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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bBZvPKp4TWMXFjqfFCpv43s</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400420</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160169</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Echocardiography - Adults</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utility of Ultraportable Echocardiography in the Preoperative Evaluation of Noncardiac Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jean Allan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Lucia Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Estrada</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Duque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Werneck</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Lobosco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Marins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Jean Allan Costa</bold>, Rua Maria Isabel Bolckan, 113, Quadra 75, Lote 9, Maravista. Postal Code 24342-330, Itaipu, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>medjeanallan@hotmail.com</email>; <email>mdjeanallan@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Costa JA, Rosa MLG, Mesquita CT; Acquisition of data: Costa JA, Almeida MLP, Estrada TCD, Werneck GL, Rocha AM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Costa JA, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT; Statistical analysis: Costa JA, Rosa MLG; Obtaining financing and Costa JA, Mesquita CT: Costa JA, Mesquita CT; Writing of the manuscript: Costa JA, Almeida MLP, Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>420</fpage>
      <lpage>426</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The ultraportable echocardiogram machine, with relevant portability and easiness in performing diagnoses, when in experienced hands, may contribute to the reliability of preoperative evaluation in noncardiac surgeries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess cardiac function parameters in patients aged older than 60 years, candidates of elective noncardiac surgeries, classified as ASA1 or ASA 2 according to surgical risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 211 patients referred for elective surgeries, without suspicion of previous heart diseases, were included in the study. Assessment of patients was conducted by conventional echocardiogram using the ultraportable V Scan (GE) device right after the pre-anesthetic clinical evaluation. We assessed the clinical impact of echocardiography results by using a questionnaire addressed to the anesthetist.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age of patients was 68.9 &#177; 7.0 years, 154 were women. The most frequent surgeries were: a) facectomy - cataract - 18; b) inguinal hernia surgery - 18; c) Cholecystectomy - 16. We found 58 normal tests (27.5%), 70 (33.2%) with mild valve reflux, and 83 (39.3%) with relevant abnormality, such as increase in heart chamber size, global and/or segmental contractile dysfunction, significant valve dysfunction or other unspecified. Test results caused delay of surgical procedure for a more detailed cardiac evaluation in 20 (9.5%) patients, and change in anesthetic management in 7 (3.3%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>There was a considerable clinical impact with the use of the ultraportable echocardiography, since one out of every ten patients evaluated had their clinical management changed due to the detection of previously unsuspected, significant heart diseases, with the potential for severe complications.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Echocardiography / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Preoperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Elective Surgical Procedures</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Of all imaging tests, echocardiography is the most required test in the field of cardiovascular diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Transthoracic echocardiography corresponds to approximately 50% of all cardiovascular imaging tests ordered in the USA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The reasons of the success of echocardiography include its low cost, wide availability, absence of adverse effects or radiation exposure, and possibility to be performed at bedside. One of the most recent advances in miniaturization of ultrasound (US) devices is the ultraportable US, with high portability, easy handling, and good image quality. However, the ultraportable equipment does not allow evaluations in one-dimensional, pulsed Doppler or continuous Doppler modes, limiting the detection and dimensioning of some cardiac changes.</p>
      <p>It is estimated that more than 230 million surgeries per year are performed worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The most common perioperative cardiac complications are acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest and acute cardiac failure - affecting nearly 5% of patients aged 70 years or older undergoing noncardiac surgeries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In Brazil, according to the 2008 data of the Ministry of Health, approximately 3 million noncardiac surgeries are performed annually, with a cost of nearly 2.4 billion Brazilian reals and perioperative mortality rate around 2.3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The indication of tests and cardioprotective or therapeutic measures for a patient who will undergo a noncardiac surgery ultimately results from the balance between the probability of recovery and risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The routine use of resting echocardiography as a risk stratification tool is discouraged, and is considered a class III recommendation according to the II Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The rationale of the present study was that the routine ordering of conventional echocardiography for individuals at higher risk, or even for those aged older than 60 years with chronic diseases may not be that useful in the preoperative evaluation. It could also delay the scheduling of surgical procedures and expose patients to risks of complications and even death before surgery. In this context, we tested the usefulness of the ultraportable device to detect unsuspected heart diseases in the routine preoperative evaluation and its impact on the clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Patients of both sexes, aged older than 60 years, referred to elective noncardiac surgeries in a tertiary hospital were included in the study. According to the American Society of Anaesthesiologists' classification, all patients were classified as ASA 1 or ASA 2 for surgical risk, without known or suspected previous heart disease. After pre-anesthetic evaluation, patients were assessed using the ultraportable US device, by following the same criteria of conventional echocardiography, except for the resources missing in the ultraportable device. Exclusion criterion was history of previous heart diseases. All participants signed the informed consent form. The study was conducted according to the principles established in the Helsinki declaration and revised in 2000 (Scotland, 2000). The study was approved by the ethics committee of Faculdade de Medicina da UFF. CEP HUAP (protocol: 13903213.5.0000.5243).</p>
      <p>The tests were performed using the ultraportable Vscan US (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, EUA), by a cardiologist echocardiographer. For comparison of the reports, the images were stored and analyzed by another cardiologist echocardiographer, who was unaware of previous medical reports.</p>
      <p>Subjective analyzes of two-dimensional images and color flow mapping were performed, focusing on the following aspects: dimensions of cardiac chambers, global and segmental left ventricular contractile function, right ventricular systolic contractile function, valve anatomy and movement, presence of valve reflux, indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension or increased central venous pressure, presence of pericardial effusion or thickening, and thoracic aorta dimensions.</p>
      <p>Clinical usefulness of the technique was assessed by a three-question questionnaire aimed to clarify the importance of the echocardiography report for the decision-making process regarding the surgical procedure, and what changes from the initial plan have been made. In this questionnaire, the main information requested was:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>With respect to the procedure, the echo report was considered:</p>
          <p>( ) not important ( ) moderate importance</p>
          <p>( ) decisive ( ) little important</p>
          <p>( ) very important</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Did the echo report make you feel more confident to perform the procedure?</p>
          <p>( ) yes ( ) no</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Did the echo report contribute to any change in the management of the patient who will undergo surgery?</p>
          <p>1 ( 0 ) no</p>
          <p>2 ( 0 ) I just became more alert</p>
          <p>3 ( 0 ) I increased the vigilance and monitoring of the patient</p>
