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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jjCpZRhHzyFBBJqmvwJBXJc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004300354</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160135</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Tilt Test</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reduced Systolic Volume: Main Pathophysiological Mechanism in Patients with Orthostatic Intolerance?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>T&#225;vora-Mehta</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Zildany P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehta</surname>
            <given-names>Niraj</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magajevski</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maluf</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora Lee Smith</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concato</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doubrawa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Zildany P. T&#225;vora-Mehta</bold>, Rua Francisco Torres n&#250;mero 528 apt. 201, Centro. Postal Code 80060-130, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mzildany@cardiol.br</email>, <email>zildany@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Mehta N, Magajevski A, Maluf DLS, Concato L, Ortiz MR, Cunha CLP; Acquisition of data: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Mehta N, Magajevski A, Maluf DLS, Concato L, Doubrawa E, Ortiz MR, Cunha CLP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Magajevski A, Doubrawa E; Statistical analysis: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Magajevski A, Oliveira L; Writing of the manuscript: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Mehta N, Magajevski A, Oliveira L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mehta N, Oliveira L, Cunha CLP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>354</fpage>
      <lpage>364</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Orthostatic intolerance patients' pathophysiological mechanism is still obscure, contributing to the difficulty in their clinical management.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate hemodynamic changes during tilt test in individuals with orthostatic intolerance symptoms, including syncope or near syncope.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sixty-one patients who underwent tilt test at - 70&#176; in the phase without vasodilators were divided into two groups. For data analysis, only the first 20 minutes of tilting were considered. Group I was made up of 33 patients who had an increase of total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) during orthostatic position; and Group II was made up of 28 patients with a decrease in TPVR (characterizing insufficient peripheral vascular resistance). The control group consisted of 24 healthy asymptomatic individuals. Hemodynamic parameters were obtained by a non-invasive hemodynamic monitor in three different moments (supine position, tilt 10' and tilt 20') adjusted for age.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In the supine position, systolic volume (SV) was significantly reduced in both Group II and I in comparison to the control group, respectively (66.4 &#177;14.9 ml vs. 81.8&#177;14.8 ml vs. 101.5&#177;24.2 ml; p&lt;0.05). TPVR, however, was higher in Group II in comparison to Group I and controls, respectively (1750.5&#177; 442 dyne.s/cm<sup>5</sup> vs.1424&#177;404 dyne.s/cm<sup>5</sup> vs. 974.4&#177;230 dyne.s/cm<sup>5</sup>; p&lt;0.05). In the orthostatic position, at 10', there was repetition of findings, with lower absolute values of SV compared to controls (64.1&#177;14.0 ml vs 65.5&#177;11.3 ml vs 82.8&#177;15.6 ml; p&lt;0.05). TPVR, on the other hand, showed a relative drop in Group II, in comparison to Group I.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Reduced SV was consistently observed in the groups of patients with orthostatic intolerance in comparison to the control group. Two different responses to tilt test were observed: one group with elevated TPVR and another with a relative drop in TPVR, possibly suggesting a more severe failure of compensation mechanisms.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Orthostatic Intolerance/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Orthostatic intolerance syndrome corresponds to a heterogenic group of hemodynamic regulation disorder and is defined by the appearance of various and unspecific symptoms that may be related to cerebral hypoperfusion in orthostasis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Patients frequently develop symptoms of dizziness, visual turbidity, fatigue, nausea, near syncope, or syncope during prolonged orthostasis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Clinical management is complex, largely due to lack of knowledge about pathophysiological mechanisms. Previous studies have shown that neurohumoral changes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> deconditioning,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and hypovolemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> may be involved.</p>
      <p>Chronic orthostatic intolerance occurs in some individuals with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, neuromediated syncope, and in some clinical situations that occur with postural hypotension. Blood pressure (BP) needs to be adequately maintained, not only during rest, but also during several daily activities, such as: physical exercise, mental stress, and digestion. The inability to maintain it, especially in orthostasis, may result in reduced systemic perfusion, especially cerebral, due to its anatomical location above the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Many patients do not present alterations in heart rate (HR) or BP during orthostatic symptoms. This suggests that there may be pathophysiological alterations in different degrees of severity, which reflects the wide range of unspecific symptoms. Morevoer, many patients with frequent neuromediated syncope episodes also present with orthostatic symptoms between syncope episodes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The absence of clear alterations in BP and HR may represent altered mechanisms of cerebral perfusion autoregulation. If there are no evident BP or HR alterations, there still may be hemodynamic alterations that precede pressure drop, such as reduced systolic volume (SV) and altered peripheral vascular resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to identify different response patterns to the tilt test, with the objective of identifying possible pathophysiological mechanisms. Knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanism involved in these patients may help to manage them in a clinical context.</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study is to evaluate the hemodynamic parameters, such as peripheral vascular resistance and SV responses, when individuals with orthostatic intolerance symptoms transition into orthostasis. These symptoms include syncope or near syncope of obscure etiology (no evidence of arrhythmia or ventricular dysfunction and without orthostatic tachycardia or hemodynamic collapse during tilt test at 70&#176;, free of medication), and the individuals were compared to a control group made up of healthy individuals (asymptomatic).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Studied population</title>
        <p>Patients were recruited at the syncope and autonomic disorders laboratory at <italic>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</italic> and from the Cardiac Electrophysiology Service of Paran&#225;, Brazil.</p>
        <p>This is a retrospective case-control study. A total of 61 consecutive patients were included from a total of 117 who were referred in the period between February 2013 and May 2014, for the realization of tilt tests for orthostatic intolerance symptoms, including syncope and/or near syncope. Syncope or near syncope symptoms were recurring and related to changes in position, or, vertical, seating or standing positions. In the studied sample, there were no patients with situational syncope associated with physical trauma, accident, or physical exercise. All patients presented a negative response during 20 minutes of tilting in the phase free of medications for vasovagal reaction and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).</p>
        <p>The patients who were referred to the tilt test were already under previous investigation with a 24-hour Holter, echocardiogram, scintigraphy and/or catheterization. Of these 117 patients, 56 were excluded for the following reasons: under 16 years old (2 patients); documented ventricular dysfunction (1); documented obstructive or sustained ventricular coronary artery disease (7); stroke or other confirmed neurological disease (44); debilitating systemic disease (2), or reduced life expectancy (&lt;1 year) and individuals with pure autonomic failure or Parkinson's disease. The studied population did not present with other diagnosed comorbidities other than hypertension, and two of the included patients had diabetes with no target-organ lesion.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study is about the evaluation of 61 patients with orthostatic intolerance, where the differential diagnoses of syncope and near syncope were excluded.</p>
        <p>The control group consisted of 24 healthy asymptomatic individuals, between 17 and 39 years of age, whose voluntary participation was accepted upon signature of the free consent form.</p>
        <p>The present study was duly approved by the Ethics Committee of local research.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Complete standard protocol for the tilt test:</title>
        <p>All included patients (61) underwent a tilt test at 70&#176;, after six hours of fasting, in the 20-minute protocol free of drugs (period analysed in our study). If results were negative on this period, patients were sensitized with 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin and kept on inclination for another period of up to 15 minutes, except when systolic blood pressure (SBP) was under 90 mmHg. In that case, with SBP under 90 mmHg after 20 minutes, these patients were kept on inclination for another 10 minutes, without drugs. The tilt test was interrupted, at any moment during the exam, in case of a vasovagal reaction, characterized by a drop in HR and/or BP associated to symptoms of syncope or near syncope. Room temperature was kept between 23&#176; and 25&#176;C. Beta-blockers were suspended for at least 5 half-lives before the exams. Diuretics were suspended at least 72 hours before the exam.</p>
        <p>The exams were performed with a hemodynamic monitor (Task Force Monitor&#174; CNSystems Medizintchnik AG Austria, 2008) with continuing measurement of BP, HR and SV through bioimpedance. A set of electrodes, constituted by four electrocardiogram electrodes and three band electrodes and one neutral electrode especially developed for bioimpedance derivation, were fixated to the patients. Peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) was calculated by the device with the BP formula, in which BP = HR x SV x TPVR, where TPVR = BP/SV x HR, and cardiac debit (CD) was also calculated by the device according to the formula: CD = HR x SV.</p>
        <p>During the exam, mean values of hemodynamic parameters were analysed in five traditional periods, programmed by the equipment manufacturer: supine position (S); 0 to 5 (tilt 5'); 5 to 10 (tilt 10'); 10 to 15 (tilt 15') and 15 to 20 (tilt 20') minutes of inclination.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hemodynamic parameter analysis of the present study</title>
