo sugere que a enzima NAD(P)H oxidase seja uma importante fonte de gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> induzida pelo etanol nas art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia. Esta ideia &#233; corroborada pelo fato de que a apocinina inibiu a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> na cultura de CMLV. A vitamina C &#233; um eficaz agente sequestrador de O<sub>2</sub>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e, em nosso modelo, ela diminuiu a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> e a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia. A propriedade antioxidante da vitamina C tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada &#224; menor ativa&#231;&#227;o de NAD(P)H oxidase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em culturas de c&#233;lulas CMLV, a vitamina C preveniu a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> induzida pelo etanol, sugerindo que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da NAD(P)H oxidase pela vitamina C tamb&#233;m pode estar envolvida na diminui&#231;&#227;o da gera&#231;&#227;o vascular de O<sub>2-</sub> induzida pelo etanol.</p>
        <p>ADH &#233; uma enzima que atua na metaboliza&#231;&#227;o do etanol, e &#233; funcionalmente ativa na vasculatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Foi descrito anteriormente que metab&#243;litos do etanol est&#227;o envolvidos nos efeitos vasculares estimulados pelo etanol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Para determinar um poss&#237;vel papel dos metab&#243;litos do etanol sobre a gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> induzido por etanol em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia, foi avaliado o efeito do 4-MP nesse processo. A inibi&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo do etanol mediado pela ADH levou &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2-</sub> induzida pelo etanol na cultura de CMLV. Assim, apresentamos uma evid&#234;ncia de que um metab&#243;lito de etanol, possivelmente o acetalde&#237;do, &#233; respons&#225;vel pela gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>A NAD(P)H oxidase &#233; a principal fonte de ERO na vasculatura. A protot&#237;pica, Nox fagoc&#237;tica &#233; composta por cinco subunidades - tr&#234;s subunidades citos&#243;licas, p40phox, p47phox e p67phox, e dois componentes associados &#224; membrana, denominados gp91phox (Nox2) e p22phox. O complexo enzim&#225;tico encontra-se dissociado nas c&#233;lulas de repouso, mas &#233; rapidamente ativado &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o celular. A fosforila&#231;&#227;o da p47phox em um res&#237;duo de serina inicia a ativa&#231;&#227;o da enzima, desencadeando a forma&#231;&#227;o de um complexo composto por subunidades citos&#243;licas. Essa resposta &#233; seguida pela transloca&#231;&#227;o do complexo citos&#243;lico &#224; membrana, e associa&#231;&#227;o com as subunidades gp91phox e p22phox (citocromo b<sub>558</sub>). Os componentes da NAD(P)H oxidase s&#227;o expressos em c&#233;lulas endoteliais e CMLV, e a transloca&#231;&#227;o da subunidade p47phox mostrou-se essencial para a produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO nessa c&#233;lulas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Em nosso estudo, foi observado o aumento da transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox em LAM de ratos tratados com etanol, e tal efeito foi inibido pela vitamina C, sugerindo que o estresse oxidativo esteja envolvido na transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox induzida pelo etanol e na ativa&#231;&#227;o da NAD(P)H oxidase. Al&#233;m disso, essa resposta refor&#231;a nossa ideia inicial de que a NAD(P)H oxidase esteja envolvida na gera&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>- induzida pelo etanol no LAM de rato. A a&#231;&#227;o inibit&#243;ria da vitamina C sobre a transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox foi previamente descrita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Os mecanismos pelos quais a vitamina C inibe a transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox n&#227;o foram totalmente elucidados, mas parecem envolver a inibi&#231;&#227;o dos ativadores da enzima NAD(P)H oxidase. Um grande n&#250;mero de prote&#237;nas est&#225; envolvido no complexo NAD(P)H oxidase, que inclui Rac GTPases, prote&#237;na quinase C (PKC) e c-Src.