          <p>4 ( 0 ) I changed the preparation of the patient</p>
          <p>5 ( 1 ) I changed the anesthetic management</p>
          <p>6 ( 2 ) I waited for a more complete cardiac assessment</p>
          <p>7 ( 2 ) I postponed it</p>
          <p>8 ( 2 ) I canceled it</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>0 = Anesthetic management and procedure scheduling maintained.</p>
      <p>1 = Anesthetic management changed and procedure scheduling maintained.</p>
      <p>2 = Scheduling changed.</p>
      <p>The first question aimed to evaluate the importance given by the professional to the echo report to make his/her decisions. The second question, although quite obvious, gives an idea of the influence of the echo report on the taking of informed decisions. The third question defines the outcome of the management with respect to the patient and the procedure proposed, based on the echocardiographic findings. Thereby, we considered the third question the one that defines the course of the clinical management after being aware of the findings obtained with the ultraportable device. We considered the items 1-4 as less important ones, as they did not affect relevant technical data related to the procedure, such as anesthetic technique or the date of the procedure. Item 5 was considered as a mild outcome, since it was sufficiently important to change the anesthetic technique, while maintaining the procedure scheduling. Items 6-8 were considered less important outcomes, as the data changed the date of the procedure. In all cases, a more complete cardiac evaluation was awaited.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we considered three possible results to occur:</p>
      <p><bold>Group 1</bold> - Patients that had their clinical / anesthetic management and schedule maintained.</p>
      <p><bold>Group 2</bold> - Patient that had their clinical / anesthetic management and schedule significantly altered, without affecting the procedure scheduling (change of anesthetic agent, hydration or support drugs).</p>
      <p><bold>Group 3</bold> - Patients that had their procedure schedule changed, such as a delay (for a better cardiovascular evaluation) or canceling of the planned procedure.</p>
      <p>Regarding group 2, as change in patients' clinical / anesthetic management, we considered a change in the anesthetic technique to reduce the effects of the anesthetic agents on the cardiovascular system, or a change in associated drugs to reduce the risk of complications. In the third question, the anesthetist could check more than one answer, provided that the answers were not contradictory.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>By descriptive analysis, data were shown in tables; categorical data were expressed as frequency (n) and percentage (%), whereas numerical data as mean and standard deviation. Inferential analysis was composed by kappa coefficient to evaluate the inter-observer (or inter-method) agreement in the classification of cardiologic parameters. The 5% level was used as criterion for significance. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS software, version 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From April 2013 to June 2011, we studied 211 patients (73% women) aged &#8805; 60 years (68.9 &#177; 7.0 years) referred to elective noncardiac surgeries, previously evaluated for preoperative and preanesthetic risks, and classified as ASA-1 or ASA-2 for surgical risk. Most of them were white (68.7%), and the mean body mass index was 28.2 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">N&#186;</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">211</td>
              <td align="center">100%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">(31.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women</td>
              <td align="center">154</td>
              <td align="center">(73.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">145</td>
              <td align="center">(68.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brown or black</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">(28.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Surgery size</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minor</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">(41.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">112</td>
              <td align="center">(53.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Major</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">(5.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Surgical risk</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA 1</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(3.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA 2</td>
              <td align="center">203</td>
              <td align="center">(96.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes Mellitus II</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">(22.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">164</td>
              <td align="center">(77.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hypertension</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">126</td>
              <td align="center">(67.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>(SD)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">68.9</td>
              <td align="center">(7.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Systolic arterial pressure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">146.8</td>
              <td align="center">(25.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diastolic arterial pressure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">83.5</td>
              <td align="center">(11.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Heart rate</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">78.4</td>
              <td align="center">(5.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Body mass index</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">28.2</td>
              <td align="center">(5.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Weight (Kg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">(15)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Height (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">158</td>
              <td align="center">(10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Abdominal circumference (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">102</td>
              <td align="center">(10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BSA</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1.711</td>
              <td align="center">(0.199)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ASA: American Society of Anesthesiology; BSA: body surface area.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The most frequent surgeries were: facectomy (cataract) (n=18) and inguinal hernia surgery (n=18), and cholecystectomy (n=16). A total of 58 tests (27.5%) were considered normal, 70 (33.2%) with mild valve regurgitation, and 83 (39.3%) with some relevant abnormality such as increase in heart chamber size, global and/or segmental contractile dysfunction, significant valve dysfunction or other unspecified.</p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>, we listed the electrocardiogram (ECG) and chest X-ray reports provided by the respective divisions (cardiology and radiology), pointing out the most frequent changes.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency of changes found in preoperative electrocardiogram reports (modified)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="60%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Electrocardiogram results</th>
              <th align="center">Number of patients </th>
              <th align="center">% </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">(39.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nonspecific ventricular repolarization changes</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">(23.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chamber overload</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">(5.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(2.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">(9.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without the test</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">(19.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">211</td>
              <td align="center">(100)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency of changes found in chest X-ray reports (modified)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="60%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Chest X-ray results</th>
              <th align="center">Number of patients</th>
              <th align="center">% </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">122</td>
