<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NMJSrgXssx4QJTLNVVzs35r</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160149</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Angioplasty with or without stenting</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In-Lab Upfront Use of Tirofiban May Reduce the Occurrence of No-Reflow During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. A Pilot Randomized Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lago</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Caires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Badran</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Vannucchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Brolio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo Luiz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Moys&#233;s de Oliveira</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Franca</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim, Franca, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Marin Neto</bold>, Rua Dr. Jo&#227;o Gomes Rocha, 880 - Apto.201, Edif&#237;cio Victoria Hill. Postal Code 14.020-550, Jardim Iraj&#225;, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil . E-mail: <email>jamarin@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marin_neto@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lago IM, Figueiredo GL, Lima Filho MO, Marin Neto JA; Acquisition of data: Lago IM, Novaes GC, Badran AV, Pav&#227;o RB, Barbosa R, Figueiredo GL, Lima Filho MO, Haddad JL, Marin Neto J&#193;; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lago IM, Novaes GC, Figueiredo GL, Lima Filho MO, Marin Neto J&#193;; Statistical analysis: Lago IM, Lima Filho MO, Schmidt A, Marin Neto J&#193;; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lago IM, Lima Filho MO, Marin Neto JA; Obtaining financing: Lago IM, Barbosa R, Lima Filho MO, Marin Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>403</fpage>
      <lpage>410</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Despite successful opening of culprit coronary artery, myocardial reperfusion does not always follows primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are used in the treatment of no-reflow (NR), but their role to prevent it is unproven.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effect of in-lab administration of tirofiban on the incidence of NR in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with PPCI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>STEMI patients treated with PPCI were randomized (24 tirofiban and 34 placebo) in this double-blinded study to assess the impact of intravenous tirofiban on the incidence of NR after PPCI according to angiographic and electrocardiographic methods. End-points of the study were: TIMI-epicardial flow grade; myocardial blush grade (MBG); resolution of ST-elevation &lt; 70% (RST &lt; 70%) at 90min and 24h after PPCI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Baseline anthropometric, clinical and angiographic characteristics were balanced between the groups. The occurrence of TIMI flow &lt; 3 was not significantly different between the tirofiban (25%) and placebo (35.3%) groups. MBG &#8804; 2 did not occur in the tirofiban group, and was seen in 11.7% of patients in the placebo group (p=0.13). RST &lt; 70% occurred in 41.6% x 55.8% (p=0.42) at 90min and in 29% x 55.9% (p=0.06) at 24h in tirofiban and placebo groups, respectively. Severe NR (RST &#8804; 30%) was detected in 0% x 26.5% (p=0.01) at 90 min, and in 4.2% x 23.5% (p=0.06) at 24h in tirofiban and placebo groups, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This pilot study showed a trend toward reduction of NR associated with in-lab upfront use of tirofiban in STEMI patients treated with PPCI and paves the way for a full-scale study testing this hypothesis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>After sudden death, acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is the second most severe clinical presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the US and Europe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> For more than one decade, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) has been considered the most appropriate treatment to restore myocardial blood flow and, consequently, favorably impact survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> . Despite epicardial coronary flow being established in the culprit artery, a substantial proportion of patients do not achieve adequate myocardial reperfusion, known as the no-reflow (NR) phenomenon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The NR phenomenon has a negative influence on PPCI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> due to its association with a greater myocardial necrosis area and more intense irreversible left ventricular systolic dysfunction, which are independent predictors of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Various therapeutic measures including pharmacologic approaches and mechanical devices have been used to manage the two principal pathophysiological mechanisms leading to NR, i.e. microvascular spasm, and clot and distal embolism of plaque debris.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, the role of each of these therapeutic resources, including the use of IIb/IIIa glycoprotein inhibitors (GPI), is still inconclusive, especially for the prevention of NR. Hence, with the current therapeutic management of patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI, that includes dual antiplatelet therapy and antithrombin agents, an investigation about the systematic upfront in-lab use of a GPI to lower the occurrence of NR is appropriate, especially when bare-metal stents are implanted, as in most developing countries. This was the scope of this pilot randomized study, which compared the incidence of NR in STEMI patients treated with PPCI and tirofiban or placebo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>From August 2011 through January 2014, 64 patients with STEMI referred for PPCI by the emergency health care system were enrolled at two tertiary hospitals, located in Ribeir&#227;o Preto and in Franca, state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. Patients or their responsible relatives signed informed consent forms, approved by the Ethics Committee of Ribeir&#227;o Preto General Hospital, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School , responsible for the two hospital centers participating in the investigation (Process 2495/2010).</p>
      <p>Using a centralized, unrestricted (simple) randomization system, 58 patients were randomized to receive intravenous infusions of tirofiban (n=24) or placebo (n=34 ) in a double blind manner. The inclusion criteria consisted of: age &#8805;18 years, typical thoracic pain &#8805; 20 minutes and &lt; 12 hours duration, ST segment elevation &#8805; 1mm in two contiguous leads or presumed new left bundle-branch block. Six of the referred patients were excluded, based on the following criteria: cardiogenic shock, prior myocardial infarction in the same ventricular wall as the current coronary event, known bleeding diathesis, coma, severe hepatic dysfunction or severe renal insufficiency (Creatinine &gt; 3.0 mg/dL), contraindications for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) , clopidogrel or heparin, life expectancy &lt;1 year, previous major surgery &lt; 3 months, stroke &lt; 30 days, previously known intracranial aneurism or arteriovenous malformation, severe trauma &lt; 6 weeks, use of oral anticoagulant; inability to give written informed consent.</p>
      <p>Immediately after randomization of patients , the infusion solutions were prepared by a registered nurse, who was the only person aware of which treatment was administered to each person . Placebo or tirofiban (25mcg/Kg) were administered intravenously in bolus of 10 ml over 3min as soon as the patients entered in the catheterization laboratory. In both arms of the trial, equivalent volumes were then infused for 12 hour s, so that tirofiban was administered at the dose of 0.15mcg/Kg/min. Unfractionated heparin boluses were administered in a dose of 70U/Kg for the patients in the tirofiban group and of 100U/Kg in the placebo group, by the same nurse who prepared the solutions . All other clinical and laboratory procedures related to the PPCI after the patient left the cath lab, regarding medications, use of thrombus aspiration catheters, and laboratory tests were left at the discretion of the interventional physician. The therapeutic procedure was limited to the infarct related culprit artery. NR was diagnosed through angiographic epicardial flow and myocardial blush grade (MBG ) criteria, by the attending physician during PPCI, to assess the requirement for other medications, including intracoronary nitroglycerin, adenosine or verapamil. After the end of PPCI, a blinded reevaluation of the angiographic grading of epicardial flow and myocardial blush was performed by a consensus of two experienced interventionists. They also blindly evaluated the occurrence of NR by analysis of ST segment elevation resolution on the electrocardiogram at 90 minutes and 24 hours post-PPCI. In case of discordance, a third opinion was called to achieve a consensus. Time intervals assessed in the study included time from onset of chest pain to arrival at the emergency room , time from initial pain to arrival at the cath lab, and duration of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Clinical complications and duration of hospitalization were also recorded.</p>
      <p>Sample size was calculated assuming a NR incidence of 70% in the placebo group based on a ST segment resolution &gt; 70% (no resolution) at 90 minutes after the PPCI . The study hypothesis was that, using this criterion, NR incidence would be reduced by 50% in the tirofiban group, <italic>i.e.</italic>, an expected incidence of about 35%, with 80% power and two-tailed &#945; = 0.05. The calculation resulted in a total of 56 patients, with 28 in each group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Statistical analysis was performed using the programs STATA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The normal distribution of each variable analyzed was verified by Shapiro-Wilk test; the quantitative variables with normal distribution were described as mean (M) and standard deviation (&#177; SD), and the categorical variables were described as absolute values and as frequency (n) and percentage (%). Continuous variables with and without normal distribution were analyzed by parametrical Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test, respectively. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used for categorical variables. Multivariable analysis by logistic regression was made to identify independent predictors of post-PPCI ST resolution with the following dichotomous variables: tirofiban/placebo use; PPCI initial time, time from onset of chest pain; post-PPCI Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade ; coronary nitrate and adenosine administration; use of catheters for the mechanic aspiration of thrombus; stent post-dilation during PPCI. The significance level of 0.05 was set for all comparisons.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 64 patients enrolled, 6 had to be excluded after randomization - 3 for protocol violations, 1 due to absence of culprit lesion and 1 because of ensuing cardiogenic shock. Of the remaining 58 patients, 34 patients were allocated to the placebo group and 24 patients to the tirofiban group. The main baseline clinical characteristics including previous medications were similar between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). With regard to the 3 patients with previous coronary events all were in the tirofiban group and had previous P PCI (p=0.06). Cocaine use was identified in 1 patient of the placebo group (p=1.00). The majority of patients in both groups reached the cath lab within 6 hours of the onset of symptoms (83.3% in the tirofiban group and 77.6% in the placebo group), and most of them were classified as Killip-Kimball class I or II.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Tirofiban (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#182;</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center">Placebo (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#937;</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Patients</td>
