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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">c5YppzTJ7zXX9Vmqs8pMdJr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400392</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160173</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>III SBC Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports - Executive Summary</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Horacio Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heart Institute (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Pastore</bold>, MD, PhD, FESC, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - AB, Heart Institute (InCor) - HCFMUSP, Clinical Unit of Electrocardiography, Tel.: 55(11) 2661-5598, Fax: 55(11) 3062-0343. Email address: <email>ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>392</fpage>
      <lpage>402</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The third version of the guidelines covers recently described topics, such as ion channel diseases, acute ischemic changes, the electrocardiogram in athletes, and analysis of ventricular repolarization. It sought to revise the criteria for overloads, conduction disorders, and analysis of data for internet transmission.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Outcome Assessment (Health Care)</kwd>
        <kwd>Guidelines</kwd>
        <kwd>Abstracts</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Electrocardiographic report<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Descriptive report</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>analysis of the rhythm and quantification of the heart rate (HR).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>analysis of the duration, amplitude and morphology of the P wave, and duration of the PR interval.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>determination of the electrical axis of P, QRS, and T.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>analysis of the duration, amplitude, and morphology of the QRS complex.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>analysis of ventricular repolarization and description of ST-T, QT, and U changes, when present.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>Conclusive report</bold> - Synthesis of the diagnoses listed in these guidelines.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Analysis of the cardiac rhythm</title>
      <p><bold>Sinus Rhythm (SR)</bold> - Rhythm observed by the occurrence of positive P waves in the D1, D2, and aVF leads.</p>
      <p><bold>Cardiac Arrhythmia</bold> - Change in frequency, formation, and/or conduction of the electrical impulse across the myocardium.</p>
      <p><bold>Supraventricular arrhythmia -</bold> Rhythm that originates above the junction between the atrioventricular (AV) node and the bundle of His.</p>
      <p><bold>Ventricular arrhythmia -</bold> Rhythm that originates below the bifurcation of the bundle of His, usually visualized as a widened QRS.</p>
      <p><bold>Frequency and Rhythm of the Sinus P Wave</bold> - Normal HR range: 50-100 bpm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Sinus bradycardia (SB)</italic></bold> - Heart rate under 50 bpm.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Sinus tachycardia</italic></bold> - Heart rate above 100 bpm.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Sinus arrhythmia (SA)</italic></bold> - Usually physiological, depends on the autonomous nervous system and is characterized by a variation in the PP intervals.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Normal ventricular activation</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Definition of normal QRS</italic></bold> - Duration &lt; 120 ms and amplitude between 5 and 20 mm (frontal plane) and between 10 and 30 mm (precordial leads), with normal orientation of the electrical axis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Normal electrical axis in the frontal plane</italic></bold> - Normal limits of the electrical axis (frontal plane): between -30&#176; and +90&#176;.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Normal ventricular activation in the horizontal plane</italic></bold> - Characteristic: transition from the rS morphology, characteristic of V1, to a typical qR in V6, with r progressively increasing to the maximum in V5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Ventricular repolarization</italic></bold> - This ECG analysis is extremely complex, as it represents the interaction of various systems that are expressed in the segments and in the electrical waves.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Normal ventricular repolarization</italic></bold> - Period between the end of the QRS to the end of the T wave or the U wave, when present. Within this period, analyze:</p>
        <p><italic>J point</italic> - End point of the QRS when intersecting with the ST segment.</p>
        <p><italic>ST segment</italic> - Portion of the ECG between the QRS complex and the T wave.</p>
        <p><italic>T wave</italic> - Asymmetric wave with slow onset and fast ending, positive in almost all leads.</p>
        <p><italic>U wave</italic> - Last and smallest deflection in the ECG; when present, it occurs soon after the T wave and before the P wave of the next cycle, with the same polarity as the T wave.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>QT interval (QT) and corrected QT interval (QTc) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</title>
          <p><italic>QT</italic> - Measurement from the beginning of the QRS to the end of the T wave; represents the total duration of the ventricular electrical activity.</p>
          <p><italic>QTc</italic> - Since the QT varies according to the HR, it is usually corrected (QTc) by the Bazett's formula, where:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0392-60173-e01.jpg"/></disp-formula>
          <p><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref> QT measured in milliseconds and RR distance measured in seconds.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Variants of ventricular repolarization: e arly repolarization pattern</italic></bold> - Characterized by a J-point elevation &#8805; 1 mm, leading to a lack of coincidence between the QRS and the baseline, generating an ST segment with an upper concavity in at least two contiguous precordial leads, with values also &#8805; 1 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of supraventricular arrhythmias</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Supraventricular Arrhythmias</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Presence of sinus P wave</title>
            <p><italic>Sinus arrest(SA)</italic> - A pause in sinus activity &gt; 1.5 times the basic PP cycle.</p>
            <p><italic>Second-degree sinoatrial block</italic> - Leads to a lack of registration of the P wave in a cycle. Type I sinoatrial block (SAB I) is characterized by PP cycles progressively shorter until the blockade occurs. Type II sinoatrial block (SAB II) shows no difference between the PP cycles and the pause corresponds to two previous PP cycles. First-degree sinoatrial blocks are not visible on standard ECG. Third-degree blocks are observed as an atrial or junctional escape rhythm.</p>
            <p><italic>Interatrial blocks</italic> - Conduction delay between the right and left atria, which can be of first degree (P-wave duration &#8805; 120 ms), third degree or advanced (P-wave duration &#8805; 120 ms, biphasic or with a plus-minus morphology in the inferior wall, related to supraventricular arrhythmias, Bay&#233;s syndrome), and second degree, when these patterns appear transiently.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
            <p><italic>Pauses</italic> - Tracing pauses may be related to the occurrence of sinus arrest, nonconducted atrial extrasystole, sinoatrial block, and AV block.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Occurrence of a non-sinus P wave before the QRS complex</title>
            <p><italic>Ectopic atrial rhythm -</italic> Originates in the atrium but in a different location than that of the anatomic region of the sinus node.</p>
            <p><italic>Multifocal atrial rhythm -</italic> Originates in multiple atrial foci, with an HR &lt; 100 bpm, recognized in the ECG by the presence of &#8805; 3 P-wave morphologies.</p>
            <p><italic>Atrial escape beat</italic> - Beat of atrial origin consequent to a temporary inhibition of the sinus node, generated to compensate for the absence of sinus activity.</p>
            <p><italic>Atrial extrasystole(AE)</italic> - Early atrial ectopic beat.</p>
            <p><italic>Blocked atrial extrasystole</italic> - Ectopic beat originating in the atrium which cannot be conducted to the ventricle; therefore, a QRS complex is not generated.</p>
            <p><italic>Atrial tachycardia</italic> - Atrial rhythm originating in a region other than the sinus node, characterized by the occurrence of a different P wave than that of the sinus, with an atrial rate &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
            <p><italic>Multifocal atrial tachycardia</italic> - Presents the same characteristics as those of multifocal atrial rhythm, with an atrial rate &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Absence of an antegrade P wave</title>
            <p><italic>Atrial fibrillation(AF)</italic> - Disorganized atrial electrical activity, with an atrial rate between 450 and 700 cycles/min and a variable ventricular response. The baseline can be isoelectric, with fine or coarse irregularities, or a combination of these changes ("f" waves).</p>
            <p><italic>Atrial flutter</italic> - Organized atrial electrical activity; the most common type has a counterclockwise direction with frequencies between 240 and 340 bpm (Type I) and a characteristic "F" wave pattern with a sawtooth pattern, which is negative in the inferior leads and generally positive in V1.</p>
            <p><italic>Junctional rhythm</italic> - Supplementary or replacement rhythm originating in the AV junction, with a similar morphology and duration of the baseline rhythm.</p>
            <p><italic>Junctional extrasystole</italic> - Early ectopic beat originating in the AV junction.</p>
            <p><italic>Typical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)</italic> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Arises in the AV node secondary to nodal reentry, and the circuit uses a fast retrograde pathway and a slow antegrade pathway. If the baseline QRS is normal and narrow, we may observe pseudo "s" waves in the inferior wall and an rSr' (pseudo r') morphology in V1 during tachycardia.</p>
            <p><italic>Atypical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia</italic> - The origin location and the circuit are similar to those of typical AVNRT, but the direction of the activation is reversed.</p>
            <p><italic>Orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia</italic> - Uses the normal conduction system in the anterograde direction and an accessory pathway in the retrograde direction. The QRS is generally narrow, and the P wave is retrograde, usually located in the ST segment.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Supraventricular arrhythmias with a wide QRS complex</title>
            <p><italic>Aberrant conduction</italic> - Supraventricular stimulus with compromised regional propagation in the conduction system, generating a QRS complex with a bundle-branch block morphology.</p>
            <p><italic>Atrial extrasystole with aberrant conduction</italic> - Atrial beat with a P wave followed by a QRS with a bundle-branch block morphology.</p>
            <p><italic>Supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction</italic> - Generic denomination for the aforementioned tachycardias presenting with aberrant conduction.</p>
            <p><italic>Antidromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia</italic> - Uses an accessory pathway in an anterograde direction and the conduction system in a retrograde direction; aberrant QRS; is characterized by the morphologic pattern of preexcitation evident in QRS complexes.</p>
            <p><italic>Criteria to differentiate wide QRS complex tachycardias</italic> -(13 )The diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia (VT) includes the presence of an AV dissociation, with greater ventricular than atrial rate, or the presence of fusion and capture beats, as well as the presence of tachycardia with wide QRS in the occurrence of a prior acute myocardial infarction. When these signs are absent, algorithms such as those by Brugada and Vereckei, are available to help differentiate these tachycardias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Analysis of ventricular arrhythmias</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ventricular Arrhythmias</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Ventricular parasystole</italic></bold> - Beat that originates in a ventricular focus and competes with the physiological heart rhythm (a parallel pacemaker with a permanent entry block and an occasional exit block).</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Idioventricular escape rhythm</italic></bold> - Rhythm that originates in the ventricle, with an HR &lt; 40 bpm, replacing anatomically higher rhythms that are temporarily inhibited.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Ventricular escape beat(s)</italic></bold> - Beat(s) originating in the ventricle as a consequence of temporary inhibition of anatomically higher rhythms; occur late, since they are subsidiary.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Idioventricular accelerated rhythm (IVAR)</italic></bold> - Originates in the ventricle (wide QRS), with an HR &gt; 40 bpm, as a result of increased automaticity.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Ventricular extrasystole (VE)</italic></bold> -( 16) Beat originating early in the ventricle, with a postextrasystole pause when the RR interval recycles.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Fusion beat</italic></bold> - Originates in the ventricle and merges with beats from the physiological cardiac rhythm.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Conducted supraventricular beat(s) during ventricular rhythm</italic></bold> - Originates in the atrium, manages to overcome the (anatomical or functional) conduction block in the AV junction and partially or entirely depolarize the ventricle.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT)</italic></bold> - Ventricular rhythm with at least three successive beats, uniform morphology, and a rate &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia</italic></bold> - Ventricular rhythm with a QRS of variable morphology and a rate &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Torsades de Pointes ventricular tachycardia (TdP)</italic></bold>- Wide QRS polymorphic tachycardia, generally self-limited, with a QRS that "rotates" around the baseline.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Bidirectional tachycardia</italic></bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Tachycardia of ventricular origin where the right branch (or rarely the left branch) is constantly blocked while conducting across the ventricle, with alternating blockade of the anterosuperior and posteroinferior divisions of the left branch, beat by beat.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Ventricular fibrillation (VF)</italic></bold>- Characterized by bizarre and chaotic waves, with variable amplitude and frequency. This rhythm may be preceded by VT or TdP that degenerated into VF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Atrioventricular conduction</title>
      <p><bold>Normal atrioventricular relations</bold> - The period from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex determines the PR interval, a moment when the atrial activation and the physiological retardation in the AV junction occur, with a duration of 120 ms to 200 ms.</p>
