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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LCpQRT7sfvWcqs7FJhXXysk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005025103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160146</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atrial Function in Patients with Breast Cancer After Treatment with Anthracyclines</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yaylali</surname>
            <given-names>Yalin Tolga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saricopur</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yurtdas</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senol</surname>
            <given-names>Hande</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gokoz-Dogu</surname>
            <given-names>Gamze</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pamukkale University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiology Denizli</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Denizli; - Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pamukkale University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Balikesir Sevgi Hospital</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Balikesir Sevgi Hospital; - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pamukkale University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Dept of Biostatistics</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pamukkale University Dept of Biostatistics; - Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pamukkale University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pamukkale University</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pamukkale University Medical Oncology - Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pamukkale University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Yalin Tolga Yaylali</bold>, Pamukkale University, Cardiology Department. &#199;amlaralti Mah. Fak&#252;lte Cad. No13 Kinikli. Postal Code 20070, Denizli - Turkey. E-mail: <email>yaylalimd@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Yaylali YT, Saricopur A, Yurtdas M, Senol H, Gokoz-Dogu G; Acquisition of data: Saricopur A, Gokoz-Dogu G; Statistical analysis: Senol H; Writing of the manuscript: Yaylal&#305; YT, Saricopur A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>411</fpage>
      <lpage>419</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Atrial electromechanical delay (EMD) is used to predict atrial fibrillation, measured by echocardiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to assess atrial EMD and mechanical function after anthracycline-containing chemotherapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Fifty-three patients with breast cancer (48 &#177; 8 years old) who received 240 mg/m<sup>2</sup>of Adriamycin, 2400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of cyclophosphamide, and 960 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of paclitaxel were included in this retrospective study, as were 42 healthy subjects (47 &#177; 9 years old). Echocardiographic measurements were performed 11 &#177; 7 months (median 9 months) after treatment with anthracyclines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Left intra-atrial EMD (11.4 &#177; 6.0 vs. 8.1 &#177; 4.9, p=0.008) and inter-atrial EMD (19.7 &#177; 7.4 vs. 14.7 &#177; 6.5, p=0.001) were prolonged; LA passive emptying volume and fraction were decreased (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001); LA active emptying volume and fraction were increased (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001); Mitral A velocity (0.8 &#177; 0.2 vs. 0.6 &#177; 0.2, p=0.0001) and mitral E-wave deceleration time (201.2 &#177; 35.6 vs. 163.7 &#177; 21.8, p=0.0001) were increased; Mitral E/A ratio (1.0 &#177; 0.3 vs. 1.3 &#177; 0.3, p=0.0001) and mitral Em (0.09 &#177; 0.03 vs. 0.11 &#177; 0.03, p=0.001) were decreased; Mitral Am (0.11 &#177; 0.02 vs. 0.09 &#177; 0.02, p=0.0001) and mitral E/Em ratio (8.8 &#177; 3.2 vs. 7.6 &#177; 2.6, p=0.017) were increased in the patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In patients with breast cancer after anthracycline therapy: Left intra-atrial, inter-atrial electromechanical intervals were prolonged. Diastolic function was impaired. Impaired left ventricular relaxation and left atrial electrical conduction could be contributing to the development of atrial arrhythmias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Unilateral Breast Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Antrhacyclines</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The anthracyclines (AC), which are a key component of many chemotherapy regimens, are clearly the most cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic agents producing left ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Atrial conduction system abnormalities play a major role in the genesis of re-entrant atrial arrhythmias. Left atrial (LA) volume and mechanical function have recently been identified as a potential indicator of cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Intra- and inter-atrial electromechanical delays are well-known electrophysiological features of the atrium prone to fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Echocardiography is a sensitive and reproducible technique for the assessment of atrial mechanical and electromechanical features.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Atrial electromechanical delay had been shown to be prolonged in patients with nonrheumatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, obesity, hyperthyroidism, and celiac disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The pathophysiology and predictors of arrhythmias after treatment with AC are poorly defined. The hypothesis of the present study was that atrial mechanical and electromechanical features might be affected in patients treated with AC. Therefore, we aimed to assess atrial mechanical and electromechanical features in patients after the administration of anthracycline chemotherapy and to compare them with healthy controls and then to evaluate their relationship with parameters of left ventricular function on echocardiography.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>The study design was retrospective. Fifty-three women with breast cancer were selected from consecutive patients who received 240 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of Adriamycin, 2400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of cyclophosphamide, and 960 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of paclitaxel at our institution between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2013. A power analysis was performed before the study. Accordingly, when a reference study was considered, 28 subjects (14 in each group) would have resulted in 95% confidence and 90% power. We included 95 subjects (53 patients and 42 controls) in the present study. The power analysis showed that our results, when examined for inter-atrial EMD values, reached 95% confidence and 94% power. These women had a comprehensive echocardiographic examination before the treatment, which showed truly normal LV systolic and diastolic function. The control group was comprised by 42 age-and sex-matched healthy female office staff. Exclusion criteria were ischemic heart disease, moderate-to-severe valvular heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, bundle branch block, atrioventricular conduction abnormalities on electrocardiogram, acute or chronic renal failure, collagen tissue disease, thyroid dysfunction, electrolyte imbalance, pulmonary disease, anemia, chronic liver disease, prior history of radiation therapy, life expectancy&lt; 1 year, and insufficient echocardiographic imaging. None of the participants were taking any antiarrhythmics, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistaminics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and antipsychotics. Heart rate, blood pressure, and routine biochemistry were measured in all participants. Exercise tolerance test to exclude ischemic heart disease was performed in all subjects. A total of 750 women with breast cancer were examined as to their eligibility for our study.</p>
        <p>The institution's Medical Ethics Review Committee approved the study protocol (registration number: 60116787-020/7763, date of issue: 06.02.2014). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic examinations were carried out by using Vivid-7 echocardiography device with a 2.5-4 MHz probe (GE VingmedUltrasound, Horten, Norway). All participants were examined in the left lateral decubitus position by 2-D, M-mode, pulsed and color flow Doppler, and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Continuous 1-lead ECG recording was performed during the examination. LV ejection fraction was obtained from two- or apical four-chamber views through the modified Simpson method. To obtain maximum filling velocities, the pulsed-Doppler sampling volume was placed between the tips of the mitral valve leaflets in the apical four-chamberview. Myocardial velocity profiles of the lateral and septal mitral annuli were obtained. Tissue Doppler measurements were obtained by placing the sample volume at the junction of the mitral annulus and the septum, and lateral wall. All measurements were recorded as an average of 3 cardiac cycles. Left atrial volumes (LA V) were obtained from apical four-chamber view through the discs method and indexed for body surface area (BSA). LA V measurements were performed at the mitral valve opening (maximal, Vmax), the onset of atrial systole (P wave on electrocardiogram, Vp), and the mitral valve closure (minimal, Vmin) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">C</xref>). The following LA emptying function parameters were calculated: LA passive emptying volume = Vmax-Vp, LA passive emptying fraction = (Vmax-Vp)/Vmax, LA active emptying volume = Vp-Vmin, LA active emptying fraction = (Vp-Vmin)/Vp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> All volumes were indexed to BSA and expressed in ml/m<sup>2</sup>. Atrial electromechanical coupling (PA) was defined as the time interval from the onset of the P wave on surface electrocardiogram to the beginning of the late diastolic wave (Am wave). PA was obtained from the lateral mitral annulus (PA lateral), septal mitral annulus (PA septum), and right ventricular tricuspid annulus (PA tricuspid) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2 A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">C</xref>). Values were averaged over 3 consecutive beats. The difference between PA lateral and PA tricuspid was defined as inter-atrial electromechanical delay, the difference between PA lateral and PA septum was defined as left intra-atrial electromechanical delay, and the difference between PA septum and PA tricuspid was defined as right intra-atrial electromechanical delay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>LA volumes are measured in the A4C views by means of 2D Echo at the mitral valve opening (A), at the onset of atrial systole (B), and at the mitral valve closure (C).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0411-60146-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurements of time interval from the onset of P wave to the beginning of Am wave (PA) are obtained at the lateral mitral annulus (A), septal mitral annulus (B), and RV tricuspid annulus (C).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0411-60146-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reproducibility</title>
