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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f433JkGM8CDQN9czTjDJFfq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004300323</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160138</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Time-To-Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome and Unit of First Contact in the ERICO Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Caire de Oliveira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kisukuri</surname>
            <given-names>Alan Loureiro Xavier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sitnik</surname>
            <given-names>Debora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staniak</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Lane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Itamar de Souza Santos</bold>, Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2565, 3<sup>o</sup>. andar, Cidade Universit&#225;ria. Postal code 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>itamarss@usp.br, itamarss@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos RCO, Goulart AC, Staniak, HL, Bittencourt MS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM, Santos IS; Acquisition of data: Santos RCO, Goulart AC, Kisukuri ALX, Brand&#227;o RM, Sitnik D, Staniak, HL, Bittencourt MS, Santos IS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos RCO, Goulart AC, Kisukuri ALX, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM, Santos IS; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Santos RCO, Santos IS; Obtaining financing: Bensenor IM, Santos IS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Goulart AC, Kisukuri ALX, Brand&#227;o RM, Sitnik D, Staniak, HL, Bittencourt MS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>323</fpage>
      <lpage>330</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating the influence of the unit of the first contact on the frequency and time of pharmacological treatment during an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The main objective was to investigate if the unit of first contact influenced the frequency and time of aspirin treatment in the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We analyzed the pharmacological treatment time in 830 ERICO participants - 700 individuals for whom the hospital was the unit of first contact and 130 who initially sought primary care units. We built logistic regression models to study whether the unit of first contact was associated with a treatment time of less than three hours.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Individuals who went to primary care units received the first aspirin dose in those units in 75.6% of the cases. The remaining 24.4% received aspirin at the hospital. Despite this finding, individuals from primary care still had aspirin administered within three hours more frequently than those who went to the hospital (76.8% vs 52.6%; p&lt;0.001 and 100% vs. 70.7%; p=0.001 for non ST-elevation ACS and ST-elevation myocardial infarction, respectively). In adjusted models, individuals coming from primary care were more likely to receive aspirin more quickly (odds ratio: 3.66; 95% confidence interval: 2.06-6.51).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In our setting, individuals from primary care were more likely to receive aspirin earlier. Enhancing the ability of primary care units to provide early treatment and safe transportation may be beneficial in similar settings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirin / administration &amp; dosage</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants, Time-to-Treatment</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and disability-adjusted life years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> worldwide, as well as in Brazil. Previous studies have demonstrated that the quality of pharmacological treatment during an ACS event determines prognosis. The proportion of indicated medications effectively prescribed for a given patient during in-hospital treatment of an ACS event is associated with better in-hospital<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and 6-month<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> survival. Some registry studies, in developing and developed countries, have reported the frequencies of medication prescription in hospitalized ACS patients with heterogeneous results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In Brazil, Nicolau et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> assessed the use of anti-platelet therapy in 71 hospitals in the Brazilian Registry of Acute Coronary Events (BRACE) study. These authors found that during the first 24 hours of hospitalization, aspirin was administered to 80.2% to 91.2% of patients, and clopidogrel to 42.2% to 67.4% of patients in different regions of the country.</p>
      <p>The American Heart Association states that the best option in the case of a suspected ACS event is to activate the mobile emergency medical service (EMS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> This recommendation is based on the fact that this could provide safer transportation and shorter time-to-treatment intervals. However, a substantial proportion of patients seeks medical care directly upon experiencing acute chest pain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In the Brazilian Health System, individuals who decide to seek medical care directly in this scenario may go to pre-hospital or hospital units, at the patient's discretion. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating the influence of the unit of the first contact on the frequency and time to pharmacological treatment during an ACS event.</p>
      <p>The Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study is an ongoing long-term cohort of patients treated for an ACS event in Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP), a community hospital in the city of S&#227;o Paulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The main objective of the present analysis was to investigate if the unit of first contact influenced the frequency and time to aspirin treatment in the ERICO study. Our secondary objectives were to investigate if the unit of first contact influenced the times to heparin, clopidogrel and thrombolytic treatments.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>The design of the ERICO study has been described in detail elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Briefly, ERICO is a prospective observational study of 1,085 individuals admitted to a HU-USP because of an ACS event between February 2009 and December 2013. This is a community hospital in Butant&#227;, a neighborhood in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil with an area of 12.5 km<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, an estimated population of 428,000 inhabitants in 2010, and marked socioeconomic inequalities.</p>
        <p>Patients can be admitted as transfers from primary care units, by mobile emergency care services, or may seek the emergency department directly. ERICO participants must meet the diagnostic criteria for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA). For a diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), both of the following criteria must be present: (I) Symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia within 24 hours of presenting at the hospital; (II) Troponin I levels above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile with a test-specific coefficient of variation &lt;10%. STEMI diagnosis requires both of the following criteria: (I) Criteria for MI diagnosis; (II) One of the following: (a) persistent ST segment elevation of &#8805; 1 mm in two contiguous electrocardiographic leads; (b) presence of a new or presumably new left bundle branch block. For NSTEMI diagnosis, participants must present: (I) Criteria for MI diagnosis and (II) Absence of criteria for STEMI diagnosis. For UA diagnosis, all of the following three criteria must be fulfilled: (I) Symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia 24 hours prior to hospital admission; (II) Absence of MI criteria; (III) At least one of the following: (a) history of coronary artery disease; (b) positive coronary disease stratification test (invasive or noninvasive); (c) transient ST segment changes &#8805; 0.5 mm in two contiguous leads, new T-wave inversion of &#8805; 1 mm and/or pseudo-normalization of previously inverted T waves; (d) troponin I &gt; 0.4 ng/mL; or (e) diagnostic concordance of two independent physicians. Non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) is a common term that encompasses NSTEMI and UA.</p>
        <p>At baseline, trained interviewers obtained data regarding sociodemographic, cardiovascular risk factors and previous medications. During this in-hospital phase, all subjects were treated at discretion of the hospital staff with standard procedures, without any influence from the study protocol. Long-term follow-up is currently ongoing. Participants are contacted annually to update information about their vital status and non-fatal outcomes.</p>
        <p>In this ancillary study, we included 830 ERICO participants enrolled from February 2009 to December 2012 who presented to primary care units or directly to the hospital. We reviewed medical charts of the ERICO index event to determine the time-to-treatment and frequency of administration of aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin for all participants, as well as thrombolytic treatment (streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activators) for participants with a diagnosis of STEMI. From the medical charts, we also retrieved the time of arrival at the unit of first contact and the time of administration of these medications, whether they were administered in primary care facilities or at the hospital. All medications were available at the hospital during the study period. Aspirin was available in all primary care units during the study period, and clopidogrel was available only in one primary care unit, during the last months of the study. Heparin and thrombolytic agents were not available in primary care units.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study variables</title>
