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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mDVz6YKhm7ThRzGDZ4gy84C</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004300299</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160139</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Atherosclerosis/Endothelium/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fragmented QRS for Risk Stratification in Patients Undergoing First Diagnostic Coronary Angiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eyuboglu</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ekinci</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Akif</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakoyun</surname>
            <given-names>Suleyman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>kucuk</surname>
            <given-names>Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senarslan</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Bahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Avrupa Medicine Center</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Avrupa Medicine Center - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Alfakalp Medicine Center</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Alfakalp Medicine Center - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kars Kafkas University Medical School</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kars Kafkas University Medical School - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Haydarpasa Training Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Gulhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of SIFA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, University of SIFA - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eylul University Hospital</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eylul University Hospital - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Addres: Mehmet Eyuboglu</bold>, 4025 sokak Camlik girisi, 38. Postal Code 35170, Izmir - Turkey. E-mail: <email>mhmtybgl@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Eyuboglu M, Ekinci MA, kucuk U; Acquisition of data: Eyuboglu M, Ekinci MA, Karakoyun S, kucuk U, Senarslan O, Akdeniz B; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Eyuboglu M, Ekinci MA, Karakoyun S, kucuk U, Senarslan O, Akdeniz B; Statistical analysis: Eyuboglu M, Karakoyun S, Senarslan O; Writing of the manuscript: Eyuboglu M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content Eyuboglu M, Karakoyun S, Akdeniz B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>299</fpage>
      <lpage>304</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Only a small proportion of patients referred for coronary angiography with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) have the diagnosis of obstructive CAD confirmed by the exam. For this reason, further strategies for risk stratification are necessary.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the relationship of the presence of fragmented QRS (fQRS) on admission electrocardiogram with angiographically detected CAD and CAD severity in patients without known vascular diseases and myocardial fibrosis, undergoing first diagnostic coronary angiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We enrolled 336 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography for suspected CAD. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of fQRS on admission. We compared the groups regarding the presence and severity of CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Seventy-nine (23.5%) patients had fQRS on admission. There was not a statistically significant difference between patients with fQRS (41.8%) and non-fQRS (30.4%), regarding the presence of CAD (p = 0.059). However, there was a statistically significant difference between patients with fQRS and non-fQRS regarding the presence of stenotic CAD (40.5% vs. 10.5%, p&lt;0.001) and multi vessel disease (25,3% vs. 5.1%, p&lt;0.001). The frequency of fQRS was significantly higher in patients with SYNTAX score &gt;22 compared to patients with SYNTAX score &#8804;22.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our findings suggest that fQRS may be an indicator of early-stage myocardial damage preceding the appearance of fibrosis and scar, and may be used for risk stratification in patients undergoing first diagnostic coronary angiography</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Fragmented QRS</kwd>
        <kwd>SYNTAX score</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) is an easy-to evaluate electrocardiographic finding. It is defined as a QRS with a duration &lt;120 ms, with notched R or S waves, without accompanying typical bundle branch block or additional wave such as RSR' pattern in two contiguous leads in one of the major coronary artery territories in the original QRS complex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The presence of fQRS on electrocardiography (ECG) is a sign of delay in ventricular conduction, associated with myocardial scarring, ischemia, and fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> fQRS is an independent predictor of impaired myocardial perfusion, left ventricular dilatation and decreased ejection fraction in patients with ischemic heart disease, and is strongly correlated with adverse outcomes, arrhythmia and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Coronary angiography is the best modality to detect the presence and severity of CAD and define the coronary anatomy in patients with suspicious CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, as it is an invasive procedure and not free from complications, it should be reasonably performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Only a small proportion of patients referred for coronary angiography with suspected CAD have the diagnosis of obstructive CAD confirmed by coronary angiography,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> suggesting that better risk stratification strategies are necessary. Significance of fQRS in patients without known vascular diseases and apparent myocardial fibrosis is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between fQRS complex on admission ECG and angiographically detected CAD, stenotic CAD, and CAD severity in patients without known vascular diseases undergoing first diagnostic coronary angiography.