        <p>In the 61 patients included in this study, hemodynamic parameters were evaluated only during basal inclination period - 20-minute drug-free period. Of the measured hemodynamic parameters, only the analyses of the data in 3 distinct times are part of this study, because they reflect relevant moments of the orthostasis period and because they simplify the description of the findings. Therefore, the groups were compared in relation to the results on: supine position (S), tilt 10' and tilt 20'. That is, the mean values at rest in the supine position, mean values from 5 to 10 minutes (of inclination) and mean values from 15 to 20 minutes (of inclination). Moreover, differences from one moment to another were also analysed (deltas between position S, tilt 10' and tilt 20').</p>
        <p>We first observed that there were two distinct responses to the inclination period: one group had a rise in TPVR, and the other showed a drop. Thus, due to the discrepant responses, the analysis was done by separating these two groups.</p>
        <p>Thus, all patients were divided into two groups according to TPVR response during the tilt test in the drug-free phase: Group I (33 patients), corresponds to the patients who presented an increase in TPVR in orthostasis (compared to the supine position), and who maintained this increase for the entire 20 minutes of drug-free inclination. Group II (28 patients) corresponds to those who presented, in one of the studied intervals during the inclination period (tilt 10' or tilt 20'), mean values that were lower than those observed in the supine position. These patients were considered to have TPVR insufficiency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) because they were not able to increase or maintain an increase in TPVR in the 20-minute drug-free inclination period. Both groups were compared to a control group of asymptomatic healthy individuals.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Non-invasive hemodynamic index monitor records. A) Patient in Group I &#8211; observe the compensatory elevation of TPVR index during inclination. B) Patient in Group II &#8211; observe the unexpected drop in TPVR during inclination.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Initially, the groups were compared in relation to the results at each moment of evaluation (S, tilt 10' and tilt 20') and in relation to the differences that occurred from one moment to the other (supine-10', supine-20' and 10'-20') - deltas. To that end, we tested the null hypothesis that the means were equal in all three groups, versus the alternative hypothesis that at least one group had a different mean than the others. If there were a significant difference among the groups, these were compared two by two. Results were adjusted for age. We used Student T test or Mann-Whitney for different samples (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>Results obtained were described by means, medians, minimum values, maximum values and standard deviations. For the comparison of evaluation moments (supine, tilti10' and tilt 20'), within each group, we used the analysis of variance model with repeated measures. To compare the groups in relation to the moment of evaluation and differences between the moments of evaluation (tilt 10' - S, tilt 20' - S e tilt 20' - tilt 10'), we considered the analysis of covariance model (ANCOVA), including age as a covariable. For multiple comparisons (post hoc), we used the LSD test (least significant test). In relation to variables of age, height, weight and body surface, the groups were compared using the analysis of variance model (ANOVA) with one factor. Values of p &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance.</p>
        <p>For each group, at each moment of evaluation, we tested the null hypothesis that there is no association between SV and TPVR, versus the alternative hypothesis that an association is present. Estimated values of the Pearson correlation coefficient and p values of statistical tests are presented in tables and correlation graphs. Data were analysed with the computer program SPSS v.20.0.</p>
        <p>Group homogeneity evaluation was carried out in relation to age, weight, height, body mass index, and body surface (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Group homogeneity evaluation in relation to age, weight, height, body mass index and body surface</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Group</th>
                <th align="center">N&#186;</th>
                <th align="center">Mean</th>
                <th align="center">Median</th>
                <th align="center">Minimum</th>
                <th align="center">Maximum</th>
                <th align="center">Standard<break/>Deviation</th>
                <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">56.2</td>
                <td align="center">58.0</td>
                <td align="center">18.7</td>
                <td align="center">90.2</td>
                <td align="center">16.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">57.4</td>
                <td align="center">61.6</td>
                <td align="center">16.2</td>
                <td align="center">86.9</td>
                <td align="center">22.6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Control</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">27.6</td>
                <td align="center">28.5</td>
                <td align="center">17.0</td>
                <td align="center">39.0</td>
                <td align="center">6.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">165.5</td>
                <td align="center">165.0</td>
                <td align="center">150.0</td>
                <td align="center">182.0</td>
                <td align="center">7.8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">168.4</td>
                <td align="center">168.5</td>
                <td align="center">151.0</td>
                <td align="center">190.0</td>
                <td align="center">8.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Control</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">170.2</td>
                <td align="center">169.0</td>
                <td align="center">152.0</td>
                <td align="center">192.0</td>
                <td align="center">10.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">70.6</td>
                <td align="center">71.0</td>
                <td align="center">47.0</td>
                <td align="center">110.0</td>
                <td align="center">12.6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">75.3</td>
                <td align="center">75.0</td>
                <td align="center">50.0</td>
                <td align="center">109.0</td>
                <td align="center">15.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Control</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">71.5</td>
                <td align="center">68.5</td>
                <td align="center">49.0</td>
                <td align="center">118.0</td>
                <td align="center">15.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.433</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index</td>
                <td align="center">I </td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">25.7</td>
                <td align="center">26.1</td>
                <td align="center">18.4</td>
                <td align="center">33.2</td>
                <td align="center">3.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">26.6</td>
                <td align="center">26.3</td>
                <td align="center">18.8</td>
                <td align="center">36.0</td>
                <td align="center">5.1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Control</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">24.4</td>
                <td align="center">24.2</td>
                <td align="center">20.1</td>
                <td align="center">32.0</td>
                <td align="center">3.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body surface (cm&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">1778.0</td>
                <td align="center">1765.0</td>
                <td align="center">1462.0</td>
                <td align="center">2304.0</td>
                <td align="center">182.2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">1845.6</td>
                <td align="center">1853.0</td>
                <td align="center">1467.0</td>
                <td align="center">2283.0</td>
                <td align="center">196.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Control</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">1739.3</td>
                <td align="center">1757.0</td>
                <td align="center">642.0</td>
                <td align="center">2468.0</td>
                <td align="center">361.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.298</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ANOVA with p&lt;0.05 factor</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Concerning the studied hemodynamic parameters, the obtained data in the supine position during inclination (tilt 10' and tilt 20') are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic parameters (mean SD) in the supine position and during tilt 10' and tilt 20' in the drug-free phase</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Group I (I)</th>
              <th align="center">Group II (II)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (C)</th>
              <th align="center">p value<break/>(IxIIxC)</th>
              <th align="center">p value<break/>(IxII)</th>
              <th align="center">p value<break/>(I x C)</th>
              <th align="center">p value<break/>(II x C)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR Supine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref> (bpm)<break/>HR (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<break/>(tilt 20')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">69.5&#177;11<break/>78.3&#177;13.0<break/>81.6&#177;13.5</td>
              <td align="center">70.0&#177;11.7<break/>80.3&#177;15.2<break/>84.7&#177;15.9</td>
              <td align="center">70.4&#177;9.7<break/>87.2&#177;11.9<break/>84.7&#177;15.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.63<break/>0.75<break/>0.51</td>
              <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>-</td>
              <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>-</td>
              <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MBP Supine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref> (mmHg)<break/>MBP (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<break/>(tilt 20')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">96.6&#177;11.4<break/>105.6&#177;10.6<break/>103.4&#177;12.2</td>
              <td align="center">97.7&#177;15.7<break/>99.4&#177;15.3<break/>94.7&#177;12.5</td>
              <td align="center">84&#177;8.7<break/>102.1&#177;10.0<break/>98.9&#177;9.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.13<break/>0.13<break/>0.01</td>
              <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>0,005</td>
              <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>0,15</td>
              <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>0,19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SV Supine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref> (ml)<break/>SV (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<break/>(tilt 20')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">81.8&#177;14.8<break/>65.5&#177;11.3<break/>61.4&#177;8.6</td>
              <td align="center">66.4&#177;14.9<break/>64.1&#177;14.0<break/>62.4&#177;14.4</td>
              <td align="center">101.5&#177;24.2<break/>82.8&#177;15.6<break/>79.6&#177;16.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>0.003<break/>0.007</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<break/>0.705<break/>0.76</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CD Supine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref> (l/min)<break/>CD (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<break/> (tilt 20') <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.71&#177;1.57<break/>5.06&#177;1.0<break/>5.03&#177;1.0</td>
              <td align="center">4.53&#177;0.81<break/>5.02&#177;0.84<break/>5.11&#177;0.92</td>
