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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Rr8K9LbqhBrmk9wgpq83RKq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004300339</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160137</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Ischemia/Myocardial Infarction</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Nitrate Intake on Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Diabetic Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jeddi</surname>
            <given-names>Sajad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khalifi</surname>
            <given-names>Saeedeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghanbari</surname>
            <given-names>Mahboubeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bageripour</surname>
            <given-names>Fatemeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghasemi</surname>
            <given-names>Asghar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Endocrine Physiology Research Center and Endocrine Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Endocrine Physiology Research Center and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Paramedical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Asghar Ghasemi</bold>, Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. No. 24, Parvaneh Street, Yaman Street, Velenjak, Postal Code 1985717413. Teer&#227;, I.R. Ir&#227;. E-mail: <email>ghasemi@endocrine.ac.ir</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jeddi S, Ghasemi A; Acquisition of data: Jeddi S, Khalifi S, Ghanbari M, Bageripour F; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Jeddi S, Khalifi S, Ghanbari M, Bageripour F, Ghasemi A; Obtaining financing: Ghasemi A; Writing of the manuscript: Jeddi S, Ghanbari M, Bageripour F; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Khalifi S, Ghasemi A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>339</fpage>
      <lpage>347</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary artery disease is 2-3 times more common in diabetic individuals. Dietary nitrate/nitrite has beneficial effects in both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It also has protective effects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in healthy animals. However, the effects of nitrate on myocardial IR injury in diabetic rats have not yet been investigated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We examined the effects of dietary nitrate on myocardial IR injury in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Rats were divided into four groups (n=7 in each group): control, control+nitrate, diabetes, and diabetes+nitrate. Type 2 diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Nitrate (sodium nitrate) was added to drinking water (100 mg/L) for 2 months. The hearts were perfused in a Langendorff apparatus at 2 months and assessed before (baseline) and after myocardial IR for the following parameters: left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), minimum and maximum rates of pressure change in the left ventricle (&#177;dP/dt), endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO metabolites (NOx).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Recovery of LVDP and &#177;dP/dt was lower in diabetic rats versus controls, but almost normalized after nitrate intake. Diabetic rats had lower eNOS and higher iNOS expression both at baseline and after IR, and dietary nitrate restored these parameters to normal values after IR. Compared with controls, heart NOx level was lower in diabetic rats at baseline but was higher after IR. Diabetic rats had higher MDA levels both at baseline and after IR, which along with heart NOx levels decreased following nitrate intake.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Dietary nitrate in diabetic rats provides cardioprotection against IR injury by regulating eNOS and iNOS expression and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in the heart.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitrates</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitrites</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The worldwide prevalence of diabetes has recently increased over twofold and is estimated to reach 592 million by 2035.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Coronary artery disease is two to three times more common in diabetic patients and is the cause of mortality in over half of these individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Although various treatments are currently available for patients with diabetes, they lack sufficient efficacy; therefore, new strategies must be examined.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nitrate intake is considered a new potential strategy for managing type 2 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> During the last half century, dietary nitrate has been considered unsafe due to its theoretical association with the development of diseases (including gastric cancer).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This view is now being questioned after enzyme-independent production of nitric oxide (NO) from nitrate/nitrite has been found in tissues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The nitrate/nitrite/NO pathway is a booster system for the L-arginine-NO synthase (NOs) pathway, mainly in conditions of NOs dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Depending on the NOs isoform involved, NO could have protective or detrimental effects on the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Endothelial NOS (eNOS) is localized in caveolae where it controls heart rate, contraction, diastolic relaxation, and oxygen consumption. Inducible NOS (iNOS) is not present in healthy hearts but is expressed during pathological states, including ischemia and hyperglycemia, when it contributes to impair eNOS function and possibly worsen myocardial injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dietary nitrate reduces blood pressure, prevents endothelial dysfunction, and inhibits platelet aggregation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Recent investigations in animals indicate that dietary nitrate/nitrite has beneficial effects in diabetes and could increase pancreatic blood flow and insulin secretion,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and improve both insulin resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and glucose tolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nitrate/nitrite has protective effects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in healthy animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, no studies have addressed to date the effects of nitrate on myocardial IR injury in diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the cardioprotective effects of nitrate on IR injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetic rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The proposal of this study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences (RIES, permit number: 12 EC RIES 92/10/25) at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Male Wistar rats (2-month-old, 170-200 g) were obtained from the RIES laboratory animal house at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. During the study, the animals were housed in an animal room with a temperature of 22 &#177; 2 &#176;C and relative humidity of 50 &#177; 6%, with free access to standard rat chow (Pars Co., Tehran) and tap water. The animals were adapted to an inverse 12:12 h light-dark cycle for 2 weeks.</p>
        <p>Diabetes was induced in the animals by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of NA (95 mg/kg) 15 min before an IP injection of STZ (65 mg/kg). Ten days after injection of STZ-NA, blood samples were obtained from a tail vein of the rats, and the animals with glucose levels &gt; 126 mg/dL were considered diabetics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Rats were then allocated to four groups (n=7 each): control (C), control-nitrate (CN), diabetes (D), and diabetes-nitrate (DN). Each group was divided into two subgroups: pre-IR (baseline), and post-IR. Nitrate (sodium nitrate, Merck KGaA, 64271 Darmstadt, Germany) was added to the drinking water of the animals in the CN and DN groups at a concentration of 100 mg/L for 2 months.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements of hemodynamic parameters in Langendorff perfused hearts</title>
        <p>At 2 months, all rats were anesthetized by IP injection of ketamine/xylazine (50 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg), and hearts from all groups were rapidly removed and immersed in ice-cold perfusion buffer. After cannulation of the aorta, the hearts were perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with a Krebs-Henseleit solution (containing [in mM] NaCl 118, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 25, KCl 4.7, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1.2, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 2.5, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1.2, glucose 11, and pH=7.4) under constant pressure (75 mmHg) and temperature of 37 &#186;C. Krebs solution was oxygenated with 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. After 20 minutes of stabilization, the hearts of the animals in all groups were exposed to 30 minutes of global ischemia, followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. A latex balloon was inserted into the left ventricle for measurement of hemodynamic parameters including left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and the minimum and maximum rates of pressure change in the left ventricle (&#177;dP/dt). LVEDP, LVDP, and &#177;dP/dt were digitalized by a data acquisition system (Power Lab, AD Instrument, Australia). Post-ischemic hemodynamic parameters were assessed by the recovery of LVEDP, LVDP, and &#177;dP/dt.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of lipid peroxidation</title>