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>A total of 439 consecutive patients with a suspicion of CAD who underwent first diagnostic coronary angiography were enrolled. All patients had a suspicious or positive treadmill test or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Patients with diabetes mellitus (n = 44), family history of CAD (n = 11), coronary slow flow (n=6), chronic inflammatory diseases or elevated C-reactive protein levels (n = 11), chronic kidney disease (n = 9), evidence of left ventricle hypertrophy (n = 6), known vascular disease (n=4), moderate to severe valvular heart disease (n = 4), complete or incomplete bundle-branch block and QRS duration &#8805; 120 ms (n = 8) were excluded. As a result, 336 patients were included into the study. Demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and laboratory parameters were recorded on admission. Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting plasma glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL or blood glucose &#8805; 200 mg/dL at any time or treatment with antidiabetic medications. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure &gt;140/90 mmHg or treatment with antihypertensive drugs. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of fQRS on admission.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the local ethics committee and study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiography</title>
        <p>Twelve-lead surface ECG was obtained from all patients. All ECGs were analyzed blindly by two independent cardiologists. In case of disagreement, the final decision on the presence of fQRS was achieved by mutual agreement. The fQRS was defined as a QRS with various RSR' patterns or notched R or S waves, with a duration of &lt; 120 ms, in the absence of bundle branch block in two contiguous leads corresponding to a major coronary artery territory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Electrocardiogram of a patient with fragmented QRS</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0299-60139-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronary angiography and SYNTAX score (SXscore)</title>
        <p>Coronary angiography was performed by femoral or radial approach using the standard Judkins technique. Digital angiographic images were evaluated by two independent interventional cardiologists. Diameter stenosis &#8805; 50% in the left main coronary artery and &#8805; 70% in the other epicardial coronary arteries was accepted as critical stenosis. CAD was defined as presence of stenotic or non-stenotic atherosclerotic lesions in any coronary arteries. The number of vessels with critical luminal stenosis in coronary arteries was categorized as one or multi vessel disease (MVD). Additionally, SYNTAX score (SXscore) was used to define the extent, complexity and severity of CAD. SXscore has been developed based on angiographic characteristics, and specific functional and anatomical parameters of the atherosclerotic lesions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The SXscore was calculated for all coronary lesions causing &gt; 50% diameter stenosis in a vessel &gt; 1.5 mm, based on the SXscore calculator (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.syntaxscore.com/">www.syntaxscore.com</ext-link>). An SXscore &gt; 22 was defined as intermediate-high and SXScore &#8804; 22 was defined as a low SXscore. All angiographic variables were calculated by two experienced interventional cardiologists who were totally blinded to the study. If there was any controversy, the final decision was made by consensus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All data were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 version (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Numerical variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD, whereas categorical variables were expressed as percentage values. Comparisons between groups were made by using the analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis or Chi-square tests, as appropriate. Continuous variables were compared between the groups with Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. A 2-sided p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant in all analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The mean age of patients was 50.9 &#177; 3.5 years and 61.9% of patients were male. The baseline clinical and laboratory parameters of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. On electrocardiographic evaluation, 79 (23.5%) patients had fQRS. There was no significant difference between fQRS and non-fQRS patient groups regarding age, gender, hypertension and smoking. As a result of coronary angiography, 111 patients (33%) had CAD - 34 patients had left anterior descending artery (LAD) lesions, 24 left circumflex artery (LCX) lesions and 20 right coronary artery (RCA) lesions - 59 patients (17.6%) had stenotic CAD and 33 (9.8%) patients had MVD. There was not a statistically significant difference between patients with fQRS (41,8%) and without fQRS (30,4%), regarding presence of CAD (p = 0.059). However, there was a statistically significant difference between patients with and without fQRS regarding the presence of stenotic CAD and MVD (40.5% vs. 10.5%, p &lt; 0.001 and 25.3% vs. 5.1%, p &lt; 0.001, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline clinical and laboratory parameters of study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">Variables</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">50.9 &#177; 3.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender, Male,%</td>
              <td align="center">61.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension,%</td>
              <td align="center">26.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking,%</td>
              <td align="center">30.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fragmented QRS,%</td>
              <td align="center">23.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>CAD</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAD, %</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LCX,%</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RCA,%</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MVD,%</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stenotic CAD,%</td>
              <td align="center">17.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Syntax Score, median</td>
              <td align="center">18 &#177; 7.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL,mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">117 &#177; 28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG,mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">155 &#177; 46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL,mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">39 &#177; 8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose</td>