              <td align="center">6.95&#177;1.56<break/>7.13&#177;1.3<break/>7.33&#177;1.43</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>0.86<break/>0.75</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TPVR Supine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#9532;</xref>
								<break/>TPVR (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<break/> (tilt 20') <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1424&#177;404<break/>1725&#177;441<break/>1704&#177;466</td>
              <td align="center">1750&#177;442<break/>1576&#177;324<break/>1482&#177;323</td>
              <td align="center">974.4&#177;230<break/>1155&#177;222<break/>1089&#177;207</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>0.003<break/>0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>0.08<break/>0.011</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p value adjusted for age (ANCOVA)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#9532;</label>
            <p>TPVR in dyne.seg/cm<sup>5</sup></p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>HR: heart rate; MBP: mean blood pressure; SV: systolic volume; CD: cardiac debit; TPVR: total peripheral vascular resistance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the supine position, we observed that SV and CD were significantly reduced in Group II patients in relation to those in Group I, and patients in Group I showed reduced SV and CD in comparison to individuals in the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The opposite was observed in relation to TPVR, which was more elevated in Group II, in comparison to Group I; and in Group I, TPVR was more elevated than in the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Thus, we observed an inverse correlation between SV and TPVR in all three groups. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between the groups in relation to mean BP and HR in the supine position (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A and B) Means and confidence intervals of 95% for SV and CD means adjusted for age: comparison between the groups at each moment of analysis (supine, tilt 10' and tilt 20'). SV: systolic volume; CD: cardiac debit.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Means and confidence intervals of 95% for TPVR means adjusted for age: comparison between the groups at each moment of analysis (supine, tilt 10' and tilt 20').</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A and B) Means and confidence intervals of MBP and HR means adjusted for age: comparison between the groups at each moment of analysis (supine, tilt 10' and tilt 20'). MBP: mean blood pressure; HR: heart rate.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In orthostasis, we saw a progressive reduction of TPVR in Group II, whereas, in Group I, we saw an elevation of TPVR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). We observed that, between these two groups, there was no difference in the absolute value of TPVR in the period of tilt 10'. At this moment, we also did not observe differences between Group I and Group II in any of the other studied parameters, with significant differences in TPVR being observed again in the period of 20'. Contrary to what was seen in the supine position, at this moment (tilt 20'), TPVR was lower in Group II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), suggesting more severe failure of compensatory mechanisms of hemodynamic regulation.</p>
      <p>When compared to the control group, both Group I and Group II showed, at every moment during the exam, significantly lower SV and CD and significantly higher TPVR.</p>
      <p>BP did not differ between the groups, except during the 20' tilt, due to a progressive reduction in TPVR observed in orthostasis in Group II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4-a</xref>). HR, in turn, did not present significant differences among all three groups at any analysed moment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4-b</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the analyses of differences (&#916;, delta), in the period between supine and tilti10', TPVR, increased in Group I and in controls, making a positive delta (compensatory natural response). On the other hand, in Group II, TPVR decreased, resulting in a negative delta, which characterizes peripheral vascular resistance insufficiency in the group. Since SV in Group II was already more severely reduced in the supine position, there was no severe drop of SV in orthostasis. Therefore, this group showed a significantly smaller decrease in SV in relation to Group II and controls. With regards to BP, we observed that, in the last evaluated period (tilt 20'), the difference of mean BPs in relation to the supine position in Group II was negative (suggesting failure of compensatory hemodynamic mechanisms) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Difference of hemodynamic parameters (mean &#177; SD) between the periods of tilt' 10' and supine position (&#8710; 10'-S) and between the period tilt 20' and supine position (&#8710; 20'-S)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Group I</th>
              <th align="center">Group II</th>
              <th align="center">Control (C)</th>
              <th align="center">(I x II) p</th>
              <th align="center">(I x C) p</th>
              <th align="center">(II x C) p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">HR (bpm) (&#8710;10'-S)<break/>(&#8710; 20'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8.8&#177;7.2<break/>12.1&#177;7.6</td>
              <td align="center">10.3&#177;7.8<break/>14.7&#177;9.4</td>
              <td align="center">16.8&#177;6.6<break/>22.8&#177;8.3</td>
              <td align="center">NS<break/>0.38</td>
              <td align="center">NS<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">NS<break/>0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">SV (ml) (&#8710;10'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
								<break/>(&#8710; 20'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-16.3&#177;12.1<break/>-20.4&#177;10.1</td>
              <td align="center">-2.2&#177;11.2<break/>-4.0&#177;11.2</td>
              <td align="center">-18.8&#177;18.4<break/>-22.0&#177;18.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.50<break/>0.66</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TPVR <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#9532;</xref>(&#8710;10'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
								<break/>(&#8710; 20'-S)</td>
              <td align="center">301&#177;218<break/>280&#177;176</td>
              <td align="center">-174&#177;328<break/>-268&#177;266</td>
              <td align="center">180&#177;260<break/>115&#177;190</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.09<break/>0.005</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">MBP (mmHg) (&#8710;10'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
								<break/>(&#8710; 20'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9.1&#177;8.6<break/>6.8&#177;10.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.7&#177;15.4<break/>-3.0&#177;-39.9</td>
              <td align="center">18.1&#177;9.4<break/>14.9&#177;4.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.010<break/>0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.003<break/>0.008</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p value adjusted for age (ANCOVA).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>&#9532;</label>
            <p>TPVR in dyne.seg/cm<sup>5</sup></p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <p>HR: heart rate; MBP: mean blood pressure; SV: systolic volume; TPVR: total peripheral vascular resistance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the correlation analysis between SV and TPVR, we observed a significant inverse correlation in the three groups in the supine position. However, in the period of tilt 10', the negative correlation disappeared in Group II, because vascular resistance was reduced in othostasis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>a (Group I), b (Group II) and c (Control group). Scatter diagrams for SV and TPVR at 10' during tilt test; r: Pearson correlation coefficient. SV: systolic volume;TPVR: total peripheral vascular resistance.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to highlight three points:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>The studied patients, with orthostatic intolerance symptoms, including syncope and/or near syncope, presented with significantly lower SV and CD and significantly higher TPVR, in both the supine and orthostatic positions when compared to the control group, and did not show differences in relation to BP or HR in either position.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Among the studied patients, 46% presented TPVR insufficiency during the tilt test. In the supine position, they presented more reduced SV and CD and more elevated TPVR in relation to the other studied patients.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>At tilt 10', in turn, we observed a loss of the inverse correlation between SV and TPVR in Group I, due to the failure of compensatory mechanisms represented by the drop in TPVR.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of this study was the observation of a reduced SV in the group of patients with orthostatic intolerance symptoms in relation to the control group, in both the supine and the orthostatic positions.</p>
      <p>It has been suggested that all forms of orthostatic intolerance may be a result of central hypovolemia, even without tachycardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Central hypovolemia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and reduced SV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have been consistent findings in patients with POTS in othostasis. In a preliminary study, T&#225;vora-Mehta et al. observed that patients with orthostatic intolerance symptoms, even without POTS, presented similarly reduced SV values, when SV was corrected for body surface.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In the present study, the comparison with the control group reinforces previous findings. Therefore, a reduced SV in individuals with orthostatic intolerance symptoms is a finding that seems consistent, even in those who do not develop orthostatic tachycardia or hemodynamic collapse during the tilt test.</p>
      <p>In normal individuals reported in literature, the main findings after approximately 5 minutes in orthostasis (in comparison to the supine position), are the decrease of about 30% of thoracic blood volume and SV, HR increase of 15-30%, accompanied by CD reduction of about 20%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> similarly to what was observed in the control group in the present study, except in regards to CD. In the present study, the observed that SV decrease in othostasis was appropriately compensated by the increase in HR, as to avoid a decrease in CD.</p>
      <p>In order to maintain BP and cerebral perfusion regardless of gravity effects, a series of regulatory or reflex cardiac mechanisms are activated. To that end, HR, SV (consequently CD) and TPVR are modulated, having BP as a controlled variable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In the present study, when going into orthostasis, we observed, in all patients, an increase in BP in the first 10 minutes, except in Group II. In Group II, we observed a mean BP that was lower than in the supine position only at tilt 20', when it became significantly lower in relation to the other groups, suggesting failure of compensatory mechanisms of natural elevation of peripheral resistance.</p>