        <p>One experienced operator blinded to clinical and laboratory characteristics of the participants analyzed all echocardiographic data. Intraobserver variability was assessed in 30 selected subjects randomly from the both groups by repeating the measurements. Measurements were repeated 1 week apart. Only one reader conducted this analysis. The reader was allowed to select the best measurement each time and was blinded to previous measurements. Intraobserver variability was calculated as the difference between two measurements of the same patient by a single cardiologist divided by the mean value.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables are expressed as percentages and continuous variables as mean &#177; standard deviation and median with minimum-maximum values. Continuous variables were compared between groups using independent t tests (for normally distributed variables) or a Mann-Whitney U test (for variables not normally distributed). Categorical data were compared with the chi-square test. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of LA mechanical function impairment and electromechanical delays. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Clinical and echocardiographic findings of the patients (53 women, 48 &#177; 8 years) and controls (42 women, 47 &#177; 9 years) are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. None of the patients had developed cardiac complications including atrial fibrillation. Age, weight, body mass index, body surface area, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, and LV EF were similar between the 2 groups. The mean duration of time elapsed from the completion of chemotherapy to the performance of echocardiography was 11 &#177; 7 months (median 9 months). The mitral A-wave velocity, E-wave deceleration time, Am velocities, E/Em ratio were significantly higher in the patients. The mitral Em velocities, E/A ratio were significantly lower in the patients. The other conventional echocardiographic parameters such as LV EF, IVS and PW thickness, LA diameter, LVEDD, LVESD, and systolic pulmonary artery values were within normal reference ranges, with no significant differences between the 2 groups (data not shown).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the study subjects</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Patients (n=53)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Controls (n=42)</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">Med. (Min. &#8211; Max.)</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">Med. (Min. &#8211; Max.)</th>
              <th align="center">p Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Demographic And clinical characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="5">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">48 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">49(29 - 65)</td>
              <td align="center">46 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">47(30 - 65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.419</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body Mass Index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">23.98 &#177; 2.41</td>
              <td align="center">23.8 (19.5 &#8211; 28.1)</td>
              <td align="center">23.72 &#177; 2.33</td>
              <td align="center">23.8 (20.3 &#8211; 28.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.603</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body Surface Area, m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.77 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">1.8(1.5 &#8211; 2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1.74 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">1.7(1.5 &#8211; 2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.142</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">120 (100 &#8211; 135)</td>
              <td align="center">120 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">120 (100 &#8211; 135)</td>
              <td align="center">0.396</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">70 (60 &#8211; 85)</td>
              <td align="center">73 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">73 (60 &#8211; 85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.064</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate, beats/min</td>
              <td align="center">72 &#177;11</td>
              <td align="center">70 (64-90)</td>
              <td align="center">74 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">72 (62-88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.104</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV Ejection Fraction, %</td>
              <td align="center">63 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">63 (49 - 74)</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">62(57-78)</td>
              <td align="center">0.958</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Effect of chemotherapy on Doppler parameters</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="5">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E velocity, m/s</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 (0.5-1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.7 (0.4-1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.223</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral A velocity, m/s</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 (0.5&#8211;1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.6 (0.4-1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E deceleration time, m/s</td>
              <td align="center">201.3 &#177; 35.6</td>
              <td align="center">196.3 (126-291.1)</td>
              <td align="center">163.7 &#177; 21.8</td>
              <td align="center">166.2 (109.9-203.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E/A ratio</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 (0.5-1.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.3 (0.7-2.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral Mean Em, m/s</td>
              <td align="center">0.09 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.09 (0.05-0.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.11 (0.05-0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral Mean Am, m/s</td>
              <td align="center">0.11 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.11(0.06 &#8211; 0.14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.09 (0.06-0.12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E/Mean Em ratio</td>
              <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">8.7 (3.9-23.1)</td>
              <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 (4.1-16.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p&lt;0,05 statistically significant; SD: standard deviation; Med: median; Min-Max: minimum - Maximum Values</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Left atrial mechanical functions</title>
        <p>LA volume measurements of the study subjects are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Maximum LA volume, Vp, LA active emptying volume (LAAEV) and fraction were significantly increased in the patients. LA passive emptying volume (LAPEV) and fraction were significantly decreased in the patients. The mitral E-wave deceleration time was weakly associated with LA passive emptying fraction (LAPEF), LA active emptying volume, and fraction. The reservoir function and total LA emptying did not change in the patients (data not shown).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left atrial volume measurements of the study subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Patients (n=53)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Controls (n=42)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Med. (Min. &#8211; Max.)</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Med. (Min. &#8211; Max.)</th>
                <th align="center">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Effect of chemotherapy on atrial function</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vmax<sup>1</sup>, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">23.76 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">22.82 (16.54 &#8211; 38.81)</td>
                <td align="center">20.71 &#177; 3.22</td>
                <td align="center">20.6 (14.71 &#8211; 28.61)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vp<sup>2</sup>, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16.34 &#177; 4.55</td>
                <td align="center">15.65 (10.41 &#8211; 31.57)</td>
                <td align="center">11.07 &#177; 2.19</td>
                <td align="center">11.29 (6.27 &#8211; 14.88)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vmin<sup>3</sup>, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8.78 &#177; 2.98</td>
                <td align="center">8.33 (4.66 &#8211; 18.95)</td>
                <td align="center">7.7 &#177; 1.79</td>
                <td align="center">7.96 (4 &#8211; 10.31)</td>
                <td align="center">0.153</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA passive emptying volume, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7.41 &#177; 2.01</td>
                <td align="center">7.42 (3.01 &#8211; 12.32)</td>
                <td align="center">9.64 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">9.71(4.92 &#8211; 14.54)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA passive emptying fraction, %</td>
                <td align="center">31.6 &#177; 7.37</td>
                <td align="center">31.02 (15.8 &#8211; 45.49)</td>
                <td align="center">46.53 &#177; 7.03</td>
                <td align="center">45.34 (31.33-67.51)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA active emptying volume, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7.56 &#177; 2.21</td>
                <td align="center">7.25 (4.66-16.04)</td>
                <td align="center">3.41 &#177; 0.74</td>