              <td align="center">89 &#177; 11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinin</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WBC</td>
              <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 2.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">13 &#177; 2.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">61 &#177; 4.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCX: left circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery; MVD: multivessel disease; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; WBC: white blood cell counts; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with and without fragmented QRS</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Fragmented QRS<break/>(n = 79)</th>
              <th align="center">Non-fragmented QRS<break/>(n = 257)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age,years</td>
              <td align="center">51.4 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.408</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender, Male,%</td>
              <td align="center">59.5</td>
              <td align="center">62.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.614</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension,%</td>
              <td align="center">30.4</td>
              <td align="center">25.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.970</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking,%</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">27.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.079</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD,%</td>
              <td align="center">41.8</td>
              <td align="center">30.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.059</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MVD,%</td>
              <td align="center">25.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stenotic CAD,%</td>
              <td align="center">40.5</td>
              <td align="center">10.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL,mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">125 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">0.089</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG,mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">161 &#177; 43</td>
              <td align="center">156 &#177; 46</td>
              <td align="center">0.124</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL,mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">39.1 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">39.2 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">0.979</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose</td>
              <td align="center">91 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">89 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">0.195</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinin</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.127</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WBC</td>
              <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.474</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">13 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.635</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">59.3 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">60.7 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.070</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>
              <italic>CAD: coronary artery diseas; MVD: multivessel disease; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; WBC: white blood cell counts; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the subgroup analysis, we divided the patients into two groups according to SXscore. The median SXscore value of the study group was 18&#177;7.1; 43 patients (72.9%) were in group 1 (SXscore &#8804; 22) and 16 patients (27.1%) were in group 2 (SXscore &gt; 22). Hypertension was more frequent in group 2 (66.7%) than in group 1 (26.8%) (p = 0.004), and there was a significant difference between groups regarding LDL (113 &#177; 29 vs. 131 &#177; 32, p = 0.039). The incidence of fQRS was significantly higher in group 2 (94.4%) than in group 1 (36.6%) (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of patients with and without MVD between group 1 (41.5% and 58.5%) and group 2 (88.9% and 11.1%) p=0.001, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline clinical and laboratory parameters of patients according to Syntax Score</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Syntax Score &#8804; 22<break/>(n = 43)</th>
              <th align="center">Syntax Score &gt; 22<break/>(n = 16)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age,years</td>
              <td align="center">55 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">56 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.813</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender, Male,%</td>
              <td align="center">82.9</td>
              <td align="center">88.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.558</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension,%</td>
              <td align="center">26.8</td>
              <td align="center">66.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking,%</td>
              <td align="center">36.6</td>
              <td align="center">44.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.569</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Syntax Score,median</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 5.8</td>
              <td align="center">24 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fragmented QRS,%</td>
              <td align="center">36.6</td>
              <td align="center">94.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MVD,%</td>
              <td align="center">41.5</td>
              <td align="center">88.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL,mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 29</td>
              <td align="center">131 &#177; 32</td>
              <td align="center">0.039</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG,mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">158 &#177; 42</td>
              <td align="center">171 &#177; 50</td>
              <td align="center">0.309</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL,mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">39 &#177; 7.5</td>
