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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">n8g7rmJwk8cMWVtChT4spMJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004200257</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160133</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence and Phenotypic Expression of Mutations in the <italic>MYH7, MYBPC3</italic> and <italic>TNNT2</italic> Genes in Families with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the South of Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Piva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simon</surname>
            <given-names>Laura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Centeno de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giugliani</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matte</surname>
            <given-names>&#218;rsula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Terapia G&#234;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Terapia G&#234;nica - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Servi&#231;o de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de An&#225;lise de Mol&#233;culas e Prote&#237;nas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Unidade de An&#225;lise de Mol&#233;culas e Prote&#237;nas - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Beatriz Piva e Mattos</bold>, HCPA - UFRGS - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2060, Rio Branco, Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>bpmattos@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Piva e Mattos BP, Scolari FL, Torres MAR, Freitas VC, Giugliani R, Matte U; Acquisition of data: Mattos BP, Scolari FL, Torres MAR, Simon L, Freitas VC, Giugliani R, Matte U; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mattos BP, Scolari FL, Simon L, Matte U; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Mattos BP, Scolari FL; Obtaining financing: Mattos BP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mattos BP, Matte U.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>257</fpage>
      <lpage>265</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Mutations in sarcomeric genes are found in 60-70% of individuals with familial forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, this estimate refers to northern hemisphere populations. The molecular-genetic profile of HCM has been subject of few investigations in Brazil, particularly in the south of the country.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate mutations in the sarcomeric genes <italic>MYH7, MYBPC3</italic> and <italic>TNNT2</italic> in a cohort of HCM patients living in the extreme south of Brazil, and to evaluate genotype-phenotype associations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Direct DNA sequencing of all encoding regions of three sarcomeric genes was conducted in 43 consecutive individuals of ten unrelated families.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mutations for CMH have been found in 25 (58%) patients of seven (70%) of the ten study families. Fourteen (56%) individuals were phenotype-positive. All mutations were missense, four (66%) in <italic>MYH7</italic> and two (33%) in <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. We have not found mutations in the <italic>TNNT2</italic> gene. Mutations in <italic>MYH7</italic> were identified in 20 (47%) patients of six (60%) families. Two of them had not been previously described. Mutations in <italic>MYBPC3</italic> were found in seven (16%) members of two (20%) families. Two (5%) patients showed double heterozygosis for both genes. The mutations affected different domains of encoded proteins and led to variable phenotypic expression. A family history of HCM was identified in all genotype-positive individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In this first genetic-molecular analysis carried out in the south of Brazil, we found mutations in the sarcomeric genes <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> in 58% of individuals. <italic>MYH7</italic>-related disease was identified in the majority of cases with mutation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Mutation / genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Sarcomeres</kwd>
        <kwd>Ethnicity and Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most prevalent genetic cardiovascular disease, affecting one in every 200 individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is a global disease that occurs in many ethnic groups and in both sexes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> HCM has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, and incomplete, age- and gene-dependent penetrance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> More than 1,500 causing mutations have been identified, mostly involving 11 genes that encode sarcomeric and Z-disc proteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> More recently, sarcomere mutations in other cell structures have been detected, although its pathogenicity has not been established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> HCM-causing mutations are usually identified in 60-70% of patients with familial disease, and 30-40% of patients with the sporadic form.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The involvement of cardiac &#946;-myosin heavy chain (<italic>MYH7</italic>) and myosin-binding protein C (<italic>MYBPC3</italic>) encoding genes is observed, respectively, in 25% to 35% of cases seen in the northern hemisphere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Troponin T gene (<italic>TNNT2</italic>) mutations are detected in 5% of patients, and mutations in other genes in a lower frequency (&lt;1%). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The heterogeneous molecular substrate and variable phenotypic expression, characteristics of HCM, may be influenced by ethnic and geographical factors. However, the genetic profile of HCM has been established based on studies conducted mostly on northern hemisphere populations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> whereas few similar studies have been carried out in the southern hemisphere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Compared with other countries, the genetic structure of Brazilian population is defined by a high degree of admixture between European, African and Indian ancestors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Based on genetic aspects peculiar to the south of Brazil, characterized by a low degree of admixture among individuals with different ancestry, we have an interest in defining the genetic profile of HCM in this region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to investigate mutations on the sarcomere genes <italic>MYH7, MYBPC3</italic> and <italic>TNNT2</italic> and genotype-phenotype associations in a cohort of HCM patients in the extreme south of Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Selection of patients and clinical evaluation</title>