        <p>Time of arrival was defined as the time the patient arrived at the unit of first contact. Time to treatment was defined as the time between patient arrival at the unit of first contact and medication administration. For the main analyses, we categorized time to treatment using a cutoff at 3 hours. Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and previous coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnoses were defined by self-report. Smoking status was classified as "never smoked", "past smoker", or "current smoker". Educational level was self-reported and classified as "no formal education", "1 to 7 years of formal education", and "&#8805; 8 years of formal education".</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>The study protocol was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. HU-USP review board approved the research protocol (Ethical Committee Approval 866/08). Written informed consent was obtained from all ACS patients admitted to the hospital who agreed to participate in this study, and each subject received a copy of the consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables are presented as absolute counts and proportions, and compared using the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test whenever applicable. Due to the non-normal distribution of age in the sample, we present age (in years) as median and interquartile range, and compare age distributions across groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Time to treatment was analyzed for NSTEACS and STEMI participants in separate. We present the bivariate analysis for the association between the unit of first contact and time to treatment using a cutoff at 3 hours. We built crude and adjusted (for age, sex, ACS subtype and educational level) binary logistic regression models to study if the unit of first contact influenced time to treatment. In all models, the dependent variable was the time to treatment, categorized using a cutoff at 3 hours. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test results evidenced an adequate fit for all adjusted models. Significance level was set at 0.05. We used R software version 3.2.0 to conduct these analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the study sample. In the group of individuals who presented to primary care units, we observed a higher proportion of men and lower formal educational levels. Both groups were similar according to other characteristics, including age, frequency of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia or previous coronary artery disease.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Primary care<break/>N = 130</th>
              <th align="center">Hospital<break/>N = 700</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age in years; median [Interquartile range]</td>
              <td align="center">61.0 [53.3 &#8211; 71.0]</td>
              <td align="center">62.0 [53.0 &#8211; 73.0]</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male Sex; N (%)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (67.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">402 (57.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Educational level</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No formal education</td>
              <td align="center">24 (18.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (12.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 to 7 years</td>
              <td align="center">61 (46.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">299 (42.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8 or more years</td>
              <td align="center">45 (34.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">315 (45.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>ACS subtype</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">32 (24.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">201 (28.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">48 (36.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">283 (40.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UA</td>
              <td align="center">50 (38.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">216 (30.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension </td>
              <td align="center">100 (77.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">530 (77.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes </td>
              <td align="center">47 (36.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">270 (39.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">60 (54.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">329 (54.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentarism</td>
              <td align="center">88 (73.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">463 (70.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Smoking status</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never</td>
              <td align="center">46 (36.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">206 (31.4%) </td>
              <td align="center">0.087</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Past</td>
              <td align="center">35 (27.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">250 (38.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current</td>
              <td align="center">45 (35.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">200 (30.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CAD</td>
              <td align="center">34 (28.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">187 (29.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non ST-elevation myocardial infarction; UA: unstable angina; CAD: coronary artery disease; Missing data: ACS subtype, sex and age have no missing data; Educational level N = 2 (0.2%); Hypertension N = 15 (1.8%); Diabetes N = 22 (2.7%); Dyslipidemia N = 111 (13.4%); Sedentarism N = 56 (6.7%); Smoking status N = 48; (5.8%); Previous CAD N = 69 (8.3%).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Complete time-to-treatment information for aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin was obtained for 746/830 (89.9%) of the study participants. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the proportion of individuals who received aspirin, clopidogrel, or heparin during the index ACS event, according to the unit of first contact. Use of those medications during the index event was almost universal. In addition, we found that 93.6%, 86.1%, and 86.5% of study participants received aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin during the first 24 hours of hospitalization, respectively. Although aspirin was available in all primary care units during the study period, we found that almost a quarter (24.4%) of study participants who received first contact at primary care did not receive aspirin until arriving at the hospital. Most of those participants who contacted a primary care service and did not receive aspirin had a diagnosis of NSTEACS. Aspirin was administered in the primary care services for 48/69 (69.6%) of the participants with NSTEACS and 20/21 (95.2%) of the participants with STEMI.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proportion of 746 individuals with complete time-to-treatment information who received aspirin, clopidogrel, or heparin at any time during the index ACS event, according to the unit of first contact</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Medication</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Unit of first contact</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Primary care (N = 90)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Hospital (N = 656)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Received at PC unit</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Received at any unit</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">68 (75.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">90 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">645 (98.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (97.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">632 (96.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heparin</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">88 (97.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">627 (95.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>We present p-values (Fisher&#180;s exact test) comparing the frequency of aspirin, clopidogrel and heparin administration at any time, according to the unit of first contact.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows how many individuals received aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin up to 3 hours after arrival at the unit of first contact. For individuals with NSTEACS, those who first presented at primary care had higher frequencies of early aspirin administration. Similar results were observed in STEMI patients. We also found significant differences for early heparin administration, with higher frequencies in individuals who first presented at the hospital, in both the NSTEACS and STEMI subsamples.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proportion of ERICO participants who received aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin up to 3 hours after arrival, according to ACS subtype</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Non ST-elevation ACS</th>
              <th align="center">Primary care<break/>N = 69</th>
              <th align="center">Hospital<break/>N = 468</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">53 (76.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">246 (52.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">15 (21.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">152 (32.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.097</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heparin</td>
              <td align="center">8 (11.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">125 (26.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>STEMI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Primary care</bold>
                <break/>
                <bold>N = 21</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Hospital</bold>
