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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SrQzmqLLYjXLFC34k4sQcqG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004300331</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005024102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160132</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Accuracy of the Electrocardiogram in Localizing the Accessory Pathway in Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White Pattern</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lebreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Margarida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">ESTESC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra - ESTESC - Departamento de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar S&#227;o Jo&#227;o - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Porto - Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Centro Hospitalar S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Carlos Manuel Brito Teixeira</bold>, Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra, ESTESC, Departamento de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica. Rua do Pinheiro, Postal code 4540-182, Arouca - Portugal. E-mail: <email>carlosmbteixeira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Teixeira CM, Pereira TA, Lebreiro AM; Acquisition of data: Teixeira CM, Carvalho AS; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Teixeira CM, Pereira TA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content Pereira TA, Lebreiro AM, Carvalho SA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>331</fpage>
      <lpage>338</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>There are currently several electrocardiographic algorithms to locate the accessory pathway (AP) in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the ability of electrocardiographic algorithms in identifying the location of the AP in patients with WPW pattern referred for ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study with 111 patients with WPW syndrome referred for AP ablation. The electrocardiogram (ECG) obtained prior to the ablation was analyzed by an experienced observer who consecutively applied seven algorithms to identify non-invasively the AP. We then compared the location estimated with this assessment with that obtained in the electrophysiological study and calculated the agreement rates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Among the APs, 59 (53.15%) were distributed around the mitral annulus and the remaining 52 (46.85%) were located around the tricuspid annulus. The overall absolute accuracy of the algorithms evaluated varied between 27% and 47%, increasing to between 40% and 76% when we included adjacent locations. The absolute agreement rate by AP location was 2.00-52.20% for septal APs (n = 51), increasing to 5.90-90.20% when considering adjacent locations; 7.70-69.20% for right APs (n = 13), increasing to 42.90-100% when considering adjacent locations; and 21.70-54.50% for left APs (n = 47), increasing to 50-87% when considering adjacent locations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The agreement rates observed for the analyzed scores indicated a low discriminative ability of the ECG in locating the AP in patients with WPW.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Accessory Atrioventricular Bundle</kwd>
        <kwd>Data Accuracy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In 1930, Wolff, Parkinson, and White described a syndrome, later named after them, that affected young patients without structural heart disease, manifesting with a short PR interval, wide QRS complex, and episodes of paroxysmal tachycardia in the electrocardiogram (ECG).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) is a form of ventricular preexcitation in which part of the ventricular myocardium is depolarized early by one or more accessory pathways (APs) that bypass the atrioventricular (AV) node, establishing a direct link between the atrium and the ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The APs result from an abnormal embryological development of the myocardium during differentiation of the fibrous tissue that separates the atria and ventricles. They are classified based on their location, number, direction, and conduction properties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are currently two basic therapeutic options for patients with WPW: pharmacological therapy and catheter ablation. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is a safe, effective, and curative approach, given its high individual effectiveness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The approach used for the electrophysiologic study (EPS) and ablation depends on the location of the AP, which should, whenever possible, be established by ECG. Prior knowledge of the AP location allows better planning, faster and safer procedure, as well as decreased exposure to ionizing radiation and unnecessary punctures, allowing an early choice of appropriate catheters and energy sources.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Since the introduction of ablation, several algorithms to predict the AP location have been published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Each algorithm considers distinct electrocardiographic criteria, has different techniques and "gold standards," adopts different nomenclatures and number of identified regions, and presents decreased discriminative ability in the presence of multiple APs, myocardial infarction, and left ventricular hypertrophy. In preliminary results, the algorithms showed good discriminating ability and their use should be considered as a guide to locate the AP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was focused on the comparative evaluation of the discriminative ability of electrocardiographic scores in locating the AP in patients with WPW syndrome referred for radiofrequency catheter ablation, seeking to identify the best algorithm currently available for use in clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and sample selection</title>
        <p>This was an observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective study based on the analysis of the electrocardiographic parameters of WPW, sequential use of electrocardiographic algorithms, and location of the AP in the EPS.</p>
        <p>After approval by the Administrative Committee and Ethics Committee of <italic>Centro Hospitalar S. Jo&#227;o - EPE</italic>, and compliance with ethical criteria such as anonymity, confidentiality, and use of the collected data only for scientific purposes, we conducted a survey of ECGs and results of EPSs performed by 111 patients with a WPW pattern.The study included a nonprobabilistic, convenience cohort identified from an entire sample of patients available in the clinical files of the Cardiology Department at <italic>Centro Hospitalar S. Jo&#227;o - EPE</italic>, between June 1, 2007, and December 31, 2012. </p>
        <p>The inclusion criteria were: (1) an ECG prior to the EPS/ablation, showing the WPW pattern in sinus rhythm; (2) EPS/ablation indicating the location of the AP; (3) a single AP; and (4) a structurally normal heart. We excluded those individuals presenting with the following: (1) an ECG with a pattern of intermittent WPW; (2) diagnosis of multiple APs; (3) diagnosis of structural heart disease; (4) ECG performed after the EPS/ablation; (5) lack of information about the location of the AP in the EPS. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiographic algorithms</title>
        <p>We analyzed seven electrocardiographic algorithms that locate noninvasively the AP in patients with WPW pattern, proposed by Arruda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Boersma et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Chiang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> D'Avila et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Fitzpatrick et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Iturralde et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Xie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The seven algorithms divide the AP annulus into 5-13 regions, using diverse combinations of criteria for analysis, namely, polarity of the QRS complex, amplitude and duration of the R wave, and amplitude and polarity of the delta wave. To accurately compare the algorithms, we used the 13 locations described by Chiang et al. following the analogy proposed by Wren et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between the number of AP locations and the terminology used in each algorithm</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Arruda</th>
                <th align="center">Boersma</th>
                <th align="center">Chiang</th>
                <th align="center">D'Avila</th>
                <th align="center">Fitzpatrick</th>
                <th align="center">Iturralde</th>
                <th align="center">Xie</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Locations</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LAL</td>
                <td align="center">LAL</td>
                <td align="center">LL</td>
                <td align="center">LAL</td>
                <td align="center">LL</td>
                <td align="center">LAL</td>
                <td align="center">LPL/LAS</td>
                <td align="center">LAL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LL</td>
                <td align="center">LL</td>
                <td align="center">LL</td>
                <td align="center">LL</td>
                <td align="center">LL</td>
                <td align="center">LAL</td>
                <td align="center">LPL/LAS</td>
                <td align="center">LPL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LPL</td>
                <td align="center">LPL</td>
                <td align="center">LPS</td>
                <td align="center">LPL</td>
                <td align="center">LP</td>
                <td align="center">LPL</td>
                <td align="center">LIP/LI</td>
                <td align="center">LPL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LP</td>
                <td align="center">LP</td>
                <td align="center">LPS</td>
                <td align="center">LP</td>
                <td align="center">LParaS</td>
                <td align="center">LPL</td>
                <td align="center">LIP/LI</td>
                <td align="center">LP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LPS</td>
                <td align="center">PSMA</td>
                <td align="center">LPS</td>
                <td align="center">LPS</td>
                <td align="center">LParaS</td>
                <td align="center">LPS</td>
                <td align="center">LIP/LI</td>
                <td align="center">LPS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RPS</td>
                <td align="center">PSTA</td>
                <td align="center">PS</td>
                <td align="center">RPS</td>
                <td align="center">PS</td>
                <td align="center">RPS</td>
                <td align="center">RIP/RI</td>
                <td align="center">RPS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMS</td>
                <td align="center">MSTA</td>
                <td align="center">MS</td>