                <td align="center">3.45 (2.15-4.75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA active emptying fraction, %</td>
                <td align="center">46.67 &#177; 7.04</td>
                <td align="center">45.45 (33-63.19)</td>
                <td align="center">31.19 &#177; 5.24</td>
                <td align="center">31.66 (19.73-44.77)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 statistically significant; SD: standard deviation; Med: median; Min-Max: minimum - Maximum Values.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>1Vmax: Volume measurements were performed at the mitral valve opening; 2Vp: Volume measurements were performed at the onset of atrial systole; 3Vmin: Volume measurements were performed at the mitral valve closure. LA: Left atrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atrial electromechanical coupling</title>
        <p>The atrial electromechanical coupling intervals measured from different sites are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. PA lateral, inter-atrial, and left intra-atrial electromechanical delays were significantly higher in the patients. However, PA septum, PA tricuspid, and right intra-atrial electromechanical delays did not differ significantly between the groups. E/A ratio was weakly associated with left intra-atrial and inter-atrial electromechanical delays (data not shown).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Atrial electromechanical coupling findings measured by tissue Doppler imaging</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Patients (n=53)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Controls (n=42)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p Value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Med. (Min. &#8211; Max.)</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Med. (Min. &#8211; Max.)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Effect of chemotherapy on atrial function</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA lateral, ms</td>
                <td align="center">59.12 &#177; 8.91</td>
                <td align="center">59.15 (36.97-78.82)</td>
                <td align="center">54.04 &#177; 9.43</td>
                <td align="center">51.76 (36.97-73.94)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA septum, ms</td>
                <td align="center">47.72 &#177; 9.1</td>
                <td align="center">48.06 (29.57-69.54)</td>
                <td align="center">45.91 &#177; 9.5</td>
                <td align="center">44.36 (25.88-66.85)</td>
                <td align="center">0.348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA tricuspid, ms</td>
                <td align="center">39.18 &#177; 8.36</td>
                <td align="center">40.67 (22-57.3)</td>
                <td align="center">39.35 &#177; 8.71</td>
                <td align="center">37.9 (22.18-62.85)</td>
                <td align="center">0.921</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inter-atrial EMD, ms</td>
                <td align="center">19.73 &#177; 7.38</td>
                <td align="center">18.49 (8.06-38.82)</td>
                <td align="center">14.69 &#177; 6.51</td>
                <td align="center">13.7 (7.39-29.58)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left intra-atrial EMD, ms</td>
                <td align="center">11.4 &#177; 5.98</td>
                <td align="center">10.76 (1.85-25.88)</td>
                <td align="center">8.13 &#177; 4.87</td>
                <td align="center">7.39 (1.84-22.18)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right intra-atrial EMD, ms</td>
                <td align="center">8.52 &#177; 5.48</td>
                <td align="center">7.39 (1.85-25.18)</td>
                <td align="center">6.56 &#177; 4.09</td>
                <td align="center">4.77 (2.61 &#8211; 22.18)</td>
                <td align="center">0.194</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 statistically significant; SD: Standard Deviation; Med: Median; Min-Max: Minimum - Maximum Values.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>EMD: Electromechanical delay; PA: The time interval from the onset of P wave on surface electrocardiogram to the beginning of Am wave with TDI.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Among patients, the body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, mitral E deceleration time were independent predictors for LAPEF. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mitral E deceleration time were independent predictors for LAAEV. Among controls, age, mitral E/A ratio were independent predictors for LAAEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap-group id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multiple linear regression analysis of subject characteristics influencing LA mechanical function impairment</title>
          </caption>
          <table-wrap>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient Group Dependent Variable: LAPEF</th>
                  <th align="center">Standardized Beta</th>
                  <th align="center">sig. (p)</th>
                  <th align="center">95,0% CI Lower - Upper</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,098</td>
                  <td align="center">0,505</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,334 - 0,167</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">0,292</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,054 - 1,733</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SBP</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,312</td>
                  <td align="center">0,058</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,491 - 0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DBP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,575</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,303 - 1,118</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral E/A ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,949</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,964 - 6,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral E deceleration time</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,271</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,109 - -0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral E/Mean Em ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                  <td align="center">0,696</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,507 - 0,752</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>R<sup>2</sup>=0,321; model p=0,01; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LAPEF: left atrial passive emptying fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>statistically significant.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient Group Dependent Variable: LAAEV</th>
                  <th align="center">Standardized Beta</th>
                  <th align="center">sig. (p)</th>
                  <th align="center">95,0% CI Lower - Upper</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,042</td>
                  <td align="center">0,783</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,089 - 0,067</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,186</td>
                  <td align="center">0,196</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,432 - 0,091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SBP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,461</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029 - 0,184</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DBP</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,576</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,341 - -0,086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral E/A ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,948</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,17 - 2,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral E deceleration time</td>
                  <td align="center">0,285</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001 - 0,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral E/Mean Em ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,076</td>
                  <td align="center">0,587</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,143 - 0,249</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>R<sup>2</sup>=0,152; model p=0,041; BMI: body mass index; CI: Confidence Interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LAAEV: left atrial active emptying volume; SBP: systolic blood pressure;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>statistically significant.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Control Group Dependent Variable: LAPEF</th>
                  <th align="center">Standardized Beta</th>
                  <th align="center">sig. (p)</th>
                  <th align="center">95,0% CI Lower - Upper</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,541</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,509 - -0,101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,311</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,445 - 0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SBP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,189</td>
                  <td align="center">0,213</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,065 - 0,283</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DBP</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,100</td>
                  <td align="center">0,508</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,359 - 0,181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral E/A ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,437</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,325 - -1,293</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral E deceleration time</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,103</td>
                  <td align="center">0,493</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,098 - 0,048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral E/Mean Em ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,221</td>
                  <td align="center">0,168</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,199 - 1,1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>R<sup>2</sup>=0,243; model p=0,018; BMI: body mass index; CI: Confidence Interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LAPEF: left atrial passive emptying fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>statistically significant.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </table-wrap-group>