              <td align="center">24 (41.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (58.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">59.5 (&#177;10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">58.3 (&#177;11.9)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.70) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#354;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">19 (79.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (88.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.46) <bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caucasian</td>
              <td align="center">22 (91.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (79.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.28) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI &#8805; 30</td>
              <td align="center">5 (20.8 %)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (20.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=1.00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">16 (66.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (67.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.84) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#967;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smokers</td>
              <td align="center">13 (54.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (47.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.79) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#967;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">10 (41.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (32.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.58) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#967;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD Family History</td>
              <td align="center">5 (20.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (35.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.26) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">3 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (20.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.49) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI/ARB</td>
              <td align="center">10 (41.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (44.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=1.00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Oral antidiabetic</td>
              <td align="center">3 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (23.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.33) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (8.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.14) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (11.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=1.00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">1 (4.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (14.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.38) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; p: p-value;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#402;</label>
            <p>p-value calculated by Fisher Exact Test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#354;</label>
            <p>p-value calculated by &#8220;t&#8221; Student Test (95% IC 4.86-7.26);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#935;</label>
            <p>p-value calculated by Chi-square Test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>tirofiban percentage group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#937;</label>
            <p>placebo percentage group</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows technical aspects of the diagnostic cardiac catheterization procedure that was performed using right radial arterial approach in 23 (95.8%) of tirofiban patients and in 31 (91.2%) placebo patients (p=1.00). In 57 patients (98.3%) a 6F sheath was inserted. Per protocol, all patients in both groups were treated with ASA 300mg, and clopidogrel 300mg before the cardiac catheterization was initiated. Left contrast ventriculography was done at the end of the procedure in 44 (75.6%) patients, 19 (79.2%) from the tirofiban group and 25 (73.5%) from the placebo group. Moderate impairment of global systolic left ventricular (LV) function occurred 15 (60%) patients of the placebo group, opposed to 5 (26.3%) of the tirofiban group (p=0.03). No other angiographic differences were seen when comparing both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), including the duration of the diagnostic procedure with an average of 16.7 (&#177;11.2) minutes in the tirofiban group and of 13.7 (&#177;9.8) minutes in the placebo group (p=0.11).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of diagnostic catheterization</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">LV/EF</th>
              <th align="center">(19 Tirofiban) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#182;</xref></sup> (%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#965;</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">(25 Placebo)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#937;</xref></sup> (%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#965;</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 30%</td>
              <td align="center">4 (21.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.34) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">31-40%</td>
              <td align="center">5 (26.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (60%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.03) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">41-50%</td>
              <td align="center">6 (31.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.73) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No Ventriculography</td>
              <td align="center">5 (26.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.53) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">CAD pattern and grade of luminal obstruction</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UNIARTERIAL</td>
              <td align="center">14 (58.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (61.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=1.00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BIARTERIAL</td>
              <td align="center">7 (29.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (23.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.76) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TRIARTERIAL</td>
              <td align="center">3 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (14.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=1.00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">100 %</td>
              <td align="center">19 (79.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (85.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.73) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">71 - 99 %</td>
              <td align="center">5 (20.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (11.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.46) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">51 - 70 %</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=1.00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>LV: left ventriculography; EF: ejection fraction; CAD: coronary artery disease; p: p-value;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#402;</label>
            <p>p value calculated by Fisher Exact Test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#965;</label>
            <p>only for patients that were submitted to LV;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>tirofiban group percentage;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>&#937;</label>
            <p>p lacebo group percentage.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The main characteristics of the therapeutic procedure are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>. All patients were instrumented with the same arterial approach and sheath diameters used for the diagnostic procedure. Bare metal stents were exclusively used in all procedures, with a similar rate in both groups, 1.37 stent/patient in the tirofiban group and 1.29 stent/patient in the placebo group (p=0.75). PPCI with balloon was performed in only one patient allocated to the tirofiban group. A trend for more post-stent dilation was observed in the placebo group (p=0.06). The time from patients' arrival at the ca th lab to the start of intravenous administration of tirofiban or placebo was similar in both groups, 6.26 (&#177;3.1) minutes in the tirofiban group and 8.52 (&#177;6.4) minutes in the placebo group. Clinical complications occurred in similar proportions of patients in both groups: systolic arterial pressure &lt; 90mmHg in 5 (20.8%) tirofiban patients and in 5 (14.7%) placebo patients (p=0.73); heart rate &gt; 100bpm in 4 (16.6%) tirofiban patients and in 2 (5.8%) placebo patients (p=0.22); bradyarrhythmia in 4 (16.6%) tirofiban patients and in 1 (2.9%) placebo patient (p=0.15). One (1.7%) tirofiban patient had a successfully resuscitated cardiac arrest (p=0.41); severe hypotension or shock was present in 3 (12.5%) tirofiban patients and in 2 (5.8%) placebo patients (p=0.64); small hematoma at the vascular access site , according to TIMI classification, was present in 4 (16.6%) tirofiban patients and in 3 (8.8%) placebo patients (p=0.43); hemorrhagic stroke occurred in 1 patient of the placebo group 3 days after PPCI (p=1.00). The duration of the therapeutic procedure was similar in both groups, 31.8 (&#177; 20.2) minutes in tirofiban group and of 35.4 (&#177; 22.7) minutes in placebo group (p=0.47). Thrombus manual aspiration during the therapeutic procedure and utilization of other medications were also similar in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of therapheutic procedure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">PPCI</th>
              <th align="center">Tirofiban(%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#182;</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center">Placebo (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#937;</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Direct Stent</td>
              <td align="center">7 (29.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (41.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.41) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"> &#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Predilation</td>
              <td align="center">17 (70.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (58.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.41) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"> &#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Postdilation</td>
              <td align="center">1 (4.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (23.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.06) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"> &#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximal Stent Pressure</td>
              <td align="center">13.4&#177;2.1 <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#965;</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">13.8&#177;2.4 <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#965;</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">(=0.10) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#931;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 12</td>
              <td align="center">16 (20.%) <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#965;</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">10 (12.9%)<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#965;</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">(=0.03) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"> &#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">13 A 15</td>
              <td align="center">11 (37.9%) <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#965;</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">22 (52.4%)<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#965;</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">(=0.18) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"> &#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805;16</td>
              <td align="center">6 (7.8%) <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#965;</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">12 (15.6%)<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#965;</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">(=0.42) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"> &#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nr Therapy</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitroglycerin</td>
              <td align="center">7 (29.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (38.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.58) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"> &#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adenosine</td>