        <p>Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indirect marker of cellular injury that reflects the extent of systemic lipid peroxidation in the heart, were measured by the method by Oshawa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In brief, heart samples were collected at baseline and during the post-IR period and then homogenized in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (1:5, w/v) using a mini homogenizer (MICCRA-D1, Germany). Tissue homogenates were centrifuged (1,000 g, 4 &#186;C, 10 min) and supernatants were collected for measurement of MDA levels; 2.5 mL of trichloroacetic acid (20%) was added to 0.5 mL of supernatant followed by addition of 1 mL of thiobarbituric acid (0.67%). The mixture was placed in a water bath at 95 &#176;C for 30 min and after cooling, 4 mL of n-butanol was added. The mixture was vortexed and after centrifugation at 1,100 g for 10 min, the absorbance of the upper layer was read at 532 nm using an ELISA reader (BioTek, Power wave XS2). The concentration of MDA was calculated using a standard curve of 1, 1, 3, 3-tetraethoxypropane and expressed as <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of NO metabolites (NOx)</title>
        <p>The NOx levels in the hearts were measured by the Griess method. In brief, heart samples collected at baseline and at the post-IR period were rinsed and homogenized in PBS (1:5, w/v), and centrifuged at 15,000 g for 20 min. Supernatant was deproteinized by adding zinc sulfate (15 mg/mL); 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of the supernatant were transferred to a microplate well and 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of vanadium (III) chloride (8 mg/mL) were added to each well to reduce nitrate to nitrite; 50 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of sulfanilamide (2%) and 50 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of N-1-(naphthyl) ethylenediamine (0.1%) were then added, and samples were incubated for 30 min at 37 &#176;C; absorbance was read at 540 nm using the ELISA reader. NOx concentration was determined from a linear standard curve established by 0-50 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L sodium nitrate. Tissue NOx levels were expressed as <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of myocardial injury markers in coronary flow (CF)</title>
        <p>At the start of reperfusion, CF was collected for a period of 5 minutes to measure myocardial enzyme leakage (myocardial injury markers), including creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Levels of CK-MB and LDH in CF were measured using commercial kits (Pars Azmoon, Tehran, Iran).</p>
        <p>Intra-assay coefficients of variation for NOx, CK-MB, and LDH measurements were 3.7%, 4.1%, and 4.7%, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and real-time PCR</title>
        <p>In all groups, samples from the left heart ventricle were obtained at baseline and during the post-IR period for RNA extraction using a standard, sterile surgical method. Total RNA was extracted from heart tissue using an RNX-Plus solution kit (Fermentase, Cinagen Co., Iran), according to the manufacturer's description and treated with RNase-free DNase to remove any residual genomic DNA. RNA quantity and purity were measured using the NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA); cDNAs were synthesized by incubating total RNA with RevertAid H Minus Reverse Transcriptase, DNase I, Random Hexamer Primer, dNTPs, and RiboLock RNase Inhibitor, for 10 min at 25 &#176;C, followed by 60 min at 42 &#176;C in a final volume of 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>L. The reaction was terminated by heating at 70 &#176;C for 5 min.</p>
        <p>Quantitative real-time PCR was performed with Rotor-Gene 6000 (Corbett Life Science, Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia). Reactions were performed in 25 <italic>&#181;</italic>L aliquots containing 12.5 <italic>&#181;</italic>L SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Jena Bioscience, Germany), 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>L forward primer, 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>L reverse primer, 8.5 <italic>&#181;</italic>L RNase- free water, and 2 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of the cDNA. The primer sequences used for real-time (RT)-PCR were forward 5&#8242;-TACAGCTTCACCACCACAGC-3&#8242; and reverse 5&#8242;-CACACTGCTAGAGGTGCTGGAA-3&#8242; for beta-actin; forward 5&#8242;-ATGCCACAGGATTCCATACC-3&#8242; and reverse 5&#8242;-TGTGCTGGCTTTGGTGAGGTTTGA-3&#8242; for eNOS, and forward 5&#8242;-TGGCCTCCCTCTGGAAAGA-3&#8242; and reverse 5&#8242;-TGCTGAGCTGACAGAGTAGTA-3&#8242; for iNOS. PCR amplifications were performed by the three following cycle programs: (1) denaturation of cDNA (1 cycle: 10 min at 95 &#176;C), (2) amplification (40 cycles: 15 sec at 95 &#176;C, 30 sec at 60 &#176;C, and 30 sec at 72 &#176;C), (3) melting curve analysis (1 cycle: 72 to 95 &#176;C with temperature transition rate 1 &#176;C/sec for 5 sec). Real-time quantification was monitored by measuring the fluorescence activity. To compare the groups, the mRNA levels of eNOS and iNOS were measured as relative expression using 2<sup>&#8722;&#916;&#916;CT</sup> values and normalized to beta-actin generated from the same sample; where &#916;&#916;CT = [CT <sub>iNOS or eNOS (case)</sub> &#8722; CT <sub>beta-actin (case)</sub>] &#8722; [CT <sub>iNOS or eNOS (control)</sub> &#8722; CT <sub>beta-actin (control)</sub>].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The specificity of the PCR reactions was verified by melting curve analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All values are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM). The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 20 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the normality of the study data, with p-values &gt; 0.05 indicating normal distribution. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used for analysis of data with normal and non-normal distribution, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Repeated measurement analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the hemodynamic parameters (LVDP, LVEDP, and &#177;dP/dt) at different time points. Student's sample <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare MDA and NOx levels at baseline and post-IR in each group. One-way ANOVA with Tukey <italic>post-hoc</italic> test was used for comparison among different groups of levels of MDA, NOx, CK-MB, and LDH. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare gene expression in different groups. Two-sided p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The initial blood glucose levels, and body and heart weights of the animals were similar in all groups. After STZ-NA injection and compared with controls, diabetic rats had increased blood glucose levels (196.8 &#177; 26.4 <italic>versus</italic> 82.6 &#177; 4.5 mg/dL; p &lt; 0.05), decreased body weight (239.7 &#177; 12.3 <italic>versus</italic> 331.7 &#177; 13.7 g; p &lt; 0.05), and significantly increased heart weight to body weight ratio (0.48 &#177; 0.01 <italic>versus</italic> 0.37 &#177; 0.01%). At the end of the study (day 70), the area under the curve of the plasma glucose concentration in diabetic rats (20,264 &#177; 659 mg/dL/60 min) during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher when compared with that in control rats (7,825 &#177; 247 mg/dL/60 min, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>The effects of dietary nitrate on hemodynamic parameters in isolated hearts during the stabilization and IR period are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. During the stabilization period, hearts from diabetic rats had significantly lower baseline LVDP and &#177;dP/dt values (p &lt; 0.05) as compared with control rats. Nitrate intake had no effect on baseline LVDP and &#177;dP/dt values in heart samples from CN and DN rats compared with the values in control and diabetic rats, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Parameters of cardiac function during the stabilization period</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">Control-Nitrate</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetes-Nitrate</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">8.5 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">96.7 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">93.4 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 3.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#177; 6.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">+dP/dt (mmHg/s)</td>
              <td align="center">3135 &#177; 211</td>
              <td align="center">3055 &#177; 247</td>
              <td align="center">2052 &#177; 434<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2152 &#177; 412<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211;dP/dt (mmHg/s)</td>
              <td align="center">2215 &#177; 188</td>
              <td align="center">2163 &#177; 205</td>