                <td align="center">RMS</td>
                <td align="center">MS</td>
                <td align="center">RMS</td>
                <td align="center">RASP</td>
                <td align="center">MS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RAS</td>
                <td align="center">AS/RAPS</td>
                <td align="center">MS</td>
                <td align="center">RAS</td>
                <td align="center">MS</td>
                <td align="center">RAS</td>
                <td align="center">RASP</td>
                <td align="center">RAS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RA</td>
                <td align="center">RA</td>
                <td align="center">AS</td>
                <td align="center">RA</td>
                <td align="center">AS</td>
                <td align="center">RAL</td>
                <td align="center">RA</td>
                <td align="center">RA/RL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RAL</td>
                <td align="center">RAL</td>
                <td align="center">RL</td>
                <td align="center">RAL</td>
                <td align="center">RL</td>
                <td align="center">RAL</td>
                <td align="center">RA</td>
                <td align="center">RA/RL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RL</td>
                <td align="center">RL</td>
                <td align="center">RL</td>
                <td align="center">RL</td>
                <td align="center">RL</td>
                <td align="center">RAL</td>
                <td align="center">RA</td>
                <td align="center">RA/RL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RPL</td>
                <td align="center">RPL</td>
                <td align="center">RL</td>
                <td align="center">RPL</td>
                <td align="center">RParaS</td>
                <td align="center">RPL</td>
                <td align="center">RIP/RI</td>
                <td align="center">RA/RL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RP</td>
                <td align="center">RP</td>
                <td align="center">RPS</td>
                <td align="center">RP</td>
                <td align="center">RParaS</td>
                <td align="center">RPL</td>
                <td align="center">RIP/RI</td>
                <td align="center">RP</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>The locations indicate the number of possible locations with each algorithm. LAL: left anterolateral; RASP: right anterosuperior paraseptal; LL: left lateral; LPL: left posterolateral; LAS: left anterosuperior; LP: left posterior; LPS: left posteroseptal; RPS: right posteroseptal; RMS: right midseptal; RAS: right anteroseptal; RA: right anterior; RAL: right anterolateral; RL: right lateral; RPL: right posterolateral; RP: right posterior; PSMA: posteroseptal mitral annulus; PSTA: posteroseptal tricuspid annulus; MSTA: midseptal tricuspid annulus; AS: anteroseptal; AS/RAPS: anteroseptal / right anterior paraseptal; PS: posteroseptal; MS: midseptal; LParaS: left paraseptal; RParaS: right paraseptal; LIP / LI: left inferior paraseptal / left inferior; RIP / RI: right inferior paraseptal / right inferior.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedure</title>
        <p>A member of the research team trained in the application of the evaluated algorithms and with expertise in ECG analyzed all 111 ECGs available in our sample. Simultaneously, this researcher distributed blindly and independently 10 random copies of 10 different ECGs from the sample with the help of two other members of the team, instructing each researcher to identify the AP using the same methodology. </p>
        <p>The locations obtained with the consecutive application of the seven algorithms were organized according to possible locations (between 1-13), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The locations were then compared with those determined by the EPS during radiofrequency ablation. For each algorithm, we established the following: (1) accurate - the location of the AP in the EPS matched that predicted by the algorithm; (2) adjacent location - the location of the AP predicted by the algorithm was anatomically adjacent to the location determined in the EPS; (3) inaccurate - the location of the AP predicted by the algorithm and determined by the EPS were in different anatomic positions. </p>
        <p>Regarding the 10 ECGs analyzed by different members of the research team, we established the following: (1) agreement among observers - similar AP locations in each algorithm; (2) disagreement among researchers - differences in the results of the application of each algorithm, regardless of the agreement with the results observed in the EPS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>After data collection and summary, we performed statistical analyses using the software SPSS, version 19.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows). </p>
        <p>We initially conducted a simple descriptive statistical analysis, calculating the mean values &#177; standard deviations, and absolute and relative frequencies to characterize the sample's variables. </p>
        <p>To verify the normal distribution of the continuous variables, we used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. We used parametric statistical tests for data with normal distribution and nonparametric statistical tests for those without a normal distribution. To compare continuous variables between both groups, we used Student's <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. For comparisons of categorical variables, we used the chi-square test. Instead, when the number of cases in any cell of the contingency table was below five, we used Fisher's exact test.</p>
        <p>To study the overall accuracy of the algorithms, we used the statistical approach proposed by Wren et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Considering that the algorithms identify a different number of anatomical regions around the AV annulus, the hypothesis to predict the AP location successfully (accuracy) is proportional to the number of regions for each algorithm. Thus, an algorithm with eight locations will have a probable accuracy of 1:8 for each attempt. We used a ratio test to compare the accuracy rates for each algorithm, taking into account the obtained number of anatomical locations and number of observations. The agreements observed were compared with the predictions for each attempt, according to the aforementioned probability ratio. The success obtained (p) was subtracted by the probability for each trial (p<sub>e</sub>), and the result was divided by the standard error of the mean (SEM). For example, for an algorithm with 13 possible locations and an obtained agreement of 40%, p = 0.4 and p<sub>e</sub> = 0.08 (<italic>i.e.</italic>, 1/13). </p>
        <p>We also evaluated the agreement rate between the observers by comparing the results of the assessment of each algorithm by the members of the research team in the 10 random ECGs.</p>
        <p>The interpretation of the statistical tests was based on the significance level &#945; = 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample comprised 111 patients with a mean age of 36.54 &#177; 15.26 years, including 67 males and 44 females. There were no statistically significant differences between the average age of each sex (males = 34.61 &#177; 14.87 years, females = 39.48 &#177; 15.55 years). Most subjects (77.20%) were symptomatic, and palpitation was the most frequently reported symptom among individuals of both sexes.</p>
      <p>During the EPS, 49 patients (47.10%) developed tachyarrhythmias, including orthodromic atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), which was the most common arrhythmia in both sexes (24 subjects), followed by atrial fibrillation (14 individuals, 13.50%), and antidromic AVNRT (two individuals, 1.90%). In one individual, the cardiac rhythm changed from atrial fibrillation to ventricular fibrillation during the procedure. We observed 31 patients (27.90%) with an AP refractory period &#8804; 240 ms, which has been recognized as a risk marker of sudden death in patients with WPW syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The APs evaluated in the study showed an ability to conduct the stimulus in both anterograde and retrograde directions in most individuals of both sexes (60 men [54.10%] and 39 women [35.10%]), with no significant differences between sexes (p &gt; 0.05 ). The EPS also revealed that only eight individuals (7.20%) had an intermittent WPW pattern, with no significant differences in the type of WPW pattern by sex (p &gt; 0.05). </p>
      <p>The EPS revealed that most APs were located in the posteroseptal right area (28 individuals, 25.20%) and left lateral area (27 individuals, 24.30%). The right anterolateral area was the least represented in the sample (one individual). Overall, 59 APs (53.15%) were distributed around the mitral annulus, while the remaining 52 APs (46.85%) were distributed around the tricuspid annulus. We found no statistically significant differences between sexes in the distribution of the APs around the AV annuluses (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> show the overall accuracy of the algorithms.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Overall accuracy of the seven analyzed algorithms.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0331-60132-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Accuracy rates for each analyzed algorithm (n = 111)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Algorithms analyzed</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Arruda</th>
              <th align="center">Boersma</th>
              <th align="center">Chiang</th>
              <th align="center">D'Avila</th>
              <th align="center">Fitzpatrick</th>
              <th align="center">Iturralde</th>
              <th align="center">Xie</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Locations</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Accurate (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37.80</td>
              <td align="center">47.20</td>
              <td align="center">36.00</td>
              <td align="center">19.80</td>
              <td align="center">39.60</td>
              <td align="center">44.10</td>
              <td align="center">27.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adjusted accurate</td>
              <td align="center">4.07</td>
              <td align="center">2.86</td>
              <td align="center">3.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
              <td align="center">2.17</td>
              <td align="center">2.87</td>
              <td align="center">2.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Accurate + Adjacent</td>
              <td align="center">75.60</td>
              <td align="center">73.60</td>
              <td align="center">74.70</td>
              <td align="center">39.60</td>
              <td align="center">58.50</td>
              <td align="center">64.80</td>