              <td align="center">3 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (29.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.21) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"> &#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Manual Aspiration of Thrombus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">4 (16.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (20.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=1.00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"> &#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <p>PPCI: primary percutaneous coronary intervention; NR: no reflow; p: p value;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>&#931;</label>
            <p>p value calculated by Mann-Whitney Test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>&#402;</label>
            <p>p-value calculated by Fisher Exact Test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>&#965;</label>
            <p>numbers of sent values;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>tirofiban group percentage;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN17">
            <label>&#937;</label>
            <p>placebo group percentage.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>According to the angiographic criteria of epicardial TIMI flow grade &lt; 3, the incidence of NR at the end of PPCI was not different between groups: 6 (25%) tirofiban patients and in 12 (35.3%) placebo patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). By the angiographic criteria of MBG &lt; 2 at the end of PPCI, NR did not occur in any patient of the tirofiban group and was detected in 4 patients of the placebo group (11.7%), but this difference was not statistically significant. By the ECG criteria (STR &lt; 70%), NR occurred in 10 patients (41.6%) in the tirofiban group and 19 patients (55.8%) in the placebo group at 90 minutes after the PPCI (p=0.42). Also, 7 (29%) of tirofiban patients and 19 (55.8%) placebo patients met the criteria for NR at 24 hours (p=0.06). When the criteria of severe NR (STR &lt; 30%) was used, no tirofiban patient and 9 (26.5%) placebo patients met it at 90 minutes (p=0.01) and 1 (4.2%) tirofiban patient and 8 (23.5%) placebo patients had severe NR at 24 hours (p=0.06).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Assessment of reperfusion achieved with ppci</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">TIMI/MBG GRADES</th>
              <th align="center">Tirofiban (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#182;</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center">Placebo (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#937;</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center">p </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>TIMI PRE-PPCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0-2 x 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0</td>
              <td align="center">22 (91.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (85.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=1.00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">2(5.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>TIMI POST-PPCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0-2 x 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.40) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (35.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">18 (75%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (61.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MBG PRE-PPCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0-1 x 2-3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0</td>
              <td align="center">22 (91.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (85.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=1.00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (8.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MBG POST-PPCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0&#8211;1 x 2&#8211;3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.13) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (11.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">11 (45.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (29.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">13 (54.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (58.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ECG/STR</td>
              <td align="center">90 min</td>
              <td align="center">90 min</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No STR (&lt;30%)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
              <td align="center">9(26.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.01) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STR (71-100%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (58.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (44.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.42) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ECG/STR</td>
              <td align="center">24h</td>
              <td align="center">24h</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NO STR (&lt;30%)</td>
              <td align="center">1(4.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (23.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.06) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STR (71-100%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (71%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (44.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">(=0.06) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN18">
            <p>TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, according to the TIMI Study Group (1985); MBG: myocardial blush grade, according to the Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group (VAN&#8217;T HOF AW ,1998); PPCI: primary percutaneous coronary intervention; ECG: electrocardiogram; STR: ST elevation resolution; No STR: number of ST Elevation resolution</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN19">
            <label>&#402;</label>
            <p>comparison of TIMI 0 and 1 versus, TIMI 2 and 3, MBG 0 and 1 versus MBG 2 and 3, and patients with and without STR at 90min and at 24hours by Fisher Exact Test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN20">
            <p>&#354;: p-value calculated by Student t-test (95%IC,0.32-31.28);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN21">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>tirofiban percentage;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN22">
            <label>&#937;</label>
            <p>placebo percentage.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No variable, including treatment with tirofiban or stent post-dilation during PPCI, had predictable value for the occurrence of NR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Despite the small sample population of the study, randomization assured homogeneity between the two experimental groups for all the baseline characteristics such as age, gender, obesity or overweight, coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors, previous use of anti-ischemic and anti-atherosclerotic medications. Also, time elapsed between symptom onset and presentation to the cath lab, degree of LV dysfunction and other characteristics that may influence the PPCI results (e.g. CAD severity and extension and duration of procedures) were comparable between the groups . Only depression of left ventricular ejection fraction was more marked in the group treated with placebo, but this may reflect a worse baseline condition or a result of a less successful PPCI .</p>
      <p>As expected, the pre-PPCI epicardial and myocardial flow grades, expressed as TIMI-0 and MBG-0, were markedly predominant in both groups. In a small number of cases we observed that spontaneous recanalization of the culprit artery had already begun when the diagnostic angiography was performed.</p>
      <p>Taking into consideration the angiographic criteria, NR was diagnosed in 32.8% of patients, 25% of the tirofiban group and 38.3% of the placebo group (TIMI flow grade &lt; 3). This is a higher incidence of NR than has been predicted in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In contrast, by the angiographic criteria of myocardial reperfusion (MBG &lt; 2), NR was detected in only 7.8% of patients (all from the placebo group), an incidence similar to that referred in previous investigations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Although these differences between the groups did not attain statistical significance, they show a tendency for a better result of PPCI in the group treated with tirofiban, which contrasts with previous findings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Also, these results confirm that angiographic analyses can detect only part of the occurrence of NR. When the electrocardiographic criteria for NR (STR &lt; 70%) was used, the first analysis at 90 minutes led to the diagnosis of NR in 29 (50%) patients, 10 (41.6%) in tirofiban group and 19 (55.8%) in placebo group; and the second analysis at 24 hours diagnosed NR in 26 patients (45%), 7 (29.2%) in tirofiban group and 19 (56%) in placebo group. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant, but there was a trend toward a benefit for a reduction in NR incidence in the tirofiban group (p=0.06). When the severity of NR was assessed taking into account a STR &lt; 30%, severe NR was not detected in the tirofiban group at 90 min, but it occurred in 9 (26.5%) patients of the placebo group at 90 minutes (p=0.01). Also, at 24hours, severe NR was present in 1 (4.2%) tirofiban patient and in 8 (23.5%) placebo patients (p=0.06). These findings also support the notion of a possible beneficial reduction of NR when tirofiban is administered early during the PPCI for STEMI patients within the 12 hours after the onset of symptoms.</p>
      <p>In addition, the differences in NR incidence between the groups were not related to technical aspects of the PPCI procedure, such as characteristics of devices (balloons, stents and others), or strategy and duration of therapy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> that may affect the occurrence of NR due to distal embolization, since these parameters were not different between the groups. Also, adjunctive therapy (nitrates, adenosine) was used in similar proportions in the two groups. The use of manual thrombus aspiration device was more frequent in the placebo group, but since it was not a protocol-mandated procedure, this may only indicate that this was performed at the discretion of the operator (who was blinded to the infusion solution).</p>
      <p>Our sample calculation was mainly based on a previous clinical trial and a meta-analysis, reporting that only 35% of the STEMI patients treated with PPCI would achieve an optimal epicardial and myocardial perfusion, i.e., TIMI grade 3, MBG grade 2 or 3 and STR &gt; 70%, when the angiographic and electrocardiographic criteria are taken into consideration altogether . Therefore, NR would be present in 65% of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Our findings support the need of a more integrated and complementary use of all diagnostic criteria for NR. In fact, the differences of STR between the analyses at 90min and 24h show that NR exhibits a dynamic time behavior after PPCI, with a possible worsening of the condition at a later stage, as observed with one patient in the tirofiban group.</p>