              <td align="center">37 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">0.356</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose</td>
              <td align="center">91 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">98 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">0.076</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinin</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.370</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WBC</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.818</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">13.4&#177;2.2</td>
              <td align="center">13.1&#177;2.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.710</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">59.7&#177;5.8</td>
              <td align="center">57.6&#177;6.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.230</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>
              <italic>MVD: multivessel disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, TG: triglyceride, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, WBC: white blood cell counts, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of our study was that the presence of fQRS on admission ECG was associated with higher frequency of CAD, stenotic CAD, MVD and higher SXscore in patients undergoing first diagnostic coronary angiography. fQRS is a sign of myocardial scar and it is a predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes, CAD, structural heart diseases and arrhythmogenic syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, the predictive value of fQRS in terms of risk stratification is not well described in patients who are without evidence of myocardial scarring and undergo first coronary angiography due to a suspicion of CAD. We found that the incidence of fQRS was 23.5% in our study population. This finding is similar to a recently published study which investigated the incidence and prognostic value of fQRS in 10,904 middle-aged subjects with and without known cardiac diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The investigators found an incidence of 19.7% of fQRS, which was not associated with increased mortality in individuals without known cardiac diseases, and hence, the importance of fQRS in these patients remains a challenge. Our study included middle age subjects with normal left ventricular ejection fraction, and all factors that could be associated with myocardial fibrosis, including vascular disease, as well as systemic or inflammatory diseases were excluded. Besides, we did not include patients with diabetes, and the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors was low in the study group. Also, 42.2% of them did not have positive stress test.</p>
      <p>Coronary angiography is widely used and is the gold standard for detecting CAD. Despite advances in the techniques used to perform coronary angiography, complications associated with invasive procedures are still a challenge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Furthermore, most of the patients undergoing coronary angiography have normal angiograms or non-obstructive CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Hence, further risk stratification strategies are necessary, in particular, in patients undergoing first diagnostic coronary angiography. In our study, the frequency of CAD was higher in patients with fQRS on surface ECG, and fQRS was significantly associated with higher incidence of stenotic CAD and severe CAD. These findings suggest that fQRS may be used in risk stratification in patients undergoing first diagnostic coronary angiography. fQRS is a sign of myocardial scar and ventricular conduction delay in various conditions besides CAD. It is also a sign of electrical dyssynchrony in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and a narrow QRS interval.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Additionally, in the absence of CAD, left ventricular hypertrophy and increased left ventricle mass are associated with higher frequency of fQRS in patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Therefore, in our study, in addition to vascular diseases, we excluded patients with lower ejection fraction, moderate to severe valvular diseases and evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy to identify the exact predictive value of fQRS in terms of presence of CAD and CAD severity.</p>
      <p>SXscore is a scoring system for angiographic anatomy that quantifies the complexity and severity of CAD, and indicates adverse outcomes in patients with CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> It has been demonstrated that fQRS on admission ECG was associated with higher SXscore in patients with acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> However, this finding had not been confirmed in patients undergoing coronary angiography for the diagnosis of CAD. Hence, we found that the frequency of fQRS was significantly higher in patients with intermediate to high SXscore (SXscore &gt; 22) compared with patients with low SXscore (SXscore &#8804; 22) in our study population.</p>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to include such a low risk study population to investigate the relationship between fQRS and angiographic findings. Despite excluding various factors that may be associated with apparent fibrosis or scar, we found that fQRS is a predictor of the presence of CAD, and obstructive and severe CAD. Therefore, fQRS may be an indicator of early-stage myocardial damage before the appearance of fibrosis and scar.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study has some limitations. First, the study population was relatively small that could reduce statistical power. Second, we did not perform subgroup analyses based on the localization and number of leads with fQRS. However, the main goal of the present study was to investigate the association between fQRS and the presence of CAD and CAD severity, and we were able to demonstrate a significant association between fQRS and obstructive and severe CAD in our study population.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The presence of a narrow fQRS on admission ECG is significantly associated with stenotic CAD and higher SXscore in patients undergoing first diagnostic coronary angiography. Also, fQRS seems to be an indicator of obstructive or non-obstructive CAD in these patients. fQRS is a simple, easy detectable ECG parameter, and our findings suggest that it can be used for risk stratification in patients without evidence of vascular diseases or myocardial fibrosis and scar undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Aterosclerose/Endot&#233;lio/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>QRS Fragmentado para Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Primeira Angiografia Diagn&#243;stica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eyuboglu</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ekinci</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Akif</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakoyun</surname>