      <p>In the control group, SV was significantly higher. On the other hand, in the patient groups, TPVR was higher. Considering the following formula: BP = CD x TPVR, where CD = HR x SV, with similar HR between controls and patients, BP becomes more dependent on volume in the control group of healthy individuals. In the group of patients with othostatic symptoms, however, maintenance of BP was more dependent on vascular resistance. Thus, it would not suffice to reduce TPVR in the supine position to treat such patients, but, concomitantly, provide an elevation of SV. Qi Fu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> showed that physical activity is one of the ways to increase SV in POTS patients who had reduced SV. Recently, intravenous hydration (with 1 to 2 liters/day for 3-7 days a week) showed clinical improvement in patients with refractory orthostatic intolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The systems responsible for cardiovascular regulation control include: naurocardiovascular system, humoral system (renin-angiotensin and vasopressin), capillary system and renal system (aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone). BP hemodynamic stabililty, in the initial phase of othostasis (30 seconds to 2 minutes) is obtained mainly by the neurocardiovascular system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Muscle sympathetic nerve activity increases with the change in position, resulting in baroreflex-mediated vasoconstriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity increases during posture change, but remains unaltered during orthostasis. Thus, there is a positive relation between TPVR and muscle sympathetic nerve activity, suggesting that the control of the vasomotor sympathetic nerve is still important in at least 45 minutes of othostasis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> It has also been observed that the increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity is associated to a reduction in SV, with an inverse relation between the two.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the supine position, in the present study, we observed, in all groups, a significant inverse correlation between TPVR and SV. In Group II, this relation becomes even more evident.</p>
      <p>In orthostasis, in the peripheral vascular resistance insufficiency group (Group II), there was a loss of the inverse relation between SV and TPVR in the first 10 minutes of inclination, because TPVR did not show the expected increase proportional to SV reduction, showing that this group, other than presenting a reduced SV, did not show the ability to appropriately compensate for TPVR. The data we found suggest that a more elevated TPVR in the supine position, in Group II in relation to other patients, may work as one of the compensation mechanisms to allow more tolerance to orthostasis.</p>
      <p>In literature, studies with dysautonomia patients who present with severe hemodynamic repercussions in orthostasis, manifest insufficiency to increase TPVR and pronounced reduction in CD, when compared to healthy individuals. This is due to an increase in venous capacitance and inappropriate chronotropic response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, the patients in the present study did not present hemodynamic repercussion despite the presence of peripheral vascular resistance insufficiency in orthostasis. We observed a discreet reduction of SV in orthostasis, so that the SV delta, in this group, was significantly lower than in other groups.</p>
      <p>Reduced venous compliance, in this group, was another factor that influenced hemodynamic stability, since HR elevation was enough to maintain BP, despite TPVR reduction during orthostasis. As part of the tilt test protocol, it is necessary to stop the use of beta-blockers for at least 5 half-lives. It is possible that with during use of beta-blockers, many of these patients present more hemodynamic repercussions because the compensation mechanism to increase HR is blocked.</p>
      <p>The compromised ability to increase vascular resistance in orthostasis caused by abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system is the main cause of postural hypotension or syncope in patients with several primary disorders (pure autonomic failure, Parkinson's disease) and secondary disorders (diabetes mellitus, uremia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In these patients with adrenergic failure, we can observe, during the tilt test, a progressive reduction of BP and pulse pressure, and HR response may be attenuated or increased when heart innervation is preserved. An increase in HR and BP fluctuations indicates that compensatory mechanisms are still intact, but also suggests an abnormality, because it indicates that the system is overloaded (overactivated).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A reduction in vascular alpha-adrenergic sensitivity has been observed in patients with orthostatic intolerance symptoms, with POTS patients having the most compromised response, and in whom we observed a higher inability for TPVR elevation during orthostatic stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Decreased sensitivity of alpha-adrenergic vascular receptors during orthostatic stress may be one of the hypotheses for alterations in TPVR response observed in Group II patients in this study.</p>
      <p>Even though the patients were kept hemodynamically stable for a period of 20 minutes in orthostasis, we observed, in Group II patients, a significantly lower mean BP and TPVR in relation to Group I at tilt 20'. If this decrease is sustained for long periods of orthostasis, it may result in a greater reduction of BP. It is possible that cerebral and peripheral perfusion be compromised, even in hemodynamic stability (with low BP in the lower threshold for imminent syncope).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>In this study, due its retrospective characteristic, the quantification of syncope and near syncope symptoms were compromised. We did not perform dosages of serum catecholamine, since the main objective was to evaluate hemodynamic alterations. Monitoring of hemodynamic parameters was performed through a non-invasive method, validated in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The number of patients was limited and measurements of hemodynamic parameters were not corrected for body surface, since it was similar among the groups.</p>
        <p>Another point to consider is the difference in age group among the studied groups and controls. Because young individuals may present a different hemodynamic response, we were careful to adjust data for age (ANCOVA, with age as a covariable).</p>
        <p>Four patients were on medications with potential vasodilator effects (ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blocker). These drugs were not suspended, but these patients were part of Group I, where there was an expected response of TPVR elevation.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Reduced SV was consistently observed in groups of patients with orthostatic intolerance, when compared to controls.</p>
      <p>Among the studied patients, 46% presented with peripheral vascular resistance insufficiency in orthostasis during tilt test. In these patients, in the supine position, we saw greater reduction in SV and CD and a more elevated TPVR in relation to the other patients in the study. At 10 minutes of tilt, in this group, we observed loss of inverse correlation between SV and TPVE, while, in other patients, it was maintained throughout the entire exam.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implications</title>
        <p>Patients with non-specific symptoms of dizziness, dyspnea, and chest discomfort may have orthostatic intolerance, without presenting classical vasovagal syncope or measurable orthostatic hypotension. Identification that SV may play an important role in this condition suggests that non-pharmacological measures to increase it (i.e., increased fluid intake, regular exercise) may help treat these patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Adriano Magajevski, from Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Tilt Test</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Volume Sist&#243;lico Reduzido: Mecanismo Fisiopatol&#243;gico Principal em Pacientes com Intoler&#226;ncia Ortost&#225;tica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>T&#225;vora-Mehta</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Zildany P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehta</surname>
            <given-names>Niraj</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magajevski</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maluf</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora Lee Smith</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concato</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doubrawa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Zildany P. T&#225;vora-Mehta</bold>, Rua Francisco Torres n&#250;mero 528 apt. 201, Centro. CEP 80060-130, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mzildany@cardiol.br</email>, <email>zildany@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Mehta N, Magajevski A, Maluf DLS, Concato L, Ortiz MR, Cunha CLP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Mehta N, Magajevski A, Maluf DLS, Concato L, Doubrawa E, Ortiz MR, Cunha CLP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Magajevski A, Doubrawa E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Magajevski A, Oliveira L; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: T&#225;vora-Mehta MZP, Mehta N, Magajevski A, Oliveira L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mehta N, Oliveira L, Cunha CLP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico de pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica ainda &#233; obscuro, contribuindo para a dificuldade no manejo cl&#237;nicos desses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas durante teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (tilt teste) em indiv&#237;duos com sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, incluindo s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Sessenta e um pacientes, com tilt teste a 70&#186; negativo na fase livre de vasodilatador, foram divididos em dois grupos. Para an&#225;lise dos dados foram considerados apenas os primeiros 20 minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o. Grupo I (33 pacientes) que tiveram eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total (RVPT) durante posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e Grupo II (28 pacientes) com queda da RVPT (caracterizando insufici&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica). O grupo controle consistia de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e assintom&#225;ticos (24 indiv&#237;duos). Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos foram obtidos por um monitor hemodin&#226;mico n&#227;o invasivo em 3 momentos distintos (posi&#231;&#227;o supina, tilt 10' e tilt 20'), ajustados para idade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, o volume sist&#243;lico (VS) foi significantemente reduzido tanto no Grupo II quanto no I, quando comparado ao do Grupo controle, respectivamente (66,4 &#177;14,9 ml vs. 81,8&#177;14,8 ml vs. 101,5&#177;24,2 ml; p&lt;0,05.) A RVPT, no entanto, foi mais elevada no Grupo II, quando comparada a do Grupo I e controles, respectivamente (1750,5&#177; 442 dyne.s/cm<sup>5</sup> vs.1424&#177;404 dyne.s/cm<sup>5</sup> vs. 974,4&#177;230 dyne.s/cm<sup>5</sup>; p&lt;0,05). Na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, aos 10', houve repeti&#231;&#227;o dos achados, com valores absolutos inferiores de VS Comparado aos controles (64,1&#177;14,0 ml vs 65,5&#177;11,3 ml vs 82,8&#177;15,6 ml; p&lt;0,05). A RVPT, todavia, apresentou queda relativa no Grupo II comparado ao I.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Volume sist&#243;lico reduzido foi consistentemente observado nos grupos de pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, quando comparado ao grupo controle. Foram observadas duas respostas distintas ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o: um grupo com eleva&#231;&#227;o de RVPT e outro com queda relativa desta, indicando, possivelmente, fal&#234;ncia mais acentuada dos mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Intoler&#226;ncia Ortost&#225;tica/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortost&#225;tica/fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica corresponde a um grupo heterog&#234;neo de desordens de regula&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e &#233; definida pelo aparecimento de sintomas variados e inespec&#237;ficos que podem estar relacionados a hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral ao assumir tal posi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Os pacientes desenvolvem sintomas frequentes de tontura, turva&#231;&#227;o visual, fadiga, n&#225;useas, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope durante posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica prolongada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O gerenciamento cl&#237;nico &#233; complexo, devido, em grande parte, ao desconhecimento dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. Estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m mostrado que altera&#231;&#245;es neuro-humorais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> descondicionamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e hipovolemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> podem estar envolvidos.</p>