              <td align="center">56.70</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>With the application of the algorithms analyzed in the study, we observed agreement rates ranging from 19.80% to 47.20% for the exact AP location as the one determined in the EPS. This value increased when we accepted all adjacent locations, ranging from 39.60% (algorithm by D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) to 75.60% (algorithm by Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>). The average value of "no agreement" for the seven algorithms including all anatomical locations was 36.64%. The accuracy rate corrected for the number of possible anatomic locations was greater with the algorithm by Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (about 4.07 more matches relative to the number of possible matches per location, in the probability per chance expected for this algorithm), and the algorithm by Chiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (3.83 times more matches). </p>
      <p>The agreement rates of the results obtained by the research team members (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>) ranged between 40% and 80%. The algorithm by D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (eight possible locations) and Iturralde et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> (five possible locations) emerged as those with highest agreement rates: 80% and 70%, respectively. The algorithms by Arruda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Chiang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and Fitzpatrick et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> had the lowest agreement rates (40% for Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and 50% for Chiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and Fitzpatrick et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>). Considering all seven algorithms, we found that the average agreement rate was 58.57%. This value increased to 64% with algorithms that identify five to nine locations and decreased to 45% with those that identify 13 AP locations.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Agreement rates for each analyzed algorithm (n = 10)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Algorithms analyzed</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Arruda</th>
              <th align="center">Boersma</th>
              <th align="center">Chiang</th>
              <th align="center">D'Avila</th>
              <th align="center">Fitzpatrick</th>
              <th align="center">Iturralde</th>
              <th align="center">Xie</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Locations</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Agreement (among observers - %)</td>
              <td align="center">40.00</td>
              <td align="center">60.00</td>
              <td align="center">50.00</td>
              <td align="center">80.00</td>
              <td align="center">50.00</td>
              <td align="center">70.00</td>
              <td align="center">60.00</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> show the overall accuracy of the algorithms for septal, right, and left APs, observed in 51, 13, and 47 individuals, respectively. </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graph display of the accuracy of the seven algorithms for APs with right, septal and left locations.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0331-60132-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Accuracy rates calculated with the seven algorithms for APs with right, septal, and left locations</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Algorithms analyzed</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Arruda</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Boersma</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Chiang</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">D'Avila</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Fitzpatrick</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Iturralde</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Xie</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Locations</th>
              <th align="center">13</th>
              <th align="center">7</th>
              <th align="center">13</th>
              <th align="center">8</th>
              <th align="center">8</th>
              <th align="center">5</th>
              <th align="center">9</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="6">Accessory pathway</td>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Septal (n= 51)</td>
              <td align="center">Accurate (%)</td>
              <td align="center">58.80</td>
              <td align="center">43.50</td>
              <td align="center">49.00</td>
              <td align="center">2.00</td>
              <td align="center">52.20</td>
              <td align="center">49.00</td>
              <td align="center">29.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Accurate + Adjacent</td>
              <td align="center">90.20</td>
              <td align="center">50.50</td>
              <td align="center">78.40</td>
              <td align="center">5.90</td>
              <td align="center">69.60</td>
              <td align="center">68.60</td>
              <td align="center">52.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Right (n= 13)</td>
              <td align="center">Accurate (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7.70</td>
              <td align="center">28.60</td>
              <td align="center">7.70</td>
              <td align="center">7.70</td>
              <td align="center">14.30</td>
              <td align="center">69.20</td>
              <td align="center">23.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Accurate + Adjacent</td>
              <td align="center">69.20</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">61.50</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">42.90</td>
              <td align="center">84.60</td>
              <td align="center">53.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Left (n= 47)</td>
              <td align="center">Accurate (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21.70</td>
              <td align="center">54.50</td>
              <td align="center">28.30</td>
              <td align="center">43.50</td>
              <td align="center">31.80</td>
              <td align="center">30.40</td>
              <td align="center">27.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Accurate + Adjacent</td>
              <td align="center">60.80</td>
              <td align="center">63.60</td>
              <td align="center">74.00</td>
              <td align="center">87.00</td>
              <td align="center">50.00</td>
              <td align="center">54.30</td>
              <td align="center">64.90</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>For septal APs, the accuracy of the location (match) ranged between 2.00% and 58.80% (Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) and increased to 5.90-90.20% when adjacent locations were considered. The average accuracy of all algorithms was 40.56%, with the algorithm by D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> showing a significantly lower agreement rate than the average. Excluding the algorithms by D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and Xie et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> the agreement rates were similar for any algorithm that identified between five and 13 AP locations.</p>
      <p>For the right APs, the agreement rate varied between 7.70% and 69.20%, increasing to 42.90% to 100% when adjacent locations were considered. The algorithm by Iturralde et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> had the highest agreement rate (69.20%) compared to the average (22.61%). Excluding the algorithm by D'Avila et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> the algorithms that identified 13 locations obtained agreement rates more distant from the average. </p>
      <p>In the left APs, the success rate varied between 21.70% and 54.50%, increasing to 50% to 87% when adjacent locations were included. The algorithm by Boersma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> had the highest agreement rate (54.50%) relative to the average (33.44%). </p>
      <p>For the results presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, we observed no significant differences regarding sex and location of septal, right, and left APs for each algorithm (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we tested seven different algorithms potentially locating the AP in 5-13 possible positions, proposed by Arruda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Boersma et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Chiang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> D'Avila et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Fitzpatrick et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Iturralde et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Xie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The objective was to evaluate the diagnostic capability of the 12-lead ECG in locating the AP in patients with a WPW pattern referred to EPS and radiofrequency catheter ablation. The sample consisted of 111 individuals, 67 males (60.36%) and 44 females (39.64%), aged between 7 and 75 years (mean 36.54 &#177; 15.27 years). We found a significant difference between the number of men and women with a WPW pattern. This finding is in agreement with the results published by Cain et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> who found a similar prevalence (60.90%) in men diagnosed with the WPW syndrome. </p>
      <p>We observed that 47.10% of the patients presented arrhythmias during the EPS, which is in line with findings by Brembilla-Perrot et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> who reported that approximately 50% of the individuals with a WPW pattern develop tachyarrhythmia. In our study, the most common arrhythmia was AVNRT, including orthodromic AVNRT, which was common in both sexes, as expected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A retrospective comparison of the ability of the seven analyzed algorithms in identifying a single AP in 111 individuals revealed a precise location for the AP in only 27-47.20% of the cases. The algorithms by Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Chiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> had the highest agreement rates when corrected for the number of possible anatomical locations (4.07 and 3.83 times higher, respectively). These results show that the prediction of a precise AP location is not directly related to the number of possible locations identified by each algorithm, since even when adjacent locations are considered as correct, the agreement rate for each individual algorithm approached the overall average agreement rate (63.36%) of the algorithms evaluated in the study. However, the agreement between the researchers (regardless of accuracy) seems to have been influenced by the number of possible locations for each algorithm since the agreement rates were superior for algorithms identifying fewer possible locations (five to nine locations, average agreement of 64%). </p>