      <p><bold>Delayed atrioventricular conduction</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Occurs when the atrial impulses experience a delay or fail to reach the ventricles.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>First-degree atrioventricular block</italic></bold> - PR interval &gt; 200 ms in adults with an HR between 60 and 90 bpm.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Type I second-degree atrioventricular block (Mobitz type I)</italic></bold> - The AV conduction gradually slows down in this condition <italic>(Wenckebach phenomenon)</italic>. There is a progressive increase in the PR interval, with gradually shorter increases, until the AV conduction is blocked and the atrial beat is unable to conduct.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Type II second-degree atrioventricular block (Mobitz type II)</italic></bold> - Sudden failure in the AV conduction. It is observed as a 1:1 AV conduction with a fixed PR interval and a sudden P-wave block.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>2:1 atrioventricular block</italic></bold> - For every two beats originating in the atrium, one is conducted and depolarizes the ventricle, while the other is blocked and unable to depolarize it.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Advanced or high-degree atrioventricular block</italic></bold> - The AV conduction occurs in less than half of the atrial beats, in a proportion of 3:1, 4:1, or greater.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Third-degree or total atrioventricular block (TAVB)</italic></bold> - Stimuli originating in the atrium are unable to reach and depolarize the ventricles; thus, a focus below the blocked region takes over the ventricular rhythm. As a result, there is no correlation between atrial and ventricular electrical activity rates, which translates as P waves unrelated to QRS complexes. The frequency of the atrial rhythm is greater than that of the escape rhythm.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Paroxysmal atrioventricular block</italic></bold> - Sudden and unexpected occurrence of a succession of blocked P waves.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Preexcitation</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Ventricular preexcitation</italic></bold> - Characteristics of the classic pattern include a PR interval &lt; 120 ms during sinus rhythm in adults and &lt; 90 ms in children; a notch in the initial portion of the QRS complex (delta wave) interrupting the P wave or appearing immediately after its end; QRS duration &gt; 120 ms in adults and &gt; 90 ms in children; secondary changes in ST and T.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Other Mechanisms of Changes in the Normal AV Relationship</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Atrioventricular dissociation</italic></bold> - Occurrence of two dissociated rhythms, one of atrial origin (usually a sinus rhythm with a regular PP) and the other of junctional or ventricular origin. The frequency at both foci may be similar (isorhythmic dissociation).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Retrograde atrial activation</italic></bold> - The atrium is activated by a ventricular stimulation that is conducted retrogradely, usually through the AV node or an anomalous track. A wide QRS (of ventricular origin) is observed, followed by a negative P wave in the inferior leads.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Overload of the cardiac chambers</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Atrial Overloads</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Left atrial overload (LAO)</italic></bold> - Increase in P wave duration &#8805; 120 ms, associated with the emergence of a notch in D2, and a P wave with an increased negative component in the V1 lead (Morris index).</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Right atrial overload (RAO)</italic></bold> - P wave with peak and amplitude greater than 0.25 mV or 2.5 mm and, in the V1 lead, a positive initial portion &gt; 0.15 mV or 1.5 mm.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Biatrial overload (BAO)</italic></bold> - An association of the LAO and RAO criteria.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ventricular overloads</title>
          <p>
            <bold>Left ventricular overload (LVO)</bold>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
            <sup>-</sup>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
          </p>
          <p><italic>Romhilt-Estes criteria</italic> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> According to these criteria, an LVO occurs when five or more points are reached in the following scores:</p>
          <p><italic>Three-point</italic> c<italic>riteria</italic> - Increased QRS amplitude; a strain pattern of repolarization in the absence of digitalis influence; and the Morris index.</p>
          <p><italic>Two-point criteria</italic> - Deviation of the QRS electrical axis beyond -30&#186;.</p>
          <p><italic>One-point criteria</italic> - Increase in the ventricular activation time (VAT) or intrinsicoid deflection greater than 40 ms; increased QRS duration (&gt; 90 ms) in V5 and V6; and a strain pattern under digitalis influence.</p>
          <p><italic>Sokolow-Lyon index</italic> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Considered positive when the sum of the amplitude of the S wave in the V1 lead with the amplitude of the R wave in the V5/V6 leads is &gt; 35 mm.</p>
          <p><italic>Cornell index -</italic> When the sum of the amplitude of the R wave in the aVL lead with the amplitude of the S wave in V3 is &gt; 28 mm in men and &gt; 20 mm in women.</p>
          <p><italic>Changes in ventricular repolarization -</italic> Flat T wave in the left leads (D1, aVL, V5, and V6) or a strain pattern (ST depression with negative and asymmetric T wave).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Right ventricular overload (RVO) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</title>
          <p><italic>Axis -</italic> Electrical axis of the QRS complex in the frontal plane located to the right of +110(o) in adults.</p>
          <p><italic>Wide R wave -</italic> Presence of a high-voltage R wave in V1 and V2, and deep S waves in V5 and V6.</p>
          <p><italic>qR or qRs morphology -</italic> A qR or qRs morphology in V1, or V1 and V2, is one of the most specific signs of RVO.</p>
          <p><italic>rsR' morphology -</italic> A triphasic pattern (rsR'), with a more prominent R' wave in the right precordial leads V1 and V2.</p>
          <p><italic>T wave -</italic> Positive T waves in V1 after 3 days of life and up to the age of 6 years, when the R/S ratio in this lead is greater than 1.</p>
          <p><italic>Ventricular repolarization -</italic> A strain pattern of repolarization in the right precordial leads.</p>
          <p><italic>Index</italic> - A &gt; 10.5 mm sum of R in V1 + S in V5-V6.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biventricular overload</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>
								QRS electrical axis in the frontal plane deviated to the right, associated with voltage criteria for LVO.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ECG typical of RVO associated with one or more of the following elements:</p>
              <p>b.1) deep Q waves in V5 and V6, and in the inferior leads.</p>
              <p>b.2) R voltage increased in V5 and V6.</p>
              <p>b.3) S in V1 and V2 + R in V5 and V6 with positive Sokolow criteria.</p>
              <p>b.4) intrinsicoid deflection in V6 &#8805; 40 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Wide, isodiphasic, R/S type QRS complexes in intermediate precordial leads from V2 to V4.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Analysis of intraventricular blocks (delay, conduction delay)</title>
      <p><bold>Intraventricular Blocks</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Changes in the intraventricular propagation of electrical impulses, changing the form and duration of the QRS complex, which can be frequency-dependent and fixed or intermittent.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Left Bundle-Branch Block<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>wide QRS with a duration &#8805; 120 ms as an essential condition.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>absence of "q" in D1, aVL, V5, and V6; variants may have a "q" wave in aVL only.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>wide R waves with notches and/or mid-terminal slurring in D1, aVL, V5, and V6.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>"r" wave with slow growth from V1 to V3, with possible occurrence of QS.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>wide S waves with thickening and/or notches in V1 and V2.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>intrinsicoid deflection in V5 and V6 &#8805; 50 ms.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>QRS electrical axis between -30&#176; and +60&#176;.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>ST depression and asymmetrical T in opposition to the mid-terminal delay.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Left bundle-branch block in association with LVO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>left atrial enlargement.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>QRS duration &gt; 150 ms.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>R wave in aVL &gt; 11 mm.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>S waves &gt; 30 mm in V2 and &gt; 25 mm in V3.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>S&#226;QRS beyond - 40&#176;.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>presence of a Sokolow-Lyon index &#8805; 35 mm.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Left bundle-branch block in association with RVO</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>low voltage in the precordial leads.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>prominent R wave in aVR.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>R/S ratio lower than 1 in V5.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Right Bundle-Branch Block</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>wide QRS with a duration &#8805; 120 ms as an essential condition.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>slurred S waves in D1, aVL, V5, and V6.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR waves with slurred R in aVR.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>rSR' or rsR' with thickened R' in V1.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>variable QRS electrical axis, tending to the right in the frontal plane.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>asymmetrical T wave opposed to a delay at the end of the QRS.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold><italic>End conduction delay -</italic></bold> This expression may be used when the conduction disturbance in the right branch is very subtle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Left fascicular blocks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</title>
        <p>
          <bold>Left anterosuperior fascicular block (LAFB) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>QRS electrical axis &#8805; -45&#176;.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>rS in D2, D3, and aVF with an S3 greater than S2; QRS duration &lt; 120 ms.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>S wave in D3 with an amplitude greater than 15 mm (or an equivalent area).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR in D1 and aVL with an intrinsicoid deflection time greater than 50 ms or qRs with a minimal "s" in D1.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR with slurred R in aVL.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>slow r wave progression from V1 to V3.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>presence of S from V4 to V6.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <sec>
          <title>Left anteromedial fascicular block (LAFB) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>R wave &#8805; 15 mm in V2 and V3 or starting in V1, increasing towards the intermediary precordial leads and decreasing from V5 to V6.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>"r" wave with sudden growth jump from V1 to V2 ("rS" in V1 to R in V2).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>QRS duration &lt; 120 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>absence of a QRS electrical axis deviation in the frontal plane.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>T waves generally negative in the right precordial leads.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>qR morphology in V1 to V4.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Left posteroinferior fascicular block (LPIFB)</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>QRS electrical axis in the frontal plane oriented to the right &gt; +90&#176;.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>qR in D2, D3, and aVF with R3 &gt; R2 and an intrinsicoid deflection &gt; 50 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>R wave in D3 &gt; 15 mm.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>intrinsicoid deflection duration increased in aVF, V5-V6 greater than or equal to 50 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>rS in D1 with a duration &lt; 120 ms; slower progression of "r" may occur from V1-V3.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>S wave from V2 to V6.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Right fascicular blocks</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <title>Right superior fascicular block</title>
          <list-item>
            <p>rS in D2, D3, and aVF with an S2 &gt; S3.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Rs in D1 with an s wave &gt; 2 mm, rS in D1 or D1, D2 and D3 (S1, S2, S3) with a duration &lt; 120 ms.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>slurred S in V1 - V2/V5 - V6 or, eventually, rSr' in V1 and V2.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR with a slurred R in avR.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <title>Right inferior fascicular block</title>
          <list-item>
            <p>R wave in D2 &gt; R wave in D3.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>rS in D1 with a duration &lt; 120 ms.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>QRS electrical axis in the frontal plane oriented to the right &gt; +90&#176;.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>slurred S in V1-V2/V5-V6 or, eventually, rSr' in V1 and V2.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR with slurred R in aVR.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Special situations involving intraventricular conduction</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Peri-infarction block</italic></bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Increased duration of the QRS complex in the presence of an abnormal Q wave due to myocardial infarction in the inferior or lateral leads, with an increased final portion of the QRS complex directed opposite to the Q wave (<italic>i.e.,</italic> QR complex).</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Peri-ischemia block</italic></bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Transient increase in the duration of the QRS complex accompanied by an ST-segment deviation seen in the acute phase.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Fragmentation of the QRS complex (fQRS)</italic></bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Presence of notches in the R or S wave in two contiguous leads in the absence of bundle-branch block or, when the block is present, the finding of more than two notches.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Atypical left bundle-branch block -</italic></bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Occurrence of infarction in a patient with a prior left bundle-branch block. In this condition, we have the presence of wide and deep Q waves, QS pattern in V1-V4, and QR in V5-V6, with QRS fragmentation.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Parietal or Purkinje/muscle intraventricular block -</italic></bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> When the dromotropic disturbance is located between the Purkinje fibers and the muscle, observed in severe hypertrophy and cardiomyopathies.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Analysis of electrically inactive areas</title>
      <p><bold>Definition of an electrically inactive area (EIA)</bold> - An EIA is considered when the ventricular activation does not occur as expected and does not suggest an intraventricular conduction disturbance. It is characterized by the presence of pathological Q waves in two contiguous leads.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Topographic analysis of ischemic manifestations</title>
        <p>