              <td align="center">(57.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac area at the upper limits of normal</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">(3.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased cardiac area</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(3.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Impaired evaluation of cardiac area</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">(1.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">(0.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without the test</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">(33.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">211</td>
              <td align="center">(100)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>On <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 4</xref>, it is clear that there was no significant association between ECG reports and changes detected by the ultraportable US.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of normal electrocardiograms (total = 83) with changes detected by the ultraportable electrocardiogram machine</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV hypertrophy </td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV dimensions</td>
              <td align="center">Slight increase</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA</td>
              <td align="center">Slight increase</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA</td>
              <td align="center">Moderate increase</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RA</td>
              <td align="center">Slight increase</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GVF</td>
              <td align="center">Slight decrease</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SEGVF</td>
              <td align="center">Hypokinesia</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SEGVF</td>
              <td align="center">Hypocinesia and akinesia</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>LV: left ventricle; LA: Left atrium; VD: right ventricle; RA: right atrium; GVF: global ventricular function; SEGVF: segmental ventricular function.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 8 patients with increased cardiac area at chest X-ray, 2 patients had normal echocardiography, and 4 had a slight increase in any of the cardiac chambers. On the other hand, of 122 patients with normal X-ray, 29 had a slight increase of left atrium (LA), 5 had a slight increase of left ventricle (LV), 8 had left ventricular hypertrophy, 4 had a moderate increase of LA and 2 had an important increase of this chamber.</p>
      <p>In the analysis of ECG, we found that of 83 patients with normal ECG, 16 patients had slight increase of LA dimensions, 4 had slight increase of LV, 1 had slightly depressed left ventricular global systolic function, and 3 had segmental contractile dysfunction.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic evaluation:</title>
        <p>In all patients the with the ultra portable echocardiography test could be performed with the following findings: 58 patients had normal result, 70 patients had mild valve reflux, and 83 had other abnormalities, which were more expressive than mild valve reflux.</p>
        <p>The most prevalent echocardiographic abnormalities were:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Increase of LA - 45 patients (25%),</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Changes in segmental contractility - 12 patients (6%),</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy - 9 patients (5%).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Other abnormalities included: 5 patients with slight increase of left ventricular diameters, altered global systolic function in 4 patients (3 with mild dysfunction and 1 with moderate dysfunction), and 12 with altered segmental contractility. We observed an increase of the right atrium in 7 patients, 3 of them with relevant increase, and 3 with moderate increase.</p>
        <p>Echocardiographic evaluation of valve function revealed narrowed mitral valve opening in 4 patients, 2 of them with mild narrowing, 1 with moderate and 1 with important narrowing. Narrowing of the aortic valve opening was observed in 21 patients, 15 of them classified as mild, 5 as moderate and 1 as important. Mitral insufficiency was prevalent in 48.8% of patients or 103 cases, 96 of them with mild insufficiency, 5 with moderate insufficiency and 2 with important insufficiency. Aortic insufficiency was observed in 61 patients (32.5%), 58 of them with mild insufficiency and 3 with moderate insufficiency. Tricuspid regurgitation occurred in 49 patients, 42 of them with mild insufficiency, 5 with moderate and 2 with important insufficiency.</p>
        <p>Other abnormalities were: 6 cases of mild thoracic aortic dilatation and 1 case of moderate dilatation. Evaluation of the pericardium revealed 5 cases of mild increase of pericardial fluid.</p>
        <p>Reports of the US performed with the ultraportable device were sent to a professional of the anesthetic department of Ant&#244;nio Pedro University Hospital. The opinion of this professional was expressed in the questionnaire, which was decisive for the final direction of patient's treatment.</p>
        <p>The anesthetist's questionnaire answers are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref>, which expresses the relationship between changes detected by the ultraportable US device and the decisions made by the anesthetist toward the procedure to be performed on the patient. In 20 patients, the schedule of the surgical procedure was changed, and in 7 patients, the clinical management was changed without changing the schedule. By comparing these data with the historical mean (5%) of procedures that have suffered changes following immediate preoperative anesthetic evaluation, we found a significant association of the use of the ultraportable echocardiography with changes in patient's management, with an odds ratio of 2.9 (p = 0.003, 95% confidence interval of 1.39-6.26).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency of the anesthetist&#8217;s answers and anesthetic management following the echocardiographic report</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Clinical management and schedule maintained </th>
                <th align="center">Clinical management changed and schedule maintained </th>
                <th align="center">Schedule changed </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">211</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">184 (87.2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3.3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (9.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#186;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I just became more alert</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">35.1</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I increased the vigilance and monitoring of the patient</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">45.5</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I just became more alert and increased the vigilance and monitoring of the patient</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">4.7</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I changed the preparation of the patient</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1.4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I changed the anesthetic management</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I changed the preparation of the patient and the anesthetic management</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I changed the anesthetic management and increased the vigilance and monitoring of the patient</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2.4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I waited for a more complete cardiac evaluation</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">4.3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I postponed the procedure and waited for a more complete cardiac evaluation</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">4.7</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M I changed the preparation of the patient, postponed the procedure and increased the vigilance and monitoring of the patient</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>There was a good inter-observer agreement regarding analysis of the V Scan images, except for the analysis of left ventricular dimensions and its segmental function, which was shown to be satisfactory (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>). Comparisons with tests performed with conventional echocardiography device (iE Philips) were limited by the small number of cases.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Inter-observer agreement analysis of cardiac parameters evaluated by cardiac ultrasound</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Cardiac parameters</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Changed by VSCAN1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">VSCAN1 x VSCAN2</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">Kappa</th>