      <p>The agreement rates for septal APs (between 2.00% and 52.20%) were far from those expected. However, the inclusion of adjacent locations showed that the prediction of the approximate location with the algorithm by Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (with 13 locations) had a rate similar to that expected (90.20%). Thus, this was the most appropriate algorithm to estimate the approximate location of septal APs. For right APs, which were present in 13 individuals, we found an agreement rate of 7.70-69.20%. Although these values were far from those expected, the algorithm by Iturralde et al. (five locations) showed the best results in locating the AP correctly. The inclusion of adjacent APs revealed that the algorithm by Boersma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (seven locations) was the most suitable to identify the approximate location of right APs (100% accuracy). Finally, the agreement rates that we obtained for left APs (21.70% to 54.50%) were far from those expected, showing that none of the seven algorithms was significantly better than the others in predicting these APs correctly. However, if we include adjacent APs, the algorithm by D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (eight locations, 87% agreement rate) showed a value close to that expected and should be considered for locations close to left APs. In summary, the application of the seven algorithms to correctly predict septal, right, and left AP locations revealed that none of these algorithms achieved the expected results. However, the inclusion of adjacent APs allows the choice of a specific algorithm if the intention is to predict the approximate location of the AP. We conclude, therefore, that this choice is independent on the number of possible locations of each algorithm. </p>
      <p>The agreement rates obtained with each algorithm are similar to those found by Wren et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> in a cohort of 100 children, which ranged from 29.50% to 48.50% when using the same algorithms. These authors also found that the algorithms by Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Chaing et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> had the highest corrected agreement rates for the number of possible anatomical locations (5.2 and 5.1 times more matches, respectively). The findings observed by these authors were similar to ours regarding the agreement rates and the number of possible locations by each algorithm (the absence of a relationship between these two parameters) and agreement among researchers (which was higher for algorithms identifying fewer locations). </p>
      <p>The results obtained in the prediction of the precise location of the APs (match) were, as already noted, significantly lower than those published by the authors of each of the seven algorithms. This fact, common to the study of Wren et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> was also observed in a study by Moraes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in which the agreement rates obtained with the application of different algorithms in a sample of 190 patients with WPW syndrome proved to be substantially below those published by the authors of each algorithm (including, among others, the algorithm by Iturralde et al. with an agreement rate of 54.7%). Similar findings were obtained in a study published by Basiouny et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> which compared 11 algorithms applied to 266 ECGs of patients with WPW syndrome. These researchers found significantly lower results for those algorithms with more than six possible locations for the AP. They also observed positive predictive values of 86% for APs with left lateral location, 45% for those with a right anteroseptal location, and 23% for those with a right posterolateral location. </p>
      <p>All subjects included in our study presented a structurally normal heart. Bar-Cohen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> analyzed children with WPW syndrome with and without congenital heart disease (43 children in each group, with a mean age of 5 and 15 years, respectively) using the algorithms described by Arruda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Boersma et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and Fitzpatrick et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> These authors reported success rates ranging from 56-77% in children with structurally normal heart, which were significantly lower than those found in children with congenital heart disease (29-42%) when children with Ebstein's anomaly were excluded. Although these results were obtained in children and were lower than those expected, they are significantly higher than the ones obtained in our study, which included participants without structural heart disease. </p>
      <p>The results obtained in our study reflect the limitations of the investigation and must be interpreted while keeping in mind that the analyzed algorithms were developed in adult patients, or in the case of the algorithm by Boersma et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> in children. Thus, since the sample consisted of individuals aged between 7 and 75 years, the agreement rates obtained may have reflected important anatomical variations (such as the anatomical position of the heart relative to the chest) or differences in the ECG according to age. These results should also take into account a subjective interpretation of the ECG during application of the algorithms, for example, interpretation of the QRS complex polarity as positive or negative depending on the observer (the analysis of the agreement among the investigators seems to have demonstrated this issue).</p>
      <p>The sequential use of each algorithm by the research team (leading to fatigue), the lack of knowledge or familiarity with the algorithms in clinical practice, as well as different levels of preexcitation in the analyzed ECGs and variations in the ECG technique may also explain the low accuracy rates obtained compared with those expected. </p>
      <p>The actual location of a successfully performed AP ablation is the best parameter to identify the location of the AP. In contrast, location of the AP through ECG may be questionable, considering that APs may have a morphologically different ventricular insertion from the AP path. Thus, an ECG with a WPW pattern is dependent mainly on the location of the ventricular insertion of the AP and unrelated to its path. As described by Fox et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> some algorithms tend to predict the APs correctly on a specific anatomic location, but may lead to error when the AP is located in other anatomic regions, such as a septal location. For these authors, the ECG, in fact, provides only an initial approach to the AP location. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The ECG is an essential diagnostic method to identify a WPW ventricular preexcitation, but in our study, it had low sensitivity and specificity in locating the AP. Our analysis of seven algorithms revealed that none was able to achieve a high agreement rate. </p>
      <p>The agreement rates for each algorithm did not increase with a decrease in precision, <italic>i.e.</italic> with fewer possible APs located by the algorithm. Regardless of the number of locations that each algorithm is able to identify, it was possible to highlight a single algorithm for each location (septal, right and left) as the most suitable to approximately estimate the location of the APs. It is noteworthy, however, that the agreement among the investigators was higher for algorithms identifying fewer AP locations. </p>
      <p>The agreement rates obtained for each algorithm approached the results of other similar studies, which allows us to conclude that all analyzed algorithms have lower agreement rates than those published by their authors.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acur&#225;cia do Eletrocardiograma na Localiza&#231;&#227;o da Via Acess&#243;ria em Pacientes com Padr&#227;o de Wolff-Parkinson-White</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lebreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Margarida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra - ESTESC - Departamento de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica Coimbra - Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar S&#227;o Jo&#227;o - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Porto - Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Manuel Brito Teixeira</bold>, Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra, ESTESC, Departamento de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica. Rua do Pinheiro, CEP 4540-182, Arouca - Portugal. E-mail: <email>carlosmbteixeira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Teixeira CM, Pereira TA, Lebreiro AM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Teixeira CM, Carvalho AS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Teixeira CM, Pereira TA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira TA, Lebreiro AM, Carvalho AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Existem atualmente v&#225;rios algoritmos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para localizar a via acess&#243;ria (VA) em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a capacidade discriminativa dos algoritmos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos na localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA no padr&#227;o de WPW em pacientes encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo, incluindo 111 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de WPW encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o da VA. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) pr&#233;vio &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o foi analisado por um observador experiente que aplicou consecutivamente sete algoritmos para identificar a VA de forma n&#227;o invasiva. A localiza&#231;&#227;o estimada com esta avalia&#231;&#227;o foi comparada &#224; obtida no estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e as taxas de acerto foram calculadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Entre as VAs, 59 (53,15%) estavam distribu&#237;das ao redor do anel mitral e as restantes 52 (46,85%) em torno do anel tric&#250;spide. O acerto global absoluto dos algoritmos em estudo variou entre 27% e 47%, aumentando para 40% a 76% quando inclu&#237;mos localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes. O acerto absoluto em fun&#231;&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA foi o seguinte: para as VAs septais (n = 51) variou entre 2% e 52,20% (5,90% e 90,20% incluindo localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes), para as VAs direitas (n = 13) variou entre 7,70% e 69,20% (42,90% e 100%, incluindo localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes), para as VAs esquerdas (n = 47) variou entre 21,70% e 54,50% (50% a 87%, incluindo as localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os &#237;ndices de acerto observados para os escores analisados indicaram uma reduzida capacidade discriminativa do ECG na localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA em pacientes com WPW.