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Papparella et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> demonstraram que a vitamina C inibiu a ativa&#231;&#227;o da PKC com subsequente redu&#231;&#227;o na transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox e gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO. O presente estudo n&#227;o abordou o mecanismo exato pelo qual o etanol modula a atividade da NAD(P)H oxidase. Diferentes est&#237;mulos, tais como endotelina-1, angiotensina II, catecolaminas, trombina e fatores de crescimento (p.ex.: fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico e fator de crescimento derivado de plaquetas) promovem ativa&#231;&#227;o aguda da NAD(P)H oxidase na vasculatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> N&#243;s demonstramos anteriormente que o losartan, um antagonista de receptores AT<sub>1</sub>, n&#227;o impediu a gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO induzida por etanol em LAM de rato,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> descartando um poss&#237;vel papel da angiotensina II na ativa&#231;&#227;o da NAD(P)H aqui descrita. Seria interessante outros estudos que avaliem a maneira exata que ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol induz a transloca&#231;&#227;o de p47phox e a gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO nas art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos da ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol sobre a reatividade vascular &#224; acetilcolina e fenilefrina. Curvas dose-resposta para acetilcolina foram obtidas no terceiro ramo das art&#233;rias mesent&#233;ricas com endot&#233;lio intacto (A). Curvas dose-resposta para fenilefrina foram obtidas nas art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio (Endo+, B) e sem endot&#233;lio (Endo-,C). Resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de 4-6 experimentos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0427-60147-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O &#226;nion super&#243;xido &#233; uma mol&#233;cula altamente inst&#225;vel, reduzida &#224; H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> pela SOD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Em nosso estudo, a a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante da vitamina C n&#227;o estava relacionada com aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o da SOD, uma vez que n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na atividade da SOD no LAM ap&#243;s o tratamento com a vitamina. Al&#233;m disso, uma vez que o tratamento com etanol n&#227;o alterou a atividade da SOD, o aumento nos n&#237;veis de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> induzido pelo etanol parece n&#227;o estar relacionado com a redu&#231;&#227;o da dismuta&#231;&#227;o do O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> pela SOD. Tanto o O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> como o H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> atuam como mol&#233;culas de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, sendo o H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> considerado o principal composto de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, dado sua relativa estabilidade e localiza&#231;&#227;o subcelular <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Por exemplo, o H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ativa vias sens&#237;veis &#224; sinaliza&#231;&#227;o redox, tais como MAPK e Rho kinase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> &#233; intimamente regulado por enzimas intracelulares e extracelulares, incluindo CAT, que converte H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> em &#225;gua e O<sub>2</sub>. Nossos resultados mostraram que a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol n&#227;o alterou os n&#237;veis de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ou a atividade da CAT no LAM de rato.</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; causada por um aumento na gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO e redu&#231;&#227;o na biodisponibilidade de NO, aumentando a inativa&#231;&#227;o oxidativa do NO e/ou diminuindo sua s&#237;ntese. No endot&#233;lio vascular, o NO &#233; sintetizado pela eNOS. A Akt, uma prote&#237;na quinase serina/treonina, fosforila a eNOS, promovendo a ativa&#231;&#227;o da enzima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> A fosforila&#231;&#227;o da eNOS no res&#237;duo de Ser<sup>177</sup> &#233; um requisito crucial para a ativa&#231;&#227;o da eNOS, enquanto que a fosforila&#231;&#227;o no res&#237;duo Tre<sup>495</sup> leva &#224; inativa&#231;&#227;o da enzima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Neste trabalho, demonstramos que o etanol n&#227;o teve efeito sobre a fosforila&#231;&#227;o Akt/NOS, o que corroborou a observa&#231;&#227;o de que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de nitrato no LAM de rato n&#227;o foi afetada pelo etanol. O etanol induz um aumento transit&#243;rio na atividade da SOD e CAT, e tal resposta pode mudar o equil&#237;brio entre EROs e NO em dire&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Nesse sentido, o aumento induzido por etanol nas defesas antioxidantes poderia explicar a aus&#234;ncia de efeito do etanol sobre os n&#237;veis de NO no LAM de rato.</p>