              <td align="center">1387 &#177; 154<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1484 &#177; 123<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Data are represented as mean &#177; SEM. LVEDP: left ventricular end diastolic pressure; LVDP: left ventricular developed pressure, and minimum and maximum rates of pressure change in the left ventricle (&#177; dP/dt)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 statistically significant deference between group D versus C group and group DN versus CN. Control (C), control-nitrate (CN), diabetes (D), and diabetes-nitrate (DN).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recovery of cardiac function after IR injury. A) Left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP); B) Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP); C) Maximum rates of pressure change in the left ventricle (+dP/dt); D. Minimum rates of pressure change in the left ventricle (-dP/dt). Values are mean &#177; SEM; (n = 7 in each group); *p &lt; 0.05, as compared with the control and diabetic gr oups. Control (C), control-nitrate (CN), diabetes (D), and diabetes-nitrate (DN).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0339-60137-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In all groups, LVEDP gradually increased during the 30 minutes of ischemia. However, diabetic rats compared with control ones displayed a significant increase in LVEDP (p &lt; 0.05), while CN and DN rats showed a significant decrease (p &lt; 0.01) in this parameter when compared with control and diabetic rats, respectively. Nitrate intake improved diastolic properties, as indicated by a lower LVEDP during reperfusion in heart samples of rats in the CN and DN groups and prevented a hypercontractile response during the early phase of reperfusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1-A</xref>).</p>
      <p>Compared with controls, STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats had significantly lower postischemic LVDP and &#177;dP/dt values. Nitrate intake restored the decreased LVDP and &#177;dP/dt values to near preischemic values in both the CN and DN groups, compared with the control and diabetic groups, respectively (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1-B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">D</xref>). Compared with baseline values, expression of eNOS decreased significantly and that of iNOS increased significantly in the control group after IR. Decreased eNOS expression and increased iNOS expression were observed in hearts from diabetic rats when compared with controls both before and after IR; dietary nitrate restored eNOS and iNOS expression to near normal values after IR in the CN and DN groups. Nitrate intake had no effect on baseline eNOS and iNOS expression in hearts of rats in the CN and DN groups compared with those in the control and diabetic groups, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of nitrate intake on eNOS (A) and iNOS (B) mRNA expression. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SEM; *p &lt; 0.05, comparing the pre-IR with the post-IR period in each group. **p &lt; 0.05 comparing the pre-IR period in each group with controls. #p &lt; 0.05 comparing the post-IR period in each group with controls. &#8224;p &lt; 0.05 comparing the post-IR period between the DN and D groups. Control (C), control-nitrate (CN), diabetes (D), and diabetes-nitrate (DN).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0339-60137-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In all groups, heart NOx levels increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) after IR when compared with baseline values. Dietary nitrate had no effect on baseline heart NOx levels in the CN group, which showed comparable levels to those in the control group. After ischemia, heart NOx levels increased in the control group but not in the CN group (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting a protective effect of dietary nitrate. Compared with controls, heart NOx level was lower in diabetic rats before IR, but was higher after IR and decreased following nitrate intake in the DN group, both before and after IR when compared with diabetic rats (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3-A</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Changes in NOx (A) and MDA (B) levels in the hearts of rats in different groups. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SEM; (n = 7 in each group); *p &lt; 0.05 comparing the pre-IR with the post-IR period in each group. **p &lt; 0.05 comparing the pre-IR period in each group with controls. #p &lt; 0.05 comparing the post-IR period in each group with controls. &#8225;p &lt; 0.05 comparing the pre-IR period in the DN and D groups. &#8224;p &lt; 0.05 comparing the post-IR period between the DN and D groups. Control (C), control-nitrate (CN), diabetes (D), and diabetes-nitrate.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0339-60137-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In all groups, heart MDA levels increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) after ischemia when compared with baseline values. Compared with controls, diabetic rats had significantly higher MDA levels, both before and after IR (p &lt; 0.05); nitrate intake restored the elevated MDA levels to near normal values in the CN and DN groups as compared with levels in the control and diabetic group, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3-B</xref>). Compared with the control group, CK-MB and LDH levels were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the diabetic group (p &lt; 0.05), and dietary nitrate significantly reduced the release of CK-MB and LDH in the CF of rats in the CN and DN groups <italic>versus</italic> the control and diabetic groups, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of nitrate intake on levels of LDH (A) and CK-MB (B) in coronary flow 5 min after reperfusion. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SEM; (n = 7 in each group); *p &lt; 0.05 compared with the control group. **p &lt; 0.05 comparing the DN with the D group. Control (C), control-nitrate (CN), diabetes (D), and diabetes-nitrate (DN).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0339-60137-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Nitrate intake improved the recovery of the cardiac function after ischemia in both normal and diabetic rats. This cardioprotective effect was associated with prevention of increased iNOS and decreased eNOS mRNA expression in heart tissue. In addition, nitrate intake restored heart levels of both NO<sub>x</sub> and MDA to normal values.</p>
      <p>In this study, we showed for the first time that chronic intake of a low dose of nitrate (100 mg/L for 2 months) protected the heart of rats in the control group from IR injury. In humans, a similar dose can be achieved with a vegetable-rich diet. Most studies assessing the effects of nitrate on IR injury have been performed <italic>in vitro</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Webb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have reported that nitrite infusion in rats (0.7-7 mg/L) during ischemia in the Langendorff apparatus reduced infarct size and improved left ventricular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> An additional investigation by Gonzalez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> has documented a similar protection in an <italic>in vivo</italic> canine model.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Duraunski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have also shown that administration of nitrite (48 nmoL) during ischemia in mice reduced the infarct size and protected the heart from IR injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Bryan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> in an <italic>in vivo</italic> study, assessed the effects of short-term nitrate intake (1,000 mg/L in drinking water for 7 days) on IR injury and showed that nitrate reduced the infarct size in response to a myocardial IR injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> However, it remains disputable whether conclusions from a short-term study could be extended to a long-term situation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Therefore, we assessed the effects of chronic low-dose nitrate intake on IR injury in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats. This is a suitable model for assessment of the effectiveness of new potential antidiabetic agents and has been reported to be close to human type 2 diabetes. However, STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats, as a model for nonobese type 2 diabetes, do not display insulin resistance, which is the main characteristic of type 2 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In this study, we defined diabetes using a blood glucose cutoff level of 126 mg/dL because the STZ-NA model of type 2 diabetes is associated with moderate hyperglycemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This value, when determined during fasting, is adopted in human studies to define diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In addition, the occurrence of an abnormal GTT indicates that diabetes was successfully induced.</p>