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Feixe Acess&#243;rio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Confiabilidade de Dados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em 1930, Wolff, Parkinson e White descreveram uma s&#237;ndrome, que posteriormente recebeu seus nomes, que afetava pacientes jovens sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, manifestando-se no eletrocardiograma (ECG) com intervalo PR curto, complexos QRS alargados e epis&#243;dios de taquicardia parox&#237;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) &#233; uma forma de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular na qual parte do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular &#233; despolarizada precocemente pela exist&#234;ncia de uma ou mais vias acess&#243;rias (VAs) que conduz o est&#237;mulo diretamente do &#225;trio para o ventr&#237;culo sem passar pelo n&#243; atrioventricular (AV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As VAs resultam de um desenvolvimento embriol&#243;gico anormal do mioc&#225;rdio durante a diferencia&#231;&#227;o do tecido fibroso respons&#225;vel pela separa&#231;&#227;o entre os &#225;trios e os ventr&#237;culos, e podem ser classificadas com base na sua localiza&#231;&#227;o, n&#250;mero, sentido e propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existem atualmente duas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas b&#225;sicas para pacientes com WPW: tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o segura, eficaz e curativa em fun&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia individual obtida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As vias de abordagem para o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) e abla&#231;&#227;o dependem da localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA, a qual, sempre que poss&#237;vel, deve ser realizada atrav&#233;s do ECG. O conhecimento antecipado da localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA possibilita melhor planejamento, al&#233;m de rapidez e seguran&#231;a no procedimento, bem como diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante e pun&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias, permitindo a escolha antecipada de cateteres e fontes de energia mais adequados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o, v&#225;rios algoritmos para prever a localiza&#231;&#227;o das VAs foram publicados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Cada algoritmo valoriza crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos distintos, possui t&#233;cnicas e "padr&#245;es-ouro" diferentes, varia na nomenclatura utilizada e no n&#250;mero de regi&#245;es identificadas, e apresenta diminu&#237;da capacidade discriminativa na presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplas VAs, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Em resultados iniciais, os algoritmos apresentaram boa capacidade discriminativa e sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerada como uma orienta&#231;&#227;o para a localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi centrado na avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa da capacidade discriminativa dos escores eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de WPW encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia, procurando identificar o melhor algoritmo dispon&#237;vel atualmente para utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo, baseado na an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da presen&#231;a de WPW, na utiliza&#231;&#227;o sequencial de algoritmos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e na localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA identificada pelo EEF.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s autoriza&#231;&#227;o pelo Conselho de Administra&#231;&#227;o e pelo Conselho de &#201;tica do Centro Hospitalar S. Jo&#227;o - EPE e cumprimento de crit&#233;rios &#233;ticos como o anonimato e confidencialidade, al&#233;m da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados coletados apenas para fins cient&#237;ficos, fizemos um levantamento dos ECGs e resultados dos EEFs realizados por 111 pacientes com padr&#227;o de WPW. </p>
          <p>O processo de amostragem foi do tipo dirigido, n&#227;o probabil&#237;stico e por conveni&#234;ncia, com coleta de toda a amostra dispon&#237;vel nos arquivos cl&#237;nicos do Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Centro Hospitalar S. Jo&#227;o - EPE, no per&#237;odo entre 1&#186; de junho de 2007 a 31 de dezembro de 2012. </p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: (1) realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG pr&#233;vio ao EEF/abla&#231;&#227;o, evidenciando, em ritmo sinusal, padr&#227;o de WPW; (2) realiza&#231;&#227;o de EEF/abla&#231;&#227;o com indica&#231;&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA; (3) exist&#234;ncia de VA &#250;nica; e (4) cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal. Foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos que apresentavam: (1) ECG com padr&#227;o de WPW intermitente; (2) diagn&#243;stico de VAs m&#250;ltiplas; (3) diagn&#243;stico de patologia estrutural card&#237;aca; (4) ECG posterior &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do EEF/abla&#231;&#227;o; (5) aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA no EEF. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Algoritmos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>Consideramos na an&#225;lise sete algoritmos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de localiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da VA em pacientes com padr&#227;o de WPW, propostos por Arruda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Boersma et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Chiang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> D'Avila et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Fitzpatrick et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Iturralde et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e Xie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os sete algoritmos dividem os an&#233;is AVs em 5-13 regi&#245;es, utilizando combina&#231;&#245;es diversas de crit&#233;rios de an&#225;lise, nomeadamente, polaridade do QRS, amplitude e dura&#231;&#227;o da onda R, e amplitude e polaridade da onda delta. Para tornar poss&#237;vel uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre os algoritmos, utilizamos as 13 localiza&#231;&#245;es descritas por Chiang et al. seguindo a analogia proposta por Wren et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es da VA e a terminologia utilizada em cada algoritmo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="12%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Arruda</th>
                  <th align="center">Boersma</th>
                  <th align="center">Chiang</th>
                  <th align="center">D'Avila</th>
                  <th align="center">Fitzpatrick</th>
                  <th align="center">Iturralde</th>
                  <th align="center">Xie</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Localiza&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ALE</td>
                  <td align="center">ALE</td>
                  <td align="center">LE</td>
                  <td align="center">ALE</td>
                  <td align="center">LE</td>
                  <td align="center">ALE</td>
                  <td align="center">PLE/ASE</td>
                  <td align="center">ALE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LE</td>
                  <td align="center">LE</td>
                  <td align="center">LE</td>
                  <td align="center">LE</td>
                  <td align="center">LE</td>
                  <td align="center">ALE</td>
                  <td align="center">PLE/ASE</td>
                  <td align="center">PLE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PLE</td>
                  <td align="center">PLE</td>
                  <td align="center">PSE</td>
                  <td align="center">PLE</td>
                  <td align="center">PE</td>
                  <td align="center">PLE</td>
                  <td align="center">PIE/IE</td>
                  <td align="center">PLE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PE</td>
                  <td align="center">PE</td>
                  <td align="center">PSE</td>
                  <td align="center">PE</td>
                  <td align="center">ParaSE</td>
                  <td align="center">PLE</td>
                  <td align="center">PIE/IE</td>
                  <td align="center">PE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PSE</td>
                  <td align="center">PSAM</td>
                  <td align="center">PSE</td>
                  <td align="center">PSE</td>
                  <td align="center">ParaSE</td>
                  <td align="center">PSE</td>
                  <td align="center">PIE/IE</td>
                  <td align="center">PSE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PSD</td>
                  <td align="center">PSAT</td>
                  <td align="center">PS</td>
                  <td align="center">PSD</td>
                  <td align="center">PS</td>
                  <td align="center">PSD</td>
                  <td align="center">IPD/ID</td>
                  <td align="center">PSD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MSD</td>
                  <td align="center">MSAT</td>
                  <td align="center">MS</td>
                  <td align="center">MSD</td>
                  <td align="center">MS</td>
                  <td align="center">MSD</td>
                  <td align="center">ASDP</td>
                  <td align="center">MS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ASD</td>
                  <td align="center">AS/ADPS</td>
                  <td align="center">MS</td>
                  <td align="center">ASD</td>
                  <td align="center">MS</td>
                  <td align="center">ASD</td>
                  <td align="center">ASDP</td>
                  <td align="center">ASD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AD</td>
                  <td align="center">AD</td>
                  <td align="center">AS</td>
                  <td align="center">AD</td>
                  <td align="center">AS</td>
                  <td align="center">ALD</td>
                  <td align="center">AD</td>
                  <td align="center">AD/LD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ALD</td>
                  <td align="center">ALD</td>
                  <td align="center">LD</td>
                  <td align="center">ALD</td>
                  <td align="center">LD</td>
                  <td align="center">ALD</td>
                  <td align="center">AD</td>
                  <td align="center">AD/LD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LD</td>
                  <td align="center">LD</td>
                  <td align="center">LD</td>
                  <td align="center">LD</td>
                  <td align="center">LD</td>
                  <td align="center">ALD</td>
                  <td align="center">AD</td>
                  <td align="center">AD/LD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PLD</td>
                  <td align="center">PLD</td>
                  <td align="center">LD</td>
                  <td align="center">PLD</td>
                  <td align="center">ParaSD</td>
                  <td align="center">PLD</td>
                  <td align="center">IPD/ID</td>
                  <td align="center">AD/LD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PD</td>