        <p>Intra-observer variability was less than 5% for all echocardiographic measurements.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study showed that left intra-atrial and inter-atrial EM intervals were prolonged; LV diastolic function was impaired in patients with breast cancer treated with AC, despite preservation of LA mechanical functions.</p>
      <p>This study suggests that proarrhythmogenic mechanisms could be the result of changes in cardiac function, including LV diastolic dysfunction and delayed electrical conduction, which create an arrhythmogenic substrate. This arrhythmogenic substrate leads to a decrease in intracardiac conduction and to a heterogeneous dispersion of repolarization, two effects that facilitate the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias in those patients. This study also showed that diastolic function parameters were significantly impaired in the patients. We were not able to demonstrate systolic dysfunction in our patients because we could not perform global strain evaluation. The most common cardiotoxicity of AC is left ventricular systolic dysfunction with possible arrhythmias. Studies examining the occurrence of arrhythmia in patients treated with AC are scarce. Atrial fibrillation appears to be a rather common complication of AC and in one study, it was described in 2-10% of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> There are a limited number of studies investigating diastolic function in patients treated with AC. There is no consensus regarding whether diastolic function is impaired in those patients.</p>
      <p>In this study, patients with breast cancer after AC did not display any significant change in total LA emptying, despite the fact that we showed that LA active emptying volume and LA active emptying fraction were increased in those patients. This may suggest preservation of atrial mechanical function early in the course of breast cancer survivors treated with AC. Yet it is possible to consider that the decrease in LA passive emptying volume is related to elevated end-diastolic LV pressure at least due to LV diastolic dysfunction. The shift in early and late diastolic ventricular filling might have occurred secondary to impaired relaxation. LA mechanical function plays a significant role to maintain cardiac output in patients with DD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> LA mechanical function is an important determinant of LV filling, especially in patients with end-stage systolic or diastolic ventricular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> It consists of reservoir, conduit, and booster pump functions. In previous studies, it was demonstrated that LA mechanical functions were impaired in patients with hypertension, chronic obstructive lung disease, and type 1 diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In addition, LA volume has been shown to be a powerful prognostic variable in a variety of cardiac disease states. Compared with AP diameter, LA volume has a stronger association with outcomes in cardiac patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Left atrial total emptying fraction was reported to be an independent and strong predictor for the development of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study revealed that left intra- and interatrial EMD were significantly prolonged in the patients. Only mitral E/A ratio was weakly associated with LA EMD. Increased EM delay was found to assist in the identification of subjects at increased risk of AF. Atrial conduction time reflects both electrical and structural atrial remodeling. Atrial EMD has been reported to be associated with low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, LA enlargement, early LV diastolic dysfunction, and oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Therefore, the impaired conduction observed in the present study could be associated with an increased risk of AF.</p>
      <p>The prolonged EM intervals observed in this study could be explained by anthracycline-induced oxidative stress, which has been associated with autonomic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Prolonged EM intervals may also indicate atrial remodeling during arrythmogenic process and may be a predictor of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Autonomic nervous system may play a role in the development of atrial fibrillation by its effects on atrial conduction time (heterogeneity).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Studies looking at atrial function in patients treated with cardiotoxic chemotherapy are limited. Our results are consistent with a previous study by Ceyhan et al., which reported that intra- and inter-atrial conductions were delayed in patients treated with 5-florouracil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The results of our multiple linear regression analysis are inconclusive due to low R&#178; values. They may suggest that risk factors for diastolic dysfunction such as blood pressure, BMI, age, and diastolic dysfunction itself may play role in LA mechanical function impairment.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implications</title>
        <p>These alterations may be an early form of subclinical cardiac involvement in breast cancer survivors treated with AC and with no cardiovascular risk factors. We can speculate that these patients may be at a higher risk to develop new or recurrent atrial arrhythmias particularly atrial fibrillation. Monitoring could be prudent in those patients to guide additional interventions such as anti-arrhythmic and/or anti-coagulant therapy. This could lead to a better clinical management and improved patient outcome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>In this study, patients also received cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel simultaneously, which makes it difficult to decide which one caused these adverse effects. Pretreatment evaluation with comprehensive echocardiography including assessment of atrial mechanical and electromechanical features had not been done. However, the patients were selected among the ones who had truly normal LV systolic and diastolic function on the baseline studies. These alterations might have been attributed incorrectly to the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents. LA volume should be measured using the disk summation algorithm in both the apical four- and two- chamber views. We had measured them from a single-plane apical four-chamber approach, which is typically 1 to 2 mL/m<sup>2</sup> smaller than apical two-chamber volumes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, we used the same technique for both patients and controls. We excluded patients with cardiovascular risk factors that can create an arrhythmogenic substrate. We cannot rule out systolic dysfunction, as we could not study global strain. Further research is needed to define a true incidence and clinical relevance of atrial arrhythmias in those patients and to determine the role of Holter monitoring for the early diagnosis, intervention and surveillance of those patients more susceptible to develop arrhythmia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Our study revealed that left intra- and inter-atrial EM were prolonged and that LV diastolic function was impaired in breast cancer survivors treated with AC. Impaired electrical conduction in those patients may be associated with the development of arrhythmias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is a part of the residency thesis by Ahmet Saricopur, from Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Atrial em Pacientes com C&#226;ncer de Mama Ap&#243;s tratamento com Antraciclinas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yaylali</surname>
            <given-names>Yalin Tolga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saricopur</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yurtdas</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senol</surname>
            <given-names>Hande</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gokoz-Dogu</surname>
            <given-names>Gamze</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Denizli; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Balikesir Sevgi Hospital; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pamukkale University Dept of Biostatistics; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pamukkale University Medical Oncology - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Yalin Tolga Yaylali</bold>, Universidade Pamukkale, Departamento de Cardiologia. &#199;amlaralti Mah. Fak&#252;lte Cad. No13 Kinikli. Postal Code 20070, Denizli - Turquia. E-mail: <email>yaylalimd@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Yaylali YT, Saricopur A, Yurtdas M, Senol H, Gokoz-Dogu G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Saricopur A, Gokoz-Dogu G; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Senol H; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Yaylal&#305; YT, Saricopur A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Atraso eletromec&#226;nico atrial (AEA) &#233; utilizado para prever fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, medido pela ecocardiografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O prop&#243;sito deste estudo era verificar o AEA e a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica ap&#243;s quimioterapia com antraciclinas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Cinquenta e tr&#234;s pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama (48 &#177; 8 anos) que receberam 240 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de adriamicina, 2400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de ciclofosfamida, e 960 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de paclitaxel foram inclu&#237;das neste estudo retrospectivo, al&#233;m de 42 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (47 &#177; 9 anos). Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas por aproximadamente 11 &#177; 7 meses (m&#233;dia de 9 meses) ap&#243;s tratamento com antraciclinas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>AEA esquerdo intra-atrial (11,4 &#177; 6,0 vs. 8,1 &#177; 4,9, p=0,008) e AEA interarterial (19,7 &#177; 7,4 vs. 14,7 &#177; 6,5, p=0,001) foram prolongados; Volume de esvaziamento passivo e fracionamento de AE diminu&#237;ram (p=0,0001 e p=0,0001); Volume de esvaziamento ativo e fracionamento de AE (p=0,0001 e p=0,0001); Tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o mitral A (0,8 &#177; 0,2 vs. 0,6 &#177; 0,2, p=0,0001) e de desacelera&#231;&#227;o de onda-E mitral (201,2 &#177; 35,6 vs. 163,7 &#177; 21,8, p=0,0001) aumentar&#227;o; Raz&#227;o mitral E/A (1,0 &#177; 0,3 vs. 1,3 &#177; 0,3, p=0,0001) e mitral Em (0,09 &#177; 0,03 vs. 0,11 &#177; 0,03, p=0,001) diminu&#237;ram; Raz&#227;o mitral Am (0,11 &#177; 0,02 vs. 0,09 &#177; 0,02, p=0,0001) e mitral E/Em (8,8 &#177; 3,2 vs. 7,6 &#177; 2,6, p=0,017) aumentaram nos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama ap&#243;s terapia com antraciclina: intervalos eletromec&#226;nicos intra-atriais esquerdos, intra-atriais foram prolongados. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi prejudicada. O relaxamento ventricular esquerdo foi prejudicado, e a condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica atrial esquerda pode estar contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de arritmias atriais.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasia da Mama Unilaterais</kwd>