        <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of 43 consecutive individuals from 10 unrelated families, registered in the HCM outpatient care setting of a tertiary hospital in the south of Brazil. The first-degree relatives who first volunteered to participate during the recruitment period were enrolled in the study. All participants were from this region of the country.</p>
        <p>The phenotype was defined by the identification of asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the echocardiogram, expressed by a maximum wall thickness &#8805; 15 mm in any segment with a posterior septum/wall ratio &#8805; 1.3, in the absence of chamber dilation or other conditions that may indicate similar changes. A maximum left ventricular (LV) wall thickness &#8805; 13 mm in the anterior septal was the criterion used for the identification of HCM in the relatives. All subjects underwent cardiovascular assessment by resting electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. Ten patients underwent coronary angiography. The study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee, and signed informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Molecular-Genetic analysis</title>
        <p>DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood according to the technique described by Miller et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Amplificatons of all the enconding regions of the sarcomeric genes <italic>MYH7</italic> (38 exons), <italic>MYBPC3</italic> (33 exons) and <italic>TNNT2</italic> (15 exons) was performed by PCR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> by using oligonucleotides available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="htpp://www.cardiogenomics.org">htpp://www.cardiogenomics.org</ext-link>. The fragments were purified by Exo-SAP, according to the manufacturer's instructions (USB Corporation, USA), followed by direct sequencing of the fragments using BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA) and capillary electrophoresis using the ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). The resulting sequences were then compared with the reference sequences <italic>MYH7</italic> - NM_000257, NP_000248; <italic>MYBPC3</italic> - NM_000256, NP_000247; <italic>TNNT2</italic> - NM_000364, NP_000355. The nomenclature for the description of sequence variants was established by following the <italic>Human Genome Variation Society</italic> recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> In some cases, analyses of cosegregation of the mutation and clinical data were conducted for pathogenicity definition.</p>
        <p><italic>In silico</italic> analysis was used to evaluate the effect of an aminoacid substitution based on the conservation of the regions affected, using the PolyPhen2,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> SIFT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> PROVEAN,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> MutationTaster,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> and MutPred<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> bioinformatic tools. The MutPred system was used to formulate hypothesis on structural and functional properties of mutation. Synonymous mutations and substitutions in introns and coding exons, neither reported as polymorphisms (SNPs) nor found on the <italic>1000 Exome Variant Server (EVS) database</italic> were also evaluated by <italic>in silico</italic> analysis to identify potential splice site changes. NetGene2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> and Human Splicing Finder<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> were used to calculate the consensus values of potential splice sites.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and categorical variables as relative and absolute frequencies. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test normality of data, and differences between two groups, based on continuous and symmetrical variables were tested by Student's t-test for independent samples. The categorical variables were compared by the chi-square test. Analyses were performed using the SPSS software<italic>,</italic> version 18.0 (<italic>SPSS Inc., Chicago Illinois, USA</italic>). Significance level was set at p &lt;0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and molecular-genetic profile</title>
        <p>The study group was composed of 10 consecutive probands from unrelated families and 33 first-degree relatives. All participants were Caucasians. Clinical characteristics of the cohort are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of a cohort of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the south of Brazil, composed of 10 unrelated probands and 33 relatives</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">Probands (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Relatives (n = 33)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Phenotype-positive<break/> (n = 7)</th>
                <th align="center">Phenotype-negative <break/>(n = 26)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Racial group</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caucasians</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (65%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Family history</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HCM</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (58%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sudden cardiac death</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age at the onset of disease (years)</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>NYHA functional class</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I/II</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Echocardiogram</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV maximal parietal thickness (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction %</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV outflow tract obstruction</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV mid-ventricular obstruction</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV outflow gradient (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Treatment</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol septal ablation</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Myectomy</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Double-chamber pacemaker</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Implantable cardioverter defibrillator</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>Data expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LV: left ventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>HCM-causing mutations were detected in 25 (58%) subjects, 7 (70%) probands and 18 (54%) relatives, from 7 (70%) out of 10 study families. In the families with known mutations, mutations were detected in 18 (82%) of 22 relatives, but only 7 of them (32%) were classified as phenotype-positive. All phenotype-negative relatives (n=15;45%) were normal at clinical examination. In all 11 mutation carriers, without evidence of LVH by echocardiogram, abnormal electrocardiogram, including pathological Q-waves &#8805; 3 mm and/or &gt; 40 ms in two or more leads, except for aVR (n = 10;90%), fascicular block (n = 6;54%), deep S-waves in V2 &gt; 25 mm (n = 3;27%), and negative T-waves &gt; 3 mm (n = 1;1%) were detected.</p>