      <p>The lower overall incidence of NR in our sample population in comparison with those studies on which our hypothesis was based may be due to the fact that oral dual antiplatelet therapy was not yet in widespread clinical practice in those studies. In fact, our results are consistent with the findings of other studies that showed that oral double antiplatelet therapy as a routine pre-PPCI management was superior to only ASA to prevent hard clinical endpoints in STEMI patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The results of the current study are also in line with those of a North American registry on more than 300,000 patients with STEMI treated with PPCI, reporting a NR frequency of only 2.3% according to the angiographic TIMI grade criteria. Of note, GPI was used in more than 70% of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> However , studies with abciximab that showed a benefit in mortality and reinfarction compared to placebo were performed when dual oral antiplatelet therapy had not yet been adopted in routine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and more recent studies with low molecular weight GPI reported similar results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The variability of the incidence and severity of NR reported in several studies may also be due to the use of only one of the two existing angiographic criteria. Also, there are disagreements between angiographic and electrocardiographic criteria, as we found in the present study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> For the assessment of myocardial reperfusion after PPCI, inadequate STR should be considered a more reliable criterion for NR than the angiographic one , because it carries inherent prognostic information.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Although in most of studies assessing NR with the STR criteria, only one analysis was performed after 1hour of treatment,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> we also analyzed STR at 24hours, considering that NR is a dynamic phenomenon in a sizeable proportion of patients. It is important to emphasize that these ECG analyses can be performed almost without additional cost, in contrast with the use of magnetic resonance, myocardial scintigraphy and doppler echocardiography , to assess myocardial reperfusion in the infarct area.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the results of this pilot study suggest that the in-lab upfront use of tirofiban in STEMI patients treated with PPCI may reduce the occurrence and severity of NR, and provide support for a definitive trial to assess the role of GPIs to prevent NR and reduce hard clinical endpoints in this context. The role of IIb/IIIa inhibitors also remains to be determined for patients being treated with novel antagonists of the P2Y12 receptor, such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, possibly in boluses administration to reduce the bleeding risk and to reduce the thrombotic risk during the initial gap in the effectiveness of the antiplatelet regimen. The recently approved inhibitor cangrelor may also constitute a valuable option in the context, due to the inherent fast onset and clearance of its antiplatelet effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>We acknowledge that the study has several limitations, such as a small sample size. Because of that, even with unrestricted randomization, one group (placebo) was larger than the other (intervention) group. In addition, it was left at the discretion of the operator to use resources such as manual thrombus aspiration device, which was used in 11 patients. Second, we did not measure serum cardiac enzymes to assess the occurrence of myocardial necrosis. Third, although drug eluting stents may now be considered the first choice in PPCI, only bare metal stents were available in our institutions, and we do not think that this would affect our short-term results. Finally, we did not assess patients' clinical data after hospital discharge, since their follow-up since then was performed by their referring physicians.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Igor Matos Lago, from Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):480-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carnethon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Simone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferguson</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flegal</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>480</fpage>
          <lpage>486</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Widimsky P, Wijns W, Fajadet J, De Belderm, Knot J, Aaberge L, et al; European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions. Reperfusion therapy for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in Europe: description of the current situation in 30 countries. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(8):943-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Widimsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wijns</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fajadet</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Belderm</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knot</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aaberge</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reperfusion therapy for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in Europe: description of the current situation in 30 countries</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>957</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CI. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;361(9351):13-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Keeley</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boura</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grines</surname>
              <given-names>CI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>361</volume>
          <issue>9351</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA. Coronary no-reflow phenomenon: from the experimental laboratory to the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Cath Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72(7):950-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rezkalla</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kloner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary no-reflow phenomenon: from the experimental laboratory to the cardiac catheterization laboratory</article-title>
          <source>Cath Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>950</fpage>
          <lpage>957</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Brosh D, Assali AR, Mager A, Porter A, Hasdai D, Teplitsky I. Effect of no reflow during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction on six-month mortality. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(4):442-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brosh</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assali</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mager</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porter</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasdai</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teplitsky</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of no reflow during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction on six-month mortality</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>442</fpage>
          <lpage>445</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Ndrepela G, Tiroch K, Keta D, Fusaro M, Seyfarth M, Pache J, et al. Predictive factors and impact of no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Intervent. 2010;3(1):27-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ndrepela</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tiroch</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keta</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fusaro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seyfarth</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pache</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive factors and impact of no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Intervent</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Nicoli G, Burzotta F, Galiuto L, Crea F. Myocardial no-reflow in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(4):281-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burzotta</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galiuto</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crea</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial no-reflow in humans</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>292</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Pocock ST. Clinical trials: a practical approach. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1983. p. 129-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pocock</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Clinical trials: a practical approach</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <publisher-loc>Chichester</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 STATACORP. Stata. Release 13 Statistical Software. College Station TX: Stata Corp LP; 2013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>STATACORP</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Stata. Release 13 Statistical Software</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <publisher-loc>College Station TX</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Stata Corp LP</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Van't Hof AW, Liem A, Surypranata H, Hoornntje JCA, Jan De Boer M, Zijlstra F. Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Angiographic assessment of myocardial reperfusion in patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: myocardial blush grade. Circulation. 1998;97(23):2302-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van't Hof</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liem</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Surypranata</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoornntje</surname>
              <given-names>JCA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jan De Boer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zijlstra</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Angiographic assessment of myocardial reperfusion in patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: myocardial blush grade</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2302</fpage>
          <lpage>2306</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Giugliano RP, Sabatine MS, Gibson CM, Roe MT, Harrington RA, Murphy SA. Combined assessment of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade, myocardial perfusion grade, and ST-segment resolution to evaluate epicardial and myocardial reperfusion. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(11):1362-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giugliano</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabatine</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roe</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrington</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combined assessment of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade, myocardial perfusion grade, and ST-segment resolution to evaluate epicardial and myocardial reperfusion</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1362</fpage>
          <lpage>1367</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 De Luca G, Ucci G, Cassetti E, Marino P. Benefits From Small Molecule Administration as Compared With Abciximab Among Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Angioplasty. A Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53(18):1668-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Luca</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ucci</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cassetti</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marino</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Benefits From Small Molecule Administration as Compared With Abciximab Among Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Angioplasty. A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1668</fpage>
          <lpage>1673</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Skyschally A, Leineweber K, Gres P, Haude M, Erbel R, Heusch G. Coronary microembolization. Basic Res Cardiol. 2006;101(5):373-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Skyschally</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leineweber</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gres</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haude</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erbel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heusch</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary microembolization</article-title>
          <source>Basic Res Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>382</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Burzotta F, Testa L, Giannico F, Biondi-Zoccai GGL, Trani C, Romagnoli E, et al. Adjunctive devices in primary or rescue PCI: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Cardiol. 2008;123(3):313-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burzotta</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Testa</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannico</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biondi-Zoccai</surname>
              <given-names>GGL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trani</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romagnoli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adjunctive devices in primary or rescue PCI: a meta-analysis of randomized trials</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>313</fpage>