                <th align="center">SE</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular dimension (hypertrophy)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">4.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.69</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular dimension</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">3.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.29</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="left">Left atrial dimension</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">25.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="left">Right atrial dimension</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">3.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="left">Global ventricular function</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="left">Segmental ventricular function</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">6.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="left">Mitral valve (leaflet mobility)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
                <td align="center">0.143</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="left">Mitral valve (regurgitation)</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">54.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="left">Aortic valve (leaflet mobility)</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">11.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="left">Aortic valve (regurgitation)</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">31.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">11</td>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid valve (regurgitation)</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">26.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.56</td>
                <td align="center">0.063</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>SE: standard error.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In this context, we highlight the importance of the changes detected by the ultraportable ultrasound device, which was crucial to indicate unsuspected cardiac changes that could represent perioperative complications.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Cardiac ultrasound with the ultraportable device is a new tool that has being increasingly used as a complementary test to clinical examination, due to its rapid execution, prompt availability, at relatively low cost. It has been recently demonstrated that this technology has an incremental diagnostic value to cardiologic clinical examination, by increasing the number of correct diagnosis and reducing the routine use of echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, we found that the ultraportable machine was useful to detect clinically important heart diseases in patients previously approved for the surgery, with ASA surgery risk 1 or 2. A significant percentage of previously unknown cardiac abnormalities have been identified, and in some cases, the surgery had to be delayed for a better cardiovascular assessment. Today the physician has limited amount of time to see the patient and perform a thorough examination including anamnesis, physical examination, ordering of exams, making notes on patients' medical records, issue of opinions and reports, drug prescription, referral of patient to other services, explanation about the health problem, and the importance of correct use of the drug prescribed, consequences of its incorrect use and possible side effects to the patient. In many cases, when associated with an unfavorable biotype, these factors may hamper the detection of important heart disease by clinical evaluation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> As shown in this study, changes detected by routine complementary exams normally ordered in the preoperative evaluation do not have a linear relationship with the presence of significant heart diseases, which make the identification of these diseases even more difficult. Consequently, a considerable number of patients aged older than 60 years may have an important heart disease, and this fact unknown by the patient or even by his physician.</p>
      <p>The use of ultraportable echocardiography has been an object of study in several areas of cardiology, and recently been focused in the preoperative evaluation. Cavallari and colleagues published a study on the use of ultraportable cardiac US in patients with indication of noncardiac surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The authors randomly assessed 100 patients with known heart disease or important cardiovascular complaints referred to echocardiography by a cardiologist. By comparing the use of the ultraportable cardiac US (Opti-Go Philips) with the conventional echocardiography (Philips iE33), the investigators found the same rate of diagnostic conclusiveness between the techniques, although the former is faster and promotes a less waiting time, which optimizes the preoperative evaluation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In this study, 211 patients without suspicion of heart diseases and previously approved for surgeries were studied, which may explain the higher percentages of tests without significant changes in our sample (60.7% versus 12.8%). In the Italian study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> patients were randomized to one of two techniques, and 50 patients underwent the ultraportable cardiac US, whereas in our study, all patients underwent this technique.</p>
      <p>Several studies have pointed out the importance of the ultraportable US in reducing the time and in its accuracy in detecting or confirming heart diseases in patients with suspected or even confirmed previous heart diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Our study emphasizes the use of the new technique in the detection of unsuspected heart diseases, particularly in patients at risk, as those already approved for a noncardiac surgery. These data highlight the importance of the new technique in improving the search for heart diseases in populations without suspicion of previous diseases, but with risk factors for these abnormalities.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The ultraportable US device is a viable tool, easily implemented in the preoperative evaluation. In our study, the most frequent abnormalities detected by the ultraportable echocardiography were mild valve reflux and increased chamber sizes. There was a considerable clinical impact of its use, since out of every ten patients investigated, one required suspension of the surgery for a more extensive cardiovascular evaluation. Also, we may infer that a significant number of individuals with undertreated or untreated chronic diseases, important heart diseases and potential for severe complications, may benefit from the use of this new technology. Although ECG and chest X-ray tests continue to be important tools in the preoperative evaluation, the use of the ultraportable echocardiography was decisive for the detection of cardiac abnormalities not identified by these techniques due to inherent limitations.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jean Allan Costa, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Ecocardiografia &#8211; Adultos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utilidade do Ecocardiograma Ultraport&#225;til Direcionado na Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;ria de Cirurgia N&#227;o Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jean Allan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Lucia Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Estrada</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Duque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Werneck</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Lobosco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Marins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jean Allan Costa</bold>, Rua Maria Isabel Bolckan, 113, Quadra 75, Lote 9, Maravista. CEP 24342-330, Itaipu, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>medjeanallan@hotmail.com</email>; <email>mdjeanallan@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Costa JA, Rosa MLG, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Costa JA, Almeida MLP, Estrada TCD, Werneck GL, Rocha AM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Costa JA, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Costa JA, Rosa MLG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa JA, Mesquita CT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costa JA, Almeida MLP, Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> O ecocardi&#243;grafo ultraport&#225;til, com importante mobilidade e facilidade diagn&#243;stica em m&#227;os experientes pode contribuir para a seguran&#231;a na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria em cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos pacientes com mais de 60 anos de idade, candidatos a cirurgias n&#227;o-card&#237;acas eletivas, classificados como ASA 1 ou ASA 2 na classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 211 pacientes direcionados para cirurgias eletivas diversas e sem suspeita pr&#233;via de cardiopatia. Os pacientes foram avaliados por t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica convencional, usando o aparelho ultraport&#225;til V Scan (GE) logo ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-anest&#233;sica. Avaliamos o impacto cl&#237;nico dos resultados da ecocardiografia por um question&#225;rio dirigido ao anestesista.