        <p>All mutations identified were missense mutations, four (66%) in the <italic>MYH7</italic> gene and two (33%) in <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. No mutation was detected in <italic>TNNT2</italic>. Two of the four mutations in <italic>MYH7</italic> had not been reported in the literature. Mutations in this gene were identified in 20 (47%) individuals from six (60%) families, including the probands and 14 relatives. Mutations in the <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene were found in seven (16%) individuals from two (20%) families, including the probands and five relatives. In a single family, two individuals (5%) - the proband and a relative - had double heterozygosis with mutations both in th<italic>e MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> genes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In three (30%) genotype-negative families, all members were clinically normal, whereas in the seven families in whom mutations were detected, 32% of the individuals were phenotype-positive. Characteristics of the mutations are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and results of pathogenicity analysis in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of mutations in the sarcomeric genes MYH7 and MYBPC3 in a population with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Individuals with double heterozygosity were included in this subgroup only.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0257-60133-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mutations in the sarcomeric genes <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYPC3</italic> in the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Gene/Exon</th>
                <th align="center">Mutation/Domain</th>
                <th align="center">Change of aminoacid</th>
                <th align="center">Families</th>
                <th align="center">Number of patients affected (phenotype +/ phenotype -)</th>
                <th align="center">Cosegregation</th>
                <th align="center">Phenotype</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>MYH7</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Missense/Head</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">p.lle263Thr</td>
                <td align="center">IX</td>
                <td align="center">1/0</td>
                <td align="center">NT</td>
                <td align="center">Mild, obstructive LVH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">21</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Missense/ Domain IQ</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">p.Ala797Thr</td>
                <td align="center">VI</td>
                <td align="center">1/1</td>
                <td align="center">NT</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate, obstructive LVH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">22</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Missense/Neck</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">p.Met877lle</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">3/0</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Mild to severe LVH, non-obstructive or with outflow tract obstruction, or mid-ventricular obstruction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">32</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Missense/Rod</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">p.Glu1468Lys</td>
                <td align="center">IV, VIII, X</td>
                <td align="center">6/8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Mild to severe LVH, non-obstructive or with outflow tract obstruction, or mid-ventricular obstruction, late sudden death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>MYBPC3</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Missense/C4</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">p.Arg495Gln</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3/2</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate to massive LVH, non-obstructive form of early onset, premature sudden death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">25</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Missense/C6</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">p.Val896Met</td>
                <td align="center">VIII</td>
                <td align="center">1/1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">NT</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate, obstructive LVH</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>Domain IQ: calmodulin binding domain; NT: not tested; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>associated with p.Val896Met (MYBPC3), n = 2;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>associated with p.Glu1468Lys (MYH7), n = 2.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Analysis of pathogenicity of the mutations in <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic> genes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Mutation</th>
                <th align="center">PolyPhen2</th>
                <th align="center">SIFT</th>
                <th align="center">PROVEAN</th>
                <th align="center">MutationTaster</th>
                <th align="center">MutPred</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p.lle263Thr</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p.Ala797Thr</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p.Met877Ile</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p.Glu1468Lys</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p.Arg495Gln</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p.Val896Met</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Benign</td>
                <td align="center">Deleterious</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mutations in the <italic>MYH7</italic> gene</title>
