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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HSZGnkV4cfsd3gYhy6kBSpr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004200266</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005021102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160112</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship Between Neck Circumference and Epicardial Fat Thickness in a Healthy Male Population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#252;&#231;&#252;k</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#252;&#231;&#252;k</surname>
            <given-names>Hilal Olgun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#252;ce</surname>
            <given-names>Ferhat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balta</surname>
            <given-names>Sevket</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gulhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Haydarpasa Training Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">G&#252;lhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Surgery Center Training</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center Training and Research Hospital, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Army District Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul, Van Army District Hospital, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gulhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Radiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology, Van, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Department of Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">G&#252;lhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: U&#287;ur K&#252;&#231;&#252;k</bold>, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul,34668 - Turkey. E-mail: <email>drugurkucuk@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:K&#252;&#231;&#252;k U. Acquisition of data: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k U, C&#252;ce F. Statistical analysis: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k U. Writing of the manuscript:K&#252;&#231;&#252;k HO. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k HO, Balta S. Supervision / as the major investigador: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k HO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>9</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>266</fpage>
      <lpage>270</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Epicardial fat is an upper body visceral fat depot that may play a significant role in the development of adverse metabolic and cardiovascular risk profiles. There is a significant direct relationship between the amount of epicardial fat and general body adiposity (body mass index, BMI), but data regarding subcutaneous adiposity is limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We conducted a study to determine the association between neck circumference and epicardial fat thickness in healthy young male individuals, and assess their individual correlations with general body adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>One hundred consecutive male patients aged 18 years or older with no known major medical conditions were included in the study. All participants underwent detailed physical examination including measurement of blood pressure, weight, height, waist/hip ratio, and neck circumference. Blood was collected to determine fasting glucose and lipid parameters. A standard echocardiographic examination was performed with additional epicardial fat thickness determination.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Among 100 study participants, neck circumference correlated significantly with weight, waist circumference, BMI, blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, low-density (LDL)-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels. No significant correlation was found between neck circumference and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. Neck circumference correlated moderately and positively with echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Among patients with low cardiometabolic risk, increased neck circumference was associated with increased epicardial fat thickness.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Neck</kwd>
        <kwd>Intra-Abdominal Fat</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Glucose</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography / diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>During the past 20 years, numerous discoveries dramatically changed our view of the adipose tissue from a simple storage depot to an active endocrine organ. In addition to its major role in lipid and glucose metabolism, the adipose tissue participates in the signaling of systemic homeostasis. The two major types of adipose tissue are visceral fat, localized within the abdominal cavity and mediastinum, and subcutaneous fat, localized in the hypodermis.</p>
      <p>Neck circumference, a proxy for upper body subcutaneous fat, is a unique fat depot that confers additional cardiovascular risk above and beyond central body fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Epicardial fat is an upper body visceral fat depot that may play a significant role in the development of adverse metabolic and cardiovascular risk profiles. It modulates local functions of the coronary artery and is further implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, no studies have examined the association between neck circumference and epicardial fat. Thus, the goal of this analysis was to characterize the correlation between neck circumference and epicardial fat and answer the following specific question: is increased neck circumference associated with increased epicardial fat thickness in healthy male subjects with low cardiometabolic risk?</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <p>We recruited 100 consecutive male patients aged 18 years or older without known major medical conditions (<italic>e.g.</italic> , diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, or thyroid or malignant diseases) and not receiving prescription medication. All subjects had attended annual periodic health examinations between November 2013 and May 2013. The participants were informed about the study procedures and agreed to participate providing written informed consent.</p>
      <p>All measurements were performed by one investigator using the following standard techniques: weight, measured on a scale (Holtain, Wales) to the nearest 100 g with the participant wearing light clothing; height, measured with a portable stadiometer with the participant barefoot (Holtain, Wales) to the nearest 0.5 cm; and waist and hip circumferences, measured with weekly calibrated plastic tapes to the nearest 1 mm. The waist circumference was measured at the end of gentle expiration midway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest with the patient standing, while the hip circumference was measured at the greater trochanter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. Neck circumference was measured to 1-mm accuracy with a plastic tape in a standardized manner, horizontally above the cricothyroid cartilage, just below the laryngeal prominence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> All measurements were taken with the subjects standing upright, facing the investigator, and with shoulders relaxed.</p>