        <kwd>Antraciclinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Quimioterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As antraciclinas (AC), que s&#227;o um componente chave de muitos esquemas de quimioterapia, s&#227;o, claramente, os agentes quimioter&#225;picos mais cardiot&#243;xicos, produzindo disfun&#231;&#245;es e arritmias ventriculares esquerdas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As anormalidades do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial exercem um papel importante na g&#234;nese de arritmias atriais reentrantes. O volume e fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foram recentemente identificados como poss&#237;veis indicadores de disfun&#231;&#245;es e arritmias card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Os atrasos eletromec&#226;nicos intra- e inter-atriais s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas bem conhecidas do &#225;trio propenso a fibrila&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A ecocardiografia &#233; uma t&#233;cnica sens&#237;vel e reproduz&#237;vel para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas atriais mec&#226;nicas e eletromec&#226;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Foi observado que o atraso atrial eletromec&#226;nico foi prolongado em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica, obesidade, hipertireoidismo e doen&#231;a cel&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A fisiopatologia e preditores de arritmias ap&#243;s o tratamento com AC s&#227;o mal definidas. A hip&#243;tese do presente estudo &#233; que as caracter&#237;sticas atriais mec&#226;nicas e eletromec&#226;nicas podem ser afetadas em pacientes tratados com AC. Portanto, buscamos avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas atriais mec&#226;nicas e eletromec&#226;nicas em pacientes ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de quimioterapia com antraciclina e compar&#225;-las com controles saud&#225;veis para ent&#227;o avaliar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda sobre ecocardiografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>A concep&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi retrospectiva. Cinquenta e tr&#234;s mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama foram selecionadas a partir de pacientes consecutivas que receberam 240 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de adriamicina, 2400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de ciclofosfamida, e 960 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de paclitaxel na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o entre 1 de janeiro de 2013 e 31 de dezembro de 2013. Uma an&#225;lise de poder foi realizada antes do estudo. Conformemente, quando um estudo de refer&#234;ncia foi considerado, 28 indiv&#237;duos (14 em cada grupo) tiveram resultado em 95% de confian&#231;a e 90% de poder. Inclu&#237;mos 95 indiv&#237;duos (53 pacientes e 42 controles) no estudo em quest&#227;o. A an&#225;lise de poder mostrou que nossos resultados, quando examinados para valores inter-atriais de AEA, atingiram 95% de confian&#231;a e 94% de poder. Estas mulheres passaram por um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico extensivo antes do tratamento, o que mostrou fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas verdadeiramente normais de VE. O grupo de controle, composto por 42 funcion&#225;rias do escrit&#243;rio do sexo feminino, saud&#225;veis, pareadas por idade e sexo. Os crit&#233;rios para exclus&#227;o foram doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular moderada a severa, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, obesidade, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio de ramo, anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular no eletrocardiograma, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica ou aguda, doen&#231;a do tecido col&#225;geno, disfun&#231;&#227;o da tireoide, desequil&#237;brio eletrol&#237;tico, doen&#231;a pulmonar, anemia, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, hist&#243;rico pr&#233;via de radioterapia, expectativa de vida &lt; 1 ano, e imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica insuficiente. Nenhuma participante estava tomando quaisquer antiarr&#237;tmicos, antidepressivos tric&#237;clicos, anti-histam&#237;nicos, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina, e antipsic&#243;ticos. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e bioqu&#237;mica de rotina foram medidas em todas as participantes. Um teste de toler&#226;ncia a exerc&#237;cios foi realizado em todas as participantes, para excluir portadoras de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica. Um total de 750 mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama foi examinado, para verificar sua elegibilidade para nosso estudo.</p>
          <p>O Comit&#234; de Revis&#227;o de &#201;tica M&#233;dica da institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou o protocolo do estudo (n&#250;mero de registro: 60116787-020/7763, data de emiss&#227;o: 06/02/2014). Foi obtido o consentimento informado de todas as participantes. O protocolo do estudo est&#225; em conformidade com as diretrizes &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</title>
          <p>Exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados utilizando um dispositivo de ecocardiografia Vivid-7, com uma sonda de 2,5-4 MHz (GE VingmedUltrasound, Horten, Noruega). Todas as participantes foram examinadas na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo no modo 2-D, Doppler pulsado e fluxo a cores, e ecocardiografia Doppler tecidual. O registro cont&#237;nuo do eletrocardiograma foi realizado durante o exame. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi obtida atrav&#233;s de visualiza&#231;&#245;es apicais de duas ou quatro c&#226;maras atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado. De modo a obter velocidades m&#225;ximas de enchimento, o volume de amostragem de Doppler pulsado foi posicionado entre as pontas dos folhetos da v&#225;lvula mitral do apical de quatro c&#226;maras. Os perfis de velocidades de velocidade mioc&#225;rdica dos an&#233;is mitrais laterais e septais foram obtidos. As medi&#231;&#245;es Doppler teciduais foram obtidas atrav&#233;s do posicionamento do volume de amostragem na jun&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral e do septo, e parede lateral. Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram registradas como uma m&#233;dia de 3 ciclos card&#237;acos. Os volumes atriais esquerdos (VAE) foram obtidos a partir de apical de quatro c&#226;maras atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de discos e indexados para &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC). As medi&#231;&#245;es de VAE foram realizadas na abertura da v&#225;lvula mitral (m&#225;xima, Vmax), in&#237;cio da s&#237;stole auricular (onda P no eletrocardiograma, Vp) e o fechamento da v&#225;lvula mitral (m&#237;nima, Vmin) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1 A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">C</xref>). Os seguintes par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento AE foram calculados: volume de esvaziamento passivo de AE = Vmax-Vp, fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passivo de AE = (Vmax-Vp)/Vmax, volume de esvaziamento ativo de AE = Vp-Vmin, fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento ativo de AE = (Vp-Vmin)/Vp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Todos os volumes foram indexados a ASC e expressos em ml/m<sup>2</sup>. O acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico atrial (PA) foi definido como o intervalo de tempo a partir do in&#237;cio da onda P no eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie at&#233; o in&#237;cio da onda diast&#243;lica tardia (onda Am). O PA foi obtido a partir do anel mitral lateral (PA lateral), anel mitral septal (PA do septo) e anel tric&#250;spide ventricular direito (PA tric&#250;spide) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2 A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">C</xref>). Os valores foram calculados como m&#233;dia ao longo de 3 batimentos consecutivos. A diferen&#231;a entre o PA lateral e o PA tric&#250;spide foi definida como o atraso eletromec&#226;nico interarterial, a diferen&#231;a entre o PA lateral e o PA do septo foi definida como o atraso eletromec&#226;nico intra-atrial esquerdo, e a diferen&#231;a entre o PA do septo e o PA tric&#250;spide foi definida como o atraso eletromec&#226;nico intra-atrial direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Os volumes s&#227;o medidos em visualiza&#231;&#245;es de A4C atrav&#233;s de Echo 2D na abertura da v&#225;lvula mitral (A), no in&#237;cio da s&#237;stole atrial (B), e no fechamento da v&#225;lvula mitral (C).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0411-60146-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>As medi&#231;&#245;es do intervalo de tempo a partir do in&#237;cio da onda P at&#233; o come&#231;o da onda Am (PA) s&#227;o obtidas no anel mitral lateral (A), anel mitral septal (B) e anel da tric&#250;spide RV (C).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0411-60146-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