          <bold>Topographic analysis of ischemic manifestations on the ECG</bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>anteroseptal wall - V1, V2, and V3 leads.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>anterior wall - V1, V2, V3, and V4 leads.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>localized anterior wall - V3, V4 or V3-V5 leads.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>anterolateral wall - V4 to V5, V6, D1, and aVL leads.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>extensive anterior wall - V1 to V6, D1, and aVL.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>low lateral wall - V5 and V6 leads.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>high lateral wall - D1 and aVL.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>inferior wall - D2, D3, and aVF.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The terms "posterior wall" and "dorsal wall" should no longer be used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Infarctions in special locations</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Right ventricular myocardial infarction -</italic></bold> ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads, particularly with an elevation of the ST segment above &gt; 1 mm in V4R.</p>
        <p><bold>Atrial infarction -</bold> Visible in the presence of &gt; 0.5 mm PR segment elevation or depression.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnostic criteria for myocardial ischemia</title>
        <p>
          <bold>Presence of ischemia</bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Subendocardial ischemia: presence of a positive, symmetric, and peaked T wave.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Subepicardial ischemia: presence of a negative, symmetric, and peaked T wave; this finding is currently attributed to a reperfusion pattern.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold><italic>Secondary changes in the T wave</italic></bold> - are those not fitting within the definition of ischemic waves.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnostic criteria for the presence of a lesion</title>
        <p>Subepicardial lesion: J point and ST-segment elevation, with a superior concavity or convexity (more specific) in two contiguous leads that explore the involved region, of at least 1 mm in the frontal plane and left precordial leads. For the precordial leads V1 to V3, consider ST-elevations as &#8805; 1.5 mm in women, &#8805; 2.0 mm in men older than 40 years, and &#8805; 2.5 mm in men younger than 40 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Subendocardial lesion: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> depression of the J point and ST segment, horizontal or down-sloping &#8805; 0.5 mm in two contiguous leads that explore the regions involved, measured 60 ms after the J point.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Differential diagnoses</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Subepicardial ischemia -</italic></bold> Must be distinguished from secondary alterations in ventricular repolarization in LVO or bundle-branch blocks.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation -</italic></bold> Must be distinguished from the following situations:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Early repolarization.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pericarditis and myocarditis.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Prior acute myocardial infarction with a dyskinetic area and persistent elevation.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Acute abdominal conditions.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hyperkalemia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Catecholaminergic syndromes.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association of myocardial infarction with bundle-branch blocks</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Myocardial infarction in the presence of right bundle-branch block (RBBB) -</italic></bold> The presence of an RBBB usually does not prevent the recognition of an associated myocardial infarction.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block (LBBB) -</italic></bold> The presence of an LBBB hinders the recognition of an associated myocardial infarction. The occurrence of ST-segment elevation or depression may allow identification of a recent myocardial infarction, according to the criteria defined by Sgarbossa et al.:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>ST-segment elevation &#8805; 1.0 mm in agreement with the QRS/T.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>ST-segment depression &#8805; 1.0 mm in V1, V2, and V3.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>ST-segment elevation &#8805; 5.0 mm in disagreement with the QRS/T.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>Rules on clinical suspicion of acute ischemic disease -</bold> A normal ECG does not rule out the presence of coronary heart disease, and the recommendations of specific guidelines for acute coronary syndromes must be followed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Artificial cardiac pacing</title>
      <p><bold>Artificial cardiac pacing (ACP) -</bold> The recognition of an impaired antibradycardia function is feasible and necessary.</p>
      <p>The standardization of the terms used to describe the operations of the ACP systems follows an international standardization developed by the <italic>North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology</italic> (NASPE) and the <italic>British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group</italic> (BPEG). Therefore, some of the established terms are used in English.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Five letter code</title>
        <p>
          <italic>First letter: chamber paced</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>O: none</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>A: atrium</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>V: ventricle</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>D: atrium and ventricle</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>Second letter: chamber sensed</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>O: none</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>A: atrium</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>V: ventricle</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>D: atrium and ventricle</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>Third letter: response to sensing</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>O: none</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>I: inhibited</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>T: triggered</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>D: inhibited and triggered</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>Fourth letter: rate modulation</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>O: none</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>R: rate response sensor enabled</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>Fifth letter: multisite pacing</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>O: none</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>A: atrium</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>V: ventricle</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>D: atrium and ventricle</italic>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Basic terminology</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>spike: a graphic representation of the electrical stimulation produced by the ACP system.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>capture: artificial tissue depolarization (caused by the occurrence of the spike).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>basic rate: frequency in which the pacemaker stimulates the heart (atrium and/or ventricle) without the interference of spontaneous beats.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>atrioventricular interval (AVI): interval between a spontaneous atrial activity (perceived) or stimulated and the ventricular stimulation.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>hysteresis: time interval above the basic rate, triggered by a spontaneous event.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>maximum rate (MR): maximum stimulation rate.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>sensitivity: ability to recognize atrial or ventricular spontaneous electrical events.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>normal inhibition: absence of spike emission by the pulse generator when the atrial or ventricular channel "feels," respectively, a P wave or a spontaneous QRS.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the electrocardiographic characteristics of ACP systems</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>normofunctioning ACP system: normal capture and sensitivity.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>ACP system with a minimal role of ventricular stimulation: in AV systems, there is an increase in the AVI or periodic change to the AAI operating mode, with the aim of seeking a spontaneous AV conduction.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>loss of atrial and/or ventricular capture (intermittent or persistent): inability of a spike to trigger depolarization of the paced chamber.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>sensitivity failure:</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p>d.1) excessive sensitivity (oversensing): exaggerated sensitivity, resulting in misidentification of an electrical signal that does not correspond to the depolarization of the related chamber (electromagnetic interference, myopotentials, T wave, etc.).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>d.2) decreased sensitivity (undersensing): inability to recognize spontaneous depolarization. It may occur due to inadequate planning or modifications in the capture of intrinsic signal (in which the system does not "see" the P wave or the QRS complex).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>fusion beats: correspond to the artificial activation of the cardiac tissue simultaneously to the spontaneous depolarization, causing complex hybrids.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pseudofusion beats: spontaneous activation of the cardiac tissue simultaneous to the emission of the spike of the pacemaker, which has no effect on the QRS complex or P wave (ventricular and atrial pseudofusion, respectively).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pacemaker-mediated tachycardia: arrhythmia restricted to the AV stimulation systems, characterized by ventricular triggering from a retrograde P wave.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pacemaker-conducted tachycardia: tachyarrhythmia that involves the AV stimulation systems, characterized by the presence of supraventricular arrhythmia that when perceived by the atrial channel triggers ventricular captures in higher frequencies, maintaining certain characteristics of spontaneous arrhythmia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pacemaker-induced tachycardia: changes in sensitivity or electromagnetic interference causing arrhythmias.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Criteria for characterization of pediatric electrocardiograms</title>
      <p><bold>Analysis of pediatric electrocardiograms -</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Difficulties in establishing normal electrocardiographic standards in children arise from various aspects that should always be considered in the analysis of pediatric ECGs:</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>The characteristics of the electrocardiographic tracing should be assessed according to the age of the child.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The existence of a thoracic deformity or poor cardiac position limits the interpretation of the ECG.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The ECG of newborns reflects the hemodynamic repercussions on the right ventricle occurring during the intrauterine life and the anatomic and physiological changes deriving from the transition of the fetal circulation to the neonatal circulation.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The ECG in children shows the progressive reduction in the right ventricle domain until it reaches the characteristic pattern of physiological left ventricular predominance, as observed in the ECG in adults.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Table 1, elaborated by Davignon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> presents the reference values of the electrocardiographic parameters in children at various ages. It shows the main ECG changes in the first year of life, particularly in the neonatal period (from day 1 to 30).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Special considerations in the analysis of pediatric electrocardiograms</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Definition of</italic> situs</bold> - It is based on the location of the sinus node. In <italic>situssolitus</italic>, the P wave axis is around +60&#176;, while in <italic>situs inversus</italic>, the P axis is +120&#176;, with a consequently negative P wave in D1.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>"q" waves</italic></bold> - The presence of a "q" wave in V1 is always considered pathological, while in V6, it is present in 90% of the children above the age of 1 month.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>T wave</italic></bold> - It may be negative in D1 and positive in aVR in the first hours of life. In the first 48 hours of life, the T wave tends to be positive in V1, becoming negative after 3 to 7 days and becoming then again positive in pre-adolescence.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>The ECG in channelopathies and other genetic alterations</title>
      <p><bold>Genetics and the electrocardiogram -</bold> An innovative field in cardiology that emerged in recent years was the report of potentially fatal clinical conditions that present a characteristic electrocardiographic pattern, and the improvement in genetic mapping techniques.</p>
      <p><bold>Channelopathies</bold> - Cardiac channelopathies result from genetic mutations or acquired malfunctioning of ion channels responsible for triggering changes in depolarization or repolarization in the action potential phases of the cell.</p>
      <p><bold>Congenital long QT syndrome</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Its main characteristic is the prolongation of the QTc interval on the ECG, with values &gt; 460 ms. Clinically, the presence of syncope or cardiac and respiratory arrest triggered by emotional and physical stress should raise the hypothesis of long QT (LQT) syndrome. ECG characteristics:</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>LQT1: normal T wave with a wide base and late start.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>LQT2: T wave with low amplitude.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>LQT3: late T wave, after a long and straight ST.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p><bold>Short QT syndrome</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Recently described entity (2000) characterized by the finding of a short QT interval associated with AF and sudden cardiac death. The genetic defect in this condition is an increased functioning of potassium channels, which operate in the third phase of the action potential, shortening the QT interval. The syndrome is mainly related to the <italic>KCNH2</italic>, <italic>KCNQ1</italic>, and <italic>KCNJ2</italic> genes. ECG findings include a short QTc interval (&lt; 370 ms) and a distance between the J point and the peak of the T wave &lt; 120 ms.</p>