        <p>In the six (60%) families with HCM caused by the <italic>MYH7</italic> gene, only 11 (55%) were phenotype-positive, the proband and five relatives. In the phenotype-positive individuals, the maximal wall thickness varied from 13 to 26 mm (mean of 20 &#177; 4 mm). In <italic>MYH7</italic>, four mutations were mapped. The substitution p.Ile263Thr was identified in only one family, affecting the proband only. The only relative who underwent genotyping was clinically normal and did not harbor a mutation. The p.Ala797Thr mutation was detected in two members of the same family, the proband and one relative phenotype-negative. This substitution, considered pathogenic exclusively by the MutPred system, has been reported in the <italic>1000 EVS</italic>, with an allele frequency of 0.0002 in African-American population. Both mutations were associated with mild to moderate HCM, and with the obstructive forms of the disease. The p.Met877Ile mutation, a mutation not previously described, was detected in three individuals of a four-member family. The mutation was considered a benign condition by four of the five <italic>in silico</italic> bioinformatic tools used in the study. However, it showed cosegregation with HCM phenotype in HCM patients, indicating a pathogenic effect. The proband had a phenotype of moderate HCM and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Severe mid-ventricular obstruction was identified in one family member and mild LVH was detected in another. None of these three mutations were related with a family history of sudden death. The p.Glu1468Lys mutation, identified in three families, had not been previously reported in the literature or in the EVS and SNP databases. Nevertheless, all bioinformatic tools favored its pathogenic potential. Analysis of cosegregation showed that all family members affected were also carriers of mutations, except for one, who was considered normal. In one of the families, although the mutation was identified in the proband and in six of seven members evaluated, only three of them were phenotype-positive. The proband and one of the family members had non-obstructive, moderate HCM. Mid-ventricular obstruction was identified in another family member, who died suddenly at the age of 66 during the study period. In another family with this mutation, the proband and four relatives had this genotype, although only two were phenotype-positive. Two individuals, one proband and one young, phenotype-negative relative, showed a double heterozygosis with mutations both in <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. The proband had moderate LVH and severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, whereas the relative with isolated mutation in <italic>MYH7</italic> had mild, non-obstructive form of the disease. In the third family affected, the proband and one young, phenotype-negative relative were carriers of this mutation, which associated with moderate LVH and severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mutations in the <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene</title>
        <p>In the two (20%) families with mutations in the <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene, four (57%) of the carriers were phenotype-positive, the proband and two relatives. The mutations led to LVH with marked inter- and intrafamilial variability, expressed by a maximal wall thickness of LV varying from 17 to 34 mm, and mean of 23 &#177; 7 mm. The mutation p.Arg495Gln was identified in one family, in the proband and in four of the five members who underwent genotyping, two of them phenotype-positive. The analysis of cosegregation in this family and three <italic>in silico</italic> bioinformatic tools favored the pathogenic role of this mutation in HCM. The mutation was related to early onset and to non-obstructive forms with mild to massive LVH associated with a family history of premature sudden death. The mutation p.Val896Met was found in two subjects of a six-member family, who were also carriers of the mutation p.Glu1468Lys in the <italic>MYH7</italic> gene. Two programs indicated the pathogenic effect of this variant, which was also reported in the EVS, with an allele frequency of 0.0015 and 0.0048 in African- and European-origin individuals respectively.</p>
        <p>The comparison of clinical variables between genotype-positive and genotype-negative subjects revealed that a family history of HCM and/or sudden death was more frequent in those in whom a mutation was identified (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Clinical indicators were not significantly different between carriers of mutations of the two genes, except for a lower age and a family history of sudden death, which associated with HCM caused by <italic>MYBPC3</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of clinical characteristics between genotype-positive and genotype-negative subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">Genotype-positive<break/> (n = 25)</th>
                <th align="center">Genotype-negative <break/>(n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (78%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Family history</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HCM</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac sudden death</td>
                <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.019</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>Data expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of clinical characteristics of carriers of mutations in the <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>MYH7</italic><break/>(n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>MYBPC3</italic><break/>(n = 7)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0.102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age at the onset of disease (years)</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">13 (65%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (29%)</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Family history</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HCM</td>
                <td align="center">20 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sudden death</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>NYHA functional class</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I/II</td>