            <given-names>Suleyman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>kucuk</surname>
            <given-names>Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senarslan</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Bahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Avrupa Medicine Center - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Alfakalp Medicine Center - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Kars Kafkas University Medical School - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, University of SIFA - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eylul University Hospital - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mehmet Eyuboglu</bold>, 4025 sokak Camlik girisi, 38. Postal Code 35170, Izmir - Turquia. E-mail: <email>mhmtybgl@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Eyuboglu M, Ekinci MA, kucuk U; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Eyuboglu M, Ekinci MA, Karakoyun S, kucuk U, Senarslan O, Akdeniz B; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Eyuboglu M, Ekinci MA, Karakoyun S, kucuk U, Senarslan O, Akdeniz B; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Eyuboglu M, Karakoyun S, Senarslan O; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Eyuboglu M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Eyuboglu M, Karakoyun S, Akdeniz B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Somente uma pequena propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), encaminhados para realizarem angiografia coron&#225;ria, tem o diagn&#243;stico de DAC obstrutiva confirmado pelo exame. Por isso, outras estrat&#233;gias de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de QRS fragmentado (QRSf) no eletrocardiograma na admiss&#227;o com DAC detectada por angiografia e gravidade da DAC em pacientes sem diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as vasculares, ou fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, submetidos &#224; primeira angiografia coron&#225;ria de diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Recrutamos 336 pacientes consecutivos que se submeteram &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria por suspeita de DAC. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de QRSf na admiss&#227;o. N&#243;s comparamos os grupos quanto &#224; presen&#231;a e gravidade de DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Setenta e nove (23,5%) pacientes apresentaram QRSf na admiss&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre pacientes com QRSf (41.8%) e sem QRSf (30,4%) (p = 0,059) quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC. No entanto, houve uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre pacientes com e sem QRSf quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC (40.5% vs. 10.5%, p &lt; 0,001) e de doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos (25,3% vs. 5,1%, p &lt; 0,001). A frequ&#234;ncia de QRSf foi significativamente maior em pacientes com escore SYNTAX &gt; 22 em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com escore SYNTAX &#8804; 22.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossos achados sugerem que o QRSf pode ser um indicador de danos iniciais no mioc&#225;rdio antecedendo o aparecimento de fibrose e cicatriza&#231;&#227;o, e pode ser usado para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes submetidos &#224; primeira angiografia coron&#225;ria de diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas / fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O complexo QRS fragmentado (QRSf) &#233; um achado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de f&#225;cil avalia&#231;&#227;o. &#201; definido como um QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 120 ms, com ondas R ou S com entalhes (formato de "M"), sem bloqueio de ramo t&#237;pico ou onda adicional, tal como padr&#227;o RSR', em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas em uma das principais &#225;reas irrigadas pela art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no complexo QRS original.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A presen&#231;a de QRSf no eletrocardiograma &#233; um sinal de lentid&#227;o na condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular, associada &#224; presen&#231;a de cicatriz, isquemia e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O QRSf &#233; um preditor independente de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica insuficiente, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, e est&#225; fortemente correlacionado com eventos adversos, arritmia e mortalidade em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria &#233; o melhor m&#233;todo para detectar a presen&#231;a e a gravidade de DAC, e definir a anatomia coronariana em pacientes com suspeita de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, por se tratar de um procedimento invasivo, que n&#227;o est&#225; livre de complica&#231;&#245;es, deve ser realizado com crit&#233;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Somente uma pequena propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com suspeita de DAC encaminhados para realizar o exame tem o diagn&#243;stico de DAC obstrutiva confirmado por angiografia coron&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> sugerindo a necessidade de melhores estrat&#233;gias de estratifica&#231;&#227;o. A import&#226;ncia do QRSf em pacientes sem doen&#231;as vasculares e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica aparente n&#227;o &#233; conhecida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre complexo QRSf no ECG obtido &#224; admiss&#227;o e DAC detectada por angiografia, DAC com estenose, e gravidade da DAC em pacientes sem doen&#231;as vasculares submetidos &#224; primeira angiografia coron&#225;ria diagn&#243;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Um total de 439 pacientes com suspeita de DAC, que se submeteram &#224; primeira angiografia coron&#225;ria, foi recrutado. Todos os pacientes tiveram resultado suspeito ou