          <lpage>321</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 McLaughlin MG, Stone GW, Aymong E, Gardner G, Mehran R, Lansky AJ, et al. Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications trial. Prognostic utility of comparative methods for assessment of ST-segment resolution after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(6):1215-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McLaughlin</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aymong</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehran</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lansky</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications trial. Prognostic utility of comparative methods for assessment of ST-segment resolution after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1215</fpage>
          <lpage>1223</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP, Xie JX, Pan HC, Peto R, et al; COMMIT (Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) Collaborative Group. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1607-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>LX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>YP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>JX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>COMMIT Collaborative Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <issue>9497</issue>
          <fpage>1607</fpage>
          <lpage>1621</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, L&#243;pez-Sendon JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, et al. Clopidogrel as Adjunctive Reperfusion Therapy (CLARITY)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 28 Investigators. Effect of clopidogrel pretreatment before percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolytics: the PCI-CLARITY study. JAMA. 2005;294(10):1224-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sabatine</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez-Sendon</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montalescot</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Theroux</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clopidogrel as Adjunctive Reperfusion Therapy (CLARITY)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 28 Investigators. Effect of clopidogrel pretreatment before percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>294</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1224</fpage>
          <lpage>1232</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Harrison RW, Aggarwal A, Fang-Shu O, Lloyd WK, Klein LW, Rumsfeld JS. Incidence and Outcomes of No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):178-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harrison</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang-Shu</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rumsfeld</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence and Outcomes of No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>178</fpage>
          <lpage>184</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Stone GW, Antoniucci D, Tcheng JE, Neumann FJ, et al. Abciximab as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2005;293(14):1759-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Luca</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suryapranata</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antoniucci</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tcheng</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neumann</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Abciximab as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>293</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1759</fpage>
          <lpage>1765</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Montalescot G, Antoniucci D, Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, Borentain M, Migliorini A, et al. Abciximab in primary coronary stenting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a European meta-analysis on individual patient's data with long-term follow-up. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(4):443-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montalescot</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antoniucci</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastrati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neumann</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borentain</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Migliorini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Abciximab in primary coronary stenting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a European meta-analysis on individual patient's data with long-term follow-up</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>443</fpage>
          <lpage>449</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 De Lemos JA, Braunwald E. ST segment resolution as a tool for assessing the efficacy of reperfusion therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(5):1283-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ST segment resolution as a tool for assessing the efficacy of reperfusion therapy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1283</fpage>
          <lpage>1294</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Schroder R. Prognostic impact of early ST-segment resolution in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;110(21):e506-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schroder</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic impact of early ST-segment resolution in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>e506</fpage>
          <lpage>e510</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Sorajja P, Gersh BJ, Costantini C, MacLaughlin MG, Zimetbaum P, Cox DA, et al. Combined prognostic utility of ST-segment recovery and myocardial blush after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(7):667-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sorajja</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costantini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacLaughlin</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimetbaum</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cox</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combined prognostic utility of ST-segment recovery and myocardial blush after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>667</fpage>
          <lpage>674</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Hamm CW, Stone GW, Gibson CM, Mahaffey KW, et al; CHAMPION Investigators. Effect of cangrelor on periprocedural outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions: a pooled analysis of patient-level data. Lancet. 2013;382(9909):1981-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatt</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamm</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahaffey</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>CHAMPION Investigators</collab>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of cangrelor on periprocedural outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions: a pooled analysis of patient-level data</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>9909</issue>
          <fpage>1981</fpage>
          <lpage>1992</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Angioplastia com e sem stent</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso de Tirofibana em Laborat&#243;rio pode Reduzir Ocorr&#234;ncia de n&#227;o Reperfus&#227;o Durante Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria. Um Estudo Piloto Randomizado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lago</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Caires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Badran</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Vannucchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Brolio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo Luiz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Moys&#233;s de Oliveira</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim, Franca, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Marin Neto</bold>, Rua Dr. Jo&#227;o Gomes Rocha, 880 - Apto.201, Edif&#237;cio Victoria Hill. CEP 14.020-550, Jardim Iraj&#225;, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil . E-mail: <email>jamarin@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marin_neto@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lago IM, Figueiredo GL, Lima Filho MO, Marin Neto JA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lago IM, Novaes GC, Badran AV, Pav&#227;o RB, Barbosa R, Figueiredo GL, Lima Filho MO, Haddad JL, Marin Neto JA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lago IM, Novaes GC, Figueiredo GL, Lima Filho MO, Marin Neto JA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lago IM, Lima Filho MO, Schmidt A, Marin Neto JA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lago IM, Lima Filho MO, Marin Neto JA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lago IM, Barbosa R, Lima Filho MO, Marin Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Mesmo com abertura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria culpada bem sucedida, a reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nem sempre sucede a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP). Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa s&#227;o usados no tratamento do fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o reperfus&#227;o (NR), mas seu papel para preveni-lo n&#227;o est&#225; comprovado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito da administra&#231;&#227;o, em laborat&#243;rio, de tirofibana sobre a incid&#234;ncia de NR em infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra do segmento ST (IAMCSST) tratado com ICPP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICPP foram randomizados (24 tirofibana e 34 placebo) neste estudo duplo-cego para avaliar o impacto de tirofibana intravenosa sobre a incid&#234;ncia de NR ap&#243;s ICPP de acordo com m&#233;todos angiogr&#225;ficos e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. Os desfechos do estudo foram: fluxo epic&#225;rdico TIMI (grau), grau de fluxo mioc&#225;rdico (MBG), resolu&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &lt; 70% (RST &lt; 70%) aos 90 minutos e 24 horas ap&#243;s ICPP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas basais eram equilibradas entre os grupos. A ocorr&#234;ncia de fluxo TIMI &lt; 3 n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos tirofibana (25%) e placebo (35,3%). MBG &#8804; 2 n&#227;o ocorreu no grupo tirofibana, e foi detectado em 11,7% dos pacientes do grupo placebo (p=0,13). RST &lt; 70% ocorreu em 41,6% x 55,8% (p=0.42) aos 90 minutos, e em 29% x 55,9% (p=0,06) em 24 horas nos grupos tirofibana e placebo, respectivamente. NR grave (RST &#8804; 30%) ocorreu em 0% x 26,5% (p=0,01) aos 90 minutos, e em 4,2% x 23,5% (p=0,06) em 24 horas nos grupos tirofibana e placebo, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Este estudo piloto mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o de NR associada ao uso, em laborat&#243;rio, de tirofibana em pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICPP, e abre caminho para um estudo em escala real que teste essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Complexo Glicoproteico CPIIb IIIa de Plaquetas</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Depois de morte s&#250;bita, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra do segmento ST (IAMCSST) &#233; a segunda apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais grave de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nos EUA e na Europa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Por mais de uma d&#233;cada, a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP) foi considerada o tratamento mais apropriado para restaurar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo do mioc&#225;rdio e, consequentemente, ter um impacto favor&#225;vel na sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Apesar de o fluxo coronariano epic&#225;rdico ser estabelecido na art&#233;ria culpada, em uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de pacientes, n&#227;o ocorre a reperfus&#227;o adequada do mioc&#225;rdio, fato conhecido como fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o reperfus&#227;o (FNR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O FNR exerce uma influ&#234;ncia negativa sobre a ICPP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> dada &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com uma &#225;rea de necrose mioc&#225;rdica mais extensa e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo irrevers&#237;vel mais intensa, os quais s&#227;o preditores independentes de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> V&#225;rias medidas terap&#234;uticas, incluindo abordagens farmacol&#243;gicas e aparelhos mec&#226;nicos foram utilizados no manejo dos dois principais mecanismos que levam ao FNR, o espasmo microvascular e a embolia distal por fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de placa e co&#225;gulos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No entanto, o papel de cada um desses recursos terap&#234;uticos, incluindo o uso dos inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na (IGP) IIb/IIIa, ainda &#233; inconcluso, especialmente para a preven&#231;&#227;o de FNR. Assim, considerando o atual manejo terap&#234;utico de pacientes com IAMCSST, que inclui terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla e agentes antitromb&#243;ticos, seria apropriada uma investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre o uso em laborat&#243;rio de um IGP convencionais para diminuir a ocorr&#234;ncia de FNR, especialmente quando stents s&#227;o implantados, como ocorre na maioria dos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Esse foi o escopo deste estudo piloto randomizado, que comparou a incid&#234;ncia de FNR em pacientes com IAMCSST, tratados com ICPP e tirofibana ou placebo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>De agosto de 2011 a janeiro de 2014, 64 pacientes com IAMCSST, encaminhados pelo sistema de sa&#250;de de emerg&#234;ncia, foram recrutados em dois hospitais terci&#225;rios, um em Ribeir&#227;o Preto e um em Franca, no estado de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Os pacientes ou respons&#225;veis assinaram termos de consentimento informado, aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, respons&#225;vel pelos dois hospitais participantes no estudo (Processo 2495/2010).</p>
