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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dXrqqvhrJkCyjxp3WnT7X3H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004300375</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160148</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicoradiological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 6/2016 - The Patient is a 29-Year-Old Male with Spontaneous Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect in Adulthood</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica privada Dr. Edmar Atik, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Maling Address: Edmar Atik</bold>, Private Office. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74 conj.73, Bela Vista. Postal Code 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>375</fpage>
      <lpage>377</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Down Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>Clinical findings:</bold> The routine examination of an asymptomatic 10-day-old male patient with Down syndrome revealed a holosystolic and mild (+ to ++ of intensity) heart murmur characteristic of low ventricular septal defect, auscultated along the left sternal margin with radiation to the right sternal margin, and normal heart sounds. In addition, there were mild thrusts in the left sternal margin, mild enlargement of the liver and mild dyspnea, requiring the use of diuretics and digoxin up to the age of 18 months. Because of the mild repercussion of the defect, routine clinical follow-up was maintained, yielding systematically similar findings on physical examination. The echocardiogram always showed the subaortic perimembranous defect, ranging from 3 to 5 mm. The electrocardiogram (ECG) was within the normal range, but the chest radiography showed mild cardiac area enlargement. Good clinical course persisted with normal life, including regular physical activity, until the last recent routine medical reassessment, which no longer revealed the heart murmur. The heart murmur might have disappeared in the time interval between the assessment at the age of 18 years, when the heart murmur was still auscultated, and the last medical assessment at the age of 29 years. The patient works in the filing sector of a private company, where he is well accepted by his peers.</p>
    <p><bold>Physical examination:</bold> good general condition, eupneic, acyanotic, normal pulses. Weight: 54 kg, height: 146 cm, right upper limb blood pressure: 100/70 mmHg, heart rate: 60 bpm. The aorta was not palpated in the suprasternal notch.</p>
    <p>The inspection of the precordium showed neither palpable <italic>ictus cordis</italic> nor systolic pulsations. The heart sounds were normal and no heart murmur was auscultated. The liver was not palpable and the lungs were clean.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Complementary tests:</title>
      <p><bold>Electrocardiogram:</bold> Showed sinus rhythm, no chamber overload and no changes in ventricular repolarization. AP= +40&#186;, AQRS= +60&#186;, AT= +30&#186; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The ECGs performed before the closure of the defect were normal, in accordance with the corresponding ages.</p>
      <p><bold>Chest radiography:</bold> Showed heart area within the normal range (cardiothoracic index = 0.50) at the age of 13 years, prior to closure of the defect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Posteroanterior chest radiography showing normal heart area and pulmonary vascular bed, and normal electrocardiographic findings at the age of 13 years, prior to closure of the ventricular septal defect.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0375-60148-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Echocardiogram:</bold> Revealed heart chambers of normal size, normal biventricular function and no valvar abnormalities before and after spontaneous closure of the defect, which was located in the perimembranous region and had fibrous borders (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiograms showing a small subaortic ventricular septal defect at the age of 13 years in several views (A: subcostal; B: long axis; and C: apical), and no septal discontinuity in the long axis (D and E) in the recent assessment. RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; Ao: aorta; VSD: ventricular septal defect.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0375-60148-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> Small ventricular septal defect of mild repercussion, with spontaneous closure in adulthood and normalization of the clinical parameters.</p>
      <p><bold>Clinical rationale:</bold> The clinical findings during follow-up were compatible with the diagnosis of cardiovascular normality. Disappearance of the systolic heart murmur characteristic of ventricular septal defect previously auscultated indicated spontaneous and clear closure of the defect, which occurred in the time interval between the last assessment at the age of 18 years and the current assessment at the age of 29 years. In addition, the normal size of the heart area on chest radiography emphasized the anatomical and functional normality.</p>