                <td align="center">15 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (86%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.246</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14%)</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">0.082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.195</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV maximal parietal thickness (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0.497</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV outflow tract obstruction</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.133</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>Data expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LV: left ventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study represents the first genetic-molecular analysis of HCM conducted on a population from the extreme south of Brazil, composed of members of unrelated families. A sample of consecutive index-patients and their respective relatives, considered representative of a cohort of non-referred HCM outpatients was studied. Causing mutations were detected in 58% of subjects and 70% of the families. Mutations in <italic>MYH7</italic>, identified in 47% of patients, were more frequent than mutations in <italic>MYBPC3,</italic> found in 16% of patients. Most mutations were private. Two mutations in the <italic>MYH7</italic> gene were considered novel. A positive genetic test in the proband enabled the molecular identification of the disease in up to 82% of the respective relatives, 39% of them phenotype-positive. All mutation carriers without evidence of HCM in the echocardiogram had evidence of abnormal electrocardiogram findings, especially pathological Q-waves, which may suggest a pre-clinical stage of disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
			</p>
      <p>HCM is considered a worldwide disease, affecting different populations exposed to a large variety of environmental and geographic factors. Although the phenotypic expression of HCM does not show evidence of differences between the northern and southern hemisphere populations, it is still not clear whether they share the same genetic substrate. Molecular analysis of HCM patients from multiple geographic regions and ethnic groups would certainly contribute to the understanding of the complex characteristics of this condition. The genetic profile of HCM was defined based on investigations on unrelated populations in Europe and North America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> More recently, the genetic-molecular analysis has been extended to cohorts in Asia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> North Africa and Australia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> On the other hand, data from populations from the south hemisphere are still scarce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> In our country, molecular characteristics of HCM have been determined in patients from the southeast, north and northeast regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> The incorporation of more resolutive genetic tests to clinical practice would certainly expand their use in all continents.</p>
      <p>In the present analysis, causing mutations were more frequent as compared with previous studies that included familial and sporadic HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> This may be explained by the fact that our study group was composed of a well-characterized sample of individuals with HCM, even though it is known that the identification of mutations varies according with the study populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> All mutations detected in <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> were <italic>missense</italic> mutations. No mutation was found in the <italic>TNNT2</italic> gene, which may be explained by the lower prevalence of the gene in general population and the relatively older age of our sample, since the <italic>TNNT2</italic> gene is associated with an early onset and premature sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In contrast to previous studies conducted on northern hemisphere populations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> mutations in <italic>MYH7</italic> were more frequent than in <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. This characteristic was described in HCM patients from other regions in Brazil, and may represent a particularity of the disease in our country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mutations in <italic>MYH7</italic> were found in 47% of patients that underwent genotyping and in 60% of the families. The screening of all coding regions of this gene identified the presence of four missense mutations in different protein domains. The mutation p.Ile263Thr has been previously reported in France,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Portugal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and more recently, in other regions in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> The mutation p.Ala797Thr has been previously reported in South Africa, with a possible founder effect, and in other cohorts in North America,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> North Africa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Europe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Europe, as well as in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> The mutation p.Met877Ile, novel, was mapped in one family with high degree of penetrance, affecting three of the four genotyped members of two generations. The mutation was associated with low to severe LVH, mid-ventricular and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and non-obstructive condition. The p.Glu1468Lys mutation, also considered novel, was identified in three unrelated families. Inter- and intrafamilial phenotypic variability was observed in obstructive and non-obstructive HCM, with mild to moderate LVH. This mutation was also related to mid-ventricular obstruction associated with late sudden death in one family member.</p>
      <p>Missense mutations in the <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene were found in 16% of patients and 20% of the families. The p.Arg495Gln mutation has been previously described in North America,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Portugal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and reported as a frequent mutation in a cohort of HCM patients in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> In this study, the mutation was identified in a family with history of premature sudden death and mild to massive LVH. The mutation p.Val896Met has been previously detected in European<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and South African<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> cohorts. Two carriers of this mutation, a proband with moderate LVH and severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and a phenotype-negative young relative, also had the p.Glu1468Lys mutation in <italic>MYH7</italic>. This phenotype-negative individual showed pathological Q-waves in resting electrocardiogram. Double or compound heterozygosity have been usually identified in families with mutations in <italic>MYBPC3</italic>, representing 3-5% of HCM patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Multiple