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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cq7YYBCc7brX4PxXHz3xrHQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004200279</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160126</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Complicated Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm Initially Diagnosed as Atrial Myxoma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Plens</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicz</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Felipe Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Louren&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Renner Augusto Raposo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafael Plens Teixeira</bold>, INCOR - UNVAL - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rafaelplens@cardiol.br</email>, <email>rafaelplens@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>279</fpage>
      <lpage>281</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Aneurysm / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Sinus of Valsalva</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Transesophageal</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial myxoma and sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (SVA) are rare conditions and possibly underdiagnosed in clinical practice. We report an unusual presentation of a left SVA after an episode of infective endocarditis (IE). The SVA extrinsically compressed the left main coronary artery (LMCA), which was initially diagnosed as a left atrial myxoma.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>Male patient, 51 years old, was referred to our clinic for evaluation of aortic and mitral valve dysfunction after an IE by <italic>Streptococcus viridans,</italic> which was medically treated. The patient did not have any personal history and his only symptom was dyspnea on exertion. Physical examination and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) were consistent with significant aortic and mitral regurgitation, and the TTE disclosed an image suggestive of a left atrial myxoma measuring 6.2 x 3.7 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) and a posterior eccentric mitral regurgitation jet.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transthoracic Echocardiography with image suggestive of left atrial myxoma. LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0279-60126-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Therefore, surgical procedure for aortic and mitral valve replacement was indicated, as well as for removal of the myxoma. Preoperative tests were performed, including cardiac catheterization, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR).</p>
      <p>The catheterization showed important extrinsic compression of the LMCA by a left SVA that had gone undetected. Both the TEE and the CMR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) suggested that this aneurysm was filled with thrombus. Biventricular dysfunction, moderate thickening of the aortic and mitral valves and presence of a hyperechoic image in the anterior mitral leaflet were also observed.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance showing the presence of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm filled with thrombus. RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0279-60126-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Therefore, the hypothesis of atrial myxoma was ruled out.</p>
      <p>The surgery consisted in a safety graft of a saphenous vein graft bypass to the anterior descending artery; the removal of 180 g of aneurysm thrombus; and its occlusion using a bovine pericardium patch. Moreover, 50 g of thrombus adjacent to the anterior mitral leaflet were also removed, where a sinus of Valsalva fistula was found and closed. Finally, mitral and aortic valve replacement was performed, using bioprostheses. According to the subsequently performed histological examination, the previous findings were all suggestive of IE sequel.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>SVA are usually congenital and more frequent in the right sinus (65 to 85%), followed by non-coronary ones (10 to 30%) and those located in the left sinus (&lt; 5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> According to some researchers, left sinus aneurysms are most frequently acquired and can be caused by atherosclerosis or be the sequelae of diseases such as syphilis or IE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> These aneurysms can rupture and become life-threatening. The rupture usually occurs into the heart chamber adjacent to the affected sinus. Its most common complications are aortic regurgitation and ventricular septal defect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> LMCA stenosis can also occur due to extrinsic compression. In this case, both LMCA compression and rupture (fistula) occurred.</p>
      <p>Because of the close association between the thrombus and the left atrium, the SVA was initially diagnosed as a myxoma.</p>
      <p>The urgent surgical repair is recommended in patients with SVA rupture, especially in the event of intracardiac shunts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> For the other types of SVA, surgical repair is generally recommended due to progressive association with poor prognosis. Surgery has satisfactory results and low morbidity and mortality related to the procedure (2%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our case, the delay in attaining the correct diagnosis may have exposed the patient to a greater risk for complications.