          <p>Um operador experiente, cego &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos participantes, analisou todos os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. A variabilidade do intraexaminador foi avaliada em 30 indiv&#237;duos aleatoriamente selecionados de ambos os grupos, atrav&#233;s da repeti&#231;&#227;o das medi&#231;&#245;es. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram repetidas com uma semana de separa&#231;&#227;o. Apenas um leitor conduziu esta an&#225;lise. Foi permitido que o leitor selecionasse a melhor medi&#231;&#227;o a cada vez, e foi cego para as medi&#231;&#245;es anteriores. A variabilidade do intraexaminador foi calculada como a diferen&#231;a entre duas medi&#231;&#245;es da mesma paciente por um &#250;nico cardiologista dividida pelo valor m&#233;dio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como porcentagens e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediano com valores m&#237;nimos-m&#225;ximos. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas entre grupos utilizando testes t independentes (para vari&#225;veis normalmente distribu&#237;das), ou um teste de Mann-Whitney U (para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o distribu&#237;das normalmente). Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram comparados com o teste do qui-quadrado. Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi usada para identificar os preditores independentes do comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e atrasos eletromec&#226;nicos de AE. Os valores p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados como indicando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando a vers&#227;o 15.0 do SPSS (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os achados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos das pacientes (53 mulheres, 48 &#177; 8 anos) e controles (42 mulheres, 47 &#177; 9 anis) est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. Nenhuma das pacientes havia desenvolvido complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, incluindo fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. As idades, pesos, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, press&#245;es sangu&#237;neas sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e FE do VE eram similares nos dois grupos. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de tempo decorrido a partir da conclus&#227;o da quimioterapia at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia foi de 11 &#177; 7 meses (uma m&#233;dia de 9 meses). A velocidade da onda-A mitral, o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda-E, as velocidades Am, e a raz&#227;o de E/Em eram significativamente mais altas nos pacientes. As velocidades Em mitrais e a raz&#227;o de E/A eram significativamente mais baixas nos pacientes. Os outros par&#226;metros convencionais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como FE do VE, grossura da PP e do SI, di&#226;metro do AE, DDFVE, DSFVE, e valores arteriais pulmonares sist&#243;licos estavam dentro das faixas de refer&#234;ncia normais, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos (dados n&#227;o-fornecidos).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos do teste</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Pacientes (n=53)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Controles (n=42)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;d. (M&#237;n. &#8211; M&#225;x.)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;d. (M&#237;n. &#8211; M&#225;x.)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">49(29 - 65)</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">47(30 - 65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,419</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,98 &#177; 2,41</td>
                <td align="center">23,8 (19,5 &#8211; 28,1)</td>
                <td align="center">23,72 &#177; 2,33</td>
                <td align="center">23,8 (20,3 &#8211; 28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,603</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,77 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,8(1,5 &#8211; 2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,74 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,7(1,5 &#8211; 2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,142</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">120 (100 &#8211; 135)</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">120 (100 &#8211; 135)</td>
                <td align="center">0,396</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">70 (60 &#8211; 85)</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">73 (60 &#8211; 85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, batimentos /min</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">70 (64-90)</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">72 (62-88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE, %</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">63 (49 - 74)</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">62(57-78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,958</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Efeito da quimioterapia sobre os par&#226;metros de Doppler</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade de Mitral E, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,5-1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,4-1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,223</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade de Mitral A, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,5&#8211;1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (0,4-1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o de mitral E, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">201,3 &#177; 35,6</td>
                <td align="center">196,3 (126-291,1)</td>
                <td align="center">163,7 &#177; 21,8</td>
                <td align="center">166,2 (109,9-203,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;&#227;o Mitral E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,5-1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,7-2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia Em Mitral, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 (0,05-0,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 (0,05-0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia Am Mitral, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,11(0,06 &#8211; 0,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 (0,06-0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o Mitral E/M&#233;dia Em</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">8,7 (3,9-23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (4,1-16,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 estatisticamente significante; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; M&#233;d: m&#233;dia; M&#237;n-M&#225;x: valores M&#237;nimos - M&#225;ximos</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
          <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es de volume dos indiv&#237;duos do estudo s&#227;o fornecidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. O volume m&#225;ximo, Vp, volume de esvaziamento e fracionamento ativo de AE (VEAAE) diminu&#237;ram significativamente nos pacientes. O volume de esvaziamento e fracionamento passivo de AE (VEFPAE) diminu&#237;ram significativamente nos pacientes. O tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda-E mitral foi fracamente associado com a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passivo de AE (FEPAE), o volume de esvaziamento ativo de AE e a fra&#231;&#227;o. A fun&#231;&#227;o do reservat&#243;rio e o esvaziamento total de AE n&#227;o alteraram nos pacientes (dados n&#227;o-fornecidos).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es de volumes atriais esquerdos dos sujeitos do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Pacientes (n=53)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Controles (n=42)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;d. (M&#237;n. &#8211; M&#225;x.)</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;d. (M&#237;n. &#8211; M&#225;x.)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Efeito da quimioterapia sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vmax<sup>1</sup>, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">23,76 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">22,82 (16,54 &#8211; 38,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,71 &#177; 3,22</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6 (14,71 &#8211; 28,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vp<sup>2</sup>, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16,34 &#177; 4,55</td>
                  <td align="center">15,65 (10,41 &#8211; 31,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,07 &#177; 2,19</td>
                  <td align="center">11,29 (6,27 &#8211; 14,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vmin<sup>3</sup>, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8,78 &#177; 2,98</td>
                  <td align="center">8,33 (4,66 &#8211; 18,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,7 &#177; 1,79</td>
                  <td align="center">7,96 (4 &#8211; 10,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,153</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume de esvaziamento passivo de AE, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,41 &#177; 2,01</td>
                  <td align="center">7,42 (3,01 &#8211; 12,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,64 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">9,71(4,92 &#8211; 14,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passivo de AE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">31,6 &#177; 7,37</td>
                  <td align="center">31,02 (15,8 &#8211; 45,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,53 &#177; 7,03</td>
                  <td align="center">45,34 (31,33-67,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume de esvaziamento ativo de AE, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,56 &#177; 2,21</td>
                  <td align="center">7,25 (4,66-16,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,41 &#177; 0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">3,45 (2,15-4,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento ativo de AE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">46,67 &#177; 7,04</td>
                  <td align="center">45,45 (33-63,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,19 &#177; 5,24</td>
                  <td align="center">31,66 (19,73-44,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0,05 estatisticamente significante; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; M&#233;d: m&#233;dia; M&#237;n-M&#225;x: valores m&#237;nimos - M&#225;ximos.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>1Vmax: As medi&#231;&#245;es de volume foram realizadas na abertura da v&#225;lvula mitral; 2Vp: As medi&#231;&#245;es de volume foram realizadas no in&#237;cio da s&#237;stole atrial; 3Vmin: As medi&#231;&#245;es de volume foram realizadas no fechamento da v&#225;lvula mitral. AE: atrial esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico atrial</title>