mutations are commonly related to severe phenotypes and early onset disease, although varied degrees of LVH have been reported in these individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>All mutations in the <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic> genes showed marked intra- and interfamilial phenotypic variability, related to the degree of LVH. Phenotypic variability in carriers of the same mutation is considered a characteristic of HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The patterns of LVH and the age of disease onset may differ even between related subjects, since the phenotype is determined not only by the mutation <italic>per se</italic>, but also by the interaction of polymorphisms, modifying genes, and epigenetic and environmental factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The meta-analysis of the genotype-phenotype associations in HCM showed that, due to the fact that many mutations are exclusive of a unique family, the studies conducted so far have not exhibited sufficient statistical power to reach definite conclusions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> Nevertheless, some clinical variables may be related to the genotype, such as age, maximal wall thickness of LV and family history of HCM or sudden death. In our study group, there was a predominance of a family history of sudden death and the onset of the disease at an early age in carriers of mutation in the <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene. These characteristics are different from those previously reported, but may represent a particularity of our group.</p>
      <p>In 30% of the families, no causing mutation was identified and, in all these cases, there was no clinical history of HCM. The presence of a negative genetic test may result from the presence of mutations in unknown or unsequenced genes. LVH does not constitute a specific phenotype and may be identified in other heart conditions, seen as phenocopies of HCM. The detection of mutations in HCM-related sarcomeric genes has been associated with a family history or early onset of the disease, unfavorable prognosis and higher degree of LVH compared with patients with negative genetic tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Recent data have indicated that this association occurs independently of the gene involved, although further studies to confirm this observation are still needed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In our study, a family history of HCM or sudden death was more frequent in genotype-positive individuals than in genotype-negative ones.</p>
      <p>In this study, HCM causing mutations were identified in a considerable number of patients. However, the genetic profile of our population was not essentially different from that reported in cohorts of different ethnicities from other geographic regions, except for the fact that mutations in the <italic>MYH7</italic> gene were more frequent than in <italic>MYBPC3</italic>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>The study consisted of the screening of the three most prevalent genes in HCM, but it did not include other genes of lower prevalence. Nevertheless, the analysis was restricted to a sample of unrelated families, registered in a unique tertiary care center located in the south of Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In this first molecular-genetic analysis of a HCM cohort in the extreme south of Brazil, mutations were identified in 58% of consecutive individuals of unrelated families. The mutations affected predominantly the <italic>MYH7</italic> gene; this finding is different from that reported in northern hemisphere countries. Our study supports that mutations in <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> should be the first focus of molecular-genetic analysis in HCM, and that mutations in <italic>TNNT2</italic> have a low prevalence in Brazilian population. All mutations detected were missense mutations, whereas two mutations in <italic>MYH7</italic> had not been described before. The mutations affected different domains of the encoded proteins and determined variable phenotypic expressions. There was a relationship between a positive genetic test and a family history of HCM or sudden death. The predominance of mutations in the <italic>MYH7</italic> gene may be a characteristic of the local population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia e Express&#227;o Fenot&#237;pica das Muta&#231;&#245;es nos Genes <italic>MYH7, MYBPC3</italic> e <italic>TNNT2</italic> em Fam&#237;lias com Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica no Sul do Brasil: Um Estudo Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Piva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simon</surname>
            <given-names>Laura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Centeno de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giugliani</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matte</surname>
            <given-names>&#218;rsula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Terapia G&#234;nica - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Servi&#231;o de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Unidade de An&#225;lise de Mol&#233;culas e Prote&#237;nas - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Beatriz Piva e Mattos</bold>, HCPA - UFRGS - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2060, Rio Branco. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>bpmattos@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mattos BP, Scolari FL, Torres MAR, Freitas VC, Giugliani R, Matte U; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mattos BP, Scolari FL, Torres MAR, Simon L, Freitas VC, Giugliani R, Matte U; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mattos BP, Scolari FL, Simon L, Matte U; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mattos BP, Scolari FL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Mattos BP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mattos BP, Matte U.