positivo no teste de esfor&#231;o ou na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com diabetes mellitus (n = 44), hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC (n = 11), fluxo coronariano lento (n = 6), doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas ou n&#237;veis elevados de prote&#237;na C-reativa (n = 11), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (n = 9), evid&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (n = 6), doen&#231;a vascular (n = 4), doen&#231;a das valvas card&#237;acas moderada a grave (n = 4), bloqueio de ramo completo ou incompleto com QRS &#8805; 120 ms (n = 8). Consequentemente, 336 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco cardiovasculares e par&#226;metros laboratoriais foram registrados na admiss&#227;o. Diabetes mellitus foi definido como n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de glicose &#8805; 126 mg/dL em jejum ou &#8805; 200 mg/dL em qualquer hora do dia, ou tratamento com hipoglicemiantes. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea &gt; 140/90 mmHg ou tratamento com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de QRSf na admiss&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local, e o protocolo do estudo estava em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
          <p>ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi obtida de todos os pacientes. Todos os exames foram analisados de modo cego por dois cardiologistas independentes. Em caso de discord&#226;ncia, a decis&#227;o final sobre a presen&#231;a de QRSf foi feita em comum acordo. O QRSf foi definido como um QRS com v&#225;rios padr&#245;es RSR' ou ondas R ou S com entalhes (formato de "M"), com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 120 ms, na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas de uma &#225;rea irrigada pela art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Eletrocardiograma de um paciente com QRS fragmentado.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-04-0299-60139-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria e escore SYNTAX (escore SX)</title>
          <p>Angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizada por acesso femoral ou radial, pela t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins. Imagens digitais angiogr&#225;ficas foram avaliadas por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas independentes. Estenose &#8805; 50% do di&#226;metro na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e &#8805; 70% nas demais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas foram consideradas como estenose cr&#237;tica. DAC foi definida como presen&#231;a de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas esten&#243;ticas e n&#227;o esten&#243;ticas em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. O n&#250;mero de vasos com estenose luminal cr&#237;tica nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foi categorizada como "um" ou como "doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos" (DMV). Al&#233;m disso, o escore SX foi utilizado para definir a extens&#227;o, complexidade e gravidade da DAC. O escore SX foi desenvolvido com base nas caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, e par&#226;metros funcionais e anat&#244;micos espec&#237;ficos das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O escore SX foi calculado para todas as les&#245;es coronarianas respons&#225;veis por estenose &gt; 50% do di&#226;metro em um vaso &gt; 1,5 mm, com base no calculador de escore SX (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.syntaxscore.com/">www.syntaxscore.com</ext-link>). Um escore SX &gt; 22 foi definido como intermedi&#225;rio-alto, e um escore SX &lt; 22 como um escore SX baixo. Todas as vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas foram calculadas completamente &#224;s cegas por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes. Se houvesse alguma controv&#233;rsia, a decis&#227;o final foi realizada por consenso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados foram analisados usando o SPSS, vers&#227;o 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em porcentagem. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos foram realizadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, teste de Kruskal-Wallis ou qui-quadrado, conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas entre os grupos pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou teste U de Mann-Whitney. Valor de p bilateral &lt; 0,05 foi considerado como significativo em todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 50,9 &#177; 3,5 anos, e 61,9% dos pacientes eram homens. Os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais basais dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, 79 (23,5%) pacientes apresentaram QRSf. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes com QRSf e sem QRSf quanto &#224; idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o e tabagismo. Como resultado da angiografia coron&#225;ria, 111 pacientes (33%) apresentavam DAC - 34 pacientes apresentavam les&#245;es na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE), 24 na art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda (CXE), e 20 na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) - 59 pacientes (17,6%) apresentavam DAC com estenose, e 33 (9,8%) apresentavam DMV. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre pacientes com QRSf (41,8%) e sem QRSf (30,4%) quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC (p = 0,059). No entanto, houve uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre pacientes com e sem QRSf quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC com estenose e DMV (40,5% vs. 10,5%, p &lt; 0,001 e 25,3% vs. 5,1%, p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">50,9 &#177; 3,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino %</td>
                <td align="center">61,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o%</td>
                <td align="center">26,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo%</td>
                <td align="center">30,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QRS fragmentado%</td>