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 68,9 &#177; 7,0 anos, 154 do sexo feminino. As cirurgias mais frequentes foram: a) Facectomia-catarata - 18; b) Herniorrafia inguinal - 18; c) Colecistectomia - 16. No total, foram observados 58 exames normais (27,5%), 70 (33,2%) exames que apresentavam leves refluxos valvares e 83 (39,3%) exames com alguma anormalidade relevante, como aumento de c&#226;mara card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til global e/ou segmentar, disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mais significativa ou outra n&#227;o especificada. Os resultados determinaram que 20 (9,5%) pacientes tivessem seus procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos adiados at&#233; avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica mais detalhada e em 7 (3,3%) houve mudan&#231;a na conduta anest&#233;sica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Houve um impacto cl&#237;nico consider&#225;vel com o uso da ecocardiografia ultraport&#225;til, pois um em cada dez pacientes avaliados sofreu modifica&#231;&#227;o na conduta cl&#237;nica, em fun&#231;&#227;o da detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias significativas, n&#227;o suspeitadas previamente, e com potencial para complica&#231;&#245;es graves.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Eletivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dentre os exames de imagem, o ecocardiograma apresenta o maior n&#250;mero de solicita&#231;&#245;es na &#225;rea de diagn&#243;stico cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A solicita&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico nos Estados Unidos responde por aproximadamente 50% de todos os exames de imagem na &#225;rea cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Entre os motivos que explicam o sucesso da ecocardiografia, podemos ressaltar seu baixo custo, sua ampla disponibilidade, a aus&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos ou exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e capacidade de ser realizada &#224; beira do leito. Um dos avan&#231;os mais recentes no campo da miniaturiza&#231;&#227;o dos aparelhos de ultrassom (US) foi o surgimento do aparelho ultraport&#225;til, com excelente portabilidade, f&#225;cil manuseio, e boa imagem. No entanto, n&#227;o disp&#245;e de avalia&#231;&#227;o pelos modos unidimensional, Doppler pulsado e Doppler cont&#237;nuo, limitando a detec&#231;&#227;o e o dimensionamento de algumas altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas.</p>
        <p>Estima-se que mais de 230 milh&#245;es de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos sejam realizados a cada ano em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares perioperat&#243;rias mais comuns s&#227;o - infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ,parada card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda - ocorrendo em cerca de 5% dos pacientes com 70 anos ou mais que s&#227;o submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No Brasil, conforme dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de de 2008, s&#227;o realizadas cerca de 3 milh&#245;es de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas anualmente, com um custo de aproximadamente 2,4 bilh&#245;es de reais e com mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria em torno de 2,3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o de exames e de medidas cardioprotetoras ou terap&#234;uticas para um paciente que ir&#225; ser submetido a uma cirurgia n&#227;o-card&#237;aca, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, torna-se um ato de equil&#237;brio entre as probabilidades de efic&#225;cia versus risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira do ecocardiograma de repouso, como ferramenta para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, &#233; desencorajada, sendo uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe lll, de acordo com a ll Diretriz de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Perioperat&#243;ria da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O racional do presente estudo &#233; de que a solicita&#231;&#227;o rotineira de ecocardiograma convencional para indiv&#237;duos com risco mais alto, ou mesmo para aqueles com mais de 60 anos de idade e com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, poderia n&#227;o ser t&#227;o &#250;til para a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Ainda, em muitos servi&#231;os, poderia retardar o agendamento do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, expondo o paciente a riscos de complica&#231;&#245;es e at&#233; mesmo de &#243;bito antes que o procedimento cir&#250;rgico fosse realizado. Nesse contexto, testamos a utilidade do aparelho ultraport&#225;til para a detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias n&#227;o suspeitadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria rotineira e seu impacto na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes de ambos os sexos, acima de 60 anos de idade e direcionados para cirurgias n&#227;o-card&#237;acas eletivas diversas em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio. Segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>American Society of Anaesthesiologists</italic> (ASA), todos os pacientes tinham classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cir&#250;rgico ASA 1 ou ASA 2, sem conhecimento ou suspeita de cardiopatia pr&#233;via. Ap&#243;s a consulta pr&#233;-anest&#233;sica, o paciente foi submetido &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o com o aparelho de US ultraport&#225;til segundo os mesmos crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica convencional, exceto pelos recursos ausentes no aparelho ultraport&#225;til. O crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi hist&#243;ria de cardiopatias pr&#233;vias. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, ap&#243;s a leitura do mesmo. Este estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e revistos em 2000 (Esc&#243;cia 2000). O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da UFF. CEP HUAP, sob o protocolo: C.A.A.E. n&#186; 13903213.5.0000.5243.</p>
        <p>Os exames foram realizados no aparelho ultraport&#225;til V Scan (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, EUA), por um m&#233;dico cardiologista e ecocardiografista. As imagens foram arquivadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o de outro m&#233;dico cardiologista e ecocardiografista, sem pr&#233;vio conhecimento dos laudos anteriores, para compara&#231;&#227;o dos laudos.</p>
        <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises subjetivas das imagens bidimensionais e do mapeamento dos fluxos em cores, focando os seguintes aspectos: dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, fun&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis global e segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica contr&#225;til do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), aspecto anat&#244;mico e mobilidade das valvas, presen&#231;a de refluxos valvares, sinais indiretos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ou de aumento da press&#227;o venosa central, bem como a presen&#231;a de derrame ou espessamento peric&#225;rdico e as dimens&#245;es da aorta tor&#225;cica.</p>
        <p>A utilidade cl&#237;nica da t&#233;cnica foi avaliada por um question&#225;rio com tr&#234;s perguntas formuladas para esclarecer sobre a import&#226;ncia do laudo do ecocardiograma para a tomada de decis&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico, e quais mudan&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao plano inicial foram realizadas. Nesse question&#225;rio, os principais esclarecimentos solicitados foram:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao procedimento o laudo do eco foi considerado:</p>
            <p>( ) sem import&#226;ncia ( ) moderada import&#226;ncia</p>
            <p>( ) decisivo ( ) pouca import&#226;ncia</p>
            <p>( ) muito importante</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O laudo do eco deixou-o mais seguro para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento ?</p>
            <p>( ) sim ( ) n&#227;o</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O laudo do eco contribuiu para alguma mudan&#231;a na conduta com o paciente a ser operado?</p>
            <p>1 ( 0 ) n&#227;o</p>
            <p>2 ( 0 ) apenas fiquei mais atento</p>
            <p>3 ( 0 ) aumentei a vigil&#226;ncia e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do paciente</p>
            <p>4 ( 0 ) mudei a prepara&#231;&#227;o do paciente</p>
            <p>5 ( 1 ) mudei a conduta anest&#233;sica</p>
            <p>6 ( 2 ) esperei avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica mais completa</p>
            <p>7 ( 2 ) adiei</p>
            <p>8 ( 2 ) cancelei</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>0 = Conduta anest&#233;sica e cronograma do procedimento mantidos.</p>
        <p>1 = Conduta anest&#233;sica alterada e cronograma mantido.</p>
        <p>2 = Cronograma alterado.</p>