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Transesophageal Echocardiography should not be used alone for the detection of post-endocarditis complications. Unusual complications might go undetected. Transesophageal Echocardiography is mandatory and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance may be of great usefullness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aneurisma Complicado do Seio de Valsalva Inicialmente Diagnosticado como Mixoma Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Plens</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicz</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Felipe Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Louren&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Renner Augusto Raposo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafael Plens Teixeira</bold>, INCOR - UNVAL - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rafaelplens@cardiol.br</email>, <email>rafaelplens@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aneurisma A&#243;rtico / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Seio A&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Mixomas atriais e aneurismas do seio de valsalva (ASV) s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es raras e possivelmente subdiagnosticadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Relatamos uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o incomum de um ASV esquerdo ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de endocardite infecciosa (EI). O ASV comprimia extrinsecamente o tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), tendo sido inicialmente diagnosticado como um mixoma atrial esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Homem de 51 anos de idade encaminhado ao nosso servi&#231;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica e mitral ap&#243;s uma EI por <italic>Streptococcus viridans</italic> tratada clinicamente. O paciente n&#227;o possu&#237;a nenhum antecedente pessoal e seu &#250;nico sintoma era dispneia aos esfor&#231;os. O exame f&#237;sico e o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) eram compat&#237;veis com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica e mitral importantes, e o ETT mostrava uma imagem sugestiva de um mixoma atrial esquerdo de 6,2 x 3,7 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>) e um jato exc&#234;ntrico posterior de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com imagem sugestiva de mixoma atrial esquerdo. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0279-60126-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Desta forma, cirurgia de troca valvar a&#243;rtica e mitral foi indicada, assim como para a retirada do mixoma. Exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios foram realizados, incluindo cateterismo card&#237;aco, ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).</p>
        <p>O cateterismo mostrou importante compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE por um ASV esquerdo n&#227;o antes diagnosticado. Tanto no ETE como na RMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>), foi sugerido que tal aneurisma estava repleto de trombo. Al&#233;m disso, havia disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular, espessamento moderado das v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica e mitral, e presen&#231;a de uma imagem hiperec&#243;ica no folheto mitral anterior.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca mostrando a presen&#231;a de aneurisma do seio de valsalva preenchido com trombo. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0279-60126-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Assim sendo, a hip&#243;tese de mixoma atrial foi descartada.</p>
        <p>A cirurgia consistiu no enxertio de seguran&#231;a de uma ponte de safena para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior; na remo&#231;&#227;o de 180 g de trombo do aneurisma; e em sua oclus&#227;o com um remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino. Tamb&#233;m foram removidos 50 g de trombo adjacente ao folheto mitral anterior, no qual uma f&#237;stula para o seio de Valsalva foi encontrada e fechada. Por &#250;ltimo, houve troca valvar mitral e a&#243;rtica por biopr&#243;teses. De acordo com o exame histol&#243;gico realizado posteriormente, os achados anteriores eram todos sugestivos de sequela de EI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>ASV geralmente s&#227;o cong&#234;nitos e mais frequentes do seio direito (65 a 85%), seguidos pelo n&#227;o coronariano (10 a 30%) e pelo esquerdo (&lt; 5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> De acordo com alguns pesquisadores, aneurismas do seio esquerdo s&#227;o mais frequentemente adquiridos, podendo ser decorrentes de aterosclerose ou ainda sequela de doen&#231;as, como a s&#237;filis ou EI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Esses aneurismas podem se romper e ser uma amea&#231;a &#224; vida. Geralmente, a ruptura se d&#225; para a c&#226;mara card&#237;aca adjacente ao seio acometido. Suas complica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns s&#227;o insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica e defeito do septo ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer estenose do TCE, devido &#224; compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca. Neste caso, ocorreram tanto a compress&#227;o do TCE como o rompimento para a c&#226;mara adjacente (fistuliza&#231;&#227;o).</p>
        <p>Por causa da &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o entre o trombo e o &#225;trio esquerdo, o ASV foi inicialmente diagnosticado como um mixoma.</p>
        <p>O reparo cir&#250;rgico de urg&#234;ncia &#233; recomendado em pacientes com ruptura de ASV, especialmente na ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>shunts</italic> intracard&#237;acos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Para os demais ASV, o reparo cir&#250;rgico geralmente &#233; recomendado devido &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o progressiva com pior progn&#243;stico. A cirurgia apresenta resultados satisfat&#243;rios e baixa morbimortalidade relacionada ao procedimento (2%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso caso, o atraso no diagn&#243;stico correto pode ter exposto o paciente a um risco de complica&#231;&#245;es maior.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico pode ser insuficiente para a pesquisa de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-endocardite. Complica&#231;&#245;es incomuns podem n&#227;o ser reconhecidas. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico &#233; obrigat&#243;rio, no entanto a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pode ter grande utilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