        <p>Intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica cr&#244;nica ocorre em alguns indiv&#237;duos com as s&#237;ndromes da taquicardia ortost&#225;tica postural, s&#237;ncope neuromediada e em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que cursam com hipotens&#227;o postural. A press&#227;o arterial (PA) necessita ser adequadamente mantida n&#227;o apenas durante o repouso, mas tamb&#233;m durante diversas atividades di&#225;rias, tais como: exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, estresse mental e digest&#227;o. A incapacidade de mant&#234;-la, especialmente em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, pode resultar em redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o sist&#234;mica, em especial cerebral, por sua localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica acima do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Muitos pacientes n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) ou da PA na vig&#234;ncia de sintomas ortost&#225;ticos. Isso indica que pode haver altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas em graus variados de gravidade, refletindo na extensa gama de sintomas inespec&#237;ficos. Al&#233;m disso, muitos pacientes com epis&#243;dios frequentes de s&#237;ncope neuromediada tamb&#233;m apresentam sintomas ortost&#225;ticos entre os epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A falta de altera&#231;&#245;es evidentes das PA e FC podem representar mecanismos alterados da autorregula&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o cerebral. Se n&#227;o h&#225; altera&#231;&#245;es evidentes da press&#227;o ou FC, pode, mesmo assim, haver altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas que antecedem a queda de press&#227;o, tais como volume sist&#243;lico (VS) reduzido e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica alterada. Dessa forma, h&#225; necessidade de se identificar diferentes padr&#245;es de resposta a tilt teste visando compreender poss&#237;veis mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. O conhecimento do mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico envolvido nesses pacientes pode ajudar a gerencia-los clinicamente.</p>
        <p>O prop&#243;sito do presente estudo &#233; avaliar os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, tais como a resposta da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e do VS, ao assumirem a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica em indiv&#237;duos com sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, incluindo s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope de etiologia obscura (sem evid&#234;ncia de arritmia ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e sem taquicardia ortost&#225;tica ou colapso hemodin&#226;mico durante teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o a 70&#176;, livre de drogas), comparando-os com um grupo controle de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (assintom&#225;ticos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram recrutados do laborat&#243;rio de s&#237;ncope e desordens auton&#244;micas do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; e do Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca do Paran&#225;.</p>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, do tipo caso-controle. Foram inclu&#237;dos 61 pacientes consecutivos, de um total de 117, encaminhados no per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2013 a maio de 2014 para realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o por sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, incluindo s&#237;ncope e/ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope. Os sintomas de s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope eram recorrentes e relacionados &#224; mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o ou em posi&#231;&#227;o vertical, sentado ou em p&#233;. Na amostra estudada n&#227;o havia pacientes com s&#237;ncope situacional associada a trauma f&#237;sico, acidente ou exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Todos apresentaram uma resposta negativa durante 20 minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o na fase livre de drogas tanto para rea&#231;&#227;o vaso-vagal, como para a s&#237;ndrome da taquicardia ortost&#225;tica postural (STOP).</p>
          <p>Os pacientes encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o j&#225; apresentavam alguma investiga&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via com Holter de 24 horas, ecocardiograma, cintilografia e/ou cateterismo. Desse total de 117 pacientes, 56 foram exclu&#237;dos pelos seguintes motivos: idade inferior a 16 anos (2 pacientes) ou que apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular documentada (1); coronariopatia obstrutiva ou arritmia supraventricular ou ventricular sustentada documentadas (7); acidente vascular cerebral ou outra doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica confirmada (44); doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica debilitante (2) ou com expectativa de vida reduzida (&lt;1 ano) e indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia auton&#244;mica pura ou doen&#231;a de Parkinson. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada n&#227;o apresentava outras comorbidades diagnosticadas, al&#233;m de hipertens&#227;o e dois pacientes inclu&#237;dos com diabetes, sem les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo.</p>
          <p>Portanto, o presente estudo trata da avalia&#231;&#227;o de 61 pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, tendo sido exclu&#237;dos os diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais de s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope.</p>
          <p>O grupo controle consistiu de 24 indiv&#237;duos h&#237;gidos e assintom&#225;ticos, com idade entre 17 e 39 anos, com participa&#231;&#227;o em car&#225;ter volunt&#225;rio ap&#243;s assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi devidamente aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa local.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo completo padr&#227;o do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos (61) foram submetidos ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o a 70&#176;, ap&#243;s 6 horas de jejum, no protocolo de 20 minutos livre de drogas (per&#237;odo analisado em nosso estudo), e quando negativo em tal per&#237;odo foram sensibilizados com nitroglicerina 0,4 mg sublingual e mantidos em inclina&#231;&#227;o por mais um per&#237;odo de at&#233; 15 minutos, exceto se apresentassem press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) inferior a 90 mmHg. Nesse caso, com PAS inferior a 90mmHg ao cabo de 20 minutos, esses pacientes seriam mantidos por mais 10 minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o livre de drogas. O teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o foi interrompido, a qualquer momento do exame, em caso de rea&#231;&#227;o vaso-vagal, caracterizada por queda da FC e/ou PA associada a sintomas de s&#237;ncope e/ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope. A temperatura da sala foi mantida entre 23 e 25&#176;C. Drogas com a&#231;&#227;o betabloqueadora foram suspensas por, pelo menos, 5 meias vidas antes do exame. Diur&#233;ticos foram suspensos por, pelo menos, 72 horas anteriores ao exame.</p>
          <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, foi utilizado um monitor hemodin&#226;mico (Task Force Monitor&#174; CNSystems Medizintchnik AG Austria, 2008) com medida cont&#237;nua da PA, da FC e do VS pelo m&#233;todo de bioimped&#226;ncia. S&#227;o fixados no paciente um conjunto de eletrodos constitu&#237;do de 4 eletrodos de eletrocardiograma, al&#233;m de 3 eletrodos em banda e um eletrodo neutro desenvolvido especialmente para deriva&#231;&#227;o de bioimped&#226;ncia. A resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (RVPT) foi calculada pelo aparelho utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula da PA, na qual PA = FC x VS x RVPT, sendo a RVPT = PA/VS x FC, e o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) foi, tamb&#233;m, calculado pelo aparelho de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula: DC = FC x VS.</p>
          <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, os valores m&#233;dios dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos foram analisados em cinco per&#237;odos tradicionais programados pelo fabricante do equipamento: posi&#231;&#227;o supina (S); 0 a 5 (tilt 5'); 5 a 10 (tilt 10'); 10 a 15 (tilt 15') e 15 a 20 ( tilt 20') minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos do presente estudo</title>
          <p>Nos 61 pacientes do presente estudo, os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos foram avaliados somente durante o per&#237;odo de inclina&#231;&#227;o basal - per&#237;odo de 20 minutos livre de drogas. Dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos medidos, fazem parte deste estudo apenas as an&#225;lises dos dados em 3 tempos distintos, escolhidos por refletirem momentos relevantes do per&#237;odo de ortostase e para simplifica&#231;&#227;o da descri&#231;&#227;o dos achados. Portanto, os grupos foram comparados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados em: posi&#231;&#227;o supina (S), tilt 10' e tilt 20', ou seja, a m&#233;dia dos valores no per&#237;odo de repouso em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, a m&#233;dia dos valores de 5 a 10 minutos (de inclina&#231;&#227;o) e a m&#233;dia de valores de 15 a 20 minutos (de inclina&#231;&#227;o). Al&#233;m disso, foram analisadas, tamb&#233;m, as diferen&#231;as ocorridas de um momento para outro (deltas entre a posi&#231;&#227;o S, tilt 10' e tilt 20').</p>
          <p>Num primeiro momento, observamos que havia duas respostas distintas ao per&#237;odo de inclina&#231;&#227;o: um grupo elevou a RVPT e o outro apresentou queda. Portanto, devido a tal resposta claramente divergente, a an&#225;lise foi realizada separando-se esses dois grupos.</p>