      <p><bold>Differential diagnosis:</bold> The same progression can be observed in congenital heart diseases with spontaneous closure of defects, such as atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and regression of mild pulmonary valve stenosis, in addition to heart diseases surgically repaired with subsequent anatomical and functional normalization, such as ventricular and atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic coarctation, transposition of great arteries and anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.</p>
      <p><bold>Management:</bold> Because of the anatomical and functional normalization, a healthy and normal life was recommended, with no restriction of any human activity.</p>
      <p><bold>Comments:</bold> The anatomical and functional normalization after the correction of the above mentioned heart defects occurs very often as long as the patients are operated upon at an early age, and neither residual defects nor residual acquired phenomena persist. The same can be seen in some defects that close spontaneously, such as atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus and mild pulmonary valve stenosis with natural involution. Most patients, specifically those with mild ventricular septal defect, experience spontaneous closure of the defect during their first year of life (75%), but the condition can extend up to the age of 5 years (23%) or even longer, up to adulthood, although rarely.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> That closure occurs in mild defects, whose diameters measure less than 3 to 4 mm, and rarely in larger ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Atik E. Small ventricular septal defect: long-term expectant clinical management. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009:92(6):396-9, 413-6, 429-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Atik</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Small ventricular septal defect: long-term expectant clinical management</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>396</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <comment>413-6, 429-32</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Gabriel HM, Heger M, Innerhofer P, Zehetgruber M, Mundigler G, Wimmer M, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with ventricular septal defect considered not to require surgical closure during childhood. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(6):1066-71</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gabriel</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Innerhofer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zehetgruber</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mundigler</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wimmer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term outcome of patients with ventricular septal defect considered not to require surgical closure during childhood</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1066</fpage>
          <lpage>1071</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 6/2016 - Homem de 29 Anos com Fechamento Espont&#226;neo de Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular na Idade Adulta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica privada Dr. Edmar Atik, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik</bold>, Consult&#243;rio Privado. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74 conj.73, Bela Vista. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Down</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos:</bold> Em paciente com s&#237;ndrome de Down e assintom&#225;tico, em exame de rotina aos 10 dias de vida, foi auscultado sopro card&#237;aco caracter&#237;stico de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular baixa na borda esternal esquerda (BEE) com irradia&#231;&#227;o para a borda esternal direita, holossist&#243;lico e suave, de + a ++ de intensidade e com bulhas card&#237;acas normofon&#233;ticas. Havia na ocasi&#227;o impuls&#245;es discretas na BEE, f&#237;gado ligeiramente aumentado e discreta dispneia, o que obrigou o uso de diur&#233;ticos e digoxina at&#233; 18 meses de idade. Em face da repercuss&#227;o discreta do defeito, foi mantido em observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica rotineira, quando se verificava sistematicamente a continuidade de exame f&#237;sico similar. O ecocardiograma mostrava sempre o defeito perimembranoso suba&#243;rtico, que variava em tamanho de 3 a 5 mm. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) salientava normalidade, mas a radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrava discreto aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca. A boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica persistiu em vida normal, incluindo-se franca atividade f&#237;sica at&#233; que, na &#250;ltima recente reavalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica de rotina, verificou-se desaparecimento do sopro card&#237;aco. O sopro presuntivamente pode ter desaparecido no intervalo de tempo entre a pen&#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o, feita com 18 anos, quando ainda se auscultava o sopro card&#237;aco, e esta &#250;ltima consulta com 29 anos. Trabalha em um setor de arquivamento em firma privada com boa aceita&#231;&#227;o de seus pares.</p>
      <p><bold>Exame f&#237;sico:</bold> bom estado geral, eupneico, acian&#243;tico, pulsos normais. Peso: 54 kg, altura: 146 cm, PAMSD: 100/70 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: 60 bpm. A aorta n&#227;o era palpada na f&#250;rcula.</p>