                  <td align="center">PD</td>
                  <td align="center">PSD</td>
                  <td align="center">PD</td>
                  <td align="center">ParaSD</td>
                  <td align="center">PLD</td>
                  <td align="center">IPD/ID</td>
                  <td align="center">PD</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>As localiza&#231;&#245;es indicam o n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis em cada algoritmo; ALE: anterolateral esquerda; ASE: anterossuperior esquerda; ASDP: anterossuperior direita parasseptal; LE:lateral esquerda; PLE: posterolateral esquerda; PE: posterior esquerda; PSE: posterosseptal esquerda; PSD: posterosseptal direita; MSD: m&#233;dio septal direita; ASD: anterosseptal direita; AD: anterior direita; ALD: anterolateral direita; LD: lateral direita; PLD: posterolateral direita; PD: posterior direita; PSAM: posterosseptal anel mitral; PSAT: posterosseptal anel tric&#250;spide; MSAT: m&#233;dio septal anel tric&#250;spide; AS/ADPS: anterosseptal/anterior direita parasseptal; PS: posterossetal; MS: m&#233;dio setal; ParaSE: parasseptal esquerda; ParaSD: parasseptal direita; PIE/IE: parasseptal inferior esquerda/inferior esquerda; IPD/ID: inferior parasseptal direita/inferior direita.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento</title>
          <p>Os 111 ECGs dispon&#237;veis na nossa amostra foram analisados por um membro da equipe de investiga&#231;&#227;o com experi&#234;ncia em ECG e que realizou treinamento na aplica&#231;&#227;o dos algoritmos em an&#225;lise. Simultaneamente e com a ajuda de dois outros membros da equipe de investiga&#231;&#227;o, este investigador distribuiu de forma cega e independente, 10 fotoc&#243;pias de 10 ECGs diferentes da amostra, escolhidos de forma aleat&#243;ria, instruindo cada investigador a proceder &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o da VA utilizando a mesma metodologia. </p>
          <p>As localiza&#231;&#245;es obtidas pela aplica&#231;&#227;o consecutiva dos sete algoritmos foram organizadas de acordo com as localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis (entre 1-13), conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. Os resultados foram comparados com as localiza&#231;&#245;es da VA determinadas pelo EEF no decurso da abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Para cada algoritmo, estabeleceu-se como: (1) acerto - concord&#226;ncia na localiza&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o da VA no EEF e no algoritmo; (2) localiza&#231;&#227;o adjacente - localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA pelo algoritmo em posi&#231;&#227;o anatomicamente adjacente &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o no EEF; (3) n&#227;o acerto - localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA pelo algoritmo e pelo EEF em posi&#231;&#227;o anatomicamente incongruente. </p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos 10 ECGs analisados pelos diferentes membros da equipe de investiga&#231;&#227;o, determinou-se como: (1) concord&#226;ncia entre observadores - semelhan&#231;a de resultados na localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA em cada algoritmo; (2) discord&#226;ncia entre investigadores - diferen&#231;as nos resultados da aplica&#231;&#227;o de cada algoritmo, independente da concord&#226;ncia com o resultado observado no EEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s coleta e resumo dos dados, procedemos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica atrav&#233;s do programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 19.0 (IBM, <italic>SPSS Statistics for Windows</italic>). </p>
          <p>Realizamos inicialmente uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva simples, com c&#225;lculo dos valores m&#233;dios &#177; desvios padr&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absolutas para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis da amostra. </p>
          <p>Para verificar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, realizamos o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram analisados com testes estat&#237;sticos param&#233;tricos e aqueles sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, com testes estat&#237;sticos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. Para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre dois grupos, utilizamos o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. Para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizamos o teste do qui-quadrado, optando como alternativa pelo teste exato de Fisher sempre que o n&#250;mero de casos em alguma c&#233;lula da tabela de conting&#234;ncia fosse inferior a cinco.</p>
          <p>Para o estudo da acur&#225;cia global dos algoritmos, utilizamos a abordagem estat&#237;stica proposta por Wren et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Considerando que os algoritmos identificam um n&#250;mero diferente de regi&#245;es anat&#244;micas em tornos dos an&#233;is AV, as hip&#243;teses para prever a localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA com sucesso (acerto) &#233; proporcional ao n&#250;mero de regi&#245;es para cada algoritmo. Assim, um algoritmo com oito localiza&#231;&#245;es ter&#225; uma probabilidade de acerto de 1:8 a cada tentativa. Utilizamos um teste de propor&#231;&#245;es para comparar as taxas de acerto para cada algoritmo, levando em conta o n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e o n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es efetuadas. O acerto obtido foi comparado com o esperado por cada tentativa de acordo com a rela&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade anteriormente mencionada. O acerto obtido (p) foi subtra&#237;do pela probabilidade para cada tentativa (p<sub>e</sub>) e o resultado obtido foi dividido pelo erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM). Por exemplo, para um algoritmo com 13 localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis e um acerto obtido de 40%, p = 0,4 e p<sub>e</sub> = 0,08 (ou seja, 1/13). </p>
          <p>Avaliamos ainda a concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o de cada algoritmo pelos membros da equipe de investiga&#231;&#227;o nos 10 ECGs selecionados aleatoriamente.</p>
          <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos testes estat&#237;sticos foi realizada com base no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &#945; = 0,05 para um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra, constitu&#237;da por um total de 111 pacientes, apresentou m&#233;dia de idade de 36,54 &#177; 15,26 anos e incluiu 67 indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino e 44 do sexo feminino. N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre o valor m&#233;dio das idades para cada sexo (masculino = 34,61 &#177; 14,87 anos, feminino = 39,48 &#177; 15,55 anos). A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos (77,20%) era sintom&#225;tica e palpita&#231;&#227;o foi o sintoma mais referido por indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos.</p>
        <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EEF, 49 indiv&#237;duos (47,10%) desenvolveram taquiarritmias, sendo a taquicardia reentrante atrioventricular (TRAV) ortodr&#244;mica a arritmia mais comum em ambos os sexos (24 indiv&#237;duos), seguida da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (14 indiv&#237;duos, 13,50%) e da TRAV antidr&#244;mica (dois indiv&#237;duos, 1,90%). Um indiv&#237;duo com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial apresentou mudan&#231;a do ritmo para fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante o procedimento. Observamos 31 indiv&#237;duos (27,90%) com per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio da VA &#8804; 240 ms, um aspecto reconhecido como marcador de risco de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de WPW.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> As VAs em estudo demonstraram capacidade de condu&#231;&#227;o de est&#237;mulos em sentido anter&#243;grado e retr&#243;grado na maioria dos indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos (60 homens [54,10%] e 39 mulheres [35,10%]), sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre a capacidade de condu&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o sexo (p &gt; 0,05). O EEF revelou ainda que apenas oito indiv&#237;duos (7,20%) apresentavam padr&#227;o de WPW intermitente, sem diferen&#231;as significativas no tipo de padr&#227;o de WPW de acordo com o sexo (p &gt; 0,05). </p>
        <p>O EEF revelou que a maioria das VAs estava localizada na regi&#227;o posterosseptal direita (28 indiv&#237;duos, 25,20%) e lateral esquerda (27 indiv&#237;duos, 24,30%), e que a regi&#227;o com menor representatividade na amostra foi a anterolateral direita (um indiv&#237;duo). No geral, 59 VAs (53,15%) estavam distribu&#237;das em torno do anel mitral, enquanto as 52 VAs restantes (46,85%) estavam distribu&#237;das em torno do anel tric&#250;spide. N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas quanto ao sexo na distribui&#231;&#227;o das VAs em torno dos an&#233;is AVs (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> mostram a acur&#225;cia global dos algoritmos. </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Acur&#225;cia global para os sete algoritmos em estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0331-60132-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Acerto para cada algoritmo em estudo (n = 111)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Algoritmos em estudo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Arruda</th>
                <th align="center">Boersma</th>
                <th align="center">Chiang</th>
                <th align="center">D'Avila</th>
                <th align="center">Fitzpatrick</th>
                <th align="center">Iturralde</th>
                <th align="center">Xie</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Localiza&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acerto (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37,80</td>
                <td align="center">47,20</td>
                <td align="center">36,00</td>
                <td align="center">19,80</td>
                <td align="center">39,60</td>
                <td align="center">44,10</td>
                <td align="center">27,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acerto corrigido</td>
                <td align="center">4,07</td>
                <td align="center">2,86</td>
                <td align="center">3,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">2,17</td>
                <td align="center">2,87</td>
                <td align="center">2,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acerto + Adjacente</td>
                <td align="center">75,60</td>
                <td align="center">73,60</td>
                <td align="center">74,70</td>
                <td align="center">39,60</td>
                <td align="center">58,50</td>
                <td align="center">64,80</td>