      <p>Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured twice in all participants by the same physician using a standard aneroid sphygmomanometer on the right arm of the seated subject. The mean value for blood pressure measurements was adopted. After a 12-hour fasting, blood samples were collected for analyses of blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. Epicardial fat was assessed via transthoracic echocardiography (ProSound 6, Hitachi-Aloka, Tokyo Japan). A standard echocardiographic examination was performed in all participants. Maximum epicardial fat thickness was measured from a two-dimensional long-axis view on the right ventricular free wall perpendicular to the aortic annulus or at a mid-chordal level from a parasternal short-axis view at the tip of the papillary muscle at end-systole. Average values of three cardiac cycles from each echocardiographic view were determined. Based on previous studies, the upper normal limit for epicardial fat thickness was determined as 7 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in addition to graphical methods (probability-probability plots and histograms). As both parameters were normally distributed, the correlation coefficients and their significance were calculated using Pearson test. Neck circumference and epicardial fat measurements were divided into five equal groups, and intraobserver variability was investigated using the Kappa test. A multiple regression model was used to identify independent predictors of epicardial fat thickness. The model fit was assessed using appropriate residual and goodness of fit statistics. A 5% type-I error level was used to infer statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The study sample consisted of 100 male individuals with a mean age of 26.0 &#177; 4.3 years. None of the patients had documented major comorbidities. The mean BMI of the participants was 24.9 &#177; 3.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and the mean neck circumference was 39.4 &#177; 2.39 cm (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). In correlation analysis among all subjects, neck circumference correlated significantly with weight, waist circumference, and BMI, and moderately with serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels. No significant correlation was found between neck circumference and HDL-cholesterol levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Neck circumference correlated moderately and positively with echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness. A matrix scatter plot in the Figure demonstrates a linear association between neck circumference, epicardial fat, BMI, and LDL-cholesterol. We used multiple regression analysis to test if the neck circumference predicted significantly the epicardial fat thickness. The results indicated that neck circumference, BMI, and LDL-cholesterol explained 79% of the variance (R2 = 0.799, F[3,13] = 17.2, p &lt; 0.01). We found that neck circumference significantly predicted epicardial fat thickness (&#946; = 0.879, p &lt; 0.001). We also observed a good intraobserver agreement for neck circumference and epicardial fat measurements (Kappa values = 0.723 and 0.715, respectively, p values = 0.574 and 0.974, respectively).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between neck circumference and clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Correlation coefficients</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Neck Circumference</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">R*</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altura, cm</td>
              <td align="center">175 &#177; 7.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.111</td>
              <td align="center">0.272</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
              <td align="center">76.7 &#177; 10.87</td>
              <td align="center">0.715</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">24.9 &#177; 3.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.673</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cintura, cm</td>
              <td align="center">90 &#177; 9.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.638</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Quadril, cm</td>
              <td align="center">103 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.191</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">183 &#177; 35.86</td>
              <td align="center">0.435</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">173 &#177; 54.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.338</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">83.9 &#177; 25.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.432</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 9.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.201</td>
              <td align="center">0.271</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gordura epic&#225;rdica, mm</td>
              <td align="center">2.98 &#177; 1.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.474</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; R: Pearson correlation coefficient</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>- Matrix scatterplot showing associations between neck circumference, epicardial fat, BMI, and LDL-cholesterol.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0266-60112-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study indicates a correlation between neck circumference and epicardial fat thickness, as well as between neck circumference and other anthropometric measures in healthy, nonobese male individuals. Neck circumference also showed a strong correlation with serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.</p>