          <p>Assim, a totalidade dos pacientes foi dividida em dois grupos de acordo com a resposta da RVPT durante o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o na fase livre de drogas: Grupo I (33 pacientes), corresponde aos pacientes que apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o da RVPT ao assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (em compara&#231;&#227;o com a posi&#231;&#227;o supina), com manuten&#231;&#227;o dessa eleva&#231;&#227;o durante todo o per&#237;odo de 20 minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o livre de drogas. O Grupo II (28 pacientes) corresponde aos que apresentaram, em um dos intervalos estudados durante o per&#237;odo de inclina&#231;&#227;o (tilt 10' ou tilt 20'), m&#233;dia de valores inferiores aos observados em posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Esses pacientes, por n&#227;o serem capazes de elevar ou manter a eleva&#231;&#227;o da RVPT no per&#237;odo de inclina&#231;&#227;o de 20 minutos livre de drogas, foram considerados como tendo uma insufici&#234;ncia da RVPT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). Ambos os grupos de pacientes foram comparados a um grupo controle de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Registro pelo monitor hemodin&#226;mico n&#227;o invasivo. A) Paciente do Grupo I &#8211; observe a eleva&#231;&#227;o compensat&#243;ria do &#237;ndice da RVPT durante a inclina&#231;&#227;o. B) Paciente do Grupo II &#8211; observe a queda inesperada do &#237;ndice da RVPT durante a inclina&#231;&#227;o.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, os grupos foram comparados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados em cada momento de avalia&#231;&#227;o (S, tilt 10' e tilt 20') e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as ocorridas de um momento para outro (supina-10', supina - 20' e 10' - 20') - deltas. Para isso, testou-se a hip&#243;tese nula de que as m&#233;dias s&#227;o iguais nos tr&#234;s grupos, versus a hip&#243;tese alternativa de que pelo menos um grupo tem m&#233;dia diferente dos demais. Se houvesse diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, esses eram comparados dois a dois. Os resultados foram ajustados para idade. Foram utilizados o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes (p&lt;0,05).</p>
          <p>Os resultados obtidos foram descritos por m&#233;dias, medianas, valores m&#237;nimos, valores m&#225;ximos e desvios-padr&#227;o. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (supina, tilt10' e tilt 20'), dentro de cada grupo, foi considerado o modelo de an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao momento de avali&#231;&#227;o e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as entre os momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (tilt 10' - S, tilt 20' - S e tilt 20' - tilt 10'), foi considerado o modelo de an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) incluindo-se a idade como co-vari&#225;vel. Para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas (post hoc) foi usado o teste LSD (<italic>least significant test</italic>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis idade, altura, peso e superf&#237;cie corporal, os grupos foram comparados usando-se o modelo da an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com um fator. Valores de p &lt;0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>Para cada grupo, em cada momento de avalia&#231;&#227;o, testou-se a hip&#243;tese nula de que n&#227;o existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre VS e RVPT, versus a hip&#243;tese alternativa de que existe associa&#231;&#227;o. S&#227;o apresentados, nas Tabelas e gr&#225;ficos de correla&#231;&#227;o, os valores estimados do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e os valores de p dos testes estat&#237;sticos. Os dados foram analisados com o programa computacional SPSS v.20.0.</p>
          <p>Foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o da homogeneidade dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e superf&#237;cie corporal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da homogeneidade dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e superf&#237;cie corporal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#186;</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
                  <th align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2</td>
                  <td align="center">58,0</td>
                  <td align="center">18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">90,2</td>
                  <td align="center">16,9</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">57,4</td>
                  <td align="center">61,6</td>
                  <td align="center">16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">86,9</td>
                  <td align="center">22,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">27,6</td>
                  <td align="center">28,5</td>
                  <td align="center">17,0</td>
                  <td align="center">39,0</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">165,5</td>
                  <td align="center">165,0</td>
                  <td align="center">150,0</td>
                  <td align="center">182,0</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">168,4</td>
                  <td align="center">168,5</td>
                  <td align="center">151,0</td>
                  <td align="center">190,0</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">170,2</td>
                  <td align="center">169,0</td>
                  <td align="center">152,0</td>
                  <td align="center">192,0</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,161</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">70,6</td>
                  <td align="center">71,0</td>
                  <td align="center">47,0</td>
                  <td align="center">110,0</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">75,3</td>
                  <td align="center">75,0</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0</td>
                  <td align="center">109,0</td>
                  <td align="center">15,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">71,5</td>
                  <td align="center">68,5</td>
                  <td align="center">49,0</td>
                  <td align="center">118,0</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,433</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa </td>
                  <td align="center">I </td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">25,7</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1</td>
                  <td align="center">18,4</td>
                  <td align="center">33,2</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Corporal (kg/m&#178;)</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6</td>
                  <td align="center">26,3</td>
                  <td align="center">18,8</td>
                  <td align="center">36,0</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">24,4</td>
                  <td align="center">24,2</td>
                  <td align="center">20,1</td>
                  <td align="center">32,0</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Superf&#237;cie corporal (cm&#178;)</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">1778,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1765,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1462,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2304,0</td>
                  <td align="center">182,2</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">1845,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1853,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1467,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2283,0</td>
                  <td align="center">196,5</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">1739,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1757,0</td>
                  <td align="center">642,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2468,0</td>
                  <td align="center">361,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,298</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>ANOVA com um fator p&lt;0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos estudados, os dados obtidos em posi&#231;&#227;o supina e durante inclina&#231;&#227;o (tilt 10 'e tilt 20') s&#227;o encontrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) em posi&#231;&#227;o supina e durante tilt 10' e tilt 20' na fase livre de drogas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo I (I)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo II (II)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (C)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de (IxIIxC)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p (IxII)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p (I x C)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p (II x C)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC Supina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref> (bpm)<break/>FC (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
									<break/>(tilt 20')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">69,5&#177;11<break/>78,3&#177;13,0<break/>81,6&#177;13,5</td>
                <td align="center">70,0&#177;11,7<break/>80,3&#177;15,2<break/>84,7&#177;15,9</td>
                <td align="center">70,4&#177;9,7<break/>87,2&#177;11,9<break/>84,7&#177;15,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,63<break/>0,75<break/>0,51</td>
                <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>-</td>
                <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>-</td>
                <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAM Supina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref> (mmHg)<break/>PAM (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
									<break/> (tilt 20') <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">96,6&#177;11,4<break/> 105,6&#177;10,6<break/>103,4&#177;12,2</td>
                <td align="center">97,7&#177;15,7<break/>99,4&#177;15,3<break/>94,7&#177;12,5</td>
                <td align="center">84&#177;8,7<break/>102,1&#177;10,0<break/>98,9&#177;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,13<break/>0,13<break/>0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>0,005</td>
                <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>0,15</td>
                <td align="center">-<break/>-<break/>0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VS Supina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref> (ml)<break/>VS (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
									<break/>(tilt 20')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">81,8&#177;14,8<break/>65,5&#177;11,3<break/>61,4&#177;8,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,4&#177;14,9<break/>64,1&#177;14,0<break/>62,4&#177;14,4</td>
                <td align="center">101,5&#177;24,2<break/>82,8&#177;15,6<break/>79,6&#177;16,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>0,003<break/>0,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<break/>0,705<break/>0,76</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DC Supina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref> (l/min)<break/>DC (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
									<break/>(tilt 20')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,71&#177;1,57<break/>5,06&#177;1,0<break/>5,03&#177;1,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,53&#177;0,81<break/>5,02&#177;0,84<break/>5,11&#177;0,92</td>
                <td align="center">6,95&#177;1,56<break/>7,13&#177;1,3<break/>7,33&#177;1,43</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>0,86<break/>0,75</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVPT Supina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#9532;</xref>
									<break/>RVPT (tilt 10')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
									<break/>(tilt 20')<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1424&#177;404<break/> 1725&#177;441<break/>1704&#177;466</td>
                <td align="center">1750&#177;442<break/>1576&#177;324<break/>1482&#177;323</td>
                <td align="center">974,4&#177;230<break/>1155&#177;222<break/>1089&#177;207</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>0,003<break/>0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>0,08<break/>0,011</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor de p ajustado para a idade (ANCOVA).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#9532;</label>