                <td align="center">56,70</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pela aplica&#231;&#227;o dos algoritmos em estudo, observamos que a taxa de acerto variou entre 19,80% a 47,20%, para as localiza&#231;&#245;es exatas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados do EEF. Este valor aumentou quando foram aceitas todas as localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes, variando entre 39,60%, (algoritmo de D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e 75,60% (algoritmo de Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O valor m&#233;dio de "n&#227;o acerto" para os sete algoritmos, em rela&#231;&#227;o a todas as localiza&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas, foi de 36,64%. O acerto corrigido para o n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas poss&#237;veis foi maior com o algoritmo de Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (cerca de 4,07 vezes mais acertos relativamente ao poss&#237;vel por localiza&#231;&#227;o, na probabilidade esperada por chance para este algoritmo) e no de Chiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (3,83 vezes mais acertos). </p>
        <p>A concord&#226;ncia nos resultados obtidos pelos membros da equipe de investiga&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>) variou entre 40% e 80%, sendo os algoritmos de D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (oito localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis) e de Iturralde et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> (cinco localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis) os que apresentaram as maiores taxas de concord&#226;ncia: 80% e 70%, respectivamente. Os algoritmos de Arruda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Chiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e Fitzpatrick et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> apresentaram menores taxas de concord&#226;ncia (40% para Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e 50% para Chiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e Fitzpatrick et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Considerando os sete algoritmos, observamos que a taxa m&#233;dia de concord&#226;ncia foi de 58,57%. Este valor aumentou para 64% nos algoritmos que identificam cinco a nove localiza&#231;&#245;es, diminuindo para 45% naqueles que identificam 13 localiza&#231;&#245;es da VA.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concord&#226;ncia para cada algoritmo em estudo (n = 10)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Algoritmos em estudo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Arruda</th>
                <th align="center">Boersma</th>
                <th align="center">Chiang</th>
                <th align="center">D'Avila</th>
                <th align="center">Fitzpatrick</th>
                <th align="center">Iturralde</th>
                <th align="center">Xie</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Localiza&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Concord&#226;ncia (entre observadores - %)</td>
                <td align="center">40,00</td>
                <td align="center">60,00</td>
                <td align="center">50,00</td>
                <td align="center">80,00</td>
                <td align="center">50,00</td>
                <td align="center">70,00</td>
                <td align="center">60,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> mostram a acur&#225;cia global dos algoritmos para as VAs septais, direitas e esquerdas, observadas em 51, 13 e 47 indiv&#237;duos, respectivamente. </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica do acerto para as VA com localiza&#231;&#227;o direita, septal e esquerda, nos sete algoritmos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0331-60132-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Acerto calculado para os sete algoritmos para localiza&#231;&#227;o das VAs direita, septal e esquerda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Algoritmos em estudo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Arruda</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Boersma</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Chiang</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">D'Avila</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Fitzpatrick</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Iturralde</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Xie</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Localiza&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">13</th>
                <th align="center">7</th>
                <th align="center">13</th>
                <th align="center">8</th>
                <th align="center">8</th>
                <th align="center">5</th>
                <th align="center">9</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="6">Via Acess&#243;ria</td>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Septal (n= 51)</td>
                <td align="center">Acerto (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58,80</td>
                <td align="center">43,50</td>
                <td align="center">49,00</td>
                <td align="center">2,00</td>
                <td align="center">52,20</td>
                <td align="center">49,00</td>
                <td align="center">29,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Acerto + Adjacente</td>
                <td align="center">90,20</td>
                <td align="center">50,50</td>
                <td align="center">78,40</td>
                <td align="center">5,90</td>
                <td align="center">69,60</td>
                <td align="center">68,60</td>
                <td align="center">52,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Direita (n= 13)</td>
                <td align="center">Acerto (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,70</td>
                <td align="center">28,60</td>
                <td align="center">7,70</td>
                <td align="center">7,70</td>
                <td align="center">14,30</td>
                <td align="center">69,20</td>
                <td align="center">23,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Acerto + Adjacente</td>
                <td align="center">69,20</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">61,50</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">42,90</td>
                <td align="center">84,60</td>
                <td align="center">53,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Esquerda (n= 47)</td>
                <td align="center">Acerto (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21,70</td>
                <td align="center">54,50</td>
                <td align="center">28,30</td>
                <td align="center">43,50</td>
                <td align="center">31,80</td>
                <td align="center">30,40</td>
                <td align="center">27,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Acerto + Adjacente</td>
                <td align="center">60,80</td>
                <td align="center">63,60</td>
                <td align="center">74,00</td>
                <td align="center">87,00</td>
                <td align="center">50,00</td>
                <td align="center">54,30</td>
                <td align="center">64,90</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para as VAs septais, a acur&#225;cia (acerto) na localiza&#231;&#227;o variou entre 2,00% e 58,80% (Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>), aumentando para 5,90% a 90,20% quando localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes foram consideradas. O acerto m&#233;dio para todos os algoritmos foi de 40,56%, com o algoritmo de D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> apresentando uma taxa de acerto significativamente mais baixa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acerto m&#233;dio. Excluindo os algoritmos de D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e Xie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, houve proximidade nas taxas de acerto para qualquer algoritmo que tenha identificado entre cinco e 13 localiza&#231;&#245;es da VA.</p>
        <p>Nas VAs direitas, a taxa de acerto variou entre 7,70% e 69,20%, e aumentou para 42,90% a 100% quando localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes foram consideradas. O algoritmo de Iturralde et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> apresentou a taxa de acerto mais elevada (69,20%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia (22,61%). Excluindo o algoritmo de D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, os algoritmos que identificam 13 regi&#245;es obtiveram taxas de acerto mais afastadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia. </p>
        <p>Nas VAs esquerdas, a taxa de acerto variou entre 21,70% e 54,50%, e aumentou para 50% a 87% quando foram aceitas localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes. O algoritmo de Boersma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> apresentou a taxa de acerto mais elevada (54,50%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia (33,44%). </p>
        <p>Para as situa&#231;&#245;es apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo e &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o das VAs septais, direitas e esquerdas para cada algoritmo (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>N&#243;s testamos no presente estudo sete algoritmos distintos que permitem localizar a VA em 5-13 posi&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis, propostos por Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, Boersma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, Chiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, Fitzpatrick et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>., Iturralde et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e Xie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O objetivo foi avaliar a capacidade diagn&#243;stica do ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es na localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA em indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o de WPW encaminhados para EEF e abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia. A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 111 indiv&#237;duos, 67 do sexo masculino (60,36%) e 44 do sexo feminino (39,64%), com idades entre 7 e 75 anos (m&#233;dia 36,54 &#177; 15,27 anos). N&#243;s encontramos uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre o n&#250;mero de homens e mulheres com padr&#227;o de WPW. Este achado est&#225; de acordo com os resultados publicados por Cain et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia semelhante (60,90%) em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de WPW. </p>