          <p>Os intervalos do acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico atrial medidos em diferentes locais s&#227;o fornecidos pela <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>. Os atrasos eletromec&#226;nicos de PA lateral, interarterial, e intra-atrial esquerdo foram significativamente mais altos nos pacientes. Entretanto, o PA do septo, o PA tric&#250;spide e os atrasos eletromec&#226;nicos intra-atriais direitos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A raz&#227;o de E/A foi fracamente associada com atrasos intra-atriais e inter-atriais eletromec&#226;nicos esquerdos (dados n&#227;o-fornecidos).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Achados de acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico atrial medidos pela imagiologia de doppler tecidual</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Pacientes (n=53)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Controles (n=42)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;d. (M&#237;n. &#8211; M&#225;x.)</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;d. (M&#237;n. &#8211; M&#225;x.)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Efeito da quimioterapia sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PA lateral, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">59,12 &#177; 8,91</td>
                  <td align="center">59,15 (36,97-78,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,04 &#177; 9,43</td>
                  <td align="center">51,76 (36,97-73,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PA do septo, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">47,72 &#177; 9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">48,06 (29,57-69,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,91 &#177; 9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">44,36 (25,88-66,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,348</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PA da tric&#250;spide, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">39,18 &#177; 8,36</td>
                  <td align="center">40,67 (22-57,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,35 &#177; 8,71</td>
                  <td align="center">37,9 (22,18-62,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,921</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEA Inter-atrial, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">19,73 &#177; 7,38</td>
                  <td align="center">18,49 (8,06-38,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,69 &#177; 6,51</td>
                  <td align="center">13,7 (7,39-29,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEA intra-atrial esquerdo, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">11,4 &#177; 5,98</td>
                  <td align="center">10,76 (1,85-25,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,13 &#177; 4,87</td>
                  <td align="center">7,39 (1,84-22,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEA intra-atrial direito, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">8,52 &#177; 5,48</td>
                  <td align="center">7,39 (1,85-25,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,56 &#177; 4,09</td>
                  <td align="center">4,77 (2,61 &#8211; 22,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,194</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0,05 estatisticamente significante; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; M&#233;d: m&#233;dia; M&#237;n-M&#225;x: valores M&#237;nimos - M&#225;ximos.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>AEA: atraso eletromec&#226;nico; PA: o intervalo de tempo a partir do in&#237;cio da onda p sobre o eel trocardiograma de superf&#237;cie ao in&#237;cio da onda Am com TDI.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Entre pacientes, o &#237;ndice de massa corporal, a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o mitral E foram preditores independentes para FEPAE. A press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica, a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica, o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o mitral E foram preditores independentes para VEFPAE. Entre os controles, a idade, a raz&#227;o mitral E/A foram preditores independentes para LAAEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap-group id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da regress&#227;o linear das caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos influenciando os danos &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de AE</title>
            </caption>
            <table-wrap>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Grupo de PacientesVari&#225;vel Dependente: FEPAE</th>
                    <th align="center">Beta Padronizado</th>
                    <th align="center">sig. (p)</th>
                    <th align="center">95,0% IC Superior - Inferior</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Idade</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,098</td>
                    <td align="center">0,505</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,334 - 0,167</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">IMC</td>
                    <td align="center">0,292</td>
                    <td align="center">0,037<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0,054 - 1,733</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">PAS</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,312</td>
                    <td align="center">0,058</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,491 - 0,008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">PSD</td>
                    <td align="center">0,575</td>
                    <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0,303 - 1,118</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/A Mitral</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,009</td>
                    <td align="center">0,949</td>
                    <td align="center">-6,964 - 6,53</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o Mitral E</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,271</td>
                    <td align="center">0,039<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,109 - -0,003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Raz&#227;o Mitral E/M&#233;dia Em</td>
                    <td align="center">0,053</td>
                    <td align="center">0,696</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,507 - 0,752</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN17">
                  <p>R<sup>2</sup>=0,321; model p=0,01; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PSD: press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica; FEPAE: fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passivo atrial esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica;</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN18">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>estatisticamente significativa.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Grupo de PacientesVari&#225;vel Dependente: VEFPAE</th>
                    <th align="center">Beta Padronizado</th>
                    <th align="center">sig. (p)</th>
                    <th align="center">95,0% IC Superior - Inferior</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Idade</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,042</td>
                    <td align="center">0,783</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,089 - 0,067</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">IMC</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,186</td>
                    <td align="center">0,196</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,432 - 0,091</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">PAS</td>
                    <td align="center">0,461</td>
                    <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0,029 - 0,184</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">PSD</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,576</td>
                    <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,341 - -0,086</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/A Mitral</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,010</td>
                    <td align="center">0,948</td>
                    <td align="center">-2,17 - 2,034</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o Mitral E</td>
                    <td align="center">0,285</td>
                    <td align="center">0,036<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0,001 - 0,034</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Raz&#227;o Mitral E/M&#233;dia Em</td>
                    <td align="center">0,076</td>
                    <td align="center">0,587</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,143 - 0,249</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN19">
                  <p>R<sup>2</sup>=0,152; modelo p=0,041; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PSD: press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica; VEFPAE: volume de esvaziamento ativo atrial esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica;</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN20">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>estatisticamente significativa.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Grupo de PacientesVari&#225;vel Dependente: FEPAE</th>
                    <th align="center">Beta Padronizado</th>
                    <th align="center">sig. (p)</th>
                    <th align="center">95,0% IC Superior - Inferior</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Idade</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,541</td>
                    <td align="center">0,005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,509 - -0,101</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">IMC</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,311</td>
                    <td align="center">0,065</td>
                    <td align="center">-1,445 - 0,045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">PAS</td>
                    <td align="center">0,189</td>
                    <td align="center">0,213</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,065 - 0,283</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">PSD</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,100</td>
                    <td align="center">0,508</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,359 - 0,181</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/A Mitral</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,437</td>
                    <td align="center">0,017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">-12,325 - -1,293</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o Mitral E</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,103</td>