                <break/>
                <bold>N = 188</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">21 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">133 (70.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">7 (33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (52.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heparin</td>
              <td align="center">3 (14.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (38.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.031</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>We used chi-square and Fisher's exact tests for comparison. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 233 participants with STEMI in our sample, we identified 111 who received thrombolytic treatment as the selected reperfusion strategy. We excluded four participants (3.7%) from the primary care group in our analysis of time to thrombolytic treatment because we were unable to retrieve precise information about their time of arrival. There was a non-significant association towards faster time to thrombolytic treatment in those individuals who came directly to the hospital (N=83; 87.4%) compared to those who sought primary care units (N=8; 66.7%; p=0.079 for comparison) using a cutoff at 3 hours. However, the smaller sample size limits the power of this analysis.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the odds ratios (OR) for the association between faster time from arrival to medical treatment (dependent variable) and first presentation at primary care units (independent variable). The odds ratios for all the covariates in the adjusted models are presented in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>. After adjustment for age, sex, ACS subtype and educational level, we found that initial presentation at primary care units was directly associated with time to treatment with aspirin shorter than 3 hours (p&lt;0.001) but inversely associated with time to treatment with clopidogrel (p=0.013) and heparin (p&lt;0.001) shorter than 3 hours. For the subsample of individuals with STEMI who received thrombolytic therapy, we did not find a significant association between the unit of first contact and time to treatment with thrombolytic therapy shorter than 3 hours in adjusted models (p=0.12). As stated before, the smaller subsample size may also have affected the power of this analysis.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for faster time (cutoff set at 3 hours) from arrival to medical treatment</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Crude odds ratios for primary care<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Adjusted odds ratios for primary care<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">3.38 (1.93 &#8211; 5.93)</td>
              <td align="center">3.66 (2.06 &#8211; 6.51)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">0.52 (0.31 &#8211; 0.87)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52 (0.31 &#8211; 0.87)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heparin</td>
              <td align="center">0.32 (0.17 &#8211; 0.62)</td>
              <td align="center">0.33 (0.17 &#8211; 0.63)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Participants who came directly to the hospital are the reference group. Adjusted models are adjusted for age, sex, acute coronary syndrome subtype and educational level.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the association between faster time (cutoff set at 3 hours) from arrival to medical treatment in binary logistic models</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Aspirin</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Clopidogrel</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Heparin</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Unit of first medical contact</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospital</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Primary care</td>
              <td align="center">3.66 (2.06 - 6.51)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52 (0.31 - 0.87)</td>
              <td align="center">0.33 (0.17 - 0.63)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">By 5-year increase</td>
              <td align="center">0.93 (0.88 - 0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.92 - 1.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 (0.93 - 1.06)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">1.12 (0.82 - 1.54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (0.69 - 1.31)</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 (0.74 - 1.45)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>ACS subtype</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 (0.27 - 0.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37 (0.25 - 0.53)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54 (0.36 - 0.80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UA</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 (0.36 - 0.83)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61 (0.41 - 0.89)</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 (0.46 - 1.04)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Educational level</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No formal education</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 (0.44 - 1.21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 (0.43 - 1.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 (0.40 - 1.28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 to 7 years</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 (0.71 - 1.37)</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 (0.73 - 1.41)</td>
              <td align="center">1.09 (0.77 - 1.54)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8 or more years</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non ST-elevation myocardial infarction; UA: unstable angina.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We found that 24.4% of study participants who first presented at primary care units did not receive aspirin before being transported to the hospital. Nevertheless, these individuals were more likely to receive early aspirin treatment compared to participants who came directly to the hospital. Heparin and clopidogrel were administered earlier in those who came directly to the hospital. There was a non-significant association pointing towards faster treatment with thrombolytic therapy in STEMI patients that came directly to the hospital, when this was the selected strategy for reperfusion.</p>
      <p>We describe similar or higher frequencies of aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin use during the acute phase of ACS treatment in our sample compared to those found in other studies. The frequencies of use of aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin at any time during the in-hospital phase of ACS treatment were 98.5%, 96.5%, and 95.8% respectively in our study. When limited to the frequencies of prescription during the first 24 hours of hospitalization, the use of aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin in ERICO were 93.6%, 86.1%, and 86.5% in our sample. Bajaj et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> analyzed data from 16,618 patients in Canada and found that 92% received aspirin, 63% clopidogrel, and 88% heparin during the first 24 hours of hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Some studies evaluated the frequency of medication administration during an ACS event in developing countries as well. In 65 hospitals located in six Middle Eastern countries, Shehab et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> analyzed data from 7,930 men and women and described that 98.4% of men and 98.2% of women received in-hospital aspirin and 79.2% of men and 64.9% of women received clopidogrel. In the ACCESS prospective observational study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> the authors analyzed 12,068 adults hospitalized with a diagnosis of ACS at 134 sites in 19 countries in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. The authors found that 93% of the patients received aspirin and 81% received clopidogrel (or other thienopyridines). The Kerala ACS Registry,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> in India, collected data on 25 748 patients and describe frequencies of medication administration of 93.0%, 95.1% and 70.0% for aspirin, clopidogrel and any heparin, respectively. Bandara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> analyzed in Sri Lanka 81 patients with STEMI and, in that study, 99% of study participants received aspirin and 97% clopidogrel. Compared to ERICO, studies in developing countries showed similar frequencies for aspirin administration, but lower frequencies for heparin and sometimes clopidogrel use. Although it is not possible to draw definite conclusions, inequalities in study populations and local protocols may be partially responsible for these differences.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the aforementioned BRACE study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> found that aspirin and clopidogrel were prescribed at rates of 89.0% and 59.7%, respectively, during the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Specifically, an analysis of a subgroup of hospitals in the Southeast region of the country (where HU-USP is located) in the BRACE study, found aspirin and clopidogrel administration frequencies during the first 24 hours of hospitalization of 87.0% and 67.4%, respectively. We may raise some hypotheses to explain the differences between these two studies. Multicenter registry studies tend to over-represent tertiary centers. Individuals in tertiary centers may have easier access to early angioplasty. This may have postponed the administration of clopidogrel in some study participants,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> to ensure that surgical planning (if needed) would not be impaired. In addition, individuals who seek care in tertiary centers generally have more comorbidities than patients in community hospitals. We may speculate that registries in tertiary centers may include a higher proportion of individuals with contraindications to medical treatment, and this may partially explain the higher medical treatment frequencies found in ERICO.</p>