              <p>RVPT em dyne.seg/cm5.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; RVPT: resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, observou-se que o VS e o DC encontravam-se significantemente mais reduzidos nos pacientes do Grupo II em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do Grupo I, e neste, por sua vez, encontravam-se mais reduzidos que nos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). O contr&#225;rio foi observado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RVPT, mais elevada no Grupo II em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo I, e, neste &#250;ltimo, mais elevada que no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>). Observou-se, assim, uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o VS e a RVPT nos tr&#234;s grupos estudados. Por outro lado, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o a PA m&#233;dia e a FC em posi&#231;&#227;o supina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A e B) M&#233;dias e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% para as m&#233;dias de VS e DC ajustados para a idade: compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos em cada momento de an&#225;lise (supina, tilt 10' tilt 20'). VS: volume sist&#243;lico; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;dias e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% para as m&#233;dias de RVPT ajustado para idade: compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos em cada momento de an&#225;lise (supina, tilt 10' tilt 20'). RVPT: resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A e B) M&#233;dias e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% para as m&#233;dias da PAM e FC ajustadas para idade: compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos em cada momento de an&#225;lise (supina, tilt 10' tilt 20'). PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, ocorreu, no Grupo II, redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da RVPT, enquanto, no Grupo I, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o dessa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Observou-se que, entre esses dois grupos, n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;a no valor absoluto da RVPT no per&#237;odo de 10' de inclina&#231;&#227;o. Nesse momento, n&#227;o se observou, tamb&#233;m, diferen&#231;as entre o Grupo I e o II em nenhum dos demais par&#226;metros estudados, vindo a se observar diferen&#231;as significantes com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RVPT, novamente, no per&#237;odo de 20'. Ao contr&#225;rio do notado na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, neste momento (aos 20' de inclina&#231;&#227;o), a RVPT se encontrou menor no Grupo II, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>), indicando fal&#234;ncia mais acentuada dos mecanismos compensat&#243;rios da regula&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
        <p>Quando comparado ao grupo controle, tanto o Grupo I quanto o II apresentaram, em todos os momentos do exame, VS e DC significantemente inferior e RVPT significantemente mais elevada.</p>
        <p>A PA n&#227;o divergiu entre os grupos, exceto no per&#237;odo de 20' de inclina&#231;&#227;o, decorrente da redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da RVPT observada em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica no Grupo II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4-a</xref>). A FC, por sua vez, n&#227;o apresentou, em nenhum dos momentos analisados, diferen&#231;as significantes entre os 3 grupos estudados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4-b</xref>).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as (&#916;, delta), no per&#237;odo entre posi&#231;&#227;o supina e tilt 10', a RVPT, no Grupo I e nos controles, elevou-se, tornando o delta positivo (uma resposta natural compensat&#243;ria). Por outro lado, no Grupo II, a RVPT se reduziu, resultando em um delta negativo, o que caracteriza a insufici&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica do grupo. Como o VS no Grupo II era mais severamente reduzido j&#225; em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, n&#227;o houve queda muito acentuada deste em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. Portanto, este grupo apresentou queda do VS significantemente menor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo I e ao grupo controle. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA, observou-se que no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo avaliado (tilt 20'), a diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias da PA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina no Grupo II tornou-se negativa (indicando fal&#234;ncia dos mecanismos hemodin&#226;micos compensat&#243;rios) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o, entre o VS e a RVPT, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa significante nos tr&#234;s grupos em posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Entretanto, no per&#237;odo de tilt 10', a correla&#231;&#227;o negativa deixou de existir no Grupo II, pois a resist&#234;ncia vascular se reduziu em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;a dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) entre o per&#237;odo de tilt 10' e a posi&#231;&#227;o S (&#8710; 10'-S) e entre o per&#237;odo de tilt 20' e a posi&#231;&#227;o S (&#8710; 20'-S)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo I</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo II</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (C)</th>
                <th align="center">(I x II) p</th>
                <th align="center">(I x C) p</th>
                <th align="center">(II x C) p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">FC (bpm) (&#8710;10'-S)<break/>(&#8710; 20'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8,8&#177;7,2<break/>12,1&#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,3&#177;7,8<break/>14,7&#177;9,4</td>
                <td align="center">16,8&#177;6,6<break/>22,8&#177;8,3</td>
                <td align="center">NS<break/>0,38</td>
                <td align="center">NS<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">NS<break/>0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">VS (ml) (&#8710;10'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									<break/>(&#8710; 20'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-16,3&#177;12,1<break/>-20,4&#177;10,1</td>
                <td align="center">-2,2&#177;11,2<break/>-4,0&#177;11,2</td>
                <td align="center">-18,818,4<break/>-22,0&#177;18,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,50<break/>0,66</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RVPT <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#9532;</xref>(&#8710;10'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									<break/>(&#8710; 20'-S)</td>
                <td align="center">301&#177;218<break/>280&#177;176</td>
                <td align="center">-174&#177;328<break/>-268&#177;266</td>
                <td align="center">180&#177;260<break/>115&#177;190</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,09<break/>0,005</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAM (mmHg) (&#8710;10'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									<break/>(&#8710; 20'-S)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9,1&#177;8,6<break/>6,8&#177;10,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,7&#177;15,4<break/>-3,0&#177;-39,9</td>
                <td align="center">18,19,4<break/>14,9&#177;4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,010<break/>0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,003<break/>0,008</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<break/>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor de p ajustado para a idade (ANCOVA).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&#9532;</label>
              <p>RVPT em dyne.seg/cm<sup>5</sup></p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; RVPT: resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total; <italic>PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia.</italic></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A: (Grupo I), B: (Grupo II) e C: (Grupo controle). Diagramas de dispers&#227;o para VS e RVPT em 10&#8217; durante tilt teste; r: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. VS: volume sist&#243;lico; RVPT: resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0354-60135-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Sumariamente, destacamos tr&#234;s pontos:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Os pacientes estudados, com sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, incluindo s&#237;ncope e/ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, apresentaram VS e DC significantemente inferior e RVPT significantemente mais elevada, tanto em posi&#231;&#227;o supina quanto em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, sem diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a PA ou FC em ambas as posi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Entre os pacientes estudados, 46% apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia de RVPT durante o tilt teste. Em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, apresentaram VS e DC mais reduzidos e RVPT ainda mais elevada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais pacientes estudados.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Aos 10 minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o, por sua vez, observou-se, no Grupo II, perda da correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre VS e RVPT, devido &#224; fal&#234;ncia dos mecanismos compensat&#243;rios representada pela queda da RVPT.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi a observa&#231;&#227;o de VS reduzido no grupo de pacientes com sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, tanto em posi&#231;&#227;o supina como ortost&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Tem sido postulado que todas as formas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica podem ser resultado de hipovolemia central, mesmo sem taquicardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Hipovolemia central,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> assim como VS reduzido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> t&#234;m sido achados consistentes em pacientes com STOP em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. Em estudo preliminar, Mehta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> observaram que pacientes com sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, mesmo sem STOP, apresentam valores similarmente reduzidos de VS, quando este foi corrigido para a superf&#237;cie corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No presente estudo, a compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle confere robustez aos achados pr&#233;vios. Portanto, VS reduzido em indiv&#237;duos com sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica &#233; um achado que parece ser consistente, mesmo naqueles que n&#227;o desenvolvem taquicardia ortost&#225;tica ou colapso hemodin&#226;mico durante o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em indiv&#237;duos normais relatados na literatura, os principais achados ap&#243;s aproximadamente 5 minutos de posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (comparado &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina) s&#227;o a redu&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 30% do volume sangu&#237;neo tor&#225;cico e do VS, aumento da FC em 15 a 30%, acompanhados de redu&#231;&#227;o no DC em torno de 20%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> semelhantes ao que se observou no grupo controle do presente estudo, exceto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DC. No presente estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o do VS observada ao assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica se mostrou adequadamente compensada pelo aumento da FC, de modo que n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o do DC.</p>