                <td align="center">23,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>DAC</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAE, %</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CXE,%</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACD,%</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DMV%</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC com estenose %</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore Syntax, mediana</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 7,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL,mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">117 &#177; 28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG,mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">155 &#177; 46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL,mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">89 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CL</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 2,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 4,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; CXE: art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; DMV: doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; CL: contagem de leuc&#243;citos; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais basais dos pacientes com QRS fragmentado e sem QRS fragmentado</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Com QRS fragmentado<break/>(n = 79)</th>
                <th align="center">Sem QRS fragmentado<break/>(n = 257)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">51,4 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,408</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino %</td>
                <td align="center">59,5</td>
                <td align="center">62,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o%</td>
                <td align="center">30,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,970</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo%</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">27,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC%</td>
                <td align="center">41,8</td>
                <td align="center">30,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DMV%</td>
                <td align="center">25,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC com estenose%</td>
                <td align="center">40,5</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL,mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">125 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG,mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">161 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center">156 &#177; 46</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL,mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">39,1 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">39,2 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,979</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">89 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,195</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CL</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,474</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,635</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">59,3 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">60,7 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>
                <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DMV: doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; CL: contagem de leuc&#243;citos; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise por subgrupos, n&#243;s dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos segundo o escore SX. O escore SX mediano dos pacientes foi 18 &#177; 7,1; 43 pacientes (72,9%) foram alocados no grupo 1 (escore SX &#8804; 22) e 16 pacientes (27,1%) no grupo 2 (escore SX &gt; 22). Hipertens&#227;o foi mais frequente no grupo 2 (66,7%) que no grupo 1 (26,8%) (p = 0,004), e houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto aos n&#237;veis de LDL (113 &#177; 29 vs. 131 &#177; 32, p = 0,039). A presen&#231;a de QRSf foi significativamente maior em pacientes com escore SX &gt; 22 (grupo 2) (94,4%) que no grupo 1 (36,6%) (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Observou-se uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes com e sem DMV entre o grupo 1 (41,5% e 58,5%) e o grupo 2 (88,9% e 11,1%, respectivamente) (p = 0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais basais dos pacientes segundo o escore SYNTAX</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Escore syntax &#8804; 22<break/>(n = 43)</th>
                <th align="center">Escore syntax &gt; 22<break/>(n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,813</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino %</td>
                <td align="center">82,9</td>
                <td align="center">88,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,558</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o%</td>
                <td align="center">26,8</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo%</td>
                <td align="center">36,6</td>
                <td align="center">44,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,569</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore Syntax, mediana</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QRS fragmentado%</td>
                <td align="center">36,6</td>
                <td align="center">94,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DMV,%</td>
                <td align="center">41,5</td>
                <td align="center">88,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL,mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG,mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">158 &#177; 42</td>
                <td align="center">171 &#177; 50</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL,mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">98 &#177;1 4</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,370</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CL</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,818</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,710</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">59,7 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">57,6 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,230</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>