      <p>A substantial part of ACS mortality occurs in the first hours of symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In addition, prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment influence the occurrence of long-term fatal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and non-fatal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> complications. Timely prescription may also be a marker of adequate monitoring and agile decision-making in the emergency department. In this sense, exploring bottlenecks in early medication use is important, and may reveal alternative options in the system of care for ACS patients. Most evidence of factors influencing time-to-treatment is based on information about aspirin administration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and, in patients with STEMI, thrombolytic treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> or revascularization procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In our study, a quarter of ACS patients who sought care at primary care units did not receive aspirin before being transferred to the hospital, although aspirin was a widely available medication in all primary care units during the study period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The percentage of failure in aspirin administration in the primary care units was higher in NSTEACS patients than in participants with STEMI. One possible explanation is that it is more difficult to recognize and diagnose NSTEACS patients, in whom electrocardiographic changes may be absent or non-specific. However, aspirin administration is indicated upon suspicion of ACS in patients without contraindications, and does not require diagnostic confirmation. Improving recognition and early treatment with aspirin in primary care units, along with safe transportation, may be beneficial to patients. The potential of such a strategy is evident, because even considering that some of the ACS patients who sought care at primary care units only received aspirin at the hospital, the frequency of individuals with early aspirin administration was higher in the primary care group. This consequently indicates a potential window for improvement, because we may speculate that specific interventions targeting prompt administration of aspirin in these units could enhance these results. As for clopidogrel and heparin, these medications are typically available only in hospitals, in our study setting, and only during the last months of the study period did a single primary care unit have access to clopidogrel. We found higher odds of receiving clopidogrel and heparin up to 3 hours after arrival in individuals who came directly to the hospital. However, unlike aspirin and reperfusion therapies, it is not possible to establish a direct benefit of this earlier treatment, nor to determine if enhancing the availability of clopidogrel and heparin in primary care units would be useful and/or cost-effective. Finally, we found a non-significant association pointing towards faster thrombolytic treatment in STEMI patients who came directly to the hospital. Pre-hospital thrombolysis is a potential measure for reducing time-to-treatment with these agents,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> but it is not yet a widespread reality in our setting. Although our data do not permit definite conclusions, we may speculate that the availability of pre-hospital thrombolysis could reduce the time-to-treatment with thrombolytic therapy in STEMI individuals who sought care at PC units.</p>
      <p>Our study has some strength. It focuses on ACS treatment in community hospitals, a common scenario<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> but one which is frequently under-represented in ACS registries and/or post-ACS cohorts. In fact, some findings in our study, such as the frequencies for early clopidogrel prescription, are at least partially explained by differences between community and tertiary care settings, highlighting the importance of this present article. We were able to retrieve time-to-treatment information from most of the sample. This included not only frequencies of medication administration during the first day of admission, which most studies present, but also detailed information about the first hours of treatment. These data may better reflect differences arising from the unit of first contact. The study also has some limitations. It is a single-center study based on a community hospital in Brazil's largest city and its associated primary care units. We must emphasize that it is not possible to extend our results to all settings, and our conclusions may be suitable only in settings similar to the present study. In specific, in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, some primary care units (as those in the present study) include a service called <italic>Atendimento M&#233;dico Ambulatorial</italic> (AMA - Medical Outpatient Consultation, in Portuguese), aimed to provide easier access to individuals with acute symptoms. We did not include information about contraindications in the present study. However, the frequencies of aspirin, clopidogrel and heparin prescriptions during the in-hospital treatment period were close to 100%, and it is unlikely that our results would be different if information about contraindications were available. In addition, as also studied by other authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> our focus was mainly on the time elapsed between contact and treatment, and we did not assess medication doses or discontinuation. Our objective in the present study was to evaluate if the unit of first contact influenced the frequency and time to pharmacological treatment. Therefore, it is not possible to infer and quantify, directly from the study results, the impact of time to pharmacological treatment on major cardiovascular events. However, main management guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> highlight the importance of prompt recognition and treatment as a useful strategy to reduce the mortality risk present in the first hours of an untreated ACS event. In this scenario, time to treatment may be a useful marker of the quality of care during an ACS event.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Study participants who first presented at primary care units were more likely to receive early aspirin treatment compared to participants who came directly to the hospital. However, almost a quarter of study participants who first presented at primary care units did not receive aspirin before being transported to the hospital. In our setting, enhancing the ability of primary care units to provide early treatment (which may include protocols and staff training to guarantee early aspirin use in patients who do not present contraindications) and safe transportation may be beneficial.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rafael Caire de Oliveira dos Santos, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiologia</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tempo para Tratamento durante S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda e Unidade de Primeiro Contato no Estudo ERICO</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Caire de Oliveira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kisukuri</surname>
            <given-names>Alan Loureiro Xavier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sitnik</surname>
            <given-names>Debora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staniak</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Lane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Itamar de Souza Santos</bold>, Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2565, 3<sup>o</sup>. andar, Cidade Universit&#225;ria. CEP 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>itamarss@usp.br, itamarss@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos RCO, Goulart AC, Staniak, HL, Bittencourt MS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM, Santos IS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos RCO, Goulart AC, Kisukuri ALX, Brand&#227;o RM, Sitnik D, Staniak, HL, Bittencourt MS, Santos IS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos RCO, Goulart AC, Kisukuri ALX, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM, Santos IS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos RCO, Santos IS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Bensenor IM, Santos IS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Goulart AC, Kisukuri ALX, Brand&#227;o RM, Sitnik D, Staniak, HL, Bittencourt MS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Em nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que avaliam a influ&#234;ncia da unidade de primeiro contato na frequ&#234;ncia e tempo para o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico durante um evento de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O principal objetivo foi investigar se a unidade de primeiro contato influencia a frequ&#234;ncia e o tempo para tratamento com aspirina no estudo "Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana" (ERICO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Analisamos o tempo para o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em 830 participantes do estudo ERICO - 700 indiv&#237;duos cuja primeira unidade de contato foi o hospital, e 130 que procuraram, num primeiro momento, unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Constru&#237;mos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para estudar se a unidade de primeiro contato estava associada a um tempo de tratamento de menos de tr&#234;s horas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos que buscaram unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria receberam a primeira dose de aspirina nestas unidades em 75,6% dos casos. Os outros 24,4% receberam a aspirina no hospital. Apesar deste achado, indiv&#237;duos de unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria receberam aspirina em tr&#234;s horas mais frequentemente do que aqueles que foram ao hospital (76,8% vs 52,6%; p&lt;0,001 e 100% vs, 70,7%; p=0,001 para SCA sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST, respectivamente). Em modelos ajustados, indiv&#237;duos vindos de unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tinham mais probabilidade de receber aspirina mais rapidamente (raz&#227;o de chances: 3,66; 95% intervalo de confian&#231;a: 2,06-6,51).