      <p>In this study, hearts from STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats had lower baseline cardiac functions, a controversial finding in different animal models of diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Lower recovery of cardiac function has been observed in diabetic rats following IR when compared with controls. The effects of type 2 diabetes on myocardial IR injury in animal studies are a controversial issue, and both higher<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and lower<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> sensitivity to injury or even no effect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> have been reported. These inconsistent results can be partially explained by the severity and duration of type 2 diabetes and also the change in metabolic profiles following induction of diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Moreover, the differences between models of type 2 diabetes, the degree of IR injury, and the species of the rat with type 2 diabetes can modify the baseline cardiac functions and susceptibility to myocardial IR injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our results show that diabetic rats had lower eNOS and higher iNOS expression both at baseline and after IR. Heart NOx level was also lower before IR, but was higher after IR, and heart MDA level was higher both before and after IR. Previous studies have shown that although iNOS-induced NO formation increases NO levels in diabetes, elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS), while simultaneously interacting with NO, lead to decreased NO bioavailability in baseline serum and heart. In addition, NO may rapidly be scavenged by free radicals and produce peroxynitrite, leading to baseline myocardial injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Also, a marked increase in production of ROS and decrease in antioxidant capacity in hyperglycemic conditions lead to the development of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and cell membrane injury, which may cause leakage of LDH and CK-MB, suggesting an increased oxidative stress and cell necrosis in STZ-NA-induced diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, no study so far has documented the effect of nitrate intake on IR injury in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats. We have previously shown that dietary nitrate prevents an increase in systolic blood pressure and serum glucose, improves glucose tolerance, and restores dyslipidemia in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Jiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have reported that dietary nitrite (50 mg/L for 4 weeks) in db/db diabetic mice improves insulin signaling through GLUT4 translocation to the membrane.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Ohtake et al. have also shown that dietary nitrite (150 mg/L for 10 weeks) improves insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nitrate intake in this study also offered cardioprotection by decreasing the levels of myocardial injury markers in CF and lipid peroxidation levels in the hearts of diabetic rats after IR, an effect that may be related to the antioxidative properties of nitrate intake that protect the membrane of heart cells by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and decreasing the leakage of cytosolic enzymes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> We have also previously reported that chronic treatment with a low nitrate dose attenuates oxidative stress in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats by increasing serum total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, we found that nitrate intake protected the heart from IR injury by restoring iNOS and eNOS expression to normal values and subsequently reducing the accumulation of NO after IR. Previous studies have reported that nitrite intake improves insulin signaling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> and increases insulin secretion in rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Insulin activates Akt and increases eNOS activity through the PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> which activates eNOS through phosphorylation of serine 1177<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> and increased NO production. In addition, insulin decreases iNOS-induced NO production and reduces IR-induced peroxynitrite formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Increased eNOS expression and decreased iNOS expression by insulin are both cardioprotective. This gives us a basis to hypothesize that nitrate intake protects the heart by increasing eNOS expression and decreasing iNOS expression via a decrease in oxidative stress and an increase in insulin secretion.</p>
      <p>Our results show that nitrate intake was insufficient to restore basal hemodynamic function to near normal values in diabetic rats, because in the diabetic state, before NO acts it is inactivated by ROS. Evidence shows that eNOS may be uncoupled in diabetic conditions due to a decrease in tetrahydrobiopterin, a NOS cofactor that increases superoxide anion formation and impairs eNOS function in the heart. Moreover, iNOS may have important chronic deleterious effects, <italic>i.e</italic>., irreversible impairment of basal contractile function mediated via peroxynitrite that is not readily reversible by nitrate intake; hence, other treatments such as radical scavengers seem essential.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some limitations of our study should be considered when the results are interpreted. First, we did not measure the levels of eNOS and iNOS proteins. Although mRNA changes do not necessarily reflect protein changes, the mRNA expression is still informative.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Second, we did not use a pharmacological approach to confirm our results regarding decreased iNOS expression and increased eNOS expression after nitrate intake, since it has been shown that both deletion of iNOS gene and inhibition of iNOS could provide cardioprotection in diabetic animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Nitrate intake restored cardiac function to near preischemic values after IR in diabetic rats by blocking the pathological increases in iNOS expression, as well as the pathological decrease in eNOS expression. It also restored NOx and MDA levels in the heart to normal values both before and after ischemia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>This study was supported by a grant (N0.711) from the Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The authors wish to thank Ms. N. Shiva for critically editing the manuscript for English grammar and syntax.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Isquemia / Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do Consumo de Nitrato na Les&#227;o de Isquemia-Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica em Ratos Diab&#233;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jeddi</surname>
            <given-names>Sajad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khalifi</surname>
            <given-names>Saeedeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghanbari</surname>
            <given-names>Mahboubeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bageripour</surname>
            <given-names>Fatemeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghasemi</surname>
            <given-names>Asghar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Endocrine Physiology Research Center and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teer&#227;, Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teer&#227;, Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Asghar Ghasemi</bold>, Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. No. 24, Parvaneh Street, Yaman Street, Velenjak, Postal Code 1985717413. Teer&#227;, I.R. Ir&#227;. E-mail: ghasemi@endocrine.ac.ir</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jeddi S, Ghasemi A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jeddi S, Khalifi S, Ghanbari M, Bageripour F; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Jeddi S, Khalifi S, Ghanbari M, Bageripour F, Ghasemi A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ghasemi A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jeddi S, Ghanbari M, Bageripour F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Khalifi S, Ghasemi A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; duas a tr&#234;s vezes mais comum em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos. O nitrato/nitrito diet&#233;tico tem efeitos ben&#233;ficos tanto para o diabetes quanto para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular, assim como efeitos protetores contra a les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o (IR) mioc&#225;rdica em animais saud&#225;veis. Por&#233;m, os efeitos do nitrato na les&#227;o de IR mioc&#225;rdica em ratos diab&#233;ticos ainda n&#227;o foram investigados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Foram examinados os efeitos sobre a les&#227;o de IR mioc&#225;rdica da adi&#231;&#227;o de nitrato &#224; dieta de ratos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 induzido por estreptozotocina-nicotinamida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os ratos foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 7 em cada grupo): controle, controle+nitrato, diabetes e diabetes+nitrato. O diabetes foi induzido nos animais por inje&#231;&#227;o de estreptozotocina e nicotinamida. Nitrato (nitrato de s&#243;dio) foi adicionado &#224; &#225;gua de beber (100 mg/L) por 2 meses. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos em sistema de Langendorff aos 2 meses e avaliados antes (basal) e ap&#243;s IR mioc&#225;rdica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seguintes par&#226;metros: press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDVE), taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva e negativa da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (&#177;dP/dt), express&#227;o do RNAm da &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) sintase (NOS) endotelial (eNOS) e da NOS induz&#237;vel (iNOS), al&#233;m de n&#237;veis de malondialde&#237;do (MDA) e metab&#243;litos do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NOx).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A recupera&#231;&#227;o da PDVE e &#177;dP/dt foi inferior nos ratos diab&#233;ticos <italic>versus</italic> controles, mas quase normalizou ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de nitrato. Ratos diab&#233;ticos apresentaram express&#227;o diminu&#237;da de eNOS e aumentada de iNOS tanto no estado basal quanto ap&#243;s IR, e o consumo diet&#233;tico de nitrato restaurou estes valores para o estado normal ap&#243;s a IR. O n&#237;vel de NOx card&#237;aco foi menor nos ratos diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles no momento basal, mas foi superior ap&#243;s a IR. Ratos diab&#233;ticos apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de MDA tanto no estado basal quanto ap&#243;s IR que, juntamente com os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de NOx, reduziram ap&#243;s consumo diet&#233;tico do nitrato.