        <p>Usando um sistema centralizado de randomiza&#231;&#227;o simples, 58 pacientes foram randomizados para receberem infus&#245;es intravenosas de tirofibana (n=24), ou placebo (n=34), de forma duplo-cega. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o consistiram em: idade &#8805; 18 anos, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 20 minutos e &lt; 12 horas, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 1mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas ou prov&#225;vel bloqueio novo do ramo esquerdo. Seis dos pacientes encaminhados foram exclu&#237;dos com base nos seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: choque cardiog&#234;nico, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio na mesma parede ventricular como o evento coron&#225;rio atual, di&#225;tese hemorr&#225;gica, coma, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica grave ou insufici&#234;ncia renal grave (creatinina &gt; 3,0 mg/dL), contraindica&#231;&#245;es para o uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, clopidogrel ou heparina, expectativa de vida &lt; 1 ano, grande cirurgia h&#225; menos de 3 meses, acidente vascular cerebral h&#225; menos de 30 dias, aneurisma intracraniano pr&#233;vio ou malforma&#231;&#227;o arteriovenosa, trauma grave h&#225; menos de 6 semanas, uso de anticoagulante, incapacidade para dar consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
        <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, um enfermeiro preparou as solu&#231;&#245;es de infus&#227;o, as quais n&#227;o foram identificadas aos demais investigadores. Logo que os pacientes chegaram ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, placebo ou tirofibana (25mcg/kg) foi administrado por via endovenosa, em <italic>bolus</italic> de 10 mL por 3 minutos. Nos dois tratamentos, volumes iguais foram infundidos por 12 horas, de modo que a tirofibina foi administrada na dose de 0,15mcg/Kg/min. Heparina n&#227;o fracionada foi administrada em <italic>bolus</italic> na dose de 70U/Kg para os pacientes do grupo da tirofibina, e na dose de 100U/Kg no grupo placebo, pelo mesmo enfermeiro que preparou as solu&#231;&#245;es. Todos os outros procedimentos cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais relacionados &#224; ICPP, tais como medica&#231;&#245;es, uso de cateter de aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombo e exames laboratoriais ficaram a crit&#233;rio do intervencionista. O procedimento terap&#234;utico limitou-se &#224; art&#233;ria culpada relacionada ao infarto. O FNR foi diagnosticado por avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica do fluxo epic&#225;rdico TIMI e fluxo mioc&#225;rdico (<italic>myocardial blush grade</italic>, MBG), pelo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel durante a ICPP, para avaliar a necessidade de outros medicamentos, incluindo a administra&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de nitroglicerina, adenosina ou verapamil. Ap&#243;s a ICPP, foi realizada uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica a cegas do grau do fluxo epic&#225;rdico e de MBG, com consenso de dois intervencionistas experientes. Eles tamb&#233;m avaliaram, a cegas, a ocorr&#234;ncia de NR pela an&#225;lise da resolu&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma 90 minutos e 24 horas ap&#243;s a ICPP. Em caso de discord&#226;ncia, uma terceira opini&#227;o era convocada a fim de se atingir um consenso. Os intervalos de tempo avaliados no estudo inclu&#237;ram o tempo decorrido do in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica at&#233; a chegada &#224; sala de emerg&#234;ncia, tempo desde a dor inicial at&#233; a chegada ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, e dura&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos. Complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram registradas.</p>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado pressupondo-se uma incid&#234;ncia de FNR de 70% no grupo placebo, com base em uma resolu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &gt; 70% (sem resolu&#231;&#227;o) aos 90 minutos ap&#243;s a ICPP. A hip&#243;tese do estudo foi que, utilizando esse crit&#233;rio, a incid&#234;ncia de NR seria reduzida em 50% no grupo tirofibana, <italic>i.e</italic>., uma incid&#234;ncia esperada de aproximadamente 35%, com poder de 80% e alfa bicaudal de 0,05. O c&#225;lculo resultou em um total de 56 pacientes, com 28 em cada grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o programa STATA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de cada vari&#225;vel foi analisada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk; as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em valores absolutos e frequ&#234;ncia (n) e porcentagem (%). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com e sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram analisadas pelo teste param&#233;trico teste <italic>t</italic> de Student e teste Mann-Whitney, respectivamente. O teste qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher foram usados para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. An&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para identificar preditores independentes de resolu&#231;&#227;o do ST p&#243;s-ICPP, com as seguintes vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas: uso de tirofibana/placebo; tempo de in&#237;cio da ICPP, tempo decorrido desde o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica; fluxo TIMI (<italic>Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction</italic>), administra&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de nitrato e adenosina; uso de cateteres para aspira&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de trombos; p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o do stent durante ICPP. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 foi usado para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 64 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 6 foram exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s randomiza&#231;&#227;o - 3 por viola&#231;&#245;es do protocolo, 1 por aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o culpada, e 1 por choque cardiog&#234;nico subsequente. Dos 58 pacientes remanescentes, 34 foram alocados para o grupo placebo e 24 para o grupo tirofibana. As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais, incluindo uso pr&#233;vio de medicamentos, foram similares entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos 3 pacientes com eventos coronarianos, todos pertenciam ao grupo tirofibana e se submeterem &#224; ICPP pr&#233;via (p=0,06). O uso de coca&#237;na foi identificado em um paciente do grupo placebo (p=0,01). A maioria dos pacientes de ambos os grupos chegou ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo em menos de 6 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas (83,3% no grupo tirofibana e 77,6% no grupo placebo), e a maioria foram classificados como classe Killip-Kimball I ou II.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Tirofibana (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">&#182;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">Placebo (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">&#937;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">24 (41,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (58,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">59,5 (&#177;10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">58,3 (&#177;11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,70) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#354;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">19 (79,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (88,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,46) <bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#402;</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caucasianos</td>
                <td align="center">22 (91,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (79,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,28) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC &#8805; 30</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20,8 %)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">16 (66,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (67,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,84) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#967;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumantes</td>
                <td align="center">13 (54,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (47,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,79) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#967;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">10 (41,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (32,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,58) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#967;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,26) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,49) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">10 (41,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (44,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=1,00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipoglicemiante oral</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,33) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,14) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AAS</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=1,00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,38) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; p: valor-p;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>&#402;</label>
              <p>valor-p calculado pelo teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>&#354;</label>
              <p>valor-p calculado pelo teste t de Student (CI 95% 4,86-7,26);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>&#935;</label>
              <p>valor-p calculado pelo teste qui-quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>Porcentagem do grupo tirofibana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <label>&#937;</label>