      <p><bold>Brugada syndrome</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> Channelopathy expressed by a defect in sodium channels in the right ventricle (RV) epicardium. This syndrome affects mainly men and individuals with a family history of sudden death. It is transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance and is responsible for 20% of the sudden deaths with a normal heart at autopsy. It is genetically heterogeneous, involving at least 13 genes. On the ECG, it is characterized by a J-point elevation in the V1 and V2 leads, with two possible presentations:</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>Type 1 pattern: coved ST-segment elevation &#8805; 2 mm, followed by T-wave inversion, with a significantly slow R' decline.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Type 2 pattern: saddle-shaped ST elevation with a &#8805; 2 mm peak and &#8805; 1 mm base.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p><bold>Catecholaminergic tachycardia</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> The following characteristics should raise suspicion of this condition: history of sudden death in the family with reports of syncope starting during childhood and adolescence, associated with ventricular extrasystoles with an HR between 110 and 130 bpm (generally isolated, intermittent, bigeminal and paired), which are usually interrupted by an increased HR. Approximately 30% of the individuals may present QT intervals between 460 ms and 480 ms. Between 50 to 60% of the cases of catecholaminergic polymorphic VT (PVT) derive from inherited or sporadic mutations in ryanodine channels, which are responsible for regulating the intracellular calcium.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Genetic diseases with primary cardiac involvement</title>
      <p><bold><italic>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia</italic></bold>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Genetic disease with primary involvement of the RV (replacement of myocytes with fibrofatty tissue), associated with arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden death. The ECG is characterized by the presence of a delay in the conduction of the QRS, with a low voltage and longer duration (epsilon wave, present in 30% of the cases), associated with rounded and asymmetrical negative T waves in V1 to V4 leads. Association with extrasystoles originating in the RV.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</italic></bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> A primarily cardiac disease of genetic basis with autosomal dominant inheritance, with 23 described genetic mutations. It occurs with severe segmental or diffuse left ventricular hypertrophy. The ECG is altered in at least 75% of the patients, with a good sensitivity for the pediatric age group. It is characterized by rapid and deep Q waves in inferior and/or precordial leads, generally associated with classical signs of LVO and accompanied by characteristic ST-T changes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Genetic diseases with secondary cardiac involvement</title>
      <p><bold><italic>Muscular dystrophy</italic></bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> The most common electrocardiographic findings are the presence of a wide R wave (ratio R/S &gt; 1) in V1 and V2; deep Q wave in V6, DI, and aVL; right bundle-branch conduction delay; QS complexes in I, aVL, D1, D2, and D3; and ventricular repolarization changes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Electrocardiographic alterations in athletes</title>
      <p><bold>The importance of the electrocardiogram of athletes -</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> It is currently necessary to understand the "athlete's ECG," <italic>i.e.</italic>, electrocardiographic changes arising from high-performance training, without a necessary presence of anatomical and/or structural changes, considered as part of the "athlete's heart."</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Common electrocardiographic changes or related to training:</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>sinus bradycardia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>sinus phasic or respiratory arrhythmia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>increased PR interval.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>increased voltage of the R or S waves between 30 to 35 mm.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>change in ventricular repolarization, of the early repolarization type.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>right bundle-branch conduction delay.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>second-degree AV block, Mobitz I type.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>ventricular overload pattern by voltage criteria only (Sokolow-Lyon).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Characterization of special clinical/systemic situations</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical conditions that alter the electrocardiogram</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Digitalis action</italic></bold> - ST-T depression with superior concavity ("spooned" T wave); decreased QTc interval. In digitalis intoxication, several arrhythmias may occur, predominantly ventricular extrasystole.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Drug-induced ST-T changes</italic></bold> - Increased QTc interval.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Electrical</italic> alternans</bold> - Presence of QRS with alternately higher and lower amplitudes in successive QRS complexes.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>T-wave</italic> alternans -</bold> Characterized by a variation in T-wave amplitude, shape, and orientation, beat by beat. These variations may be episodic or permanent.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Atrial septal defect</italic></bold> - Delay in the end conduction through the right branch and possible association with RVO.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Pericardial effusion</italic></bold> - Low QRS voltage, sinus tachycardia, and electrical <italic>alternans</italic>.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Dextrocardia with</italic> situs inversus totalis</bold> - P wave negative in D1 and positive in aVR; negative QRS complexes in D1 and aVL, and progressively lower from V1 to V6.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Dextroposition</italic></bold> - May manifest with a negative or plus-minus P wave in D1, deep Q wave in D1 and aVL, and qRS complexes in right precordial leads.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrolyte disorders</title>
          <p><italic>Hyperkalemia</italic> - The changes depend on the serum potassium concentrations; occur in a sequence: T wave with increased amplitude, symmetric, and with a narrow base; decreased QTc interval; intraventricular conduction disturbance; decreased P wave amplitude until disappearance, with the presence of sinoventricular conduction.</p>
          <p><italic>Hypokalemia</italic> - Increased U wave amplitude; ST segment and T-wave depression; increased QTU interval.</p>
          <p><italic>Hypocalcemia</italic> - Straightening and increased duration of the ST segment with a consequent increase in the QTc interval.</p>
          <p><italic>Hypercalcemia</italic> - Shortening and eventual disappearance of the ST segment.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</italic></bold> - Rightward shift of the P wave axis (close to +90(o)); low QRS voltage; rightward shift of the QRS axis; posterior deviation of the transition precordial QRS zone to the left (rS from V1 to V6).</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Low QRS voltage</italic></bold> - Low voltage of the QRS complex across the tracing (&lt; 0.5 mV in the frontal plane leads and &lt; 1.0 mV in the precordial leads).</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Pulmonary embolism</italic></bold>- Sinus tachycardia, end conduction delay in the right branch, acute deviation of the QRS axis to the right, and negative T waves in the anterior wall of the LV.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Ashman (or Gouaux-Ashman) phenomenon</italic></bold>- Aberrant conduction that occurs in a beat that immediately follows a short cycle after a long cycle, due to an increased refractory period in the conduction system, found more frequently in AF.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Hypothermia</italic></bold>- Bradycardia, presence of J or Osborn wave.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Hypothyroidism</italic></bold>- Bradycardia and low QRS voltage.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Chronic renal failure</italic></bold>- Association of the hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia alterations.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Acute impairment of the central nervous system</italic></bold>- Giant negative T waves simulating subepicardial ischemia (cerebral T wave); increased QTc interval.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Pericarditis -</italic></bold> The inflammatory process arising from underlying epicarditis in the ventricles is responsible for the following electrocardiographic changes:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>T wave: slightly increased and symmetrical in the initial phase. Characteristically, it is not inverted in the presence of manifestations of ST elevation.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ST segment: diffuse elevation with upper concavity.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>PR segment depression.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Criteria for technical evaluation of the tracings</title>
      <p><bold>Calibration of the electrocardiograph -</bold> In modern computerized equipment with digitized tracings, the calibrator pattern is verified automatically. The normal pattern must have 1 mV (10 mm).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Positioning of the electrodes</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Swapped limb electrodes -</italic></bold> Show D1 leads with negative waves and aVR with positive waves.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Right lower limb electrode swapped with one from the superior limbs -</italic></bold> Small wave amplitudes in D2 (right arm) or D3 (left arm).</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Swapped precordial electrodes -</italic></bold> Change in the normal progression of the R wave from V1 to V6.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Misplacement of the V1 and V2 electrodes -</italic></bold> V1 and V2 electrodes positioned incorrectly above the second intercostal space may produce an rSr' pattern simulating an end conduction delay, or an rS morphology from V1 to V3, and negative P wave in V1, simulating an LAO.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Alterations resulting from improper operation of software and systems for the acquisition of computerized electrocardiographic signs -</italic></bold> The use of data acquisition by computerized systems has begun to reveal specific new problems that are not yet fully known.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Other Interferences</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Muscle tremors</italic></bold> - Muscle tremors can interfere with the baseline, mimicking electrocardiographic changes such as AF and VF in patients with Parkinson's disease.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Neurostimulation</italic></bold> - Patients with disorders of the central nervous system requiring the use of artificial electrical stimulation devices may present artifacts that mimic the spike of a cardiac pacemaker.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Cold, fever, hiccups, and psychomotor agitation -</italic></bold> Also produce artifacts in the baseline.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Large precordial electrode -</italic></bold> The application of the conductive gel in a continuous strip in the precordium results in similar tracings from V1 to V6, corresponding to the average of the electrical potentials in these leads.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Automated reports</bold> - Metric and vectorial measurements are not recommended, neither reports obtained with these systems, since the report is a medical act.</p>
        <p><bold>Reports via the <italic>internet -</italic></bold> Tele-ECG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> systems register electrocardiographic tracings obtained remotely by using different means and data transfer technologies able to accurately reproduce the examination conducted with 12 simultaneous leads following national and international guidelines.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>(para refer&#234;ncias completas, consultar "Pastore CA, Pinho JA, Pinho C, Samesima N, Pereira-Filho HG, Kruse JCL, et al. III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o de Laudos Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 106(4Supl.1):1-23"</p>
      </fn>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>III Diretrizes SBC para An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o de Laudos Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos - Resumo Executivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Horacio Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Pastore</bold>, MD, PhD, FESC, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - AB, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Eletrocardiografia de Repouso, Tel.: (11) 2661-5598, Fax: (11) 3062-0343. Email: <email>ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A terceira vers&#227;o das diretrizes aborda t&#243;picos recentemente descritos, como as doen&#231;as dos canais i&#244;nicos, altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas agudas, o eletrocardiograma dos atletas e an&#225;lise da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Ela buscou rever crit&#233;rios de sobrecargas, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de dados transmitidos via <italic>internet</italic>.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Resultados</kwd>
        <kwd>Diretrizes</kwd>
        <kwd>Resumos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Laudo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</title>
        <p>Laudo descritivo</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>an&#225;lise do ritmo e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>an&#225;lise da dura&#231;&#227;o, amplitude e morfologia da onda P e dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>determina&#231;&#227;o do eixo el&#233;trico de P, QRS e T.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>an&#225;lise da dura&#231;&#227;o, amplitude e morfologia do QRS.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>an&#225;lise da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e descri&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es do ST-T, QT e U, quando presentes.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>Laudo conclusivo -</bold> S&#237;ntese dos diagn&#243;sticos listados nestas diretrizes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise do ritmo card&#237;aco</title>
        <p><bold>Ritmo Sinusal (RS)</bold> - Ritmo observado pela presen&#231;a de ondas P positivas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D1, D2 e aVF.</p>
        <p><bold>Arritmia Card&#237;aca</bold> - Altera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia, forma&#231;&#227;o e/ou condu&#231;&#227;o do impulso el&#233;trico atrav&#233;s do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p><bold>Arritmia supraventricular</bold> - Ritmo que se origina acima da jun&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#243; atrioventricular (AV) e o feixe de His.</p>
        <p><bold>Arritmia ventricular -</bold> Ritmo de origem abaixo da bifurca&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His, habitualmente expresso por QRS alargado.</p>
        <p><bold>Frequ&#234;ncia e Ritmo da Onda P Sinusal</bold> - Faixa de normalidade da FC: 50-100 bpm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Bradicardia sinusal (BS)</italic></bold> - Frequ&#234;ncias &lt; 50 bpm.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Taquicardia sinusal (TS)</italic></bold> - Frequ&#234;ncias &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Arritmia sinusal (AS)</italic></bold> - Geralmente fisiol&#243;gica, depende do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e caracteriza-se pela varia&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos PP.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Defini&#231;&#227;o de QRS normal</italic></bold> - Dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 120 ms e amplitude entre 5 e 20 mm (plano frontal) e entre 10 e 30 mm (deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais), com orienta&#231;&#227;o normal do eixo el&#233;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Eixo el&#233;trico normal no plano frontal</italic></bold> - Limites normais do eixo el&#233;trico (plano frontal): entre -30&#176; e +90&#176;.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal no plano horizontal</italic></bold> - Caracter&#237;stica: transi&#231;&#227;o da morfologia rS, caracter&#237;stica de V1, para qR t&#237;pico do V6, com r aumentando progressivamente at&#233; o m&#225;ximo em V5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular</italic></bold> - Esta an&#225;lise no ECG &#233; extremamente complexa, pois representa a intera&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios sistemas que se expressam nos segmentos e nas ondas el&#233;tricas.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal</italic></bold>- Per&#237;odo entre o final do QRS e o final da onda T ou da onda U quando presente. Dentro desse per&#237;odo, analisar:</p>