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O consumo diet&#233;tico de nitrato por ratos diab&#233;ticos ofereceu cardioprote&#231;&#227;o contra a les&#227;o de IR atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de eNOS e iNOS e inibi&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica no cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitritos</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia mundial de diabetes aumentou mais do que o dobro recentemente e &#233; estimada a alcan&#231;ar 592 milh&#245;es at&#233; 2035.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; duas a tr&#234;s vezes mais comum em pacientes diab&#233;ticos e &#233; a causa da mortalidade de mais da metade destes indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Embora v&#225;rios tratamentos sejam atualmente dispon&#237;veis para pacientes com diabetes, eles n&#227;o possuem efic&#225;cia suficiente. Portanto, novas estrat&#233;gias devem ser examinadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O consumo de nitrato &#233; considerado uma nova estrat&#233;gia potencial no manejo do diabetes tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Durante os &#250;ltimos 50 anos, o consumo de nitrato na dieta n&#227;o tem sido considerado seguro devido a uma te&#243;rica associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as (incluindo o c&#226;ncer g&#225;strico).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Esta vis&#227;o vem sendo questionada ap&#243;s demonstra&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o tecidual n&#227;o-enzim&#225;tica de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) a partir de nitrato/nitrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A via nitrato/nitrito/NO &#233; um sistema auxiliar na via da L-arginina-NO sintase (NOs), principalmente em condi&#231;&#245;es com disfun&#231;&#227;o da Nos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dependendo da isoforma envolvida da NOs, o NO pode ter efeitos protetores ou prejudiciais sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A NOs endotelial (eNOS) est&#225; localizada nas cave&#243;las, a partir das quais controla a frequ&#234;ncia, contra&#231;&#227;o, relaxamento diast&#243;lico e consumo de oxig&#234;nio do cora&#231;&#227;o. A NOS induz&#237;vel (iNOS) n&#227;o est&#225; presente em cora&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis, mas &#233; expressa durante estados patol&#243;gicos, incluindo isquemia e hiperglicemia, e contribui para prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o da eNOS, possivelmente piorando a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O consumo diet&#233;tico de nitrato reduz a press&#227;o arterial, previne a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inibe a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Investiga&#231;&#245;es recentes em animais indicam que o nitrato/nitrito diet&#233;tico tem efeitos ben&#233;ficos no diabetes e pode aumentar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo pancre&#225;tico e secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> al&#233;m de melhorar a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O nitrato/nitrito tem efeitos protetores contra a les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o (IR) mioc&#225;rdica em animais saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que tenham abordado at&#233; o momento os efeitos do nitrato na les&#227;o de IR mioc&#225;rdica no diabetes. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos cardioprotetores do nitrato na les&#227;o de IR em ratos com diabetes induzido por nicotinamida (NA) e estreptozotocina (STZ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>A proposta deste estudo foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; Institucional para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais (IACUC) do <italic>Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences</italic> (RIES, protocolo no. 12 EC RIES 92/10/25) da <italic>Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</italic> (Teer&#227;, Ir&#227;).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos (2 meses de idade, 170-200 g) foram obtidos do centro de animais de laborat&#243;rio do RIES na <italic>Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</italic>. Durante o estudo, os animais permaneceram no biot&#233;rio a uma temperatura de 22 &#177; 2 &#176;C e umidade relativa de 50 &#177; 6%, com livre acesso &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o para ratos (Pars Co., Teer&#227;) e &#225;gua de torneira. Os animais foram adaptados a um ciclo alternado de 12 horas de luz e 12 horas de escurid&#227;o por 2 semanas.</p>
          <p>O diabetes foi induzido nos animais por inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal (IP) de NA (95 mg/kg) 15 minutos antes de uma inje&#231;&#227;o IP de STZ (65 mg/kg). Dez dias ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ-NA, amostras de sangue foram coletadas da veia caudal dos ratos, e os animais com n&#237;veis de glicose &gt; 126 mg/dL foram considerados diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em seguida, os ratos foram distribu&#237;dos em quatro grupos com sete animais em cada grupo: controle (C), controle-nitrato (CN), diabetes (D) e diabetes-nitrato (DN). Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos: pr&#233;-IR (basal) e p&#243;s-IR. Nitrato (nitrato de s&#243;dio, Merck KGaA, 64271 Darmstadt, Alemanha) foi adicionado &#224; &#225;gua de beber dos ratos nos grupos CN e DN a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 100 mg/L por 2 meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos nos cora&#231;&#245;es perfundidos pela t&#233;cnica de Langendorff</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 2 meses, todos os ratos foram anestesiados por inje&#231;&#227;o IP de cetamina/xilazina (50 mg/kg e 10 mg/kg) e os cora&#231;&#245;es dos ratos em todos os grupos foram rapidamente removidos e imersos em uma solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o de perfus&#227;o gelada. Ap&#243;s canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos pela t&#233;cnica de Langendorff com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (contendo [em mM] NaCl 118, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 25, KCl 4,7, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1,2, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 2,5, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,2, glicose 11 e pH=7,4) sob press&#227;o constante (75 mmHg) e temperatura de 37 &#186;C. A solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs foi oxigenada com O<sub>2</sub> a 95% e CO<sub>2</sub> a 5%. Ap&#243;s 20 minutos de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o, os cora&#231;&#245;es dos ratos em todos os grupos foram expostos a 30 minutos de isquemia global seguidos de 60 minutos de reperfus&#227;o. Um bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex foi inserido no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para permitir a medi&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, incluindo a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE), a press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDVE), e as taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva e negativa da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (&#177;dP/dt). A PDFVE, PDVE e &#177;dP/dt foram digitalizadas atrav&#233;s de um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados (Power Lab, AD Instrument, Austr&#225;lia). Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos p&#243;s-isqu&#234;micos foram avaliados pela recupera&#231;&#227;o da PDFVE, PDVE e &#177;dP/dt.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de malondialde&#237;do (MDA), um marcador indireto de les&#227;o celular que reflete a extens&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica sist&#234;mica no cora&#231;&#227;o, foram medidos pelo m&#233;todo de Oshawa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Resumidamente, amostras foram coletadas dos cora&#231;&#245;es no momento basal e durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IR e homogeneizadas em tamp&#227;o fosfato salino (PBS; 1:5, w/v) com uso de um mini-homogeneizador (MICCRA mini-D1, Alemanha). Os tecidos homogeneizados foram centrifugados (1.000 g, 4 &#186;C, 10 min) e os sobrenadantes foram coletados para medida dos n&#237;veis de MDA; 2,5 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido tricloroac&#233;tico (20%) foram adicionados a 0,5 mL de sobrenadante seguido pela adi&#231;&#227;o de 1 mL de &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (0,67%). A mistura foi colocada em um banho de &#225;gua a 95 &#176;C por 30 min e, ap&#243;s refrigerada, recebeu adi&#231;&#227;o de 4 mL de n-butanol. A mistura foi agitada em vortex e ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 1.100 g por 10 min, a absorb&#226;ncia da camada superior foi medida a 532 nm com uso de um leitor ELISA (BioTek, Power wave XS2). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de MDA foi calculada com uso de uma curva padr&#227;o de 1, 1, 3, 3-tetraetoxipropano e expressa em <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida dos metab&#243;litos do NO (NOx)</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de NOx nos cora&#231;&#245;es foram medidos pelo m&#233;todo Griess. Resumidamente, amostras de cora&#231;&#245;es coletadas nos per&#237;odos basal e p&#243;s-IR foram lavadas e homogeneizadas em PBS (1:5, w/v) e, em seguida, centrifugadas a 15.000 g por 20 min. O sobrenadante foi desproteinizado com adi&#231;&#227;o de sulfato de zinco (15 mg/mL). A seguir, 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L do sobrenadante foram transferidos para uma placa de microtitula&#231;&#227;o e 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de cloreto de van&#225;dio (III) a 8 mg/mL) foram adicionados em cada po&#231;o para reduzir o nitrato a nitrito; 50 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de sulfanilamida (2%) e 50 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de N-1-(naftil) etilenodiamina (0,1%) foram adicionados e as amostras foram incubadas por 30 min a 37 &#176;C. A absorb&#226;ncia foi lida a 540 nm no leitor ELISA. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de NOx foi determinada a partir de uma curva padr&#227;o linear estabelecida com 0-50 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L de nitrato de s&#243;dio. Os n&#237;veis teciduais de NOx foram expressos em <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no fluxo coronariano (FC)</title>