      <p>No prec&#243;rdio, n&#227;o se palpava <italic>ictus cordis</italic> e n&#227;o havia impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas. As bulhas card&#237;acas eram normofon&#233;ticas e n&#227;o se auscultava sopro card&#237;aco. O f&#237;gado n&#227;o era palpado e os pulm&#245;es eram limpos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames complementares:</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> Mostrava ritmo sinusal, sem sobracargas cavit&#225;rias e sem altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. AP= +40&#186;, AQRS= +60&#186;, AT= +30&#186; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). O ECG realizado antes do fechamento do defeito mostrava-se tamb&#233;m normal nas idades correspondentes.</p>
        <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> Mostrava &#225;rea card&#237;aca dentro dos limites normais (&#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico = 0,50) em per&#237;odo pr&#233;vio ao fechamento do defeito, com 13 anos de idade, que persistiu posteriormente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax em PA salienta &#225;rea card&#237;aca e trama vascular pulmonar normais e eletrocardiograma sem altera&#231;&#245;es, em per&#237;odo pr&#233;vio ao fechamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular com 13 anos de idade.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0375-60148-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma:</bold> Revelou cavidades card&#237;acas com dimens&#245;es normais, fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular normal e sem anormalidades valvares, antes e ap&#243;s o fechamento espont&#226;neo do defeito, que se mostrava na regi&#227;o perimembranosa e com bordas fibrosas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> Comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular de pequena dimens&#227;o e com repercuss&#227;o discreta, que se fechou espontaneamente na idade adulta com normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ecocardiogramas salientam a presen&#231;a da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular suba&#243;rtica pequena com 13 anos de idade em v&#225;rias proje&#231;&#245;es, subcostal em A, eixo longo em B e apical em C, e sem qualquer descontinuidade septal em eixo longo em D e em E, em avalia&#231;&#227;o recente. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; Ao: aorta; CIV: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0375-60148-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico:</bold> Os elementos cl&#237;nicos evolutivos eram compat&#237;veis com o diagn&#243;stico de normalidade cardiovascular. O desaparecimento do sopro sist&#243;lico caracter&#237;stico da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular auscultado previamente salientava o fechamento espont&#226;neo e n&#237;tido do defeito, o que ocorreu no intervalo de tempo entre a &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada com 18 anos de idade e a atual com 29 anos. Acresce elemento favor&#225;vel o tamanho normal da &#225;rea card&#237;aca na radiografia de t&#243;rax, o que salienta tamb&#233;m a normalidade anatomofuncional.</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> Evolutivamente o mesmo quadro pode ser observado em cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com fechamento espont&#226;neo de defeitos, como a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, a persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial e a regress&#227;o da estenose pulmonar valvar discreta, e tamb&#233;m em cardiopatias operadas com normaliza&#231;&#227;o anatomofuncional, representadas pela pr&#243;pria comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e tamb&#233;m a interatrial, a persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, a coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, a drenagem an&#244;mala das veias pulmonares, dentre as principais.</p>
        <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Em face da normaliza&#231;&#227;o anatomofuncional, recomenda&#231;&#227;o de vida saud&#225;vel e normal com assertiva de que possa exercer qualquer tipo de atividade humana sem restri&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p><bold>Coment&#225;rios:</bold> A normalidade anatomofuncional ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o dos defeitos card&#237;acos acima mencionados ocorre com grande frequ&#234;ncia desde que sejam operados precocemente e n&#227;o contenham defeitos residuais nem fen&#244;menos adquiridos residuais. O mesmo pode ser observado em determinados defeitos que se fecham espontaneamente como na comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e interventricular, na persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial e na estenose valvar pulmonar discreta com involu&#231;&#227;o natural. A maioria dos pacientes, especificamente com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular discreta, experimenta fechamento espont&#226;neo do defeito enquanto lactentes no primeiro ano (75%), mas pode se estender at&#233; 5 anos (23%) ou mais e at&#233; a idade adulta, embora mais raramente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Esse fechamento ocorre em defeitos discretos com menos de 3 a 4 mm de di&#226;metro e raramente em tamanhos maiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
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