          <p><italic>Ponto J</italic> - Ponto final da inscri&#231;&#227;o do QRS em sua interse&#231;&#227;o com o segmento ST.</p>
          <p><italic>Segmento ST</italic> - Por&#231;&#227;o do ECG entre o complexo QRS e a onda T.</p>
          <p><italic>Onda T</italic> - Onda assim&#233;trica de in&#237;cio mais lento e final mais r&#225;pido, positiva em quase todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p><italic>Onda U</italic> - &#218;ltima e menor deflex&#227;o do ECG; quando presente, inscreve-se logo ap&#243;s a onda T e antes da P do ciclo seguinte, de polaridade igual &#224; de T.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>Intervalo QT (QT) e intervalo QT corrigido (QTc)</italic>
            </bold>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
          </p>
          <p><italic>QT</italic> - Medida do in&#237;cio do QRS ao t&#233;rmino da onda T: representa a dura&#231;&#227;o total da atividade el&#233;trica ventricular.</p>
          <p><italic>QTc</italic> - Como o QT varia d e acordo com a FC, habitualmente &#233; corrigido (QTc) pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett, onde:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e2">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0392-60173-e01-pt.jpg"/></disp-formula>
          <p>* QT medido em milissegundos e dist&#226;ncia RR em segundos.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Variantes da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular: padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce (RP)</italic></bold> - Caracteriza-se por eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J &#8805; 1 mm, levando a uma falta de coincid&#234;ncia entre o QRS e a linha de base, gerando um segmento ST de concavidade superior em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais adjacentes com valores tamb&#233;m &#8805; 1 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises das arritmias supraventriculares</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Arritmias Supraventriculares</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Presen&#231;a de onda P sinusal</title>
            <p><italic>Parada sinusal(PS)</italic> - Pausa na atividade sinusal &gt; 1,5 vezes o ciclo PP b&#225;sico.</p>
            <p><italic>Bloqueio sinoatrial de segundo grau</italic> - Causa aus&#234;ncia de inscri&#231;&#227;o da onda P em um ciclo. O bloqueio sinoatrial do tipo I (BSA I) se caracteriza por ciclos PP progressivamente mais curtos at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia do bloqueio. O bloqueio sinoatrial tipo II (BSA II) n&#227;o apresenta diferen&#231;a entre os ciclos PP e a pausa corresponde a dois ciclos PP pr&#233;vios. Os bloqueios sinoatriais de primeiro grau n&#227;o s&#227;o vis&#237;veis ao ECG convencional. Os bloqueios de terceiro grau s&#227;o observados na forma de ritmo de escape atrial ou juncional.</p>
            <p><italic>Bloqueios interatriais</italic> - Retardo da condu&#231;&#227;o entre o &#225;trio direito e o esquerdo, que pode ser de primeiro grau (dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#8805; 120 ms), terceiro grau ou avan&#231;ado (onda P com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 120 ms, bif&#225;sica ou <italic>plus-minus</italic> em parede inferior, relacionado a arritmias supraventriculares, s&#237;ndrome de Bay&#233;s) e segundo grau, quando estes padr&#245;es surgem transitoriamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
            <p><italic>Pausas</italic> - Pausas no tra&#231;ado podem estar relacionadas &#224; presen&#231;a de parada sinusal, extrass&#237;stole atrial n&#227;o conduzida, bloqueio sinoatrial e bloqueio AV.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Presen&#231;a de onda P n&#227;o sinusal antes do QRS</title>
            <p><italic>Ritmo atrial ect&#243;pico -</italic> Origem atrial em localiza&#231;&#227;o diversa da regi&#227;o anat&#244;mica do n&#243; sinusal.</p>
            <p><italic>Ritmo atrial multifocal</italic> - Originado em focos atriais m&#250;ltiplos, com FC &lt; 100 bpm, reconhecido no ECG pela presen&#231;a de &#8805; 3 morfologias de ondas P.</p>
            <p><italic>Batimento de escape atrial</italic> - Batimento de origem atrial consequente &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria do n&#243; sinusal, gerado para suprir a aus&#234;ncia de atividade sinusal.</p>
            <p><italic>Extrass&#237;stole atrial(EA)</italic> - Batimento ect&#243;pico atrial precoce.</p>
            <p><italic>Extrass&#237;stole atrial bloqueada</italic> - Batimento ect&#243;pico de origem atrial que n&#227;o consegue ser conduzido ao ventr&#237;culo, sem gerar, portanto, o complexo QRS.</p>
            <p><italic>Taquicardia atrial</italic> - Ritmo atrial originado em regi&#227;o diversa do n&#243; sinusal, caracterizado pela presen&#231;a de onda P distinta da sinusal, com frequ&#234;ncia atrial &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
            <p><italic>Taquicardia atrialmultifocal</italic> - Apresenta as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas do ritmo atrial multifocal, com frequ&#234;ncia atrial &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Aus&#234;ncia de onda P anter&#243;grada</title>
            <p><italic>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial(FA)</italic> - Atividade el&#233;trica atrial desorganizada, com frequ&#234;ncia atrial entre 450 e 700 ciclos/min e resposta ventricular vari&#225;vel. A linha de base pode se apresentar isoel&#233;trica, com irregularidades finas ou grosseiras, ou por um misto dessas altera&#231;&#245;es (ondas "f").</p>
            <p><italic>Flutter atrial</italic> - Atividade el&#233;trica atrial organizada; a forma mais comum tem sentido anti-hor&#225;rio com frequ&#234;ncia entre 240 e 340 bpm (tipo I) e apresenta um padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico de ondas "F" com aspecto em dentes de serrote, negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e geralmente positivas em V1.</p>
            <p><italic>Ritmo juncional</italic> - Ritmo de supl&#234;ncia ou de substitui&#231;&#227;o originado na jun&#231;&#227;o AV, com QRS de mesma morfologia e dura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo basal.</p>
            <p><italic>Extrass&#237;stole juncional</italic> - Batimento ect&#243;pico precoce originado na jun&#231;&#227;o AV.</p>
            <p><italic>Taquicardia por reentrada nodal comum(TRN) -</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Originada no n&#243; AV, secund&#225;ria &#224; reentrada nodal, com o circuito utilizando a via r&#225;pida no sentido ascendente e a via lenta no sentido descendente. Se o QRS basal for normal e estreito, durante a taquicardia poderemos notar pseudo-ondas "s" em parede inferior e morfologia rSr' (pseudo r') em V1.</p>
            <p><italic>Taquicardia por reentrada nodal at&#237;pica incomum</italic> - O local de origem e o circuito s&#227;o similares aos da TRN t&#237;pica (comum), mas o sentido de ativa&#231;&#227;o &#233; inverso.</p>
            <p><italic>Taquicardia por reentrada atrioventricular ortodr&#244;mica</italic> - Utiliza o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o normal no sentido anter&#243;grado e uma via acess&#243;ria no sentido retr&#243;grado. QRS geralmente estreito e onda P retr&#243;grada, geralmente localizada no segmento ST.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Arritmias Supraventriculares com Complexo QRS Alargado</title>
            <p><italic>Aberr&#226;ncia de condu&#231;&#227;o</italic> - Est&#237;mulo supraventricular que encontra dificuldade de propaga&#231;&#227;o regional no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, gerando um QRS com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo.</p>
            <p><italic>Extrass&#237;stole atrial com aberr&#226;ncia de condu&#231;&#227;o</italic> - Batimento atrial com onda P seguida de QRS com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo.</p>
            <p><italic>Taquicardia supraventricular com aberr&#226;ncia de condu&#231;&#227;o</italic> - Denomina&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;rica para as taquicardias supracitadas que se expressam com condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante.</p>
            <p><italic>Taquicardia por reentrada atrioventricular antidr&#244;mica</italic> - Utiliza uma via acess&#243;ria no sentido anter&#243;grado e o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o no sentido retr&#243;grado; QRS aberrante; caracteriza-se pelo padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o evidente nos complexos QRS.</p>
            <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre as taquicardias de complexo QRS alargado -</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> S&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos para taquicardia ventricular (TV) a presen&#231;a de dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV, com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular maior que a atrial, ou a presen&#231;a de batimentos de fus&#227;o e captura, bem como a ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia de QRS largo na presen&#231;a de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio. Na aus&#234;ncia desses sinais, algoritmos como os de Brugada e Vereckei podem auxiliar a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre essas taquicardias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise das arritmias ventriculares</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Arritmias ventriculares</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Parass&#237;stole ventricular</italic></bold> - Batimento originado em um foco no ventr&#237;culo que compete com o ritmo fisiol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o (marca-passo paralelo que apresenta bloqueio de entrada permanente e de sa&#237;da ocasional).</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Ritmo idioventricular de escape</italic></bold> - Ritmo com FC &lt; 40 bpm, originado no ventr&#237;culo em substitui&#231;&#227;o a ritmos anatomicamente mais altos inibidos temporariamente.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Batimento(s) de escape ventricular(es)</italic></bold> - Batimento(s) de origem ventricular, tardio(s) por ser(em) de supl&#234;ncia, consequentes &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria de ritmos anatomicamente mais altos.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Ritmo idioventricular acelerado (RIVA)</italic></bold> - Origina-se no ventr&#237;culo (QRS alargado) em consequ&#234;ncia a um automatismo aumentado, com FC &gt; 40 bpm.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Extrass&#237;stole ventricular (EV)</italic></bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Batimento originado precocemente no ventr&#237;culo, com pausa p&#243;s-extrassist&#243;lica, quando recicla o intervalo RR.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Batimento de fus&#227;o</italic></bold> - Originado no ventr&#237;culo, funde-se com o batimento do ritmo fisiol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Captura de batimento(s) supraventricular(es) durante ritmo ventricular</italic></bold> - Originado no &#225;trio, consegue ultrapassar o bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o (anat&#244;mico ou funcional) existente na jun&#231;&#227;o AV e despolarizar o ventr&#237;culo de modo total ou parcial.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfic</italic> a <italic>sustentada (TVMS)</italic></bold> - Ritmo ventricular com pelo menos tr&#234;s batimentos sucessivos, morfologia uniforme e frequ&#234;ncia &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica</italic></bold> - Ritmo ventricular com QRS de morfologia vari&#225;vel e frequ&#234;ncia &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Taquicardia ventricular tipo Torsades de Pointes (TdP)</italic></bold> - Taquicardia com QRS largo, polim&#243;rfica, geralmente autolimitada, com QRS que "gira" em torno da linha de base.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Taquicardia bidirecional</italic></bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Taquicardia de origem ventricular que ao se conduzir pelo ventr&#237;culo apresenta bloqueio constante do ramo direito (raramente o bloqueio &#233; de ramo esquerdo [BRE]) e com bloqueio alternado das divis&#245;es anterossuperior e posteroinferior do ramo esquerdo, batimento a batimento.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV)</italic></bold> - Caracteriza-se por ondas bizarras, ca&#243;ticas, de amplitude e frequ&#234;ncia vari&#225;veis. Este ritmo pode ser precedido de TV ou TdP que degeneraram em FV.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular</title>
        <p><bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV) normal</bold> - O per&#237;odo do in&#237;cio da onda P ao in&#237;cio do QRS determina o intervalo PR, tempo no qual ocorre a ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial e o retardo fisiol&#243;gico na jun&#231;&#227;o AV, cuja dura&#231;&#227;o &#233; de 120 ms a 200 ms.</p>
        <p><bold>Atraso da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular</bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Ocorre quando os impulsos atriais sofrem retardo ou falham em atingir os ventr&#237;culos.</p>
        <p><bold>Bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau</bold> - Intervalo PR &gt; 200 ms em adultos, para uma FC de 60 a 90 bpm.</p>
        <p><bold>Bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau tipo I (Mobitz I)</bold> - O alentecimento da condu&#231;&#227;o AV nesta situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; gradativo (fen&#244;meno de Wenckebach). Existe um aumento progressivo do intervalo PR, com acr&#233;scimos gradativamente menores, at&#233; bloqueio da condu&#231;&#227;o AV e impedimento na condu&#231;&#227;o do batimento atrial.</p>
        <p><bold>Bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau tipo II (Mobitz II)</bold> - H&#225; uma claudica&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita da condu&#231;&#227;o AV. Nota-se condu&#231;&#227;o AV 1:1 com intervalo PR fixo e, repentinamente, uma onda P bloqueada.</p>
        <p><bold>Bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1</bold> - Para cada dois batimentos de origem atrial, um &#233; conduzido e despolariza o ventr&#237;culo, e outro &#233; bloqueado e n&#227;o consegue despolariz&#225;-lo.</p>
        <p><bold>Bloqueio atrioventricular avan&#231;ado ou de alto grau</bold> - H&#225; condu&#231;&#227;o AV em menos da metade dos batimentos atriais, em propor&#231;&#227;o 3:1, 4:1, ou maior.</p>
        <p><bold>B loqueio atrioventricular de terceiro grau ou total (BAVT)</bold> - Os est&#237;mulos de origem atrial n&#227;o conseguem chegar aos ventr&#237;culos e despolariz&#225;-los; desta maneira, um foco abaixo da regi&#227;o do bloqueio assume o ritmo ventricular. N&#227;o existe, assim, correla&#231;&#227;o entre a atividade el&#233;trica atrial e ventricular, o que se traduz por ondas P n&#227;o relacionadas ao QRS. A frequ&#234;ncia do ritmo atrial &#233; maior que a do ritmo de escape.</p>