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Neste contexto, indiv&#237;duos provenientes de unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tinham maior chance de receber aspirina mais rapidamente. O aprimoramento da capacidade das unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para proporcionar tratamento precoce e transporte seguro pode ser ben&#233;fico em contextos similares.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirina / administra&#231;&#227;o &amp; dosagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Tempo para o Tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e anos de vida ajustados para incapacidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> no mundo todo, bem como no Brasil. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a qualidade do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico durante um evento de SCA determina o progn&#243;stico. A propor&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos indicados, prescritos efetivamente para um paciente durante o tratamento intra-hospitalar de um evento de SCA est&#225; associada &#224; sobrevida intra-hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e &#224; sobrevida de seis meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Alguns estudos de registro, em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, relataram frequ&#234;ncias da prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos em pacientes hospitalizados com SCA, com resultados heterog&#234;neos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No Brasil, Nicolau et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> avaliaram o uso de terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria em 71 hospitais no estudo "Registro Brasileiro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas" (BRACE). Os autores observaram que, durante as primeiras 24 h de interna&#231;&#227;o, aspirina foi administrada a 80,2%-91,2% dos pacientes, e clopidogrel a 42,2%-67,7% dos pacientes em diferentes regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>A <italic>American Heart Association</italic> afirma que a melhor op&#231;&#227;o no caso de suspeita de evento de SCA &#233; ativar o servi&#231;o de atendimento m&#243;vel de urg&#234;ncia (SAMU).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Esta recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; baseada no fato de que esse servi&#231;o pode oferecer transporte mais seguro e com menor intervalo de tempo para tratamento. Por&#233;m, uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes procura atendimento m&#233;dico diretamente ao sentirem dor tor&#225;cica aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro, indiv&#237;duos que decidem buscar atendimento m&#233;dico diretamente podem ir a unidades pr&#233;-hospitalares ou hospitais, dependendo da escolha do paciente. At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que avaliam a influ&#234;ncia da unidade de primeiro contato na frequ&#234;ncia e tempo para tratamento farmacol&#243;gico durante evento de SCA.</p>
        <p>O estudo "Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana" (ERICO) &#233; uma coorte em andamento de longo prazo de pacientes tratados para eventos de SCA no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP), hospital comunit&#225;rio na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O principal objetivo da presente an&#225;lise &#233; investigar se a unidade de primeiro contato influenciou a frequ&#234;ncia e o tempo para tratamento com aspirina no estudo ERICO. Nossos objetivos secund&#225;rios s&#227;o investigar se a unidade de primeiro contato influenciou o tempo para herapina, clopidogrel e tratamentos trombol&#237;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>O desenho do estudo ERICO est&#225; descrito detalhadamente em outros artigos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Resumidamente, ERICO &#233; um estudo prospectivo observacional de 1.085 indiv&#237;duos internados no HU-USP devido a um evento de SCA entre fevereiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2013. Trata-se de um hospital comunit&#225;rio no Butant&#227;, bairro de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, com &#225;rea de 12,5 km<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, popula&#231;&#227;o estimada em 428.000 habitantes e significativa desigualdade social.</p>
          <p>Pacientes podem ser admitidos por transfer&#234;ncias de unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, por meio de servi&#231;o de atendimento m&#243;vel de urg&#234;ncia, ou podem procurar o pronto-socorro diretamente.</p>
          <p>Participantes do ERICO devem preencher os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCST), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSST) ou angina inst&#225;vel (AI). Para um diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), ambos os crit&#233;rios a seguir devem estar presentes: (I) Sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca dentro de 24 horas da chegada ao hospital, (II) N&#237;veis de troponina I acima do percentil 99, com coeficiente espec&#237;fico do teste de varia&#231;&#227;o &lt;10%. O diagn&#243;stico de IAMCST requer os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (I) Crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de IM, (II) uma das op&#231;&#245;es a seguir: (a) eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST de &#8805; 1 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas cont&#237;guas, (b) Presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo novo, ou presumidamente novo. Para o diagn&#243;stico de IAMSST, participantes devem apresentar: (I) Crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de IM e (II) Aus&#234;ncia dos crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de IAMCST. Para o diagn&#243;stico de AI, todos os tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios a seguir devem ser preenchidos: (I) Sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca 24 horas antes da interna&#231;&#227;o, (II) Aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios para IM, (III) Pelo menos uma das op&#231;&#245;es seguintes: (a) hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, (b) teste de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana positivo (invasivo ou n&#227;o-invasivo), (c) altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias do segmento ST &#8805; 0,5 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, nova invers&#227;o de onda T de &#8805; 1 mm e/ou pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o de ondas T invertidas anteriormente, (d) troponina I &gt; 0,4 ng/mL, ou (e) concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica de dois m&#233;dicos independentes. S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (SCA-SST) &#233; um termo comum que abrange IAMSST e AI.</p>
          <p>No in&#237;cio do estudo, entrevistadores treinados obtiveram dados fatores de risco sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cardiovasculares e medica&#231;&#245;es anteriores. Durante esta fase intra-hospitalar, todos os pacientes foram tratados a crit&#233;rio dos m&#233;dicos assistentes com procedimentos padr&#227;o, sem nenhuma influ&#234;ncia do protocolo do estudo. Seguimento de longo prazo est&#225; em andamento. Os participantes s&#227;o contatados anualmente para atualiza&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre status vital e resultados n&#227;o fatais.</p>
          <p>Neste estudo complementar, inclu&#237;mos 830 participantes do ERICO, inclu&#237;dos entre fevereiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2012 que foram a unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou diretamente ao hospital. Revimos os prontu&#225;rios do evento &#237;ndice no ERICO para determinar o tempo para tratamento e frequ&#234;ncia de administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina para todos os participantes, assim como tratamento trombol&#237;tico (ativadores do plasminog&#234;nio dos tecidos e estreptoquinase) para participantes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCST. Com base nos prontu&#225;rios, tamb&#233;m recuperamos a hora de chegada &#224; unidade de primeiro contato e o tempo para administra&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos, administrados tanto nas unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou no hospital. Todas as media&#231;&#245;es estavam dispon&#237;veis no hospital durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Aspirina estava dispon&#237;vel nas unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria durante o estudo, e clopidogrel estava dispon&#237;vel em apenas uma unidade de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, durante os &#250;ltimos meses do estudo. Heparina e agentes trombol&#237;ticos n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis nas unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