              <p>porcentagem do grupo placebo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 2</xref> apresenta aspectos t&#233;cnicos do procedimento de cateterismo card&#237;aco pela art&#233;ria radial direita em 23 (95,8%) dos pacientes que receberam tirofibana e em 31 (91,2%) dos pacientes que receberam placebo (p=1,00). Em 57 pacientes (98,3%), foi introduzido um cateter guia de 6F. Pelo protocolo, todos os pacientes de ambos os grupos foram tratados com ASA 200 mg e clopidogrel 300 mg antes do in&#237;cio do cateterismo card&#237;aco. Ventriculografia esquerda com contraste foi realizada no final do procedimento em 44 (75,6%) pacientes, 19 (79,2%) do grupo tirofibana e 25 (73,5%) do grupo placebo. Insufici&#234;ncia moderada da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) ocorreu em 15 (60%) pacientes do grupo placebo, contra 5 (26,3%) do grupo tirofibana (p=0,03). N&#227;o foram observadas outras diferen&#231;as angiogr&#225;ficas ao comparar os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>), incluindo a dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento de diagn&#243;stico, com m&#233;dia de 16,7 (&#177;11,2) minutos no grupo tirofibana e 13,7 (&#177;9,8) minutos no grupo placebo (p=0,11).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do cateterismo diagn&#243;stico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">VE/FE</th>
                <th align="center">(19 Tirofibana) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">&#182;</xref></sup> (%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">&#965;</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">(25 Placebo) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">&#937;</xref></sup> (%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">&#965;</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,34) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">31-40%</td>
                <td align="center">5 (26,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,03) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">41-50%</td>
                <td align="center">6 (31,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,73) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem Ventriculografia</td>
                <td align="center">5 (26,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,53) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Padr&#227;o e grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal da DAC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">UNIARTERIAL</td>
                <td align="center">14 (58,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (61,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=1,00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BIARTERIAL</td>
                <td align="center">7 (29,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,76) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRIARTERIAL</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=1,00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">100 %</td>
                <td align="center">19 (79,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (85,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,73) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">71 - 99 %</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,46) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">51 - 70 %</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=1,00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <p>VE: ventriculografia esquerda; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; p: valor-p;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>&#402;</label>
              <p>valor-p calculado pelo teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <label>&#965;</label>
              <p>somente para pacientes submetidos &#224; VE;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN32">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>porcentagem do grupo tirofibana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN33">
              <label>&#937;</label>
              <p>porcentagem do grupo placebo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento terap&#234;utico s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref>. Todos os pacientes submeteram-se &#224;s mesmas abordagens arteriais, com os mesmos introdutores utilizados nos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos. Em todos os procedimentos, foram utilizados somente stents met&#225;licos convencionais, com uma taxa similar em ambos os grupos, 1,37 stent/paciente no grupo tirofibana, e 1,29 stent/paciente no grupo placebo (p=0,75). ICPP somente com bal&#227;o foi usado em um paciente apenas, alocado no grupo tirofibana. Uma tend&#234;ncia de maior ocorr&#234;ncia de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o do stent foi observada no grupo placebo (p=0,06). O tempo decorrido desde a chegada dos pacientes no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo at&#233; o in&#237;cio da administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de tirofibana ou placebo foi similar entre os grupos, 6,26 (&#177;3,1) minutos no grupo tirofibana e 8,52 (&#177;6,4) minutos no grupo placebo. A frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foi similar entre os grupos: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 90 mmHg em 5 (20,8%) pacientes do grupo tirofibana, em 5 (14,7%) pacientes do grupo placebo (p=0,73); frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt; 100bpm em 4 (16,6%) pacientes do grupo tirofibana e em 2 (5,8%) pacientes do grupo placebo (p=0,22); bradiarritmia em 4 (16,6%) pacientes do grupo tirofibana e em 1 (2,9%) do grupo placebo (p=0,15). Um (1,7%) paciente do grupo tirofibana teve parada card&#237;aca com ressuscita&#231;&#227;o bem sucedida (p=0,41); hipotens&#227;o grave ou choque esteve presente em 3 (12,5%) pacientes do grupo tirofibana e em 2 (5,8%) do grupo placebo (p=0,6); pequeno hematoma no local do acesso venoso, segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o do TIMI, esteve presente em 4 (16,6%) pacientes do grupo tirofibana, e 3 (8,8%) do grupo placebo (p=0,43); AVC hemorr&#225;gico ocorreu em 1 paciente do grupo placebo 3 dias ap&#243;s ICPP (p=1,00). A dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento terap&#234;utico foi similar em ambos os grupos, 31,8 (&#177; 20,2) minutos no grupo tirofibana e 35,41 (&#177; 22,7) minutos no grupo placebo (p=0,47). Aspira&#231;&#227;o manual de trombo durante o procedimento terap&#234;utico e o uso de outras medica&#231;&#245;es foram similares em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento terap&#234;utico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">ICPP</th>
                <th align="center">Tirofibana (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">&#182;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">Placebo (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN39">&#937;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stent direto</td>
                <td align="center">7 (29,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (41,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,41) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">17 (70,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (58,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,41) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,06) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o m&#225;xima no stent</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177;2,1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">&#965;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">13,8&#177;2,4</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,10) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">&#931;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 12</td>
                <td align="center">16 (20,%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">&#965;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">10 (12,9%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">&#965;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,03) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">13 a 15</td>
                <td align="center">11 (37,9%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">&#965;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">22 (52,4%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">&#965;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,18) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805;16</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,8%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">&#965;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">12 (15,6%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">&#965;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,42) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Terapia do nr</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitroglicerina</td>
                <td align="center">7 (29,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (38,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,58) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adenosina</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (29,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,21) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspira&#231;&#227;o manual do trombo</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=1,00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN34">
              <p>ICPP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria; NR: n&#227;o reperfus&#227;o; p: valor-p;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN35">
              <label>&#931;</label>
              <p>valor-p calculado pelo teste Mann-Whitney;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN36">
              <label>&#402;</label>
              <p>valor-p calculado pelo teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN37">
              <label>&#965;</label>
              <p>n&#250;mero de valores enviados somente para pacientes submetidos &#224; VE;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN38">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>porcentagem de pacientes do grupo tirofibana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN39">
              <label>&#937;</label>
              <p>porcentagem de pacientes do grupo placebo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o alcan&#231;ada pela ICPP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">GRAUS TIMI/MBG </th>
                <th align="center">Tirofibana (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">&#182;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">Placebo (%) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#937;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>TIMI PR&#201;-ICPP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0-2 x 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">22 (91,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (85,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=1,00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>TIMI P&#211;S-ICPP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0-2 x 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,40) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">18 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (61,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>MBG PR&#201;-ICPP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0-1 x 2-3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">22 (91,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (85,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=1,00) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>MBG POST-PPCI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0-1 x 2-3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,13) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">11 (45,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (29,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">13 (54,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (58,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ECG/STR</td>
                <td align="center">90 min</td>
                <td align="center">90 min</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No STR (&lt;30%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(26,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,01) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STR (71-100%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (58,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (44,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0.42) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ECG/STR</td>
                <td align="center">24h</td>
                <td align="center">24h</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No STR (&lt;30%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0,06) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STR (71-100%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (71%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (44,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">(=0.06) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">&#402;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN40">