                    <td align="center">0,493</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,098 - 0,048</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Raz&#227;o Mitral E/M&#233;dia Em</td>
                    <td align="center">0,221</td>
                    <td align="center">0,168</td>
                    <td align="center">-0,199 - 1,1</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN21">
                  <p>R<sup>2</sup>=0,243; modelo p=0,018; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PSD: press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica; FEPAE: fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passivo atrial esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica;</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN22">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>estatisticamente significativa.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </table-wrap-group>
          <p>A variabilidade do intraexaminador foi inferior a 5% para todas as medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que os intervalos intra-atriais e inter-atriais esquerdos de EM foram prolongados; a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE foi prejudicada em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama tratadas com AC, apesar da preserva&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas de AE.</p>
        <p>O estudo sugere que mecanismos pro- arritmog&#234;nicos poderiam ser o resultado de altera&#231;&#245;es nas fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, incluindo a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE e o atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, o que criam um substrato arritmog&#234;nico. Este substrato arritmog&#234;nico leva a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na condu&#231;&#227;o intracardiaca e a uma dispers&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, dois efeitos que facilitam a g&#234;nese de arritmias card&#237;acas nestas pacientes. Este estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;licas foram significativamente prejudicados nas pacientes. N&#227;o fomos capazes de demonstrar a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em nossas pacientes porque n&#227;o pudemos realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de tens&#227;o global. A cardiotoxicidade mais comum de AC &#233; a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda com poss&#237;veis arritmias. Estudos que examinem a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia em pacientes tratadas com AC s&#227;o raros. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aparenta ser uma complica&#231;&#227;o razoavelmente comum da AC, e em um estudo, foi descrita em 2-10% das pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> H&#225; um n&#250;mero limitado de estudos investigando as fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas em pacientes tratadas com AC. N&#227;o existe um consenso sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ser prejudicada nestes pacientes.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, as pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama ap&#243;s o uso de AC n&#227;o demonstraram qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o significativa no esvaziamento total de AE, apesar do fato de que mostramos que o volume de esvaziamento ativo de AE e a fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento ativo de AE aumentaram nestas pacientes. Isto pode sugerir a preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica atrial no in&#237;cio do curso de sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer de mama tratadas com AC. Por&#233;m, &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar que a diminui&#231;&#227;o no volume de esvaziamento passivo de AE est&#225; relacionada &#224; press&#227;o elevada de VE diast&#243;lica final, pelo menos devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE. A altera&#231;&#227;o no enchimento ventricular diast&#243;lico inicial e tardio pode n&#227;o ter ocorrido secundariamente ao relaxamento secund&#225;rio. A fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de AE exerce um papel significativo para manter o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em pacientes com DD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de AE &#233; um importante fator determinador no enchimento de VE, especialmente em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica em fase terminal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> &#201; constitu&#237;do por fun&#231;&#245;es de reservat&#243;rio, conduto, e bomba de refor&#231;o. Em estudos anteriores, foi demonstrado que as fun&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas de AE foram prejudicadas em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e diabetes mellitus tipo 1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Adicionalmente, foi verificado que o volume &#233; uma vari&#225;vel progn&#243;stica poderosa em uma variedade de estados de cardiopatias. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o di&#226;metro de AP, o volume tem uma associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com resultados em pacientes card&#237;acos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento total atrial esquerdo foi relatada como um preditor independente e forte para o desenvolvimento de AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo revelou que AEA intra e interatrial foram significativamente prolongados em pacientes. Apenas a raz&#227;o mitral E/A foi fracamente associada com AEA de AE. Foi verificado que o aumento no atraso de EM ajuda na identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial reflete a remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial el&#233;trica e estrutural. Relata-se que o AEA atrial foi associado &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, amplia&#231;&#227;o de AE, disfun&#231;&#227;o precoce de VE e estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Portanto, a condu&#231;&#227;o prejudicada observada no presente estudo pode estar associada a um risco aumentado de AF.</p>
        <p>Intervalos prolongados de EM observados neste estudo podem ser explicados por estresse oxidativo induzido por antraciclina, que foi associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Intervalos prolongados de EM tamb&#233;m podem indicar remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial durante o processo arritmog&#234;nico, e pode ser um preditor de AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo pode exercer um papel no desenvolvimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por causa de seus efeitos sobre o tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial (heterogeneidade).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Estudos a respeito da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes tratados com quimioterapia cardiot&#243;xica s&#227;o limitados. Os nossos resultados s&#227;o consistentes com um estudo anterior por Ceyhan et al., que relataram que condu&#231;&#245;es intra e inter-atriais foram atrasadas em pacientes tratadas com 5- fluorouracil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os resultados de nossa an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla s&#227;o inconclusivos, por causa de baixos valores de R&#178;. Eles podem sugerir que fatores de risco para disfun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas, como press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, IMC, idade e a pr&#243;pria disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica podem exercer um papel no dano da fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de AE.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Estas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ser uma forma precoce de envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico em sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer de mama tratadas com AC e sem quaisquer fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Podemos especular que estas pacientes podem ter um risco maior de desenvolver arritmias atriais novas ou recorrentes, em particular, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Pode ser prudente monitorar estas pacientes, de modo a orientar interven&#231;&#245;es adicionais, como terapia anti- arr&#237;tmica e/ou terapia anticoagulante. Isto pode levar a uma melhor gest&#227;o cl&#237;nica, e melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, as pacientes tamb&#233;m receberam simultaneamente ciclofosfamida e Paclitaxel, o que dificulta decidir o que causou estes efeitos adversos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o antes do tratamento, com ecocardiografia extensa, incluindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas mec&#226;nicas e eletromec&#226;nicas, n&#227;o havia sido feita. Entretanto, as pacientes foram selecionadas entre as que tinham fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas verdadeiramente normais, com base nos estudos de base. Estas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ter sido incorretamente atribu&#237;das aos efeitos adversos dos agentes quimioter&#225;picos. O volume deveria ter sido medido usando o algoritmo de soma de disco nos apicais de duas e quatro visualiza&#231;&#245;es. N&#243;s as medimos a partir de uma abordagem de plano &#250;nico, apical de quatro c&#226;maras, que s&#227;o tipicamente 1 a 2 mL/m<sup>2</sup> menores do que os volumes apicais de duas c&#226;maras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Entretanto, usamos a mesma t&#233;cnica para pacientes e controles. Exclu&#237;mos pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovasculares que pudessem criar um substrato arritmog&#234;nico. N&#227;o podemos excluir a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, pois n&#227;o pudemos estudar a estirpe mundial. Necessita-se de pesquisas adicionais para definir uma incid&#234;ncia real e a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica de arritmias atriais naqueles pacientes, e para determinar o papel da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter para o diagn&#243;stico precoce, interven&#231;&#227;o e supervis&#227;o destas pacientes mais suscet&#237;veis a desenvolver arritmia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo revelou que EM intra e inter-atriais esquerdas foram prolongadas, e que a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE foi prejudicada em sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer de mama tratadas com AC. A condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica prejudicada nestas pacientes pode estar associada ao desenvolvimento de arritmias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica de Ahmet Saricopur pela Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