          <p>No in&#237;cio da reperfus&#227;o, o FC foi coletado por um per&#237;odo de 5 minutos para medida do extravasamento de enzimas mioc&#225;rdicas (marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica), incluindo a creatina quinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB (CK-MB) e a lactato desidrogenase (LDH). N&#237;veis de CK-MB e LDH no FC foram medidos atrav&#233;s de <italic>kits</italic> comerciais (Pars Azmoon, Teer&#227;, Ir&#227;).</p>
          <p>Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o intraensaio para as medidas de NOx, CK-MB e LDH foram de 3,7%, 4,1% e 4,7%, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de RNA, s&#237;ntese de DNA e PCR em tempo real</title>
          <p>Em todos os grupos, amostras do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o nos per&#237;odos basal e p&#243;s-IR foram obtidas para extra&#231;&#227;o de RNA atrav&#233;s de um m&#233;todo cir&#250;rgico padr&#227;o e est&#233;ril. O RNA total foi extra&#237;do do tecido card&#237;aco com uso do <italic>kit</italic> de solu&#231;&#227;o RNX-Plus (Fermentase, Cinagen Co., Ir&#227;) de acordo com descri&#231;&#227;o do fabricante e tratado com RNase-free DNase para remo&#231;&#227;o de qualquer res&#237;duo de DNA gen&#244;mico. A quantidade e a pureza do RNA foram medidas com NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, EUA); DNAs complementares (DNAc) foram sintetizados a partir da incuba&#231;&#227;o do RNA total com RevertAid H Minus Reverse Transcriptase, DNase I, Random Hexamer Primer, dNTPs, and RiboLock RNase Inhibitor por 10 min a 25 &#176;C e em seguida, por 60 min a 42 &#176;C em um volume final de 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>L. A rea&#231;&#227;o foi encerrada por aquecimento a 70 &#176;C durante 5 min.</p>
          <p>Foi realizada PCR quantitativa em tempo real (RT-PCR) com analisador Rotor-Gene 6000 (Corbett Life Science, Corbett Research, Sydney, Austr&#225;lia). As rea&#231;&#245;es foram rea lizadas em al&#237;quotas de 25 <italic>&#181;</italic>L contendo 12,5 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Jena Bioscience, Alemanha), 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de <italic>primer</italic> direto, 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de <italic>primer</italic> reverso, 8,5 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de &#225;gua RNase-free e 2 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de DNAc. As sequ&#234;ncias de <italic>primers</italic> utilizadas para a RT-PCR foram: direta 5&#8242;-TACAGCTTCACCACCACAGC-3&#8242; e reversa 5&#8242;-CACACTGCTAGAGGTGCTGGAA-3&#8242; para a beta-actina; direta 5&#8242;-ATGCCACAGGATTCCATACC-3&#8242; e reversa 5&#8242;-TGTGCTGGCTTTGGTGAGGTTTGA-3&#8242; para a eNOS; e direta 5&#8242;-TGGCCTCCCTCTGGAAAGA-3&#8242; e reversa 5&#8242;-TGCTGAGCTGACAGAGTAGTA-3' para a iNOS. As amplifica&#231;&#245;es por PCR foram realizadas atrav&#233;s dos tr&#234;s seguintes programas de ciclos: (1) Desnatura&#231;&#227;o do DNAc (1 ciclo: 10 min a 95 &#176;C), (2) amplifica&#231;&#227;o (40 ciclos: 15 seg a 95 &#176;C, 30 seg a 60 &#176;C e 30 seg a 72 &#176;C), (3) an&#225;lise da curva de dissocia&#231;&#227;o (1 ciclo: 72 a 95 &#176;C com taxa de transi&#231;&#227;o de temperatura de 1 &#176;C/seg durante 5 seg.). A quantifica&#231;&#227;o em tempo real foi monitorada pela medida da atividade de fluoresc&#234;ncia. Para comparar os grupos, n&#237;veis de RNAm da eNOS e iNOS foram medidos como express&#227;o relativa com uso de valores 2<sup>-&#8710;&#8710;CT</sup> e normalizados para beta-actina gerada na mesma amostra; onde &#916;&#916;CT = [CT <sub>iNOS ou eNOS (caso)</sub> - CT <sub>beta-actina (caso)</sub>] - [CT <sub>iNOS ou eNOS (controle)</sub> - CT <sub>beta-actina (controle)</sub>].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A especificidade das rea&#231;&#245;es de PCR foi verificada pela an&#225;lise de curva de dissocia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 20 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, EUA). Os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk foram utilizados para verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados, com valores de p &gt; 0,05 indicando distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Testes param&#233;tricos e n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram utilizados para a an&#225;lise de dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e n&#227;o normal, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia por medidas repetidas (ANOVA) foi utilizada para compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos (PDVE, PDFVE e &#177; dP/dt) em diferentes momentos. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi utilizado para comparar os n&#237;veis de MDA e NOx nos momentos basal e p&#243;s-IR em cada grupo. ANOVA unifatorial com teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Tukey foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de MDA, NOx, CK-MB e LDH entre os diferentes grupos. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica nos diferentes grupos. Valores de p (bicaudal) &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A glicemia inicial e os pesos do corpo e do cora&#231;&#227;o dos animais foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais controles, os ratos diab&#233;ticos apresentaram ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ-NA n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos aumentados de glicose (196,8 &#177; 26,4 <italic>versus</italic> 82,6 &#177; 4,5 mg/dL; p &lt; 0,05), diminui&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal (239,7 &#177; 12,3 <italic>versus</italic> 331,7 &#177; 13,7 g; p &lt; 0,05) e aumento significativo da raz&#227;o do peso do cora&#231;&#227;o sobre o peso corporal (0,48 &#177; 0,01 <italic>versus</italic> 0,37 &#177; 0,01%). Ao final do estudo (dia 70), a &#225;rea sob a curva da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de glicose durante um teste intravenoso de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (TOTG) foi significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) maior em ratos diab&#233;ticos (20.264 &#177; 659 mg/dL/60 min) quando comparada &#224; de ratos do grupo controle (7.825 &#177; 247 mg/dL/60 min, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>Os efeitos do nitrato diet&#233;tico nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados durante o per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o e IR est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>. Durante o per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o, os cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos diab&#233;ticos tinham PDVE e &#177;dP/dt significativamente inferiores (p &lt; 0,05) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dos ratos do grupo controle. O consumo de nitrato n&#227;o teve efeito sobre a PDVE e &#177;dP/dt no momento basal em amostras de cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos CN e DN quando comparados aos de ratos controle e diab&#233;ticos, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante o per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">Controle-Nitrato</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes-Nitrato</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PDFVE (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PDVE (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">96,7 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">93,4 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 3,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 6,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">+dP/dt (mmHg/s)</td>
                <td align="center">3.135 &#177; 211</td>
                <td align="center">3.055 &#177; 247</td>
                <td align="center">2.052 &#177; 434<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.152 &#177; 412<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">-dP/dt (mmHg/s)</td>
                <td align="center">2.215 &#177; 188</td>
                <td align="center">2.163 &#177; 205</td>