      <p>The distribution of body adiposity is a stronger predictor of metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular risk than whole-body adiposity, which is measured with the BMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The wide use of the waist circumference relies on its correspondence to abdominal visceral fat, which is thought to have a major role in cardiometabolic risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Apart from waist circumference, other circumferences have also been evaluated as anthropometric indices, including neck, hip, thigh, arm, and calf circumferences. Among them, neck circumference is an alternative measure of upper body subcutaneous fat, which relates to cardiometabolic risk as much as abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Consistent with previous reports,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> this study showed that neck circumference correlated well with waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and BMI. Compared with waist circumference, neck circumference is easier to measure and has low intra- and interobserver variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the Framingham Heart Study, neck circumference was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors even after adjustment for VAT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Similarly, we have shown a positive correlation between neck circumference, serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels. Based on these findings, some authors have suggested the use of neck circumference as a tool for identification of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> These correlations transform further into the clinical picture with numerous data reporting associations between clinical/subclinical atherosclerosis and neck circumference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Epicardial fat is located on the surface of the heart especially around the epicardial coronary vessels. It is the true visceral fat depot of the heart. Under normal physiological conditions, epicardial fat has several putative functions: it protects the heart against excessively high circulating levels of fatty acids, acts as a local energy source at times of high demand channeling fatty acids to the myocardium, and buffers the coronary arteries against the torsion induced by the arterial pulse wave and cardiac contraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Epicardial fat is also a source of several proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines, as well as tumor necrosis factor-&#945;, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-6, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and angiotensinogen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Epicardial fat also produces antiinflammatory and antiatherogenic adipokines, such as adiponectin and adrenomedullin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In general, epicardial fat exerts a protective modulation of vascular function and energy partition in a healthy situation, but when expanded, it turns into an adverse lipotoxic, prothrombotic, and proinflammatory organ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Epicardial fat thickness can be visualized and measured with two-dimensional echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and/or computed tomography. On echocardiography, epicardial fat thickness clearly reflects visceral adiposity and increases with an increase in general adiposity. In hearts with markedly increased epicardial fat mass, epicardial fat thickness shows a highly significant correlation with body weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Autopsy studies, however, report a weak correlation between BMI and epicardial fat. Several autopsy studies have evaluated the correlation between epicardial fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Womack et al. reported a significant correlation between epicardial fat and the total amount of fat in the calf in both sexes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Besides all above mentioned associations between various subcutaneous fat tissues and epicardial fat, there is a paucity of studies relating neck circumference to epicardial fat as a proxy of upper body subcutaneous adiposity. This is the first study demonstrating a significant correlation between neck circumference and epicardial fat thickness.</p>
      <p>Considering that echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness correlates with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, coronary artery disease, and subclinical atherosclerosis, it might serve as a simple tool for cardiometabolic risk prediction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Substantial changes in echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness during weight loss may also suggest its use as a marker of therapeutic effect. However, the requirement of echocardiography to measure epicardial fat thickness limits its widespread use in clinical settings, whereas measurement of neck circumference is a simple, low cost, and informative tool that every healthcare provider can utilize in assessing cardiometabolic risk and estimating epicardial fat thickness.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Neck circumference was a reliable and feasible alternative measurement that correlated well with other anthropometric measurements and cardiometabolic parameters. It is also strongly associated with epicardial fat thickness. We suggest neck circumference measurement to be used to estimate epicardial fat thickness during daily clinic practice.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Since this study included only healthy young men, we are unable to determine if the results could be applied to other populations including women and individuals with metabolic syndrome or other comorbidities. All measurements were performed by the same author, which makes the study prone to systematic error.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Li HX, Zhang F, Zhao D, Xin Z, Guo SQ, Wang SM, et al. Neck circumference as a measure of neck fat and abdominal visceral fat in Chinese adults. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:311.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>HX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xin</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>SQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neck circumference as a measure of neck fat and abdominal visceral fat in Chinese adults</article-title>
          <source>BMC Public Health</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <fpage>311</fpage>
          <lpage>311</lpage>
        </element-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o Entre Circunfer&#234;ncia do Pesco&#231;o e Espessura da Gordura Epic&#225;rdica em Uma Popula&#231;&#227;o de Homens Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#252;&#231;&#252;k</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#252;&#231;&#252;k</surname>
            <given-names>Hilal Olgun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#252;ce</surname>
            <given-names>Ferhat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balta</surname>