              <p>TIM: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction) segundo o grupo de estudo TIMI (1985); MBG: grau de opacifica&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio segundo o grupo de estudo Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group (VAN&#8217;T HOF AW,1998); ICPP: Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria; ECG: eletrocardiograma; RST: resolu&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; No STR: n&#250;mero da resolu&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN41">
              <label>&#402;</label>
              <p>compara&#231;&#227;o TIMI0 e 1 versus TIMI 2 e 3, MBG 0 e 1 versus MBG 2 e 3, e pacientes com e sem RST aos 90 minutos e em 24 horas pelo teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN42">
              <p>&#354;:= valor-p calculado pelo teste t de Student (IC 95%,0,32-31,28);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN43">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>porcentagem de pacientes do grupo Tirofibana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN44">
              <label>&#937;</label>
              <p>porcentagem de pacientes do grupo placebo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos do fluxo sangu&#237;neo epic&#225;rdico (fluxo TIMI) &lt;3, a incid&#234;ncia de NR no final da ICPP n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos: 6 pacientes do grupo tirofibana (25%) e 12 (35,3%) do grupo placebo. Pelos crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos do MBG &lt; 2 no final da ICPP, FNR n&#227;o ocorreu em nenhum paciente do grupo tirofibana, mas foi detectado em 4 pacientes do grupo placebo (11,7%), sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Pelos crit&#233;rios do ECG de STR &lt;70%, o FNR ocorreu em 10 pacientes (41,6%) no grupo tirofibana e 19 pacientes (56%) no grupo placebo aos 90 minutos ap&#243;s a ICPP (p=0,42). Ainda, 7 (29%) dos pacientes do grupo tirofibana e 19 (55,8%) do grupo placebo atingiram o crit&#233;rio para NR em 24 horas (p=0,06). Quando o crit&#233;rio para FNR grave (STR&lt;30%) foi usado, nenhum paciente do grupo tirofibana e 9 (26,5%) do grupo placebo atingiram esse crit&#233;rio aos 90 minutos, e 1 (4,2%) do grupo tirofibana e 8 (23,5%) do grupo placebo apresentaram FNR grave em 24 horas (p=0,06).</p>
        <p>Nenhuma vari&#225;vel, incluindo tratamento com tirofibana ou p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o do stent durante ICP, teve valor preditivo para a ocorr&#234;ncia de NR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar da pequena amostra do estudo, a randomiza&#231;&#227;o assegurou a homogeneidade entre os dois grupos experimentais para todas as caracter&#237;sticas basais, tais como idade, g&#234;nero, obesidade ou sobrepeso, fatores de risco para DAC, uso pr&#233;vio de medicamentos anti-isqu&#234;micos e antiateroscler&#243;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a ida ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, e outras caracter&#237;sticas que possam influenciar os resultados da ICPP (p.ex. gravidade da DAC, extens&#227;o e dura&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos) foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos. Somente depress&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi mais marcante no grupo placebo, que pode ser reflexo de uma pior condi&#231;&#227;o basal, ou resultado de uma ICPP menos efetiva.</p>
        <p>Como esperado, o grau de fluxo coronariano epic&#225;rdico pr&#233;-ICPP e o grau de fluxo do mioc&#225;rdio, expressos como TIMI-0 e MBG-0, foram predominantes em ambos os grupos. Em um pequeno n&#250;mero de casos, observamos que a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria culpada j&#225; havia sido iniciada no momento da angiografia diagn&#243;stica.</p>
        <p>Considerando o crit&#233;rio angiogr&#225;fico, o FNR foi diagnosticado em 32,8% dos pacientes, 25% do grupo tirofibana e 38,3% do grupo placebo (fluxo TIMI &lt; 3). Essa incid&#234;ncia de NR &#233; mais alta que a predita na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por outro lado, pelo crit&#233;rio angiogr&#225;fico de reperfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (MBG &lt; 2), FNR foi detectado em apenas 7,8% dos pacientes (todos do grupo placebo), incid&#234;ncia similar &#224; relatada em estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Apesar de essas diferen&#231;as entre grupos n&#227;o haverem atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, elas mostram uma tend&#234;ncia para um melhor resultado da ICPP no grupo tratado com tirofibana, o que difere de achados pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Ainda, esses resultados confirmam que an&#225;lises angiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o capazes de detectar apenas em parte a ocorr&#234;ncia de FNR. Quando o crit&#233;rio eletrocardiogr&#225;fico para FNR (STR &lt; 70%) foi usado, a primeira an&#225;lise aos 90 minutos levou ao diagn&#243;stico de FNR em 29 (50%) pacientes, 10 (41,6%) no grupo tirofibana, e 10 (55,8%) no grupo placebo; e a segunda an&#225;lise em 24 horas levou ao diagn&#243;stico de FNR em 26 pacientes (45%), 7 (29,2%) no grupo tirofibana, e 19 (56%) no grupo placebo. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas, mas houve uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de NR no grupo tirofibana (p=0,06). Quando a gravidade do FNR foi avaliada considerando um STR &lt; 30%, FNR grave n&#227;o foi detectado no grupo tirofibana aos 90 minutos, mas ocorreu em 9 (26,5%) pacientes do grupo placebo aos 90 minutos (p=0,01). Al&#233;m disso, em 24 horas, FNR grave esteve presente em 1 (4,2%) paciente que recebeu tirofibana e em 8 (23,5%) pacientes que receberam placebo (p=0,06). Esses achados tamb&#233;m corroboram uma poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o de FNR quando a tirofibana &#233; administrada precocemente durante a ICPP para pacientes com IAMCSST nas primeiras 12 horas de in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, as diferen&#231;as na incid&#234;ncia de NR entre os grupos n&#227;o estavam relacionadas a aspectos t&#233;cnicos do procedimento de ICPP, tais como caracter&#237;sticas dos instrumentos (bal&#245;es, stents, e outros), ou estrat&#233;gias e dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> que podem afetar a ocorr&#234;ncia de NR por embolia distal, uma vez que esses par&#226;metros n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos. Aspira&#231;&#227;o manual de trombo foi realizada com mais frequ&#234;ncia no grupo placebo; esse fato, no entanto, pode indicar apenas que o procedimento tenha sido realizado a crit&#233;rio do operador (que desconhecia a solu&#231;&#227;o de infus&#227;o), uma vez que a execu&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento n&#227;o estava estabelecida no protocolo.</p>
        <p>Nossa amostra foi calculada com base em um ensaio cl&#237;nico e uma metan&#225;lise, que relataram que somente 35% dos pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICPP alcan&#231;ariam &#243;tima perfus&#227;o do epic&#225;rdio e do mioc&#225;rdio, i.e., fluxo TIMI 3, MBG 2 ou 3 e STR &gt; 70%, quando os crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o considerados em conjunto. Nossos achados corroboram a necessidade do uso mais integrado e complementar de todos os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para NR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> De fato, as diferen&#231;as de STR entre as an&#225;lises no tempo 90 minutos e 24 horas demonstram que o NR exibe um comportamento temporal din&#226;mico, com poss&#237;vel piora do quadro em um momento mais tardio, como ocorrido com um dos pacientes do grupo tirofibana.</p>
        <p>A menor incid&#234;ncia de NR em nossa amostra em compara&#231;&#227;o com os estudos em que nossa hip&#243;tese foi baseada pode ser devido ao fato de a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla n&#227;o ser ainda uma pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica amplamente realizada. Nossos resultados s&#227;o consistentes com os achados de outros estudos que mostraram que a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla como um manejo pr&#233;-ICPP de rotina foi superior isolado ao AAS na preven&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos graves em pacientes com IAMCSST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os resultados do presente estudo est&#227;o tamb&#233;m de acordo com os do registro norte americano de mais de 300.000 pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICPP, relatando uma frequ&#234;ncia de NR de somente 2,3% de acordo com o crit&#233;rio angiogr&#225;fico TIMI. Importante destacar que o IGP foi usado em mais de 70% desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Por outro lado, estudos com abciximab que mostraram um benef&#237;cio na mortalidade e reinfarto em compara&#231;&#227;o a placebo foram realizados quando a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla ainda n&#227;o havia sido adotada na rotina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e estudos mais recentes usando IGP de baixo peso molecular relataram resultados similares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A variabilidade da incid&#234;ncia e gravidade de NR relatada em v&#225;rios estudos pode ser devido tamb&#233;m ao uso de apenas um dos dois crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos existentes. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; discord&#226;ncias entre crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, como encontramos no presente estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s a ICPP, STR inadequado pode ser considerado um crit&#233;rio mais confi&#225;vel que o angiogr&#225;fico, por carregar informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica inerente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Apesar de que na maioria dos estudos que avaliaram NR com crit&#233;rio STR, somente uma an&#225;lise tenha sido realizada ap&#243;s 1 hora p&#243;s-tratamento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> n&#243;s tamb&#233;m analisamos STR em 24 horas, considerando que NR &#233; um fen&#244;meno din&#226;mico em uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de pacientes. &#201; importante enfatizar que as an&#225;lises de FNR foram realizadas praticamente sem custo adicional, diversamente dos exames de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, e ecocardiografia com doppler para avaliar reperfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio na &#225;rea infartada.</p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os resultados deste estudo piloto sugerem que o uso em laborat&#243;rio de tirofibana em pacientes com IAMCSST antes da ICPP pode reduzir a ocorr&#234;ncia e gravidade de NR. Al&#233;m disso, fornecem dados para um estudo que avalie o papel de IGPs na preven&#231;&#227;o de NR e redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos graves. O papel dos inibidores IIb/IIIa precisa ainda ser esclarecido em pacientes tratados com novos antagonistas do receptor P2Y12, tais como prasugrel e ticagrelor, possivelmente em administra&#231;&#227;o em bolus para reduzir o risco de sangramento e reduzir o risco tromb&#243;tico durante a baixa efetividade inicial dos regimes antiplaquet&#225;rios. Cangrelor, um inibidor recentemente aprovado, poder ser uma op&#231;&#227;o valiosa nesse contexto, devido ao pronto in&#237;cio e r&#225;pida depura&#231;&#227;o de seu efeito antiplaquet&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Reconhecemos que o estudo possui v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es, a exemplo do pequeno tamanho amostral. Por esse motivo, mesmo com a randomiza&#231;&#227;o simples, um grupo (placebo) resultou maior que o outro grupo (interven&#231;&#227;o). Al&#233;m disso, deixamos a crit&#233;rio do operador o uso de recursos como a aspira&#231;&#227;o manual de trombo, realizada em 11 pacientes. Segundo, n&#243;s n&#227;o medimos enzimas card&#237;acas s&#233;ricas para avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Terceiro, apesar de stents farmacol&#243;gicos serem considerados a primeira escolha em ICPP, somente stents met&#225;licos n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicos eram dispon&#237;veis em nossas institui&#231;&#245;es, embora n&#227;o haja evid&#234;ncias de que comprometam os resultados a curto prazo. Finalmente, n&#227;o avaliamos os dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes ap&#243;s alta hospitalar, uma vez que tal acompanhamento foi realizado pelos m&#233;dicos que os encaminharam &#224;s institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de Doutorado de Igor Matos Lago pelo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