        <p><bold>Bloqueio atrioventricular parox&#237;stico</bold> - Ocorr&#234;ncia s&#250;bita e inesperada de uma sucess&#227;o de ondas P bloqueadas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Pr&#233;-Excita&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular</italic></bold>- S&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas do padr&#227;o cl&#225;ssico: intervalo PR &lt; 120 ms durante o ritmo sinusal em adultos, e &lt; 90 ms em crian&#231;as; entalhe da por&#231;&#227;o inicial do complexo QRS (onda delta) interrompendo a onda P ou surgindo imediatamente ap&#243;s seu t&#233;rmino; dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &gt; 120 ms em adultos e &gt; 90 ms em crian&#231;as; altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias de ST e T.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outros Mecanismos de Altera&#231;&#227;o da Rela&#231;&#227;o AV Normal</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV</italic></bold> - Ocorrem dois ritmos dissociados, um de origem atrial (geralmente sinusal e com PP regular) e outro de origem juncional ou ventricular. A frequ&#234;ncia desses focos pode ser similar (dissocia&#231;&#227;o isorr&#237;tmica).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial retr&#243;grada</italic></bold> - O &#225;trio &#233; ativado a partir de um est&#237;mulo ventricular, com condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada, geralmente pelo n&#243; AV ou por uma via an&#244;mala. Observa-se QRS alargado (origem ventricular), seguido de onda P negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sobrecargas das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sobrecargas Atriais</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Sobrecarga atrial esquerda (SAE)</italic></bold> - Aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#8805; 120 ms, associado ao aparecimento de entalhe na deriva&#231;&#227;o D2, e onda P com componente negativo aumentado na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 (&#237;ndice de Morris).</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Sobrecarga atrial direita (SAD)</italic></bold> - A onda P apresenta-se apiculada, com amplitude acima de 0,25 mV ou 2,5 mm e, na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1, apresenta por&#231;&#227;o inicial positiva &gt; 0,15 mV ou 1,5 mm.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Sobrecarga biatrial (SBA)</italic></bold> - Associa&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de SAE e SAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sobrecargas ventriculares</title>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>Sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (SVE)</italic>
            </bold>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
            <sup>-</sup>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
          </p>
          <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de Romhilt-Estes -</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> De acordo com esses crit&#233;rios, h&#225; SVE na presen&#231;a de cinco ou mais pontos nos escores a seguir:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de tr&#234;s pontos</italic> - aumento de amplitude do QRS; padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o tipo <italic>strain</italic> na aus&#234;ncia de a&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica; e &#237;ndice de Morris.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <italic>Crit&#233;rios de dois pontos - desvio do eixo el&#233;trico do QRS al&#233;m de -30&#176;.</italic>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <italic>Crit&#233;rios de um ponto - aumento do tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular (TAV) ou deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide al&#233;m de 40 ms; aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (&gt; 90 ms) em V5 e V6; e padr&#227;o tipo strain sob a&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p><italic>&#205;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon -</italic>(22 )&#201; considerado positivo quando a soma da amplitude da onda S na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 com a amplitude da onda R na deriva&#231;&#227;o V5/V6 &#233; &gt; 35 mm.</p>
          <p><italic>&#205;ndice de Cornell -</italic> Quando a soma da amplitude da onda R na deriva&#231;&#227;o aVL, com a amplitude da onda S de V3 for &gt; 28 mm em homens e &gt; 20 mm em mulheres.</p>
          <p><italic>Altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular</italic> - Onda T achatada nas deriva&#231;&#245;es esquerdas (D1, aVL, V5 e V6) ou padr&#227;o tipo <italic>strain</italic> (infradesnivelamento do ST com onda T negativa e assim&#233;trica).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sobrecarga ventricular direita (SVD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</title>
          <p><italic>Eixo -</italic> Eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal localizado &#224; direita de +110(o) no adulto.</p>
          <p><italic>Onda R ampla -</italic> Presen&#231;a de onda R de alta voltagem em V1 e V2 e ondas S profundas em V5 e V6.</p>
          <p><italic>Morfologia qR ou qRs -</italic> A morfologia qR ou qRs em V1, ou V1 e V2, &#233; um dos sinais mais espec&#237;ficos de SVD.</p>
          <p><italic>Morfologia rsR' -</italic> Padr&#227;o trif&#225;sico (rsR'), com onda R' proeminente nas precordiais direitas V1 e V2.</p>
          <p><italic>Onda T -</italic> Ondas T positivas em V1 ap&#243;s os 3 dias de vida e at&#233; os 6 anos, quando a rela&#231;&#227;o R/S nessa deriva&#231;&#227;o &#233; maior que 1.</p>
          <p><italic>Repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular -</italic> Padr&#227;o tipo <italic>strain</italic> de repolariza&#231;&#227;o nas precordiais direitas.</p>
          <p><italic>&#205;ndice -</italic> Soma de R em V1 + S em V5-V6 &gt; 10,5 mm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sobrecarga biventricular</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal desviado para a direita, associado a crit&#233;rios de voltagem para SVE.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ECG t&#237;pico de SVD, associado a um ou mais dos seguintes elementos:</p>
              <p> b.1) ondas Q profundas em V5 e V6 e nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores.</p>
              <p> b.2) R de voltagem aumentada em V5 e V6.</p>
              <p> b.3) S de V1 e V2 + R de V5 e V6 com crit&#233;rio positivo de Sokolow.</p>
              <p> b.4) deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide em V6 &#8805; 40 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Complexos QRS isodif&#225;sicos amplos, de tipo R/S, nas precordiais intermedi&#225;rias de V2 a V4.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos bloqueios (retardo, atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o) intraventriculares</title>
        <p><bold>Bloqueios intraventriculares</bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Altera&#231;&#245;es na propaga&#231;&#227;o intraventricular dos impulsos el&#233;tricos, determinando mudan&#231;as na forma e dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS que podem ser frequ&#234;ncia-dependentes, al&#233;m de fixas ou intermitentes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Bloqueio do ramo esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>QRS alargados com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 120 ms como condi&#231;&#227;o fundamental.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>aus&#234;ncia de "q" em D1, aVL, V5 e V6; variantes podem ter onda "q" apenas em aVL.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ondas R alargadas e com entalhes e/ou empastamentos m&#233;dio-terminais em D1, aVL, V5 e V6.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>onda "r" com crescimento lento de V1 a V3, podendo ocorrer QS.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ondas S alargadas com espessamentos e/ou entalhes em V1 e V2.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide em V5 e V6 &#8805; 50 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>eixo el&#233;trico de QRS entre -30&#176; e +60&#176;.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>depress&#227;o de ST e T assim&#233;trica em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao retardo m&#233;dio-terminal.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo em associa&#231;&#227;o com sobrecarga ventricular esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>SAE.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &gt; 150 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>onda R em aVL &gt; 11 mm.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ondas S em V2 &gt; 30 mm e em V3 &gt;25 mm.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>S&#226;QRS al&#233;m de - 40&#176;.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>presen&#231;a de &#237;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon &#8805; 35 mm.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo em associa&#231;&#227;o com sobrecarga ventricular direita</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>baixa voltagem nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>onda R proeminente em aVR.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>rela&#231;&#227;o R/S menor que 1 em V5.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <sec>
            <title>Bloqueio do ramo direito</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>QRS alargados com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 120 ms como condi&#231;&#227;o fundamental.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>ondas S empastadas em D1, aVL, V5 e V6.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>ondas qR com R empastada em aVR.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>rSR' ou rsR' com R' espessado em V1.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>eixo el&#233;trico de QRS vari&#225;vel, tendendo para a direita no plano frontal.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>onda T assim&#233;trica em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao retardo final de QRS.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p><bold><italic>Atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o</italic></bold> - Esta express&#227;o pode ser utilizada quando o dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o no ramo direito for muito discreto.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bloqueios divisionais do ramo esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Bloqueio divisional anterossuperior (BDAS) esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
						</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>eixo el&#233;trico de QRS &#8805; -45&#176;.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>rS em D2, D3 e aVF com S3 maior que S2; QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 120 ms.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>onda S em D3 com amplitude maior que 15 mm (ou &#225;rea equivalente).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>qR em D1 e aVL com tempo da deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide maior que 50 ms ou qRs com "s" m&#237;nima em D1.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>qR com R empastado em aVL.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>progress&#227;o lenta da onda r de V1 a V3.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>presen&#231;a de S de V4 a V6.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bloqueio divisional anteromedial (BDAM) esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>onda R &#8805; 15 mm em V2 e V3 ou desde V1, crescendo para as deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais intermedi&#225;rias e diminuindo de V5 para V6.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>s&#250;bito salto de crescimento da onda "r" de V1 para V2 ("rS" em V1 para R em V2).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &lt; 120 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>aus&#234;ncia de desvio do eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ondas T em geral negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>morfologia qR em V1 a V4.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bloqueio divisional posteroinferior (BDPI) esquerdo</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal orientado para a direita &gt; +90&#176;.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>qR em D2, D3 e aVF com R3 &gt; R2 e deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide &gt; 50 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>onda R em D3 &gt; 15 mm.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>tempo de deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide aumentado em aVF, V5-V6 maior ou igual a 50 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>rS em D1 com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 120 ms; pode ocorrer progress&#227;o mais lenta de "r" de V1 - V3.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>onda S de V2 a V6.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bloqueios divisionais do ramo direito</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Bloqueio divisional superior direito</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>rS em D2, D3 e aVF com S2 &gt; S3.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Rs em D1 com onda s &gt; 2 mm, rS em D1 ou D1, D2 e D3 (S1, S2, S3) com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 120 ms.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>S empastado em V1-V2/V5-V6 ou, eventualmente, rSr' em V1 e V2.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>qR com R empastado em avR.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Bloqueio divisional inferior direito</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>onda R em D2 &gt; onda R em D3.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>rS em D1 com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 120 ms.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal orientado para a direita &gt; +90&#176;.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>S empastado em V1-V2/V5-V6 ou, eventualmente, rSr' em V1 e V2.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>qR em aVR com R empastado.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Situa&#231;&#245;es especiais envolvendo a condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Bloqueio peri-infarto -</italic></bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS na presen&#231;a de uma onda Q anormal devido ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores ou laterais, com aumento da por&#231;&#227;o final do complexo QRS e de oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; onda Q (isto &#233;, complexo QR).</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Bloqueio peri-isquemia</italic></bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Aumento transit&#243;rio na dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS acompanhado de desvio do segmento ST na fase aguda da isquemia.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS (fQRS)</italic></bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Presen&#231;a de entalhes na onda R ou S em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo ou, quando na presen&#231;a deste, o encontro de mais de dois entalhes.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo at&#237;pico</italic></bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Quando h&#225; ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto em paciente com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo pr&#233;vio. Nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, temos a presen&#231;a de ondas Q profundas e largas, padr&#227;o QS em V1-V4 e QR em V5-V6 com fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Bloqueio intraventricular parietal ou Purkinje/m&#250;sculo</italic></bold> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Quando o dist&#250;rbio dromotr&#243;pico localiza-se entre as fibras de Purkinje e o m&#250;sculo, observado em grandes hipertrofias e cardiomiopatias.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise das &#225;reas eletricamente inativas</title>