        <p>A 1&#170; pergunta teve a finalidade de avaliar a import&#226;ncia que o profissional deu ao laudo do exame para tomar suas decis&#245;es. A 2&#170; pergunta, embora um tanto &#243;bvia, procura dar a id&#233;ia da influ&#234;ncia do laudo do exame para tomada de decis&#245;es mais embasadas. A 3&#170; pergunta define o desfecho da conduta em rela&#231;&#227;o ao paciente e o procedimento proposto, baseado nas altera&#231;&#245;es ecogr&#225;ficas encontradas. Sendo assim consideramos a terceira pergunta a que define o rumo tomado na conduta cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s o conhecimento dos dados encontrados com o aparelho ultraport&#225;til. Consideramos os itens de 1 a 4 de menor import&#226;ncia, por n&#227;o alterarem dados t&#233;cnicos relevantes do procedimento, como a t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica ou a data marcada para o procedimento. O item de n&#250;mero 5 foi considerado desfecho leve, por ser importante o suficiente para mudar a t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica, mas manter o cronograma para o procedimento. Os itens de 6 a 8 foram considerados desfechos de maior import&#226;ncia, pois os dados encontrados foram suficientes para mudar a data do procedimento. Em todos os casos, aguardava-se avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica mais completa.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma consideramos tr&#234;s resultados distintos:</p>
        <p><bold>Grupo-1</bold> - Pacientes que tiveram suas condutas cl&#237;nico-anest&#233;sicas e cronograma do procedimento mantidos.</p>
        <p><bold>Grupo-2</bold> - Pacientes que tiveram suas condutas cl&#237;nico-anest&#233;sicas significativamente alteradas, sem interferir com o cronograma do procedimento (troca de anest&#233;sico e/ou t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica, altera&#231;&#245;es na hidrata&#231;&#227;o ou medica&#231;&#227;o de suporte).</p>
        <p><bold>Grupo-3</bold> - Pacientes que tiveram altera&#231;&#245;es no cronograma do procedimento, como adiamento (para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular) ou cancelamento do procedimento previsto.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo 2 consideramos mudan&#231;a na conduta cl&#237;nico-anest&#233;sica a mudan&#231;a da t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica no sentido de diminuir os efeitos dos anest&#233;sicos no sistema cardiovascular e tamb&#233;m das drogas associadas para diminuir os riscos de eventuais complica&#231;&#245;es. Na terceira pergunta do question&#225;rio, a anestesista podia assinalar mais de uma resposta, desde que n&#227;o fossem antag&#244;nicas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Por an&#225;lise descritiva, os dados foram apresentados em tabelas; os dados categ&#243;ricos (qualitativos) foram expressos em frequ&#234;ncia (n) e percentuais (%), e os dados num&#233;ricos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A an&#225;lise inferencial foi composta pelo coeficiente de Kappa para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia interobservador (ou interm&#233;todos) na classifica&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cardiol&#243;gicos. O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo software estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Estudamos, no per&#237;odo de abril de 2013 a junho de 2015, 211 pacientes (73% mulheres) com idade &#8805; 60 anos (68,9 &#177; 7,0 anos) encaminhados para cirurgias eletivas n&#227;o card&#237;acas, j&#225; com avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias e pr&#233;-anest&#233;sicas feitas e com classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cir&#250;rgico ASA-1 ou ASA-2. A ra&#231;a predominante era branca (68,7%), e a m&#233;dia de &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 28,2 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos pesquisados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas </th>
                <th align="center">N&#186;</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">211</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homem</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">(31,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulher</td>
                <td align="center">154</td>
                <td align="center">(73,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da pele</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branco</td>
                <td align="center">145</td>
                <td align="center">(68,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pardo ou preto</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">(28,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Porte cir&#250;rgico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pequeno</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">(41,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">112</td>
                <td align="center">(53,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grande</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">(5,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Risco Cir&#250;rgico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASA 1</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASA 2</td>
                <td align="center">203</td>
                <td align="center">(96,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes Mellitus II</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">(22,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
                <td align="center">(77,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">(67,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(DP)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">68.9</td>
                <td align="center">(7,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">146,8</td>
                <td align="center">(25,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">83,5</td>
                <td align="center">(11,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">78,4</td>
                <td align="center">(5,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28,2</td>
                <td align="center">(5,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Peso (Kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">(15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Altura (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
                <td align="center">(10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">(10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>ASC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,711</td>
                <td align="center">(0,199)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>ASA: American Society of Anesthesiology; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As cirurgias mais frequentes foram facectomia (catarata) e herniorrafia inguinal, com 18 casos cada uma, e colecistectomia, com 16 casos. Ao todo, 58 exames (27,5%) foram considerados normais, 70 exames (33,2%) apresentando leves refluxos valvares e 83 (39,3%) com alguma anormalidade relevante, como aumento de c&#226;mara card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til global e/ou segmentar, disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mais significativa ou outra n&#227;o especificada.</p>
        <p>Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">3</xref> relacionamos os laudos de eletrocardiograma (ECG) e radiografias do t&#243;rax (RX t&#243;rax) emitidos pelos respectivos setores respons&#225;veis (cardiologia e radiologia), evidenciando as altera&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas nos laudos (modificado) do eletrocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiograma</th>
                <th align="center">N&#186; de pacientes</th>
                <th align="center">% </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">(39,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">(23,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrecarga de c&#226;maras</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">(5,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mico</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(2,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">(9,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem o exame</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">(19,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">211</td>
                <td align="center">(100)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas nos laudos (modificado) do RX de t&#243;rax pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o RX de t&#243;rax</th>
                <th align="center">N&#186; de pacientes</th>
                <th align="center">% </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
                <td align="center">(57,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea card&#237;aca no limite superior da normalidade</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(3,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea card&#237;aca aumentada</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea card&#237;aca prejudicada</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(1,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">(0,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem o exame</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">(33,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">211</td>