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es em genes do sarc&#244;mero s&#227;o encontradas em 60-70% dos indiv&#237;duos com formas familiares de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. (CMH). Entretanto, essa estimativa refere-se a popula&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses do hemisf&#233;rio norte. O perfil gen&#233;tico-molecular da CMH foi tema de poucos estudos no Brasil, particularmente na regi&#227;o sul do pa&#237;s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Realizar a pesquisa de muta&#231;&#245;es dos genes sarcom&#233;ricos <italic>MYH7, MYBPC3</italic> e <italic>TNNT2</italic> numa coorte de CMH estabelecida no extremo sul do Brasil, assim como avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Sequenciamento direto do DNA de todas as regi&#245;es codificantes dos tr&#234;s genes sarcom&#233;ricos foi realizada em 43 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos de dez fam&#237;lias n&#227;o-relacionadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es para CMH foram encontradas em 25 (58%) indiv&#237;duos de sete (70%) das dez fam&#237;lias estudadas, sendo 14 (56%) deles fen&#243;tipo-positivos. Todas as muta&#231;&#245;es eram missense, quatro (66%) no gene <italic>MYH7</italic> e duas (33%) no gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. N&#227;o foram encontradas muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>TNNT2</italic>. Muta&#231;&#245;es em <italic>MYH7</italic> foram identificadas em 20 (47%) indiv&#237;duos de seis (60%) fam&#237;lias. Duas delas n&#227;o haviam sido previamente relatadas. Muta&#231;&#245;es de <italic>MYBPC3</italic> foram detectadas em sete (16%) membros de duas (20%) fam&#237;lias. Dois (5%) indiv&#237;duos apresentaram dupla heterozigose com muta&#231;&#245;es em ambos os genes. As muta&#231;&#245;es acometeram distintos dom&#237;nios das prote&#237;nas codificadas e produziram express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica vari&#225;vel. Hist&#243;ria familiar de CMH foi identificada em todos os indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-positivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nessa primeira an&#225;lise gen&#233;tico-molecular da CMH realizada no sul do Brasil, foram encontradas muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes sarcom&#233;ricos <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic> em 58% dos indiv&#237;duos. Doen&#231;a relacionada ao gene <italic>MYH7</italic> foi identificada na maioria dos casos com muta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Muta&#231;&#227;o / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sarc&#244;meros</kwd>
        <kwd>Etnia e Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; a doen&#231;a cardiovascular de origem gen&#233;tica mais prevalente, acometendo um em cada 200 indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Apresenta distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica universal, incidindo em diversos grupos &#233;tnicos, sem distin&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> &#201; transmitida predominantemente por heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante com penetr&#226;ncia incompleta, idade e gene-dependentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Na atualidade, j&#225; foram descritas mais de 1500 muta&#231;&#245;es causadoras que, em sua maioria, envolvem 11 genes codificantes de prote&#237;nas do sarc&#244;mero e de discos Z.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Mais recentemente, foram identificadas muta&#231;&#245;es em prote&#237;nas de outras estruturas celulares relacionadas ao sarc&#244;mero, cuja patogenicidade ainda n&#227;o foi comprovada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Muta&#231;&#245;es causadoras costumam ser identificadas em 60-70% dos pacientes com formas familiares e em 30-40% dos casos espor&#225;dicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O acometimento dos genes codificantes da cadeia pesada da &#946;-miosina card&#237;aca (<italic>MYH7</italic>) e da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina (<italic>MYBPC3</italic>) &#233; evidenciado em, respectivamente, 25% a 35% dos casos avaliados no hemisf&#233;rio norte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O gene da troponina T (<italic>TNNT2</italic>) seria respons&#225;vel por 5% dos pacientes, sendo que aos demais, atribui-se reduzida frequ&#234;ncia individual, &lt; 1%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O substrato molecular heterog&#234;neo e a express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica vari&#225;vel, caracter&#237;sticas da CMH, podem ser influenciados por fatores &#233;tnicos e geogr&#225;ficos. Todavia, o perfil gen&#233;tico da doen&#231;a foi definido com base em estudos desenvolvidos predominantemente em popula&#231;&#245;es do hemisf&#233;rio norte,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> enquanto que, no hemisf&#233;rio sul, an&#225;lises semelhantes s&#227;o em n&#250;mero ainda restrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> A popula&#231;&#227;o urbana brasileira, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; de outros pa&#237;ses, apresenta estrutura gen&#233;tica definida por alto grau de miscigena&#231;&#227;o entre ancestrais europeus, africanos e ind&#237;genas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas pr&#243;prias do sul do Brasil, expressas por reduzido grau de miscigena&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos de ancestralidade diversa, justificam nosso interesse em definir o perfil gen&#233;tico da CMH nessa regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; realizar a pesquisa de muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes sarcom&#233;ricos <italic>MYH7, MYBPC3</italic> e <italic>TNNT2</italic> e avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo numa coorte de CMH estabelecida no extremo sul do Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal em uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 43 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos, pertencentes a 10 fam&#237;lias n&#227;o-relacionadas, registrados no Ambulat&#243;rio de CHM de um hospital terci&#225;rio no sul do Brasil. Os familiares em primeiro grau inclu&#237;dos no estudo correspondem &#224;queles que primeiro se apresentaram para avalia&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de recrutamento. Todos os indiv&#237;duos integrantes desta an&#225;lise eram origin&#225;rios desta regi&#227;o do pa&#237;s.</p>
          <p>O fen&#243;tipo foi definido pela identifica&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) assim&#233;trica, expressa por espessura parietal m&#225;xima &#8805; 15 mm em qualquer segmento com raz&#227;o septo/parede posterior &#8805; 1,3 na aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara e outras condi&#231;&#245;es capazes de determinar altera&#231;&#245;es semelhantes. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos familiares, o crit&#233;rio adotado para identifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a foi de espessura parietal m&#225;xima do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#8805; 13 mm no septo anterior ou parede posterior. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular incluindo eletrocardiograma convencional em repouso e ecocardiograma. Dez pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise gen&#233;tico-molecular</title>