        <p>Com o prop&#243;sito de manter a PA e a perfus&#227;o cerebral independente dos efeitos da gravidade, uma s&#233;rie de mecanismos cardiovasculares regulat&#243;rios ou reflexos s&#227;o ativados. Para atingir esse objetivo, a FC, o VS (consequentemente o DC) e a RVPT s&#227;o modulados, tendo a PA como vari&#225;vel controlada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> No presente estudo, ao assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, observou-se, em todos os pacientes, eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA nos primeiros 10 minutos, exceto para o Grupo II. Neste &#250;ltimo, observou-se PA m&#233;dia inferior &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina somente no tilt 20', quando esta se tornou significantemente inferior em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos, indicando fal&#234;ncia dos mecanismos compensat&#243;rios de eleva&#231;&#227;o natural da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica.</p>
        <p>No grupo controle, o VS era bem mais elevado. Por outro lado, no grupo de pacientes a RVPT era mais elevada. Considerando a seguinte f&#243;rmula: PA = DC x RVPT, em que DC = FC x VS, tendo a observa&#231;&#227;o de uma FC similar entre controle e pacientes, a PA passa a ser mais dependente de volume no grupo controle de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. No grupo de pacientes com sintomas ortost&#225;ticos, no entanto, a manuten&#231;&#227;o da PA foi mais dependente da resist&#234;ncia vascular. Desse modo, n&#227;o bastaria reduzir a RVPT na posi&#231;&#227;o supina para tratar tais pacientes, mas, concomitantemente, proporcionar eleva&#231;&#227;o do VS. Qi Fu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> demonstraram que a atividade f&#237;sica &#233; um dos meios de elevar VS em pacientes com STOP que sabidamente apresentam-no reduzido. Recentemente, hidrata&#231;&#227;o intravenosa (com 1 a 2 litros/ dia por 3 a 7 dias na semana) demonstrou melhora cl&#237;nica em pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica refrat&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os sistemas respons&#225;veis pelo controle da regula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular incluem: o sistema neurocardiovascular, o humoral (renina-angiotensina e vasopressina), o capilar e o sistema de fluxo renal (aldosterona e horm&#244;nio antidiur&#233;tico). A estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica da PA, na fase inicial da posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (30 segundos a 2 minutos), &#233; obtida, principalmente, pelo sistema neurocardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A atividade do nervo simp&#225;tico muscular aumenta com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o, resultando em vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo baroreflexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A sensibilidade baroreflexa simp&#225;tica aumenta durante mudan&#231;a da postura, mas continua inalterada enquanto persiste a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. Assim, existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a RVPT e a atividade do nervo simp&#225;tico muscular, indicando que o controle do nervo simp&#225;tico vasomotor &#233; ainda importante em pelo menos 45 minutos de posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Tamb&#233;m tem sido observado que o aumento da atividade do nervo simp&#225;tico muscular est&#225; associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o do VS, havendo uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os dois.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, no presente estudo, observou-se, em todos os grupos, uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa significante entre RVPT e VS. No Grupo II, tal rela&#231;&#227;o torna-se ainda mais evidente.</p>
        <p>Em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, no grupo da insufici&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (Grupo II), houve perda dessa rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre VS e RVPT j&#225; nos primeiros 10 minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o, porque a RVPT n&#227;o teve o aumento proporcional esperado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do VS, revelando que este grupo, al&#233;m de apresentar VS reduzido, n&#227;o apresentou a capacidade de compens&#225;-lo adequadamente pela RVPT. Os dados encontrados sugerem que a RVPT mais elevada em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, no Grupo II em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais pacientes, pode funcionar como um dos mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o para permitir maior toler&#226;ncia &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Na literatura, estudos em pacientes com disautonomia que apresentam grave repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica ao assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ereta, manifestam, al&#233;m da insufici&#234;ncia em elevar a RVPT, redu&#231;&#227;o exagerada no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, comparado a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, em decorr&#234;ncia de um aumento da capacit&#226;ncia venosa e resposta cronotr&#243;pica inapropriada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Entretanto, os pacientes do presente estudo n&#227;o apresentaram repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica apesar da presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica em ortostase. Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o discreta do VS ao assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, de modo que o delta do VS, neste grupo, foi significantemente menor do que nos demais.</p>
        <p>Complac&#234;ncia venosa reduzida, neste grupo, foi outro fator que influenciou para a estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, uma vez que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC foi suficiente para manter a PA, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o da RVPT durante a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. Como parte do protocolo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, &#233; necess&#225;ria a retirada do uso de betabloqueadores por pelo menos 5 meias-vidas. &#201; poss&#237;vel que na vig&#234;ncia de betabloqueador, muitos desses pacientes apresentem mais repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica devido ao mecanismo de compensa&#231;&#227;o de elevar a FC estar bloqueado.</p>
        <p>Capacidade prejudicada de elevar a resist&#234;ncia vascular ao assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica causada por anormalidades no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo &#233; a principal causa de hipotens&#227;o postural ou s&#237;ncope em paciente com diversos dist&#250;rbios prim&#225;rios (insufici&#234;ncia auton&#244;mica pura, doen&#231;a de Parkinson) e secund&#225;rios (diabetes mellitus, uremia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em tais pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia adren&#233;rgica, observa-se, durante o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da PA e da press&#227;o de pulso, podendo a resposta da FC ser atenuada ou aumentada quando a inerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca se encontra preservada. Aumento nas oscila&#231;&#245;es da FC e PA s&#227;o indicativos de que os mecanismos compensat&#243;rios ainda se encontram intactos, mas indica anormalidade por representar que o sistema se encontra sobrecarregado (superativado).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade alfa-adren&#233;rgica vascular tem sido observada em pacientes com sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, sendo a resposta mais comprometida nos pacientes portadores de STOP, nos quais se observou incapacidade maior de eleva&#231;&#227;o da RVPT durante estresse ortost&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade dos receptores vasculares alfa-adren&#233;rgicos durante o estresse ortost&#225;tico pode ser uma das hip&#243;teses para as altera&#231;&#245;es da resposta da RVPT observada nos pacientes do Grupo II do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Apesar de os pacientes terem se mantido est&#225;veis hemodinamicamente por um per&#237;odo de 20 minutos de posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica observou-se, nos pacientes do Grupo II, PA m&#233;dia e RVPT significantemente inferior em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do Grupo I no tilt 20'. Essa queda, se persistente por per&#237;odos prolongados de posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, pode se refletir em redu&#231;&#227;o maior da PA. &#201; poss&#237;vel, inclusive, que haja comprometimento da perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica e cerebral, mesmo em vig&#234;ncia de estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (com PA baixa no limite inferior para s&#237;ncope iminente).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, por seu car&#225;ter retrospectivo, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de sintomas de s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;- s&#237;ncope foi prejudicada. N&#227;o foram realizadas dosagens de catecolaminas s&#233;ricas, uma vez que o objetivo principal era avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos foi realizada com m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, j&#225; validado em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de pacientes foi limitado e as medidas dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos n&#227;o foram corrigidas para a superf&#237;cie corporal, uma vez que esta era semelhante entre os grupos.</p>
          <p>Outro ponto a ser considerado &#233; a diferen&#231;a de faixa et&#225;ria entre os grupos estudados e os controles. Pelo fato de os indiv&#237;duos jovens poderem apresentar uma resposta hemodin&#226;mica diferente, tomamos o cuidado de ajustar os dados para a idade (ANCOVA, com idade como covari&#225;vel).</p>
          <p>Quatro pacientes usavam drogas com potencial efeito vasodilatador (inibidores da ECA e bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio). Essas drogas n&#227;o foram suspensas, tais pacientes, por&#233;m, fazem parte do Grupo I, ou seja, com resposta esperada de eleva&#231;&#227;o da RVPT.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Volume sist&#243;lico reduzido foi consistentemente observado nos grupos de pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, comparados aos controles.</p>
        <p>Entre os pacientes estudados, 46% apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica em ortostase durante o tilt teste. Nestes, em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, verificamos VS e DC mais reduzidos e RVPT ainda mais elevada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais pacientes estudados. Aos 10 minutos de inclina&#231;&#227;o, neste grupo, foi observada a perda da correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre VS e RVPT, enquanto, nos demais pacientes, foi mantida em todo o exame.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Pacientes com sintomas inespec&#237;ficos de tontura, dispneia e desconforto tor&#225;cico podem ser portadores de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, sem apresentarem a s&#237;ncope vaso-vagal cl&#225;ssica ou hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica mensur&#225;vel. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de que o VS pode ser participante importante desse quadro indica que medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas para aument&#225;-lo (como aumento da ingesta h&#237;drica, exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos regulares) podem ajudar a tratar esses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Adriano Magajevski pela Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