        <p><bold>Defini&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas eletricamente inativas (AEI)</bold> - Considera-se uma AEI aquela onde n&#227;o existe ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular da forma esperada sem configurar dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular. Caracteriza-se pela presen&#231;a de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise topogr&#225;fica de manifesta&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas</title>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise topogr&#225;fica das manifesta&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ao eletrocardiograma</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>parede anterosseptal - deriva&#231;&#245;es V1, V2 e V3.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>parede anterior - deriva&#231;&#245;es V1, V2, V3 e V4.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>parede anterior localizada - deriva&#231;&#245;es V3, V4 ou V3-V5.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>parede anterolateral - deriva&#231;&#245;es V4 a V5, V6, D1 e aVL.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>parede anterior extensa - V1 a V6, D1 e aVL.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>parede lateral baixa - deriva&#231;&#245;es V5 e V6.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>parede lateral alta - D1 e aVL.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>parede inferior - D2, D3 e aVF.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Os termos "parede posterior" e "parede dorsal" n&#227;o devem mais ser utilizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Infartos de localiza&#231;&#227;o especial</title>
            <p><bold><italic>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em ventr&#237;culo direito -</italic></bold> Eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas, particularmente com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST superior a &gt; 1 mm em V4R.</p>
            <p><bold><italic>Infarto atrial</italic></bold> - Vis&#237;vel pela presen&#231;a de desnivelamentos do segmento PR &gt; 0,5 mm.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Presen&#231;a de isquemia</title>
              <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                <list-item>
                  <p>isquemia subendoc&#225;rdica: presen&#231;a de onda T positiva, sim&#233;trica e pontiaguda.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>isquemia subepic&#225;rdica: presen&#231;a de onda T negativa, sim&#233;trica e pontiaguda; atualmente, atribui-se a essa altera&#231;&#227;o um padr&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
              <p><bold><italic>Altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias na onda T -</italic></bold> aquelas que n&#227;o se enquadram na defini&#231;&#227;o de ondas isqu&#234;micas.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da presen&#231;a de les&#227;o</title>
            <p>Les&#227;o subepic&#225;rdica: eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J e do segmento ST, com concavidade ou convexidade (mais espec&#237;fica) superior em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas que exploram a regi&#227;o envolvida de pelo menos 1 mm no plano frontal e precordiais esquerdas. Para as deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais V1 a V3, considerar supradesnivelamento ST &#8805; 1,5 mm em mulheres, &#8805; 2,0 mm em homens acima de 40 anos e &#8805; 2,5 mm em homens abaixo de 40 anos.( 40)</p>
            <p>Les&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> depress&#227;o horizontal ou descendente do ponto J e do segmento ST &#8805; 0,5 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas que exploram as regi&#245;es envolvidas, aferida 60 ms ap&#243;s o ponto J.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais</title>
            <p><bold><italic>Isquemia subepic&#225;rdica</italic></bold>- Deve ser diferenciada das altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em SVE ou bloqueios de ramos.</p>
            <p><bold><italic>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST</italic></bold>- Deve ser diferenciado das seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es:</p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>pericardite e miocardite.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio antigo com &#225;rea discin&#233;tica e supradesnivelamento persistente.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>quadros abdominais agudos.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>hiperpotassemia.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>s&#237;ndromes catecolamin&#233;rgicas.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de infarto com bloqueios de ramo</title>
            <p><bold><italic>Infarto de mioc&#225;rdio na presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD)</italic></bold>- Habitualmente, a presen&#231;a de BRD n&#227;o impede o reconhecimento de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio associado.</p>
            <p><bold><italic>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio na presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE)</italic></bold>- A presen&#231;a de BRE dificulta o reconhecimento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio associado. Os desnivelamentos do segmento ST podem permitir a identifica&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios definidos por Sgarbossa et al.:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
						</p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 1,0 mm em concord&#226;ncia com o QRS/T.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>depress&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 1,0 mm em V1, V2 e V3.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 5,0 mm em discord&#226;ncia com o QRS/T.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p><bold>Normas na suspeita cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica Aguda -</bold> Um ECG normal, n&#227;o exclui a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana, devendo-se seguir a orienta&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes espec&#237;ficas para s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</title>
        <p><bold>Estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial (ECA) -</bold> O reconhecimento de dist&#250;rbios da fun&#231;&#227;o antibradicardia &#233; exequ&#237;vel e necess&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>A normatiza&#231;&#227;o dos termos utilizados para descrever as opera&#231;&#245;es dos sistemas de ECA segue uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o internacional idealizada pela <italic>North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology</italic> (NASPE) e pelo <italic>British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group</italic> (BPEG). Por isso, alguns termos consagrados s&#227;o utilizados no idioma original (ingl&#234;s).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#243;digo de cinco letras</title>
          <p>
            <italic>Primeira letra: c&#226;mara estimulada</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>O: nenhuma</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>A: &#225;trio</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>V: ventr&#237;culo</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>D: &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>Segunda letra: c&#226;mara sentida</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>O: nenhuma</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>A: &#225;trio</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>V: ventr&#237;culo</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>D: &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>Terceira letra: resposta &#224; sensibilidade</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>O: nenhuma</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>I: inibir</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>T: trigger (disparar, ou deflagrar)</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>D: inibir e deflagrar</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>Quarta letra: modula&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>O: nenhuma</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>R: sensor de varia&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia ativado</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>Quinta letra: estimula&#231;&#227;o multiss&#237;tio</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>O: nenhuma</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>A: atrial</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>V: ventricular</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>D: atrial e ventricular</italic>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Termos b&#225;sicos</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>esp&#237;cula: representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica que corresponde ao est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico produzido pelo sistema de ECA.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>captura: despolariza&#231;&#227;o tecidual artificial (provocada pela emiss&#227;o da esp&#237;cula).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>frequ&#234;ncia b&#225;sica: &#233; a frequ&#234;ncia na qual o marca-passo estimula o cora&#231;&#227;o (&#225;trio e/ou ventr&#237;culo) sem interfer&#234;ncia de batimentos espont&#226;neos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>intervalo atrioventricular (IAV): intervalo entre uma atividade atrial espont&#226;nea (sentida) ou estimulada e o est&#237;mulo ventricular.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>histerese: intervalo de tempo superior ao da frequ&#234;ncia b&#225;sica, acionado por evento espont&#226;neo.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>limite m&#225;ximo de frequ&#234;ncia (LMF): &#233; a frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de estimula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>sensibilidade: capacidade de reconhecimento de eventos el&#233;tricos espont&#226;neos atriais ou ventriculares.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>inibi&#231;&#227;o normal: aus&#234;ncia de emiss&#227;o da esp&#237;cula pelo gerador de pulsos quando o canal atrial ou ventricular "sente", respectivamente, uma onda P ou um QRS espont&#226;neo.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>An&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas dos sistemas de ECA</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>sistema de ECA normofuncionante: captura e sensibilidade normais.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>sistema de ECA com fun&#231;&#227;o de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#237;nima: nos sistemas AVs, ocorre aumento do IAV ou mudan&#231;a peri&#243;dica para o modo de funcionamento AAI com o objetivo de buscar uma condu&#231;&#227;o AV espont&#226;nea.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>perda de captura atrial e/ou ventricular (intermitente ou persistente): incapacidade de uma esp&#237;cula provocar despolariza&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara estimulada.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>falha de sensibilidade:</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p>d.1) sensibilidade excessiva (<italic>oversensing</italic>): sensibilidade exagerada que resulta em uma identifica&#231;&#227;o equivocada de um sinal el&#233;trico que n&#227;o corresponde &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara relacionada (interfer&#234;ncia eletromagn&#233;tica, miopotenciais, onda T, etc.).</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>d.2) sensibilidade diminu&#237;da (<italic>undersensing</italic>): incapacidade de reconhecimento da despolariza&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Pode ocorrer por programa&#231;&#227;o inadequada ou por modifica&#231;&#245;es da capta&#231;&#227;o do sinal intr&#237;nseco (o sistema n&#227;o "enxerga" a onda P ou o QRS).</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>batimentos de fus&#227;o: correspondem &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o artificial do tecido card&#237;aco de forma simult&#226;nea &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, provocando complexos h&#237;bridos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>batimentos de pseudofus&#227;o: ativa&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea do tecido card&#237;aco simult&#226;nea &#224; emiss&#227;o da esp&#237;cula do marca-passo sem efeito sobre o QRS ou a onda P (pseudofus&#227;o ventricular e atrial, respectivamente).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>taquicardia mediada pelo marca-passo: arritmia restrita aos sistemas de estimula&#231;&#227;o AV, caracterizada pela deflagra&#231;&#227;o ventricular a partir de onda P retr&#243;grada.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>taquicardia conduzida pelo marca-passo: taquiarritmia que envolve sistemas de estimula&#231;&#227;o AV, caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de arritmia supraventricular que, ao ser sentida pelo canal atrial, deflagra capturas ventriculares em frequ&#234;ncias elevadas, mantendo certas caracter&#237;sticas de arritmia espont&#226;nea.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>taquicardia induzida pelo marca-passo: altera&#231;&#245;es da sensibilidade ou interfer&#234;ncias eletromagn&#233;ticas que provocam arritmias.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos eletrocardiogramas pedi&#225;tricos</title>
        <p><bold>An&#225;lise dos eletrocardiogramas pedi&#225;tricos -</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> As dificuldades para estabelecer padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos normais em crian&#231;as decorrem de uma s&#233;rie de aspectos que devem ser sempre considerados na an&#225;lise do ECG pedi&#225;trico:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>as caracter&#237;sticas do tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico devem ser avaliadas de acordo com a idade da crian&#231;a.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>a exist&#234;ncia de deformidade tor&#225;cica ou m&#225; posi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca limita a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>o ECG do rec&#233;m-nascido reflete as repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas sobre o ventr&#237;culo direito na vida intrauterina e as altera&#231;&#245;es anatomofisiol&#243;gicas decorrentes da transi&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o fetal para a circula&#231;&#227;o neonatal.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>o ECG da crian&#231;a mostra a diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva do dom&#237;nio do ventr&#237;culo direito at&#233; ser atingido o padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico de predom&#237;nio fisiol&#243;gico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, como observado no ECG do adulto.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A Tabela 1 elaborada por Davignon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> apresenta os valores de refer&#234;ncia dos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em crian&#231;as nas diversas idades, al&#233;m de mostrar as principais mudan&#231;as do ECG no primeiro ano de vida, particularmente no per&#237;odo neonatal (do 1&#176; dia ao 30&#176; dia).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es especiais na an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma pedi&#225;trico</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Defini&#231;&#227;o do</italic> situs</bold> - &#201; baseada na localiza&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal. No <italic>situssolitus</italic>, o eixo da onda P est&#225; ao redor de +60&#176;, enquanto nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que o <italic>situs</italic> &#233; <italic>inversus</italic>, o eixo de P &#233; de +120&#176;, sendo, portanto, a onda P negativa em D1.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Ondas "q"</italic></bold> - Em V1, a presen&#231;a de onda "q" &#233; sempre considerada patol&#243;gica, enquanto em V6, esta onda est&#225; presente em 90% das crian&#231;as com idade acima de 1 m&#234;s.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Onda T</italic></bold> - Pode ser negativa em D1 e positiva em aVR nas primeiras horas de vida. Nas primeiras 48 horas de vida, a onda T costuma ser positiva em V1, tornando-se negativa depois de 3 a 7 dias, voltando a se tornar positiva somente na pr&#233;-adolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O eletrocardiograma nas canalopatias e demais altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas</title>
        <p><bold>A gen&#233;tica e o eletrocardiograma -</bold> Um campo inovador na cardiologia nos &#250;ltimos anos foi a descri&#231;&#227;o de entidades cl&#237;nicas potencialmente fatais que apresentam padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico caracter&#237;stico e o aprimoramento de t&#233;cnicas de mapeamento gen&#233;tico.</p>