                <td align="center">1.387 &#177; 154<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.484 &#177; 123<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>Os dados est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE); press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDVE) e taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva e negativa da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (&#177; dP/dt)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos D versus C e grupos DN versus CN. Controle (C), controle-nitrato (CN), diabetes (D) e diabetes-nitrato (DN).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s les&#227;o de IR. A) Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE); B) Press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDVE); C) Taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (+dP/dt); D. Taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#227;o negativa da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (-dP/dt). Os valores est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; EPM; (n = 7 em cada grupo); *p &lt; 0,05, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle e diab&#233;tico. Controle (C), controle-nitrato (CN), diabetes (D) e diabetes-nitrato (DN).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0339-60137-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em todos os grupos, a PDFVE aumentou gradualmente durante os 30 minutos de isquemia. No entanto, ratos diab&#233;ticos, quando comparados aos controles, exibiram um aumento significativo na PDFVE (p &lt; 0,05), enquanto que ratos CN e DN mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,01) neste par&#226;metro quando comparados com ratos controles e diab&#233;ticos, respectivamente. O consumo de nitrato melhorou as propriedades diast&#243;licas, como indicado por uma menor PDFVE durante a fase de reperfus&#227;o em amostras de cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos nos grupos CN e DN e preveniu uma resposta hipercontr&#225;til durante a fase precoce de reperfus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1-A</xref>).</p>
        <p>Comparados com os animais controles, os ratos com diabetes induzido por STZ-NA apresentaram PDVE e &#177;dP/dt significativamente inferiores. A ingest&#227;o de nitrato restaurou a PDVE e &#177;dP/dt reduzidas para n&#237;veis pr&#243;ximos aos pr&#233;-isqu&#234;micos tanto no grupo CN quanto no DN, comparados com os grupos controle e diab&#233;tico, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1-B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">D</xref>). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais, a express&#227;o da eNOS diminuiu significativamente e a da iNOS aumentou significativamente no grupo controle ap&#243;s IR. Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de eNOS e aumento da express&#227;o de iNOS em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos diab&#233;ticos quando comparados com os dos animais controles tanto antes como depois da IR. O nitrato diet&#233;tico restaurou a express&#227;o de eNOS e iNOS para n&#237;veis pr&#243;ximos aos normais ap&#243;s IR nos grupos CN e DN. O consumo de nitrato n&#227;o teve efeito sobre a express&#227;o basal de eNOS e iNOS em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos nos grupos CN e DN em compara&#231;&#227;o aos encontrados em animais nos grupos controle e diab&#233;tico, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do consumo de nitrato na express&#227;o do RNAm da eNOS (A) e (B) iNOS. Os valores est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM; *p &lt; 0,05, comparando o per&#237;odos pr&#233;-IR com o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IR em cada grupo. **p &lt; 0,05 comparando o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-IR em cada grupo com controles. #p &lt; 0,05 comparando o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IR em cada grupo com controles. &#8224;p &lt; 0,05 comparando o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IR entre os grupos DN e D. Controle (C), controle-nitrato (CN), diabetes (D) e diabetes-nitrato (DN).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0339-60137-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em todos os grupos, os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de NOx aumentaram significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) ap&#243;s IR em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais. O nitrato diet&#233;tico n&#227;o teve efeito sobre os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de NOx no per&#237;odo basal no grupo CN, que apresentou n&#237;veis compar&#225;veis aos do grupo controle. Ap&#243;s a isquemia, os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de NOx aumentaram no grupo controle, mas n&#227;o no grupo CN (p &lt; 0,05), sugerindo um efeito protetor do nitrato. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais controles, o n&#237;vel card&#237;aco de NOx foi inferior nos ratos diab&#233;ticos antes da IR, mas foi superior ap&#243;s IR e diminuiu ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de nitrato no grupo DN, tanto antes quanto depois da IR em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ratos diab&#233;ticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3-A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis de NOx (A) e MDA (B) em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos nos diferentes grupos. Os valores est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM; (n = 7 em cada grupo); *p &lt; 0,05 comparando o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-IR com o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IR em cada grupo. **p &lt; 0,05 comparando o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-IR em cada grupo com controles. #p &lt; 0,05 comparando o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IR em cada grupo com controles. &#8225;p &lt; 0,05 comparando o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-IR nos grupos DN e D. &#8224;p &lt; 0,05 comparando o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IR entre os grupos DN e D. Controle (C), controle-nitrato (CN), diabetes (D) e diabetes-nitrato (DN).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0339-60137-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em todos os grupos, os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de MDA aumentaram significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) ap&#243;s a isquemia em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores no momento basal. Comparados com controles, os ratos diab&#233;ticos apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de MDA, tanto antes quanto ap&#243;s IR (p &lt; 0,05). O consumo de nitrato restaurou os n&#237;veis elevados de MDA para pr&#243;ximo dos valores normais nos grupos CN e DN em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis nos grupos controle e diab&#233;tico, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3-B</xref>). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, os n&#237;veis de CK-MB e LDH foram significativamente mais elevados (p &lt; 0,05) no grupo diab&#233;tico (p &lt; 0,05). O nitrato diet&#233;tico reduziu significativamente a libera&#231;&#227;o de CK-MB e LDH em ratos no FC dos ratos nos grupos CN e DN em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dos grupos controle e diab&#233;tico, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito da ingest&#227;o de nitrato nos n&#237;veis de LDH (A) e CK-MB (B) no fluxo coronariano 5 min ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o. Os valores est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM; (n = 7 em cada grupo); *p &lt; 0,05 comparado com o grupo controle. **p &lt; 0,05 comparando o grupo DN com o grupo D. Controle (C), controle-nitrato (CN), diabetes (D) e diabetes-nitrato (DN).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0339-60137-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ingest&#227;o de nitrato melhorou a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s isquemia tanto em ratos normais quanto diab&#233;ticos. Este efeito cardioprotetor foi associado com a preven&#231;&#227;o do aumento e diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do RNAm da iNOS e da eNOS, respectivamente, no tecido card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, a ingest&#227;o de nitrato restaurou os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos tanto de NO<sub>x</sub> quanto de MDA para os valores normais.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, n&#243;s mostramos pela primeira vez que a ingest&#227;o cr&#244;nica de uma baixa dose de nitrato (100 mg/L por 2 meses) protegeu o cora&#231;&#227;o dos ratos no grupo controle de les&#245;es de IR. Em seres humanos, uma dose semelhante pode ser alcan&#231;ada atrav&#233;s de uma dieta rica em vegetais. A maioria dos estudos que avaliaram os efeitos do nitrato na les&#227;o de IR foi realizada <italic>in vitro</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Webb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> relataram que a infus&#227;o de nitrito em ratos (0,7 a 7 mg/L) durante isquemia no sistema de Langendorff reduziu o tamanho do infarto e melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Uma investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional por Gonzalez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> documentou uma prote&#231;&#227;o semelhante em um modelo canino <italic>in vivo</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Duraunski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a administra&#231;&#227;o de nitrito (48 nmoL) durante isquemia em camundongos reduziu o tamanho do infarto e protegeu o cora&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o de IR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Bryan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> em um estudo <italic>in vivo</italic>, avaliaram os efeitos da ingest&#227;o a curto prazo de nitrato (1.000 mg/L na &#225;gua de beber por 7 dias) na les&#227;o de IR e demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o no tamanho do infarto em resposta &#224; les&#227;o de IR mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> No entanto, &#233; ainda question&#225;vel se as conclus&#245;es de um estudo realizado a curto prazo possam ser estendidas a uma situa&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Portanto, n&#243;s avaliamos os efeitos do consumo cr&#244;nico de uma dose baixa de nitrato na les&#227;o de IR em ratos com diabetes induzido por STZ-NA. Este &#233; um modelo adequado para avaliar a efic&#225;cia de novos agentes antidiab&#233;ticos em potencial e que tem sido relatado como o mais pr&#243;ximo do diabetes tipo 2 em humanos. No entanto, ratos com diabetes induzido por STZ-NA, como modelo para diabetes tipo 2 n&#227;o ligado &#224; obesidade, n&#227;o apresentam resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, que &#233; a principal caracter&#237;stica do diabetes tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No presente estudo, n&#243;s utilizamos o ponto de corte de 126 mg/dL para a glicemia na defini&#231;&#227;o do diabetes, pois o modelo de diabetes tipo 2 induzido por STZ-NA est&#225; associado com hiperglicemia moderada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Este valor, quando determinado durante jejum, &#233; adotado em estudos em humanos para definir diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a ocorr&#234;ncia de um TOTG anormal indica que o diabetes foi induzido com &#234;xito.