            <given-names>Sevket</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center Training and Research Hospital, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul, Van Army District Hospital, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology, Van, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Department of Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k U. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k U, C&#252;ce F. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k U. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k HO. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k HO, Balta S. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k HO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A gordura epic&#225;rdica &#233; um dep&#243;sito de gordura visceral na parte superior do organismo que pode desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento de perfis cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licos adversos. H&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta significativa entre a quantidade de gordura epic&#225;rdica e a adiposidade corporal geral (&#237;ndice de massa corporal, IMC), mas dados sobre a adiposidade subcut&#226;nea s&#227;o limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Realizamos um estudo para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica em jovens saud&#225;veis do sexo masculino, al&#233;m de avaliar as suas correla&#231;&#245;es individuais com a adiposidade corporal geral e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Cem pacientes consecutivos do sexo masculino com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos e sem nenhuma condi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica importante e conhecida foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a um exame f&#237;sico detalhado que incluiu medida da press&#227;o arterial, peso, altura, raz&#227;o cintura/quadril e circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o. Sangue foi coletado para determina&#231;&#227;o da glicemia de jejum e par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos. Um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico padr&#227;o foi realizado com determina&#231;&#227;o adicional da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Entre os 100 participantes do estudo, a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o peso, circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, IMC, glicemia e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol) e triglicer&#237;deos. N&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e n&#237;veis de colesterol de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol). A circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o correlacionou moderadamente e positivamente com a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Entre pacientes com baixo risco cardiometab&#243;lico, o aumento da circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o foi associado a um aumento da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Pesco&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Gordura Intra-Abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Durante os &#250;ltimos vinte anos, diversas descobertas mudaram drasticamente a nossa vis&#227;o a respeito do tecido adiposo, de um simples local de armazenamento a um &#243;rg&#227;o end&#243;crino ativo. Al&#233;m de seu importante papel no metabolismo glic&#237;dico e lip&#237;dico, o tecido adiposo participa na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da homeostase sist&#234;mica. Os dois principais tipos de tecido adiposo s&#227;o a gordura visceral localizada dentro da cavidade abdominal e mediastino e a gordura subcut&#226;nea localizada na hipoderme.</p>
        <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o, representante da gordura subcut&#226;nea na parte superior do organismo, &#233; um dep&#243;sito &#250;nico de gordura que confere risco cardiovascular adicional acima e al&#233;m da gordura corporal central.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A gordura epic&#225;rdica &#233; um dep&#243;sito de gordura visceral na parte superior do organismo que pode desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento de perfis cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licos adversos. Ela modula fun&#231;&#245;es locais da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e &#233; ainda implicada na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que tenham examinado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e gordura epic&#225;rdica. Assim, o objetivo desta an&#225;lise foi caracterizar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e a gordura epic&#225;rdica e responder &#224; seguinte pergunta espec&#237;fica: o aumento na circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o est&#225; associado com aumento da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis do sexo masculino com baixo risco cardiometab&#243;lico?</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>N&#243;s recrutamos 100 pacientes consecutivos do sexo masculinos, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, sem condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas importantes conhecidas (por exemplo, diabetes, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;a da tireoide ou maligna) e sem uso de medicamentos prescritos. Todos os sujeitos participaram de exames de sa&#250;de peri&#243;dicos anuais entre novembro de 2013 e maio de 2013. Os participantes foram informados sobre os procedimentos do estudo e concordaram em participar, fornecendo consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
        <p>Todas as medidas foram realizadas por um examinador utilizando as seguintes t&#233;cnicas padr&#245;es: peso, medido com balan&#231;a (Holtain, Pa&#237;s de Gales) e arredondado para os 100 g mais pr&#243;ximos com o participante vestindo roupas leves; altura, medida com um estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til (Holtain, Pa&#237;s de Gales) com o participante descal&#231;o e arredondada para o 0,5 cm mais pr&#243;ximo; circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura e quadril, medidas com fitas pl&#225;sticas calibradas semanalmente, e arredondadas para o 1 mm mais pr&#243;ximo. A circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura foi medida ao final de uma expira&#231;&#227;o suave, no ponto m&#233;dio entre o &#250;ltimo arco costal e a crista il&#237;aca com o paciente em p&#233;, enquanto a circunfer&#234;ncia de quadril foi medida no troc&#226;nter maior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como o peso em quilogramas dividido pelo quadrado da altura em metros. A circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o foi medida com uma fita pl&#225;stica de maneira padronizada, horizontalmente e acima da cartilagem cricotireoidea, logo abaixo da proemin&#234;ncia lar&#237;ngea, com acur&#225;cia de 1 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com os sujeitos em p&#233;, de frente para o investigador e com ombros relaxados.