        <p><bold>Canalopatias -</bold> As canalopatias card&#237;acas resultam de muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas ou mau funcionamento adquirido dos canais i&#244;nicos, respons&#225;veis por desencadear altera&#231;&#245;es na despolariza&#231;&#227;o ou repolariza&#231;&#227;o das fases do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o celular.</p>
        <p><bold>S&#237;ndrome do QT longo cong&#234;nito</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>Sua principal caracter&#237;stica &#233; o prolongamento do intervalo QTc ao ECG, com valores &gt; 460 ms. Clinicamente, a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ncope ou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria desencadeada por estresse emocional e f&#237;sico deve aventar a hip&#243;tese da s&#237;ndrome do QT longo (LQT). S&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas ao ECG:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>LQT1: onda T normal, de base larga e in&#237;cio tardio.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>LQT2: onda T de baixa amplitude.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>LQT3: onda T tardia, ap&#243;s ST longo e retificado.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>S&#237;ndrome do QT curto</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Entidade descrita recentemente (em 2000), caracterizada pelo achado de intervalo QT curto associado &#224; FA e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. O defeito gen&#233;tico dessa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; o aumento da fun&#231;&#227;o dos canais de pot&#225;ssio, que atuam na fase 3 do potencial, levando ao encurtamento do intervalo QT, relacionado principalmente aos genes <italic>KCNH2</italic>, <italic>KCNQ1</italic> e <italic>KCNJ2</italic>. Ao ECG observa-se um intervalo QTc curto (&lt; 370 ms) e uma dist&#226;ncia entre ponto J e o pico da onda T &lt; 120 ms.</p>
        <p><bold>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> Canalopatia que se expressa por defeito dos canais de s&#243;dio no epic&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), acometendo predominantemente o sexo masculino e indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita familiar. Essa s&#237;ndrome tem transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante e &#233; respons&#225;vel por 20% das mortes s&#250;bitas com cora&#231;&#227;o normal &#224; aut&#243;psia. &#201; uma condi&#231;&#227;o geneticamente heterog&#234;nea, com envolvimento de pelo menos 13 genes. Ao ECG, caracteriza-se por eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 e V2, com duas apresenta&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>padr&#227;o tipo 1: eleva&#231;&#227;o em c&#250;pula do segmento ST &#8805; 2 mm, seguido de invers&#227;o de onda T, com significativo descenso lento de R&#180;.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>padr&#227;o tipo 2: eleva&#231;&#227;o em sela do segmento ST com &#225;pice &#8805; 2 mm e base da sela &#8805; 1 mm.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>Taquicardia catecolamin&#233;rgica</bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> Devem levantar suspeita para esta doen&#231;a: hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita na fam&#237;lia com relato de s&#237;ncopes desde a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, associada a extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares com FC entre 110 e 130 bpm, geralmente isoladas, intermitentes, bigeminadas e pareadas, que geralmente interrompem com o aumento da FC. Aproximadamente 30% dos indiv&#237;duos podem apresentar intervalo QT entre 460 ms e 480 ms. Entre 50 a 60% dos casos de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica (TVP) catecolamin&#233;rgica derivam de muta&#231;&#245;es heredit&#225;rias ou espor&#225;dicas nos canais de rianodina, respons&#225;veis por regular o c&#225;lcio intracelular.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;as Gen&#233;ticas com Acometimento Card&#237;aco Prim&#225;rio</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito</italic></bold>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica com acometimento prim&#225;rio do VD (substitui&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos por tecido fibrogorduroso), associada a arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte s&#250;bita. Ao ECG, caracteriza-se pela presen&#231;a de atraso final da condu&#231;&#227;o do QRS com baixa voltagem e maior dura&#231;&#227;o (onda &#233;psilon, presente em 30% dos casos), associado a ondas T negativas de V1 a V4, arredondadas e assim&#233;tricas. Associa&#231;&#227;o com extrass&#237;stoles de origem no VD.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</italic></bold>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>Doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria do cora&#231;&#227;o, de base gen&#233;tica com heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante, com 23 muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas descritas. Ocorre acentuada hipertrofia ventricular segmentar ou difusa. O ECG est&#225; alterado em pelo menos 75% dos pacientes, com boa sensibilidade para a faixa pedi&#225;trica. Caracteriza-se pelo encontro de ondas Q r&#225;pidas e profundas em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e/ou precordiais, em geral associadas a sinais cl&#225;ssicos de SVE e acompanhadas de altera&#231;&#245;es caracter&#237;sticas de ST-T.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas com acometimento card&#237;aco secund&#225;rio</title>
        <p><bold><italic>Distrofia muscular</italic></bold> -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> Os achados mais comuns ao ECG s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de onda R ampla (rela&#231;&#227;o R/S &gt; 1) em V1 e V2; onda Q profunda em V6, DI e aVL; atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito; complexos QS em I, aVL, D1, D2 e D3; e altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em atletas</title>
        <p><bold>A Import&#226;ncia do Eletrocardiograma do Atleta -</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> Atualmente, &#233; necess&#225;rio o entendimento do "ECG do atleta", ou seja, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas decorrentes do treinamento de alta <italic>performance</italic>, sem a presen&#231;a necess&#225;ria de altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e/ou estruturais, e consideradas como parte do "cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta".</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas comuns ou relacionadas com o treinamento</bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>bradicardia sinusal.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>arritmia sinusal f&#225;sica ou respirat&#243;ria.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>aumento do intervalo PR.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>aumento da voltagem de ondas R ou S entre 30 a 35 mm.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, tipo repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>bloqueio AV de segundo grau tipo Mobitz I.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>padr&#227;o de sobrecarga ventricular somente por crit&#233;rios de voltagem (Sokolow-Lyon).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas especiais/sist&#234;micas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que alteram o eletrocardiograma</title>
          <p><bold><italic>A&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica -</italic></bold> Depress&#227;o de ST-T de concavidade superior (onda T "em colher") e diminui&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc. V&#225;rias arritmias podem ocorrer na intoxica&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica, por&#233;m h&#225; predom&#237;nio da extrassistolia ventricular.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Altera&#231;&#245;es de ST-T por f&#225;rmacos -</italic></bold> Aumento do intervalo QTc.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica -</italic></bold> Presen&#231;a de QRS com amplitudes alternadamente maiores e menores em QRS sucessivos.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Altern&#226;ncia da onda T -</italic></bold> Caracteriza-se por uma varia&#231;&#227;o epis&#243;dica ou permanente da amplitude, formato e orienta&#231;&#227;o da onda T, batimento a batimento.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial -</italic></bold> Atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito e poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o com SVD.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Derrame peric&#225;rdico -</italic></bold> Efeito diel&#233;trico, TS e altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Dextrocardia com</italic> situs inversus totalis</bold> - Onda P negativa em D1 e positiva em aVR; complexos QRS negativos em D1 e aVL e progressivamente menores de V1 a V6.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Dextroposi&#231;&#227;o -</italic></bold> Pode ocorrer onda P negativa ou <italic>minus-plus</italic> em D1, onda Q profunda em D1 e aVL e complexos qRS a partir das precordiais direitas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos</title>
          <p><italic>Hiperpotassemia</italic> - As altera&#231;&#245;es dependem dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pot&#225;ssio. Ocorrem sequencialmente: onda T de grande amplitude, sim&#233;trica e de base estreita; redu&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc; dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular; diminui&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda P at&#233; seu desaparecimento, com presen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o sinoventricular.</p>
          <p><italic>Hipopotassemia</italic> - Aumento da amplitude da onda U; depress&#227;o do segmento ST e da onda T; aumento do intervalo QTU.</p>
          <p><italic>Hipocalcemia</italic> - Retifica&#231;&#227;o e aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST com consequente aumento do intervalo QTc.</p>
          <p><italic>Hipercalcemia</italic> - Encurtamento e eventual desaparecimento do segmento ST.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</italic></bold> - Desvio do eixo da onda P para a direita, pr&#243;ximo de +90(o); efeito diel&#233;trico; desvio do eixo do complexo QRS para direita; desvio posterior da zona de transi&#231;&#227;o precordial do QRS para a esquerda (rS de V1 a V6).</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Efeito diel&#233;trico</italic></bold> - Baixa voltagem do QRS em todo o tra&#231;ado (&lt; 0,5 mV nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal e &lt; 1,0 mV nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais).</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Embolia pulmonar</italic></bold> - TS, atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o no ramo direito, desvio agudo do eixo do QRS para direita e ondas T negativas na parede anterior do VE.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Fen&#244;meno de Ashman (ou Gouaux-Ashman)</italic></bold> - Condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante que ocorre em batimento que segue imediatamente um ciclo curto ap&#243;s um ciclo longo, em raz&#227;o do aumento do per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. &#201; mais frequente na FA.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Hipotermia</italic></bold>- Bradicardia, presen&#231;a onda J ou de Osborn.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Hipotireoidismo</italic></bold>- Bradicardia e efeito diel&#233;trico.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</italic></bold>- Associa&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas na hiperpotassemia e hipocalcemia.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Comprometimento agudo do sistema nervoso central</italic></bold>- Ondas T negativas gigantes, simulando isquemia subepic&#225;rdica (onda T cerebral); aumento do intervalo QTc.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Pericardite</italic></bold>- O processo inflamat&#243;rio decorrente da epicardite subjacente nos ventr&#237;culos &#233; o respons&#225;vel pelas seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>onda T: na fase inicial, apresenta-se pouco aumentada e sim&#233;trica. Caracteristicamente n&#227;o apresenta invers&#227;o enquanto ocorrem manifesta&#231;&#245;es de eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>segmento ST: eleva&#231;&#227;o difusa com concavidade superior.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>depress&#227;o do segmento PR.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica dos tra&#231;ados</title>
        <p><bold>Calibra&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardi&#243;grafo -</bold> Nos aparelhos mais modernos, computadorizados e com tra&#231;ados digitalizados, o padr&#227;o do calibrador &#233; verificado automaticamente. O padr&#227;o normal deve ter 1 mV (10 mm).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Posicionamento dos eletrodos</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Eletrodos dos membros superiores trocados entre si -</italic></bold> Apresentam deriva&#231;&#245;es D1 com ondas negativas e aVR com ondas positivas.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Eletrodo do membro inferior direito trocado por um eletrodo de um dos membros superiores -</italic></bold> Amplitudes de ondas pequenas em D2 (bra&#231;o direito) ou D3 (bra&#231;o esquerdo).</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Troca de eletrodos precordiais -</italic></bold> Altera&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o normal da onda R de V1 a V6.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Posicionamento dos eletrodos V1 e V2 -</italic></bold> Eletrodos V1 e V2 posicionados incorretamente acima do segundo espa&#231;o intercostal podem produzir um padr&#227;o rSr' simulando atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o, ou morfologia rS de V1 a V3 e onda P negativa em V1 simulando SAE.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Altera&#231;&#245;es decorrentes de funcionamento inadequado de programas tipo</italic> software <italic>e sistemas de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos computadorizados -</italic></bold> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados por sistemas computadorizados come&#231;a a revelar problemas novos, espec&#237;ficos e ainda n&#227;o totalmente conhecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outras interfer&#234;ncias</title>
          <p><bold><italic>Tremores musculares</italic></bold> - Podem interferir com a linha de base, mimetizando altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas como FA e FV no paciente parkinsoniano.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Neuroestimula&#231;&#227;o</italic></bold> - Portadores de afec&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso central que necessitam do uso de dispositivos de estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica artificial podem apresentar artefatos que mimetizam a esp&#237;cula do marca-passo card&#237;aco.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Frio, febre, solu&#231;os e agita&#231;&#227;o psicomotora -</italic></bold> Tamb&#233;m produzem artefatos na linha de base.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Grande eletrodo precordial -</italic></bold> Aplica&#231;&#227;o do gel condutor em uma faixa cont&#237;nua no prec&#243;rdio resultando em um tra&#231;ado igual de V1 a V6, correspondente &#224; m&#233;dia dos potenciais el&#233;tricos nessas deriva&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
          <p><bold>Laudos automatizados -</bold> N&#227;o s&#227;o recomendadas aferi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;tricas e vetoriais automatizadas, ou laudos provenientes desses sistemas, j&#225; que o laudo &#233; um ato m&#233;dico.</p>
          <p><bold>Laudos via <italic>internet</italic>
						</bold>- Os sistemas de tele-ECG(56) registram o tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico feito &#224; dist&#226;ncia por diferentes meios e tecnologias de transfer&#234;ncia de dados capazes de reproduzir com precis&#227;o o exame feito com 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas seguindo diretrizes nacionais e internacionais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