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos com diabetes induzido por STZ-NA tiveram fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas inferiores no momento basal, um dado controverso em diferentes modelos animais de diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais controles, foi observada uma menor recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos diab&#233;ticos ap&#243;s a IR. Os efeitos do diabetes tipo 2 na les&#227;o de IR mioc&#225;rdica em estudos com animais s&#227;o uma quest&#227;o controversa, e tanto uma sensibilidade maior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> quanto menor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> &#224; les&#227;o ou mesmo nenhum efeito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> t&#234;m sido relatados. Estes resultados inconsistentes podem ser parcialmente explicados pela gravidade e dura&#231;&#227;o do diabetes tipo 2 e tamb&#233;m a mudan&#231;a nos perfis metab&#243;licos ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o do diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as diferen&#231;as entre os modelos de diabetes tipo 2, o grau de les&#227;o de IR e a esp&#233;cie do animal podem modificar as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas no momento basal em ratos com diabetes tipo 2 e a suscetibilidade &#224; les&#227;o de IR mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados demonstram que ratos diab&#233;ticos tiveram express&#227;o reduzida de eNOS e aumentada de iNOS tanto no momento basal quanto ap&#243;s IR. O n&#237;vel card&#237;aco de NOx foi tamb&#233;m inferior antes da IR, mas foi superior ap&#243;s IR, e o n&#237;vel card&#237;aco de MDA foi maior tanto antes quanto depois da IR. Estudos pr&#233;vios demostraram que embora a forma&#231;&#227;o de NO induzida por iNOS aumente os n&#237;veis de NO no diabetes, o aumento de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS), enquanto interagindo simultaneamente com o NO, leva &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade do NO no soro e no cora&#231;&#227;o no momento basal. Al&#233;m disso, o NO pode ser rapidamente removido por radicais livres e produzir peroxinitrito, levando &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no momento basal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m disso, um aumento importante na produ&#231;&#227;o de ROS e diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade antioxidante em condi&#231;&#245;es hiperglic&#234;micas levam ao desenvolvimento de estresse oxidativo, peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e les&#227;o da membrana celular, o que pode causar extravasamento de LDH e CK-MB, sugerindo um aumento do estresse oxidativo e necrose celular no diabetes induzido por STZ-NA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, nenhum estudo at&#233; o momento documentou o efeito do consumo de nitrato na les&#227;o de IR em ratos com diabetes induzido por STZ-NA. Embora tenhamos demonstrado anteriormente que o nitrato diet&#233;tico impede o aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e da glicose s&#233;rica, ele melhora a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e restaura a dislipidemia em ratos com diabetes induzido por STZ-NA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Jiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> relataram que o consumo de nitrito diet&#233;tico (50 mg/L por 4 semanas) por camundongos diab&#233;ticos db/db melhora a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da insulina atrav&#233;s da transloca&#231;&#227;o de GLUT4 para a membrana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Ohtake et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que o consumo diet&#233;tico de nitrito (150 mg/L por 10 semanas) melhora a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina em camundongos com diabetes tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ingest&#227;o de nitrato no presente estudo tamb&#233;m ofereceu cardioprote&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no FC e n&#237;veis de peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos diab&#233;ticos ap&#243;s IR, um efeito que pode estar relacionado &#224;s propriedades antioxidantes da ingest&#227;o de nitrato que protege a membrana das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, resultando em diminui&#231;&#227;o do extravasamento de enzimas citoss&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> N&#243;s tamb&#233;m mostramos anteriormente que o tratamento cr&#244;nico com uma baixa dose de nitrato atenua o estresse oxidativo em ratos com diabetes induzido por STZ-NA atrav&#233;s de um aumento na capacidade antioxidante total s&#233;rica e catalase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, observamos que o consumo de nitrato protegeu o cora&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o de IR atrav&#233;s da restaura&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de iNOS e eNOS para valores normais e, posteriormente, diminui&#231;&#227;o do ac&#250;mulo de NO ap&#243;s IR. Estudos anteriores relataram que a ingest&#227;o de nitrito melhora a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> e aumenta a sua secre&#231;&#227;o em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A insulina ativa a Akt e aumenta a atividade da eNOS atrav&#233;s da via PI3K-Akt-eNOS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> que por sua vez ativa a eNOS atrav&#233;s da fosforila&#231;&#227;o da serina 1177<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> e aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO. Al&#233;m disso, a insulina diminui a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO induzida por iNOS e reduz a forma&#231;&#227;o de peroxinitrito induzida por IR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> O aumento na express&#227;o de eNOS e redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de iNOS pela insulina s&#227;o ambos cardioprotetores. Isso nos oferece um embasamento para levantar a hip&#243;tese de que o consumo de nitrato protege o cora&#231;&#227;o por aumentar a express&#227;o de eNOS e diminuir a express&#227;o de iNOS atrav&#233;s de uma redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo e aumento na secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostram que o consumo de nitrato foi insuficiente para restaurar a fun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica basal para valores pr&#243;ximos dos normais em ratos diab&#233;ticos, pois no estado diab&#233;tico, o NO &#233; inativado pelos ROS antes da sua a&#231;&#227;o. Evid&#234;ncias mostram que a eNOS pode ser desacoplada no diabetes devido a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na tetrahidrobiopterina, um cofator da NOS que aumenta a forma&#231;&#227;o de &#226;nion super&#243;xido e prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o da eNOS no cora&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a iNOS pode ter efeitos cr&#244;nicos delet&#233;rios importantes, <italic>i.e</italic>., comprometimento irrevers&#237;vel da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til basal mediada pelo peroxinitrito que n&#227;o pode ser prontamente revertida pela ingest&#227;o de nitrato; portanto, outros tratamentos, tais como removedores de radicais, parecem ser essenciais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados. Primeiro, n&#243;s n&#227;o medimos os n&#237;veis das prote&#237;nas eNOS e iNOS. Embora mudan&#231;as no RNAm n&#227;o reflitam necessariamente mudan&#231;as proteicas, a express&#227;o do RNAm ainda &#233; informativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Segundo, n&#243;s n&#227;o utilizamos uma abordagem farmacol&#243;gica para confirmar os nossos resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o da iNOS e aumento da express&#227;o da eNOS ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de nitrato, j&#225; que tem sido demonstrado que tanto a dele&#231;&#227;o do gene iNOS quanto a inibi&#231;&#227;o da iNOS pode fornecer cardioprote&#231;&#227;o em animais diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O consumo de nitrato restaurou a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s IR para n&#237;veis pr&#243;ximos aos pr&#233;-isqu&#234;micos em ratos diab&#233;ticos atrav&#233;s de um bloqueio do aumento e da diminui&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica da express&#227;o de iNOS e eNOS, respectivamente. O nitrato tamb&#233;m restaurou os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de NOx e MDA a valores normais tanto antes quanto depois da isquemia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este estudo recebeu financiamento (N0.711) do <italic>Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</italic>. Os autores gostariam de agradecer a sra. N. Shiva pela edi&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito em ingl&#234;s em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; gram&#225;tica e sintaxe.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