                <td align="center">(100)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabela 4</xref> deixa transparecer que n&#227;o h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os laudos dos exames do ECG com as altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas pelas avalia&#231;&#245;es com o aparelho de US ultraport&#225;til.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os eletrocardiogramas com laudo normal (total = 83) e as altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas no exame com o ecocardi&#243;grafo ultraport&#225;til</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE hipertrofia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE dimens&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">Leve aumento</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE</td>
                <td align="center">Leve aumento</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE</td>
                <td align="center">Moderado aumento</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VD</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AD</td>
                <td align="center">Leve aumento</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FVG</td>
                <td align="center">Levemente diminu&#237;da</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FVSEG</td>
                <td align="center">Hipocinesia</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FVSEG</td>
                <td align="center">Hipocinesia mais Acinesia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AD: &#225;trio direito; FVG: fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global; FVSEG: fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular segmentar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>De 8 pacientes com &#225;rea card&#237;aca aumentada ao RX do t&#243;rax, 2 apresentavam exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico normal e 4 apresentavam leve aumento de alguma c&#226;mara card&#237;aca. Em contrapartida, de 122 RX com laudo normal, tivemos 29 pacientes com leve aumento das dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), 5 com aumento leve das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), 8 com hipertrofia do VE, 4 com moderado aumento das dimens&#245;es do AE e 2 com aumento importante dessa c&#226;mara.</p>
        <p>J&#225; na an&#225;lise dos ECG, observamos que de 83 pacientes com laudos de ECG normais, 16 pacientes apresentaram leve aumento das dimens&#245;es do AE, 4 leve aumento das dimens&#245;es do VE, 01 apresentou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do VE levemente deprimida e 3 pacientes disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til segmentar.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Foi poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma com o aparelho ultraport&#225;til em todos os pacientes, com os seguintes achados: 58 pacientes com exames normais, 70 pacientes com leves refluxos valvares e em 83 pacientes foram encontradas outras anormalidades, mais expressivas que os leves refluxos valvares.</p>
          <p>As anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas mais prevalentes foram:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Aumento de AE - 45 pacientes (25%),</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade segmentar - 12 pacientes (6%),</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda - 9 pacientes (5%).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Outras anormalidades encontradas foram: 5 pacientes com leve aumento dos di&#226;metros do VE, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global alterada em 4 pacientes (3 com disfun&#231;&#227;o leve e 1 com disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada) e 12 com altera&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade segmentar. Observamos aumento do AD em 7 pacientes, sendo 3 com aumento importante e 3 com aumento moderado.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da fun&#231;&#227;o valvar demonstrou a presen&#231;a de redu&#231;&#227;o na abertura valvar mitral em 4 pacientes, 2 de categoria leve, 1 moderada e 1 importante. Redu&#231;&#227;o na abertura valvar a&#243;rtica foi observada em 21 pacientes, sendo 15 classificadas como leve, 5 como moderada e 1 importante. Insufici&#234;ncia mitral teve preval&#234;ncia de 48,8%, com 103 casos, sendo 96 casos de insufici&#234;ncia leve, 5 de insufici&#234;ncia moderada e 2 importantes. J&#225; a insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica foi observada em 61 (32,5%) pacientes, sendo 58 casos de insufici&#234;ncia leve e 3 de insufici&#234;ncia moderada. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide ocorreu em 49 pacientes, sendo 42 casos de insufici&#234;ncia leve, 5 de moderada e 2 casos de insufici&#234;ncia importante.</p>
          <p>Outras anormalidades encontradas foram: 6 casos de leve dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica e 1 caso de dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio, encontramos 5 casos com leve aumento do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do US com o aparelho ultraport&#225;til, o laudo foi encaminhado para um profissional da anestesiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro. A opini&#227;o desse profissional foi expressa sob a forma de um question&#225;rio, que definiu o encaminhamento final do paciente.</p>
          <p>As respostas da anestesista obtidas pelo question&#225;rio s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">tabela 5</xref>, que expressa a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas nas avalia&#231;&#245;es com o aparelho de US ultraport&#225;til e as decis&#245;es tomadas pela anestesista em rela&#231;&#227;o ao procedimento a ser realizado no paciente. Observamos que em 20 pacientes houve cronograma alterado do procedimento cir&#250;rgico e em 7 outros houve conduta cl&#237;nica alterada sem altera&#231;&#227;o do cronograma. Comparando-se estes dados com a m&#233;dia hist&#243;rica de 5% dos procedimentos que t&#234;m modifica&#231;&#227;o na reavalia&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica imediatamente pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre o uso do ecocardiograma ultraport&#225;til com mudan&#231;as de conduta com uma raz&#227;o de chance de 2,9 (p = 0,003, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,39-6,26).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia das respostas da anestesista e conduta anest&#233;sica frente ao laudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Conduta cl&#237;nica e cronograma mantido</th>
                  <th align="center">Conduta cl&#237;nica alterada e cronograma mantido</th>
                  <th align="center">Cronograma alterado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">211</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">184 (87,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (9,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apenas fiquei mais atenta</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aumentei a vigil&#226;ncia e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do paciente</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">45,5</td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apenas fiquei mais atenta e aumentei a vigil&#226;ncia e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do paciente</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mudei a prepara&#231;&#227;o do paciente e aumentei a vigil&#226;ncia e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mudei a conduta anest&#233;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mudei a prepara&#231;&#227;o do paciente e mudei a conduta anest&#233;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mudei a conduta anest&#233;sica e aumentei a vigil&#226;ncia e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do paciente</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esperei avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica mais completa</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Adiei o procedimento e esperei avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica mais completa</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mudei a prepara&#231;&#227;o do paciente, adiei o procedimento e aumentei a vigil&#226;ncia e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do paciente</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Houve uma boa concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores que utilizaram as imagens do V Scan, com exce&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise das dimens&#245;es do VE e da sua fun&#231;&#227;o segmentar, que foram satisfat&#243;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>). As compara&#231;&#245;es com os exames realizados com o ecocardi&#243;grafo convencional (iE 33 Philips) foram prejudicas pelo baixo n&#250;mero de casos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia interobservador para os par&#226;metros cardiol&#243;gicos das avalia&#231;&#245;es com o ultrassom card&#237;aco</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metros Cardiol&#243;gicos</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Alterados pelo VSCAN1</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">VSCAN1 x VSCAN2</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">N&#186;</th>