          <p>A hora de chegada foi definida como a hora que o paciente chegou &#224; unidade de primeiro contato. O tempo para tratamento foi definido como o tempo entre a chegada do paciente &#224; unidade de primeiro contato e a administra&#231;&#227;o do medicamento. Para a an&#225;lise principal, categorizamos o tempo para tratamento com um ponto de corte de 3 horas. Hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia e diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) foram definidos por auto-relato. Tabagismo foi classificado como "nunca fumou", "fumante no passado", ou "fumante atual". N&#237;vel de escolaridade foi definido por auto-relato e classificado como "sem educa&#231;&#227;o formal", "1 a 7 anos de educa&#231;&#227;o formal" e &#8805;8 anos de educa&#231;&#227;o formal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>O protocolo do estudo estava de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do HU-USP aprovou o protocolo da pesquisa (Comit&#234; de Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica 866/08). Consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os pacientes com SCA internados no hospital que concordaram em participar deste estudo, e cada indiv&#237;duo recebeu uma c&#243;pia do formul&#225;rio de consentimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como contagens e propor&#231;&#245;es absolutas, e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e pelo teste exato de Fisher quando aplic&#225;vel. Devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal de idade da amostra, apresentamos idade (em anos) como mediana e intervalo interquartil, e comparamos distribui&#231;&#245;es de idade entre os grupos utilizando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Tempo para tratamento foi analisado para participantes com SCA-SST e IAMCST separadamente. Apresentamos a an&#225;lise bivariada para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a unidade de primeiro contato e tempo para tratamento utilizando um ponto de corte de 3 horas. Constru&#237;mos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria brutos e ajustados (para idade, sexo, subtipo de SCA e n&#237;vel de escolaridade) para estudar se a unidade do primeiro contato influenciou o tempo para tratamento. Em todos os modelos, a vari&#225;vel dependente foi o tempo para tratamento, categorizado com um ponto de corte de 3 horas. Resultados do teste Hosmer-Lemeshow evidenciaram ajuste adequado para todos os modelos completos. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi definido em 0,05. Usamos o software R, vers&#227;o 3.2.0 para conduzir essas an&#225;lises.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> mostra caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra do estudo. No grupo de indiv&#237;duos que foram a unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, observamos maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens e n&#237;vel de escolaridade mais baixo. Ambos os grupos eram similares de acordo outras caracter&#237;sticas, incluindo idade, frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<break/>N = 130</th>
                <th align="center">Hospital<break/>N = 700</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade em anos; mediana [Intervalo interquartil]</td>
                <td align="center">61,0 [53,3 &#8211; 71,0]</td>
                <td align="center">62,0 [53,0 &#8211; 73,0]</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino; N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (67,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">402 (57,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem educa&#231;&#227;o formal</td>
                <td align="center">24 (18,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (12,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 a 7 anos</td>
                <td align="center">61 (46,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">299 (42,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8 anos ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">45 (34,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">315 (45,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Subtipo de SCA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">32 (24,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">201 (28,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">48 (36,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">283 (40,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AI</td>
                <td align="center">50 (38,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">216 (30,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">100 (77,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">530 (77,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes </td>
                <td align="center">47 (36,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">270 (39,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">60 (54,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">329 (54,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">88 (73,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">463 (70,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca</td>
                <td align="center">46 (36,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">206 (31,4%) </td>
                <td align="center">0,087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Passado</td>
                <td align="center">35 (27,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">250 (38,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atual</td>
                <td align="center">45 (35,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (30,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">34 (28,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (29,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; IAMCST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; AI: angina inst&#225;vel; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; Dados ausentes: Subtipo de SCA, sexo e age n&#227;o t&#234;m dados ausentes; N&#237;vel de escolaridade N=2 (0,2%); Hipertens&#227;o N = 15 (1,8%); Diabetes N = 22 (2,7%); Dislipidemia N = 111 (13,4%); Sedentarismo N = 56 (6,7%); Tabagismo N = 48 (5,8%); DAC pr&#233;via N = 69 (8,3%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es completas sobre tempo para tratamento com aspirina, clopidogrel e herapina foram obtidas para 746/830 (89,9%) dos participantes do estudo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos que receberam aspirina, clopidogrel, ou heparina durante o evento &#237;ndice de SCA, de acordo com a unidade de primeiro contato. O uso dos medicamentos durante o evento &#237;ndice foi praticamente universal. Al&#233;m disso, vimos que 93,6%, 86,1% e 86,5% dos participantes do estudo receberam aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina, respectivamente, durante as primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o. Embora aspirina estivesse dispon&#237;vel em todas as unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, observamos que quase um quarto (24,4%) dos participantes que tiveram o primeiro contato em unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria n&#227;o receberam aspirina at&#233; que chegassem ao hospital. A maioria desses participantes que foram a unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e n&#227;o receberam aspirina tiveram diagn&#243;stico de SCA-SST. Aspirina foi administrada, em unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, para 48/69 (69,6%) dos participantes com SCA-SST e 20/21 (95,2%) dos participantes com IAMCST.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Protocolo de 746 indiv&#237;duos com informa&#231;&#245;es completa de tempo-para-tratamento que receberam aspirina, clopidogrel ou heparina a qualquer momento durante o evento &#237;ndice de SCA, de acordo com a primeira unidade de contato</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Medicamento</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Unidade do primeiro contato</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (N = 90)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Hospital (N = 656)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Recebido na unidade de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Recebido em qualquer unidade</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">68 (75,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">645 (98,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (97,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">632 (96,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heparina</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">88 (97,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">627 (95,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Apresentamos valores de p (teste exato de Fisher) comparando a frequ&#234;ncia de administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina em qualquer momento, de acordo com a primeira unidade de contato.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> mostra quantos indiv&#237;duos receberam aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina at&#233; 3 horas ap&#243;s a chegada na unidade do primeiro contato. Para indiv&#237;duos com SCA-SST, aqueles que foram a unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria apresentaram administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de aspirina mais frequentemente. Resultados similares foram observados em pacientes com IAMCST. Tamb&#233;m encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas na administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de heparina, com maiores frequ&#234;ncias em indiv&#237;duos que foram ao hospital, em ambas as subamostras de SCA-SST e IAMCST.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes do ERICO que receberam aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina at&#233; 3 horas ap&#243;s a chegada, de acordo com o subtipo de SCA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">SCA sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</th>
                <th align="center">Aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<break/>N = 69</th>
                <th align="center">Hospital<break/>N = 468</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">53 (76,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">246 (52,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">15 (21,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (32,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heparina</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (26,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>IAMCST</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</bold>
                  <break/>
                  <bold>N = 21</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Hospital</bold>
                  <break/>
                  <bold>N = 188</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">21 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (70,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (52,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heparina</td>