        <p>As ERO derivadas da NAD(P)H oxidase na vasculatura ativam alvos redox-sens&#237;veis tais como RhoA/Rho quinase. O &#226;nion super&#243;xido e H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ativam a via RhoA/Rho quinase, que representa uma importante classe de mol&#233;culas sinalizadoras reguladas pelo estado redox no sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A via RhoA/Rho quinase regula muitas vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelulares na vasculatura. A prote&#237;na Rho permanece em um ciclo entre sua forma inativa ligada ao GDP no citoplasma, e sua forma ativa ligada ao GTP na membrana celular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> e a transloca&#231;&#227;o de RhoA para a membrana est&#225; associada com sua ativa&#231;&#227;o. Os presentes achados mostraram que a ingest&#227;o de etanol aumentou a transloca&#231;&#227;o de RhoA, o que sugere uma ativa&#231;&#227;o da via RhoA/Rho quinase. Al&#233;m do fato de a vitamina C ter prevenido a transloca&#231;&#227;o de RhoA induzida pelo etanol sugerimos que essa resposta seja mediada por ERO. Esse resultado vai ao encontro de resultados anteriores mostrando que as ERO, principalmente O<sub>2</sub>
					<sup>-</sup> e H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, est&#227;o ligados &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o da via RhoA/Rho quinase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> At&#233; nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo demonstrando uma intera&#231;&#227;o direta entre ingest&#227;o de etanol, ERO derivadas de NAD(P)H oxidase, e a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da RhoA/Rho quinase. A RhoA &#233; abundantemente expressa nas CMLV e participa da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o via fosforila&#231;&#227;o da cadeia leve de miosina e sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas contr&#225;teis ao c&#225;lcio. Al&#233;m disso, a ativa&#231;&#227;o aumentada de RhoA foi associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica aumentada e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Apesar da ativa&#231;&#227;o da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da RhoA/Rho quinase, a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol n&#227;o afetou a resposta contr&#225;til induzida pela fenilefrina ou o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio induzido por acetilcolina na art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica. Esses resultados sugerem que a ativa&#231;&#227;o da RhoA aqui descrita provavelmente ocorre antes do in&#237;cio das disfun&#231;&#245;es graves.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo devem ser consideradas. Em nosso estudo, todos os par&#226;metros foram avaliados quando o etanol atingiu sua concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica m&#225;xima. N&#227;o foi avaliado o per&#237;odo de a&#231;&#227;o do etanol na vasculatura ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de uma &#250;nica dose. Portanto, seria interessante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos sobre o efeito de uma &#250;nica dose de etanol ao longo do tempo. Outro ponto a ser considerado &#233; que enquanto <italic>binge drinking</italic> em humanos &#233; amplamente definido como o consumo de uma grande quantidade de etanol (4-5 doses) em um per&#237;odo de duas horas, em nosso estudo, a quantidade total de etanol (1g/kg) foi administrada em uma &#250;nica dose.</p>
        <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o da NAD(P)H oxidase, com aumento subsequente na gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO, e a ativa&#231;&#227;o das vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o redox-sens&#237;veis, tais como a via RhoA/Rho quinase, s&#227;o eventos importantes ligados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular e, segundo estudos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> exercem um papel na fisiopatologia de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <italic>Binge drinking</italic> est&#225; associado a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares, tais como acidente vascular cerebral, morte s&#250;bita, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, maior mortalidade ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e a progress&#227;o de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Importante mencionar que mudan&#231;as na biologia vascular s&#227;o mecanismos chaves para o risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares induzidos pelo consumo de &#225;lcool excessivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Assim, nossos resultados levantam a possibilidade de que n&#227;o somente a ingest&#227;o cr&#244;nica de etanol seja um fator de risco para eventos cardiovasculares, como a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol tamb&#233;m pode aumentar o risco de causar danos vasculares pelo aumento da gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO e ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias redox-sens&#237;veis. Em geral, essas respostas desencadeadas pelo etanol poderiam predispor ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em resumo, o principal achado in&#233;dito deste estudo &#233; que a ingest&#227;o aguda de etanol induz a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via RhoA/Rho quinase por um mecanismo que envolve a gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO. Al&#233;m disso, n&#243;s demonstramos, pela primeira vez, que o etanol ativa a NAD(P)H oxidase por est&#237;mulo da transloca&#231;&#227;o da p47phox e por mecanismos redox-sens&#237;veis em art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