                <italic>DMV: doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; CL: contagem de leuc&#243;citos; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado de nosso estudo foi que a presen&#231;a de QRSf no ECG de admiss&#227;o associou-se com maior frequ&#234;ncia de DAC, DAC com estenose, DMV e escore SX mais elevado em pacientes que se submeteram &#224; primeira angiografia coronariana diagn&#243;stica. O QRSf &#233; um sinal de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica, e um preditor de eventos adversos em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, DAC, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais e s&#237;ndromes arritmog&#234;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Contudo, o valor preditivo do QRSf em termos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o est&#225; bem descrito em pacientes sem evid&#234;ncia de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e que se submetem &#224; primeira angiografia coron&#225;ria por suspeita de DAC. Encontramos uma incid&#234;ncia de 23,5% de QRSf na popula&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo. Tal resultado &#233; similar a um estudo recentemente publicado que investigou a incid&#234;ncia e o valor progn&#243;stico do QRSf em 10 904 indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade com diagn&#243;stico sem diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os pesquisadores encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia de 19,7% de QRSf, o qual n&#227;o estava associado &#224; maior mortalidade nos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o apresentavam doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Assim, a import&#226;ncia do QRSf nesses indiv&#237;duos continua um desafio. Nosso estudo incluiu indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal, e todos os fatores que poderiam estar associados com fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio, incluindo doen&#231;as vasculares, bem como doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas ou inflamat&#243;rias foram exclu&#237;das. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes diab&#233;ticos, e a incid&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular no grupo estudado foi baixo. Ainda, 42,2% desses n&#227;o apresentaram resultado positivo no teste de esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria &#233; amplamente utilizada, e &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC. Apesar dos avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas usadas para realizar a angiografia coron&#225;ria, as complica&#231;&#245;es associadas aos procedimentos invasivos continuam um desafio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos pacientes que se submetem &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria apresentam resultados normais ou DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Desse modo, outras estrat&#233;gias de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco s&#227;o necess&#225;rias, em particular em pacientes submetidos &#224; primeira angiografia coron&#225;ria de diagn&#243;stico. Em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a de DAC foi maior em pacientes com QRSf no ECG de superf&#237;cie, e QRSf esteve significativamente associado com maior incid&#234;ncia de DAC com estenose e DAC grave. Esses resultados sugerem que QRSf pode ser usado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes submetidos &#224; primeira angiografia coron&#225;ria diagn&#243;stica. QRSf &#233; um sinal de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e retardo na condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es al&#233;m da DAC. &#201; ainda sinal de assincronia el&#233;trica em pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e QRS estreito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Al&#233;m disso, na aus&#234;ncia de DAC, a hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e massa ventricular esquerda aumentada est&#227;o associados com maior frequ&#234;ncia de QRSf em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Portanto, em nosso estudo, al&#233;m de doen&#231;as vasculares, exclu&#237;mos tamb&#233;m pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, doen&#231;as valvares moderadas a graves, e evid&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda para identificar o exato valor preditivo do QRSf para presen&#231;a e gravidade da DAC.</p>
        <p>O escore SX &#233; um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o para anatomia angiogr&#225;fica que quantifica a complexidade e a gravidade da DAC, e indica eventos adversos em pacientes com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Foi demonstrado que a presen&#231;a de QRSf no ECG na admiss&#227;o esteve associado com maiores escores SX em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> No entanto, esse achado ainda n&#227;o foi confirmado em pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC. Assim, n&#243;s encontramos que a frequ&#234;ncia de QRSf foi significativamente maior em pacientes com escore SX intermedi&#225;rio a alto (escore SX &gt; 22), em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com score SX baixo (escore SX &#8804; 22) na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        <p>E nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a incluir uma popula&#231;&#227;o de t&#227;o baixo risco para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre QRSf e achados angiogr&#225;ficos. Mesmo excluindo v&#225;rios fatores que pudessem estar associados com fibrose ou cicatriza&#231;&#227;o, n&#243;s detectamos que a presen&#231;a de QRSf &#233; um preditor da presen&#231;a de DAC, e DAC obstrutiva e DAC grave. Assim, QRSf parece ser um indicador de danos iniciais no mioc&#225;rdio, antes do aparecimento de fibrose e cicatriza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada era relativamente pequena, que poderia reduzir o poder estat&#237;stico. Segundo, n&#243;s n&#227;o realizamos an&#225;lises de subgrupos baseados na localiza&#231;&#227;o e n&#250;mero de deriva&#231;&#245;es com QRSf. No entanto, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de QRSf e a presen&#231;a e gravidade de DAC, e conseguimos demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre QRSf e DAC obstrutiva e grave na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de um QRSf estreito no ECG na admiss&#227;o est&#225; significativamente associada a DAC com estenose e escores SX elevados em pacientes submetidos &#224; primeira angiografia coron&#225;ria de diagn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, QRSf parece ser um indicador de DAC obstrutiva ou n&#227;o-obstrutiva nesses pacientes. QRSf &#233; um par&#226;metro simples e facilmente detect&#225;vel no ECG, e nossos resultados sugerem que ele possa ser usado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as vasculares, ou de fibrose e cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria de diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