                <td align="center">3 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (38,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,031</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Usamos os testes qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher para compara&#231;&#227;o. IAMCST: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos 233 participantes com IAMCST em nossa amostra, identificamos 111 que receberam tratamento trombol&#237;tico como estrat&#233;gia de repefus&#227;o. Exclu&#237;mos quatro participantes (3,7%) do grupo de unidade de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em nossa an&#225;lise de tempo para tratamento trombol&#237;tico, pois n&#227;o conseguimos recuperar informa&#231;&#245;es precisas sobre a hora de chegada dos pacientes. Encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o a um tempo mais curto para tratamento trombol&#237;tico naqueles indiv&#237;duos que foram diretamente ao hospital (N=83, 87,4%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que procuraram unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (N=8, 66,7%, p=0,079 para compara&#231;&#227;o) usando um ponto de corte de 3 horas. Contudo, o tamanho menor da amostra limitou o poder dessa an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> mostra as raz&#245;es de chance (RC) da associa&#231;&#227;o entre menor tempo entre a chegada e tratamento m&#233;dico (var&#225;vel dependente) e primeiro contato em unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (vari&#225;vel independente). As RCs para todas as covari&#225;veis nos modelos ajustados est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>. Ap&#243;s ajuste por idade, sexo, subtipo de SCA e n&#237;vel de escolaridade, observamos que o contato inicial em unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria mostrou-se diretamente associado com o tempo para tratamento com aspirina abaixo de 3 horas (p&lt;0,001), mas inversamente associado ao tempo para tratamento com clopidogrel (p=0,013) e heparina (p&lt;0,001), abaixo de 3 horas. Para a subamostra de indiv&#237;duos com IAMCST que receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica, n&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a unidade de primeiro contato e tempo para tratamento com terapia trombol&#237;tica abaixo de 3 horas em modelos ajustados (p=0,12). Conforme dito anteriormente, o tamanho restrito da subamostra pode ter impactado o poder da an&#225;lise.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Raz&#245;es de chance (intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%) para tempo mais curto (ponto de corte de 3 horas) da chegada at&#233; o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#245;es de chance brutas para aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#245;es de chance ajustadas para aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">3,38 (1,93 &#8211; 5,93)</td>
                <td align="center">3,66 (2,06 &#8211; 6,51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,31 &#8211; 0,87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,31 &#8211; 0,87)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heparina</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 (0,17 &#8211; 0,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33 (0,17 &#8211; 0,63)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Participantes que foram diretamente ao hospital s&#227;o o grupo de refer&#234;ncia. Modelos ajustados para idade, sexo, subtipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e n&#237;vel de escolaridade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Raz&#245;es de chance ajustadas (intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%) para associa&#231;&#227;o entre tempo mais curto (ponto de corte de 3 horas) da chegada at&#233; o tratamento medicamentoso em modelos log&#237;sticos bin&#225;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Aspirina</th>
                <th align="center">Clopidogrel</th>
                <th align="center">Heparina</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Unidade de primeiro contato</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospital</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">3,66 (2,06 - 6,51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,31 - 0,87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33 (0,17 - 0,63)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Por incremento de 5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,88 - 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,92 - 1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,93 - 1,06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 (0,82 - 1,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,69 - 1,31)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,74 - 1,45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Subtipo de SCA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 (0,27 - 0,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37 (0,25 - 0,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 (0,36 - 0,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AI</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 (0,36 - 0,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 (0,41 - 0,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 (0,46 - 1,04)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem educa&#231;&#227;o formal</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 (0,44 - 1,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 (0,43 - 1,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,40 - 1,28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 a 7 anos</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,71 - 1,37)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,73 - 1,41)</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (0,77 - 1,54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8 anos ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; IAMCST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; AI: angina inst&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Observamos que 24,4% dos participantes do estudo que foram a unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria n&#227;o receberam aspirina antes de serem transferidos ao hospital. Por&#233;m, esses indiv&#237;duos tinham maior chance de receber tratamento com aspirina precoce, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos participantes que foram diretamente ao hospital. Heparina e clopidogrel foram administrados mais rapidamente naqueles que foram diretamente ao hospital. Encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-significativa que sugeriu tratamento com trombol&#237;ticos mais r&#225;pido em pacientes com IAMCST que foram diretamente ao hospital, quando foi esta a estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o escolhida.</p>
        <p>Descrevemos frequ&#234;ncias similares ou mais altas do uso de aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina durante a fase aguda do tratamento de SCA em nossa amostra em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas descritas em outros estudos. A frequ&#234;ncia de uso de aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina a qualquer momento durante a fase intra-hospitalar do tratamento de SCA foram 98,5%, 96,5%, e 95,8%, respectivamente. Limitando-se &#224;s frequ&#234;ncias de prescri&#231;&#227;o durante as primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o, o uso de aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina em ERICO foram de 93,6%, 86,1%, e 86,5% em nossa amostra. Bajaj et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> analisaram dados de 16.618 pacientes no Canad&#225;, e observaram que 92% receberam aspirina, 63% clopidogrel e 88% heparina durante as primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos tamb&#233;m avaliaram a frequ&#234;ncia da administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos durante eventos de SCA em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Em 65 hospitais localizados em seis pa&#237;ses do Oriente M&#233;dio, Shehab et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> analisaram dados de 7.930 homens e mulheres, e descreveram que 98,4% dos homens e 98,2% das mulheres receberam aspirina e 79,2% dos homens e 64,9% das mulheres receberam clopidogrem no hospital. No estudo observacional prospectivo ACCESS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> os autores analisaram 12.068 adultos internados com diagn&#243;stico de SCA em 134 centros em 19 pa&#237;ses na &#193;frica, Am&#233;rica Latina e Oriente M&#233;dio. Os autores observaram que 93% dos pacientes receberam aspirina e 81% receberam clopidogrel (ou outras tienopiridinas). O Kerala ACS Registry,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> na &#205;ndia, coletou dados de 25.748 pacientes e descreve frequ&#234;ncias de administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos de 93,0%, 95,1% e 70,0% para aspirina, clopidogrel e qualquer heparina, respectivamente. Bandara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> analisaram, no Sri Lanka, 81 pacientes com IAMCST e, em seu estudo, 99% dos participantes receberam aspirina e 97% clopidogrel. Comparado ao ERICO, estudos em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento mostraram frequ&#234;ncias similares para administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina, mas frequ&#234;ncias mais baixas para o uso de heparina e, por vezes, clopidogrel. Embora n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel tirar conclus&#245;es definitivas, desigualdades entre as popula&#231;&#245;es dos estudos e nos protocolos locais podem ser parcialmente respons&#225;veis por essas diferen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, o estudo BRACE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mencionado acima, observou que aspirina e clopidogrel eram prescritos em taxas de 89,0% e 59,7%, respectivamente, durante as primeiras 24 horas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Especificamente, uma an&#225;lise do subgrupo de hospitais da regi&#227;o sudeste do pa&#237;s (onde o HU-USP est&#225; localizado) no estudo BRACE, observou frequ&#234;ncias de administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina e clopidogrel durante as primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o de 87,0% e 67,4%, respectivamente. Podemos levantar algumas hip&#243;teses para explicar essas diferen&#231;as entre os dois estudos. Estudos de registro multic&#234;ntricos tendem a sobre-representar centros terci&#225;rios. Indiv&#237;duos em centros terci&#225;rios podem ter acesso mais f&#225;cil a angioplastia precoce. Este fato pode ter adiado a administra&#231;&#227;o de clopidogrel em alguns participantes do estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> para garantir que o planejamento cir&#250;rgico (caso necess&#225;rio) n&#227;o fosse prejudicado. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos que buscam atendimento m&#233;dico em centros terci&#225;rios geralmente tem mais comorbidades do que pacientes em hospitais comunit&#225;rios. Podemos especular que registros em centros terci&#225;rios podem incluir uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de indiv&#237;duos com contraindica&#231;&#245;es a tratamentos m&#233;dicos, e isso pode explicar, parcialmente, as frequ&#234;ncias mais altas de tratamento medicamentoso encontradas no ERICO.</p>