        <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EEF, observamos a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias em 47,10% dos indiv&#237;duos, o que est&#225; em linha com os resultados de Brembilla-Perrot et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que referiram que cerca de 50% dos indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o de WPW desenvolvem taquiarritmias. Em nosso estudo, a arritmia mais frequente foi a TRAV, nomeadamente a TRAV ortodr&#244;mica, que conforme previsto, foi comum em ambos os sexos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva da an&#225;lise dos sete algoritmos para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma &#250;nica VA nos 111 indiv&#237;duos revelou que a localiza&#231;&#227;o precisa da VA foi prevista em apenas 27% a 47,20% dos casos, sendo os algoritmos de Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e Chiang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> os com maior taxa de acerto quando corrigidos para o n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas poss&#237;veis (taxas de acerto 4,07 e 3,83 vezes maior, respectivamente). Estes resultados mostram que a previs&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o precisa da VA n&#227;o est&#225; diretamente relacionada ao n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis em cada algoritmo, j&#225; que mesmo considerando como corretas as localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes, o valor do acerto para cada algoritmo individual aproximou-se do valor m&#233;dio (63,36%) de acertos dos algoritmos em estudo. No entanto, a concord&#226;ncia entre os investigadores (independente de acerto) parece ter sido influenciada pelo n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis para cada algoritmo, pois as taxas de concord&#226;ncia foram superiores para os algoritmos que identificam um menor n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis (cinco a nove localiza&#231;&#245;es, valor m&#233;dio de concord&#226;ncia de 64%). </p>
        <p>Os resultados de acerto para as VAs septais (entre 2,00% a 52,20%) est&#227;o distantes dos esperados. No entanto, a inclus&#227;o de localiza&#231;&#245;es adjacentes mostrou que o algoritmo de Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (com 13 localiza&#231;&#245;es) apresentou uma previs&#227;o de localiza&#231;&#227;o aproximada semelhante &#224; esperada (90,20%). Com isto, este foi o algoritmo mais adequado para uma previs&#227;o aproximada da localiza&#231;&#227;o das VAs septais. Para as VAs direitas, presentes em 13 indiv&#237;duos, observamos um acerto entre 7,70% e 69,20%. Aqui, embora os valores tenham sido distantes dos teoricamente esperados, o algoritmo de Iturralde et al. (cinco localiza&#231;&#245;es) mostrou os melhores resultados na localiza&#231;&#227;o acertada da VA. A inclus&#227;o de VAs adjacentes revelou o algoritmo de Boersma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (sete localiza&#231;&#245;es) como o mais adequado para a localiza&#231;&#227;o aproximada das VAs direitas (acerto de 100%). Por fim, para as VAs esquerdas, os valores de acerto obtidos (21,70% a 54,50%), tamb&#233;m distantes dos esperados, revelaram que nenhum dos sete algoritmos foi significativamente melhor do que os outros para a previs&#227;o acertada destas VAs. No entanto, se considerarmos as VAs adjacentes, os resultados mostraram que o algoritmo de D'Avila et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (oito localiza&#231;&#245;es, acerto de 87%), apresentou um valor pr&#243;ximo do esperado, devendo ser este o considerado para uma localiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima das VAs esquerdas. Em suma, a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos sete algoritmos para a previs&#227;o acertada da localiza&#231;&#227;o das VAs septais, direitas e esquerdas revelou que nenhum destes algoritmos obteve os resultados esperados. No entanto, a inclus&#227;o das VAs adjacentes permite a escolha de um determinado algoritmo se houver inten&#231;&#227;o de prever a localiza&#231;&#227;o aproximada da VA. Conclu&#237;mos, ent&#227;o, que esta escolha n&#227;o depende do n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis em cada algoritmo. </p>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acerto para cada algoritmo s&#227;o semelhantes aos obtidos por Wren et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que obtiveram taxas de acerto entre 29,50% e 48,50% utilizando os mesmos algoritmos para uma amostra de 100 crian&#231;as. Esses autores tamb&#233;m observaram que os algoritmos de Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e Chaing et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> foram os que obtiveram a maior taxa de acerto corrigido para o n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas poss&#237;veis (frequ&#234;ncia de acertos 5,2 e 5,1 vezes maior, respectivamente). As conclus&#245;es destes autores foram semelhantes &#224;s nossas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; taxa de acerto e ao n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis em cada algoritmo (sem encontrar rela&#231;&#227;o entre estes dois par&#226;metros) e concord&#226;ncia entre os investigadores (tendo sido maior para os algoritmos que identificam um n&#250;mero menor de localiza&#231;&#245;es). </p>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos para a previs&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o precisa das VAs (acerto) foram, como j&#225; observado, significativamente inferiores aos publicados pelos autores de cada um dos sete algoritmos. Este fato, comum ao estudo de Wren et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> foi tamb&#233;m observado em um estudo desenvolvido por Moraes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> no qual o acerto obtido na aplica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes algoritmos para uma amostra de 190 pacientes portadores de s&#237;ndrome de WPW revelou ser substancialmente inferior ao publicado pelos autores de cada algoritmo (envolvendo, entre outros, o algoritmo de Iturralde et al. com acerto de 54,7%). Conclus&#245;es semelhantes foram obtidas em um estudo publicado por Basiouny et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> que comparou 11 algoritmos aplicados a 266 ECGs de pacientes portadores da s&#237;ndrome de WPW. Estes investigadores encontraram resultados significativamente inferiores para os algoritmos que permitem mais de seis localiza&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis para a VA. Eles observaram ainda valores preditivos positivos de 86% para as VAs com localiza&#231;&#227;o lateral esquerda, 45% para as VAs com localiza&#231;&#227;o anterosseptal direita e 23% para as VAs com localiza&#231;&#227;o posterolateral direita. </p>
        <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos em nosso estudo apresentavam cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal. Bar-Cohen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> analisaram crian&#231;as com s&#237;ndrome de WPW com e sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita (43 crian&#231;as em cada grupo, com idade m&#233;dia de 5 e 15 anos, respectivamente) utilizando os algoritmos descritos por Arruda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, Boersma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e Fitzpatrick et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Estes autores obtiveram taxas de acerto que variaram entre 56-77% em crian&#231;as com cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal, que foram significativamente inferiores &#224;s encontradas nas crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita (29-42%) quando exclu&#237;das as crian&#231;as com anomalia de Ebstein. Estes resultados, embora obtidos em crian&#231;as e inferiores aos teoricamente esperados, s&#227;o significativamente superiores aos obtidos em nosso estudo, cujos participantes n&#227;o apresentavam doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural. </p>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos em nosso estudo refletem as limita&#231;&#245;es da investiga&#231;&#227;o. Assim, os resultados devem ser interpretados com aten&#231;&#227;o ao fato de que os algoritmos utilizados foram desenvolvidos com base em pacientes adultos, ou, no caso do algoritmo de Boersma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, em crian&#231;as. Assim, j&#225; que a amostra foi constitu&#237;da por indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 7 e 75 anos, a taxa obtida de acerto pode ter refletido varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas importantes (como por exemplo, a posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao t&#243;rax) ou diferen&#231;as no ECG de acordo com a idade. Devemos ainda considerar nestes resultados a pr&#243;pria aplica&#231;&#227;o do algoritmo na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG, uma vez que em muitas situa&#231;&#245;es a polaridade do QRS pode ser julgada como positiva ou negativa dependendo do observador (a avalia&#231;&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia entre os investigadores parece demonstrar este aspecto).</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o sequencial de cada algoritmo pela equipe de investiga&#231;&#227;o (levando &#224; fadiga), o desconhecimento ou uso pouco habitual na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica destes algoritmos, assim como diferentes n&#237;veis de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o nos ECGs analisados e varia&#231;&#245;es na t&#233;cnica de aquisi&#231;&#227;o do ECG, podem tamb&#233;m explicar a baixa acur&#225;cia obtida em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; teoricamente esperada. </p>
        <p>O local efetivo da abla&#231;&#227;o da VA realizada com sucesso &#233; o melhor par&#226;metro na identifica&#231;&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA, pois a sua localiza&#231;&#227;o pelo ECG pode ser duvidosa considerando que a VA pode ter uma inser&#231;&#227;o ventricular morfologicamente diferente do trajeto AV. Assim, o ECG com padr&#227;o de WPW depende principalmente do local de inser&#231;&#227;o ventricular da VA e independente do seu trajeto. Tal como descrito por Fox et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> alguns algoritmos tendem a prever corretamente as VAs em uma localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica espec&#237;fica, mas podem induzir erro quando a VA se localiza em outras regi&#245;es anat&#244;micas, nomeadamente na localiza&#231;&#227;o septal. Para estes autores, o ECG fornece, na realidade, apenas uma primeira aproxima&#231;&#227;o na localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar do ECG ser um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico fundamental para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular do tipo WPW, foi pouco sens&#237;vel e espec&#237;fico para a localiza&#231;&#227;o da VA em nosso estudo, uma vez que a an&#225;lise dos sete algoritmos estudados revelou que nenhum foi capaz de obter uma taxa de acerto elevada. </p>
        <p>As taxas de acerto para cada algoritmo n&#227;o aumentaram com a redu&#231;&#227;o da precis&#227;o, isto &#233;, com um n&#250;mero menor de VAs que possibilitam localizar. Independente do n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es que cada algoritmo permite identificar, foi poss&#237;vel destacar um algoritmo para cada localiza&#231;&#227;o (septal, direita e esquerda) como mais adequado na previs&#227;o aproximada da localiza&#231;&#227;o das VAs. Deve-se observar, contudo, que a concord&#226;ncia entre os investigadores foi superior para os algoritmos com menor n&#250;mero de localiza&#231;&#245;es da VA. </p>
        <p>As taxas de acerto obtidas para cada algoritmo aproximaram-se dos resultados obtidos por outros estudos semelhantes, o que nos permite concluir que todos os algoritmos estudados apresentam taxas de acerto inferiores &#224;s publicadas pelos seus respectivos autores.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