                  <th align="center">%</th>
                  <th align="center">Kappa</th>
                  <th align="center">EP</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="left">Dimens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (hipertrofia)</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="left">Dimens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="left">Dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">25,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="left">Dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio direito</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">6</td>
                  <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular segmentar</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7</td>
                  <td align="left">Valva mitral (mobilidade dos folhetos)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8</td>
                  <td align="left">Valva mitral (regurgita&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">114</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td align="left">Valva a&#243;rtica (mobilidade dos folhetos)</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10</td>
                  <td align="left">Valva a&#243;rtica (regurgita&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">31,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">11</td>
                  <td align="left">Valva tric&#250;spide regurgita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>EP: erro padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Nesse contexto, destacamos a import&#226;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas na avalia&#231;&#227;o com o aparelho de utrassom ultraport&#225;til, que foi o fiel da balan&#231;a na den&#250;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas n&#227;o suspeitadas e com potencial para complica&#231;&#245;es no perioperat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O exame de US card&#237;aco com o aparelho ultraport&#225;til &#233; uma nova ferramenta que tem ocupado um papel crescente complementar ao exame cl&#237;nico na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes gra&#231;as a sua r&#225;pida execu&#231;&#227;o, pronta disponibilidade e custos acess&#237;veis. Foi recentemente demonstrado que esta tecnologia tem um valor diagn&#243;stico incremental ao exame cl&#237;nico cardiol&#243;gico, aumentando o n&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos adequados e reduzindo o uso rotineiro da ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Encontramos no nosso estudo que o uso do aparelho de US card&#237;aco ultraport&#225;til foi &#250;til para detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias de signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica em pacientes previamente liberados para o ato operat&#243;rio, com risco cir&#250;rgico ASA 1 ou 2. Foi detectada uma taxa significativa de anormalidades card&#237;acas previamente desconhecidas, sendo que em alguns casos o ato operat&#243;rio teve de ser adiado para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Nos tempos atuais, o m&#233;dico disp&#245;e de limitado tempo para realizar uma consulta m&#233;dica em toda a sua plenitude - anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, solicita&#231;&#245;es de exames, anota&#231;&#245;es no prontu&#225;rio do paciente, emiss&#227;o de laudo ou parecer, atestados, declara&#231;&#245;es, avalia&#231;&#227;o dos exames trazidos pelo paciente, prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos ou medidas terap&#234;uticas, documento de encaminhamento para outros servi&#231;os, e explica&#231;&#227;o ao paciente sobre o seu problema de sa&#250;de, o uso correto da medica&#231;&#227;o prescrita, as consequ&#234;ncias do n&#227;o uso correto e os poss&#237;veis efeitos colaterais dos medicamentos ao paciente. Em muitos casos, esses fatores, quando associados a um bi&#243;tipo desfavor&#225;vel, podem contribuir para dificuldades na detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias significativas pela avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Como foi visto neste trabalho, as altera&#231;&#245;es detectadas nos exames complementares normalmente solicitados na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria n&#227;o guardam rela&#231;&#227;o linear com a presen&#231;a de cardiopatias expressivas, dificultando mais ainda a detec&#231;&#227;o dessas cardiopatias. Consequentemente, &#233; poss&#237;vel que um n&#250;mero expressivo de pacientes com mais de 60 anos seja portador de cardiopatia relevante, e esse fato seja desconhecido por ele mesmo e at&#233; pelo seu m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
        <p>O uso do ecocardiograma ultraport&#225;til tem sido motivo de estudo em diversas &#225;reas da cardiologia, sendo que o foco na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria &#233; mais recente. Cavallari e colaboradores publicaram um estudo sobre o uso do US card&#237;aco ultraport&#225;til em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia n&#227;o-card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Eles avaliaram de modo randomizado 100 pacientes que apresentavam doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida ou queixas cardiovasculares significativas e que o cardiologista indicou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um ecocardiograma. Ao comparar o uso do US card&#237;aco ultraport&#225;til (Opti-Go Philips) com o ecocardiograma convencional (Philips iE33) os pesquisadores observaram a mesma taxa de conclus&#227;o diagn&#243;stica entre as t&#233;cnicas, por&#233;m o US card&#237;aco ultraport&#225;til tem o exame mais r&#225;pido e com menor tempo de espera, o que agiliza a libera&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Em nosso trabalho, estudamos 211 pacientes sem suspeita de cardiopatias e j&#225; liberados para as cirurgias, o que explica as taxas mais elevadas de exames sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas em nossa amostra (60,7% versus 12,8%). No desenho do estudo italiano,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> os pacientes foram randomizados para uma t&#233;cnica ou outra, sendo que 50 pacientes fizeram o US card&#237;aco ultraport&#225;til, enquanto que em nossa amostra, todos foram submetidos a esta t&#233;cnica.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios trabalhos t&#234;m ressaltado a import&#226;ncia do aparelho de US ultraport&#225;til na redu&#231;&#227;o de tempo e em sua acur&#225;cia na detec&#231;&#227;o ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias em pacientes com suspeita ou mesmo com confirma&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de cardiopatias j&#225; existentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Nosso trabalho destaca a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da nova t&#233;cnica na detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias n&#227;o suspeitadas, particularmente em situa&#231;&#227;o de risco, no caso a libera&#231;&#227;o j&#225; em curso para uma cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca. Esses dados ressaltam a import&#226;ncia da nova t&#233;cnica em ampliar a busca de cardiopatias em popula&#231;&#227;o sem suspeita pr&#233;via, por&#233;m com fatores de risco suficientes para gerar essas anomalias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O aparelho de US ultraport&#225;til &#233; uma ferramenta exequ&#237;vel, de f&#225;cil implementa&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica da avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Em nosso trabalho, as anormalidades mais frequentes encontradas pelo ecocardiograma ultraport&#225;til foram pequenos refluxos valvares e aumentos cavit&#225;rios. Houve um impacto cl&#237;nico consider&#225;vel do seu uso, pois de cada dez pacientes avaliados um necessitou que a sua cirurgia fosse suspensa para realizar avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular mais extensa. Tamb&#233;m podemos depreender que h&#225; um n&#250;mero significativo de pessoas com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas mal tratadas ou n&#227;o tratadas, cardiopatias expressivas e com potencial para complica&#231;&#245;es graves, que podem ser beneficiadas pelo uso dessa nova tecnologia. Embora os exames de ECG e RX do T&#243;rax continuem como importantes ferramentas na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, o uso do ecocardi&#243;grafo ultraport&#225;til foi determinante na detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades card&#237;acas n&#227;o identificadas por essas t&#233;cnicas devido a suas limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Jean Allan Costa pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