        <p>Parte significativa de mortalidade por SCA ocorre nas primeiras horas ap&#243;s o aparecimento dos sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Al&#233;m disso, diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido e tratamento adequado influenciam na ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es fatais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e n&#227;o fatais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> a longo prazo. Prescri&#231;&#227;o em tempo r&#225;pido tamb&#233;m pode ser marcadora de monitoramento adequado e tomadas de decis&#227;o &#225;geis na emerg&#234;ncia. Nesse sentido, explorar os gargalos no uso precoce de medica&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante, e pode revelar op&#231;&#245;es alternativas no sistema de cuidados dos pacientes com SCA. A maioria das evid&#234;ncias de fatores que influenciam o tempo para tratamento &#233; baseada em informa&#231;&#245;es sobre administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e, em pacientes com IAMCST, tratamento trombol&#237;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> ou procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em nosso estudo, um quarto dos pacientes com SCA que buscaram unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria n&#227;o receberam aspirina at&#233; serem transferidos ao hospital, embora aspirina estivesse dispon&#237;vel nessas unidades durante todo o per&#237;odo do estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A propor&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o-administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina nas unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foi mais alto em pacientes com SCA-SST do que em pacientes com IAMCST. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; a maior dificuldade em reconhecer e diagnosticar pacientes com SCA-SST, j&#225; que altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas podem ser ausentes ou inespec&#237;ficas. Por&#233;m, a administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina est&#225; indicada na suspeita de SCA em pacientes sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es, e n&#227;o requer confirma&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico. O aprimoramento do reconhecimento e tratamento precoce com aspirina em unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, juntamente com transporte seguro, pode ser ben&#233;fico aos pacientes. O potencial de tal estrat&#233;gia &#233; evidente, pois mesmo considerando-se que alguns dos pacientes com SCA que buscaram atendimento em unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria s&#243; receberam aspirina no hospital, a frequ&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de aspirina foi mais alta no grupo proveniente dessas unidades. Isso, consequentemente, aponta para uma oportunidade de aprimoramento, j&#225; que podemos especular que interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, buscando administra&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida de aspirina nessas unidades pode melhorar esses resultados. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao clopidogrel e &#224; heparina, essas medica&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o tipicamente dispon&#237;veis apenas em hospitais no contexto de nosso estudo, e apenas nos &#250;ltimos meses do nosso estudo uma unidade de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria teve acesso ao clopidogrel. Observamos maiores chances de receber clopidogrel e heparina em at&#233; 3 horas ap&#243;s a chegada em indiv&#237;duos que foram diretamente ao hospital. Por&#233;m, ao contr&#225;rio de aspirina e terapias de reperfus&#227;o, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer benef&#237;cio direto deste tratamento precoce, nem determinar se o aumento da disponibilidade de clopidogrel e heparina em unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria seria &#250;til ou custo-efetivo. Finalmente, observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-significativa no tratamento trombol&#237;tico mais r&#225;pido em pacientes com IAMCST que foram diretamente ao hospital. Tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar &#233; uma medida potencial para a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo para tratamento com esses agentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> mas ainda n&#227;o &#233; realidade amplamente difundida em nosso contexto. Embora nossos dados n&#227;o permitam conclus&#245;es definitivas, podemos especular que a disponibilidade de tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar poderia reduzir o tempo para tratamento com terapia trombol&#237;tica em indiv&#237;duos com IAMCST que v&#227;o a unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas fortalezas. Focamos no tratamento de SCA em hospitais comunit&#225;rios, o que &#233; um contexto usual,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> mas frequentemente sub-representrado em registros de SCA e/ou coortes p&#243;s SCA. Na verdade, alguns achados em nosso estudo, como frequ&#234;ncia de prescri&#231;&#227;o precoce de clopidogrel, s&#227;o, pelo menos parcialmente, explicadas pelas diferen&#231;as entre contextos de atendimento comunit&#225;rio e centros terci&#225;rios, destacando a import&#226;ncia desse artigo. Conseguimos recuperar informa&#231;&#245;es sobre tempo para tratamento da maioria da amostra. Isso incluiu n&#227;o apenas as frequ&#234;ncias de administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos durante o primeiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentado pela maioria dos estudos, mas tamb&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre as primeiras horas de tratamento. Esses dados podem refletir melhor as diferen&#231;as advindas da primeira unidade de contato. Esse estudo tamb&#233;m tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se de um estudo de um &#250;nico centro em um hospital comunit&#225;rio na maior cidade brasileira e suas unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria associadas. Devemos enfatizar que n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estender nossos resultados a qualquer contexto, e nossas conclus&#245;es podem ser cab&#237;veis apenas em contextos similares ao do presente estudo. Especificamente na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, algumas unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (como aquelas envolvidas no presente estudo) incluem um servi&#231;o chamado "Atendimento M&#233;dico Ambulatorial", que tem por objetivo oferecer acesso mais f&#225;cil a indiv&#237;duos com sintomas agudos. N&#227;o inclu&#237;mos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre contraindica&#231;&#245;es no presente estudo. Todavia, as frequ&#234;ncias de prescri&#231;&#227;o de aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina, durante o per&#237;odo do tratamento intra-hospitalar, chegaram a quase 100%, sendo improv&#225;vel que nossos resultados fossem diferentes se as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre contraindica&#231;&#245;es estivessem dispon&#237;veis. Ademais, assim como estudado por outros autores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> nosso foco era principalmente o tempo entre contato e tratamento, e n&#227;o avaliamos doses ou suspens&#227;o de medicamentos. Nosso objetivo no presente estudo foi avaliar se a unidade de primeiro contato influenciou a frequ&#234;ncia e tempo para tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Portanto, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir nem quantificar, diretamente dos resultados do estudo, o impacto do tempo para tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em eventos cardiovasculares maiores. Contudo, as principais diretrizes de tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> destacam a import&#226;ncia de reconhecimento e tratamentos r&#225;pidos como estrat&#233;gia para a redu&#231;&#227;o do maior risco de morte presente nas primeiras horas de um evento n&#227;o tratado de SCA. Neste contexto, o tempo para tratamento pode ser um bom marcador da qualidade do atendimento durante um evento de SCA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Participantes do estudo que primeiramente foram a unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tinham maior probabilidade de receber tratamento precoce com aspirina, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos participantes que foram diretamente ao hospital. Por&#233;m, quase um quarto dos participantes do estudo que foram primeiramente a uma unidade de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria n&#227;o recebeu aspirina at&#233; ser transferido ao hospital. Em nosso contexto, o aprimoramento de unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para realizarem tratamento precoce (que pode incluir protocolos e treinamento de equipe para garantir uso precoce de aspirina em pacientes sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es) e transporte seguro pode ser ben&#233;fico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rafael Caire de Oliveira dos Santos pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