</p>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial (sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica) foi medida duas vezes em todos os participantes pelo mesmo m&#233;dico com uso de um esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide padr&#227;o no bra&#231;o direito do sujeito sentado. O valor m&#233;dio destas medidas foi o resultado adotado. Ap&#243;s um jejum de 12 horas, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para an&#225;lise de glicemia, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos. A gordura epic&#225;rdica foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ProSound 6, Hitachi-Aloka, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). Um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico padr&#227;o foi realizado em todos os participantes. A espessura m&#225;xima da gordura epic&#225;rdica foi medida a partir de um corte longitudinal bidimensional na parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito para o anel a&#243;rtico ou em um corte paraesternal transversal na ponta do m&#250;sculo papilar ao final da s&#237;stole. Os valores m&#233;dios das medidas realizadas em tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos a partir de cada corte ecocardiogr&#225;fico foram determinados. Com base em estudos anteriores, o valor de 7 mm foi determinado como o limite superior da normalidade para a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Todos os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados com o programa SPSS 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). A normalidade foi testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov al&#233;m de m&#233;todos gr&#225;ficos (probabilidade-probabilidade e histogramas). Como ambos os par&#226;metros mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o e seus significados foram calculados com o teste de Pearson. As medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e gordura epic&#225;rdica foram divididas em cinco grupos iguais e a variabilidade intraobservador foi investigada com o teste Kappa. Um modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla foi utilizado para identificar preditores independentes da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica. A adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi avaliada com res&#237;duos e adequa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica apropriados. Um n&#237;vel de erro tipo I de 5% foi utilizado para inferir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra do estudo foi constitu&#237;da por 100 indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino com m&#233;dia de idade de 26,0 &#177; 4,3 anos. Nenhum dos pacientes apresentava comorbidade importante documentada. A m&#233;dia do IMC dos participantes foi de 24,9 &#177; 3,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e a m&#233;dia da circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o foi de 39,4 &#177; 2,39 cm (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre todos os indiv&#237;duos, a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o correlacionou significativamente com o peso, circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura e IMC, e moderadamente com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos. N&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). A circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o correlacionou moderadamente e positivamente com a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia. A matriz de dispers&#227;o na Figura mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o, gordura epic&#225;rdica, IMC e LDL-colesterol. N&#243;s utilizamos an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla para testar se a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o poderia predizer significativamente a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica. Os resultados indicaram que a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o, IMC e LDL-colesterol explicaram 79% da vari&#226;ncia (R2 = 0,799, F[3,13] = 17,2, p &lt; 0,01). Observamos que a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o foi preditora de forma significativa da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica (&#946; = 0,879, p &lt; 0,001). Observamos tamb&#233;m uma boa concord&#226;ncia intraobservador para as medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e gordura epic&#225;rdica (valores de Kappa = 0,723 e 0,715, respectivamente, valores de p = 0,574 e 0,974, respectivamente).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e cl&#237;nica, laboratorial e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center">R*</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura, cm</td>
                <td align="center">175 &#177; 7,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,272</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                <td align="center">76,7 &#177; 10,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,715</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">24,9 &#177; 3,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,673</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cintura, cm</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 9,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,638</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Quadril, cm</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">183 &#177; 35,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,435</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">173 &#177; 54,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 25,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,432</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 9,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
                <td align="center">0,271</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura epic&#225;rdica, mm</td>
                <td align="center">2,98 &#177; 1,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,474</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; R: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Matriz de dispers&#227;o mostrando as associa&#231;&#245;es entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o, gordura epic&#225;rdica, IMC e LDL-colesterol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0266-60112-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica, bem como entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e outras medidas antropom&#233;tricas em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o obesos do sexo masculino. A circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o tamb&#233;m mostrou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade corporal &#233; uma preditora mais forte de disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e risco cardiovascular do que a adiposidade corporal total medida pelo IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura &#233; baseada na sua correspond&#234;ncia com a gordura abdominal visceral, que &#233; considerada como tendo um papel importante no risco cardiometab&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m da circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, outras circunfer&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido avaliadas como &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos, incluindo a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o, quadril, coxa, bra&#231;o e panturrilha. Entre elas, a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o &#233; uma medida alternativa da gordura subcut&#226;nea da parte superior do organismo que se relaciona ao risco cardiometab&#243;lico tanto quanto o tecido adiposo abdominal visceral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Consistente com achados anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> este estudo mostrou que a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o correlacionou bem com a circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril e IMC. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o &#233; mais f&#225;cil de ser medida e tem baixa variabilidade intraobservador e interobservador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic> , a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o foi associada com fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para o tecido adiposo abdominal visceral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Da mesma forma, n&#243;s mostramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos. Com base nestes achados, alguns autores t&#234;m sugerido o uso da circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o como uma ferramenta para identifica&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Estas correla&#231;&#245;es se estendem ainda mais para o quadro cl&#237;nico com dados mostrando associa&#231;&#245;es entre aterosclerose cl&#237;nica/subcl&#237;nica e circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A gordura epic&#225;rdica est&#225; localizada na superf&#237;cie do cora&#231;&#227;o, principalmente em torno dos vasos coronarianos epic&#225;rdicos. Ela representa o verdadeiro dep&#243;sito de gordura visceral do cora&#231;&#227;o. Sob condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas normais, a gordura epic&#225;rdica tem v&#225;rias fun&#231;&#245;es putativas: prote&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o contra n&#237;veis excessivamente altos de &#225;cidos graxos circulantes, fornecimento de energia local em per&#237;odos de alta demanda canalizando &#225;cidos graxos para o mioc&#225;rdio, al&#233;m de amortecimento dos efeitos de tor&#231;&#227;o sobre as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias induzidos pela onda arterial de pulso e contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A gordura epic&#225;rdica &#233; tamb&#233;m uma fonte de v&#225;rias citocinas proinflamat&#243;rias e proaterog&#234;nicas, assim como de fator de necrose tumoral &#945;, prote&#237;na-1 quimiot&#225;xica de mon&#243;citos, interleucina-6, leptina, inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tipo 1 e angiotensinog&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A gordura epic&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m produz adipocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias e antiaterog&#234;nicas tais como adiponectina e adrenomedulina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Em geral, a gordura epic&#225;rdica exerce uma modula&#231;&#227;o protetora da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e parti&#231;&#227;o de energia em situa&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis, mas quando expandida, transforma-se em um &#243;rg&#227;o adverso lipot&#243;xico, protromb&#243;tico e proinflamat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica pode ser visualizada e medida com ecocardiografia bidimensional, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e/ou tomografia computadorizada. &#192; ecocardiografia, a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica reflete claramente a adiposidade visceral e aumenta com o aumento da adiposidade em geral. Em cora&#231;&#245;es com massa acentuadamente aumentada de gordura epic&#225;rdica, a sua espessura mostra uma correla&#231;&#227;o altamente significativa com o peso corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Estudos de aut&#243;psia, no entanto, relatam uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e a gordura epic&#225;rdica. V&#225;rios estudos de aut&#243;psia avaliaram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a gordura epic&#225;rdica e o tecido adiposo subcut&#226;neo. Womack<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> relatou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a gordura epic&#225;rdica e a quantidade total de gordura na panturrilha em ambos os sexos. Al&#233;m de todos as associa&#231;&#245;es mencionadas acima entre diferentes tecidos de gordura subcut&#226;nea e gordura epic&#225;rdica, h&#225; escassez de estudos relacionando a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o com a gordura epic&#225;rdica como um representante de adiposidade subcut&#226;nea na parte superior do organismo. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a demonstrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Considerando que a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia se correlaciona com a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, ela pode servir como uma ferramenta simples para predizer risco cardiometab&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Durante perda de peso, mudan&#231;as substanciais na espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia podem igualmente sugerir a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o como um marcador do efeito terap&#234;utico. No entanto, a necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia para mensura&#231;&#227;o da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica limita a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o generalizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, enquanto a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o &#233; uma ferramenta informativa simples e de baixo custo que qualquer prestador de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de pode utilizar na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiometab&#243;lico e estimativa da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o se mostrou uma alternativa vi&#225;vel e confi&#225;vel, e se correlacionou bem com outras medidas antropom&#233;tricas e par&#226;metros cardiometab&#243;licos. Tamb&#233;m se mostrou fortemente associada com a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica. Sugerimos que a medi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o seja utilizada para estimar a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Uma vez que este estudo incluiu apenas homens jovens saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o podemos determinar se os resultados podem ser aplicados a outras popula&#231;&#245;es incluindo mulheres e indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ou outras comorbidades. Todas as medidas foram realizadas pelo mesmo autor, o que torna o estudo propenso a erro sistem&#225;tico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