          <p>A extra&#231;&#227;o de DNA do sangue perif&#233;rico foi realizada de acordo com a t&#233;cnica descrita por Miller et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> A amplifica&#231;&#227;o de todas as regi&#245;es codificantes dos genes sarcom&#233;ricos <italic>MYH7</italic> (38 exons), <italic>MYBPC3</italic> (33 exons) e <italic>TNNT2</italic> (15 exons) foi realizada por PCR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Os fragmentos foram purificados por meio de Exo-SAP, de acordo com instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante (USB Corporation, USA), seguido de sequenciamento direto com <italic>BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit</italic> (Applied Biosystems, USA) e eletroforese capilar analisada por meio de <italic>ABI3500 Genetic Analyzer</italic> (Applied Biosystems, USA). As sequ&#234;ncias obtidas foram comparadas &#224;s consideradas de refer&#234;ncia: <italic>MYH7</italic> - NM_000257, NP_000248; <italic>MYBPC3</italic> - NM_000256, NP_000247; <italic>TNNT2</italic> - NM_000364, NP_000355. A nomenclatura para a descri&#231;&#227;o das varia&#231;&#245;es de sequ&#234;ncias seguiu a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Human Genome Variation Society</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Em alguns casos, a an&#225;lise de cosegrega&#231;&#227;o da muta&#231;&#227;o e dos dados cl&#237;nicos foi efetuada para defini&#231;&#227;o da patogenicidade.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise <italic>in silico</italic> foi aplicada para avaliar o efeito da substitui&#231;&#227;o de um amino&#225;cido da prote&#237;na com base na conserva&#231;&#227;o das regi&#245;es afetadas por meio dos seguintes sistemas computacionais: PolyPhen2,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> SIFT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> PROVEAN,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> MutationTaster<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> e MutPred.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> O sistema MutPred foi utilizado como gerador de hip&#243;tese sobre as propriedades estruturais e funcionais da muta&#231;&#227;o. Muta&#231;&#245;es sin&#244;nimas e substitui&#231;&#245;es intr&#244;nicas em exons codificantes, n&#227;o relatados como polimorfismos (SNPs) ou encontrados no <italic>1000 Exome Variant Server (EVS) database</italic>, foram tamb&#233;m submetidas &#224; an&#225;lise <italic>in silico</italic> para identifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;vel altera&#231;&#227;o do tipo <italic>splice site</italic>. <italic>NetGene2</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>e <italic>Human Splicing Finder</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> foram adotados para c&#225;lculo dos valores de consenso de potenciais s&#237;tios de <italic>splice</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados quantitativos foram expressos por m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas por frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absolutas. A normalidade dos dados foi analisada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e a diferen&#231;a entre dois grupos baseada em vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e sim&#233;tricas pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado. Os dados foram processados utilizando o <italic>software SPSS,</italic> vers&#227;o 18.0 (<italic>SPSS Inc., Chicago Illinois, USA</italic>). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfil cl&#237;nico e gen&#233;tico-molecular</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi constitu&#237;da por 10 probandos consecutivos de fam&#237;lias n&#227;o-relacionadas e 33 familiares em primeiro grau. Todos eram caucasianos. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da coorte est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de uma coorte de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica no sul do Brasil constitu&#237;da por 10 probandos n&#227;o-relacionados e 33 familiares</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center">Probandos (n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Familiares (n = 33)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Fen&#243;tipo-positivo<break/>(n = 7)</th>
                  <th align="center">Fen&#243;tipo-negativo<break/>(n = 26)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Grupo racial</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Caucasianos</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">G&#234;nero feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (65%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CMH</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (58%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (30%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade de in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">39 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Classe funcional NYHA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I/II</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III/IV</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">47 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espessura parietal m&#225;xima do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">9 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o %</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">71 &#177; 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o da via-de-sa&#237;da do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-ventricular esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gradiente na via-de-sa&#237;da do VE (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 33</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tratamento</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abla&#231;&#227;o alco&#243;lica do septo</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Miectomia</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marca-passo de dupla-c&#226;mara</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiodesfibrilador autom&#225;tico implant&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es causadoras foram encontradas em 25 indiv&#237;duos (58%), compreendendo sete (70%) probandos e 18 (54%) familiares, pertencentes a sete (70%) das dez fam&#237;lias avaliadas. Nas fam&#237;lias com muta&#231;&#227;o conhecida, 18 (82%) dos 22 familiares examinados apresentavam muta&#231;&#227;o, mas somente sete (32%) eram fen&#243;tipo-positivos. Todos os familiares gen&#243;tipo-negativos (n = 15;45%) apresentavam-se normais &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Em todos os 11 (33%) carreadores de muta&#231;&#227;o sem evid&#234;ncias de HVE ao ecocardiograma, foram identificadas anomalias eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas incluindo ondas Q patol&#243;gicas &#8805; 3 mm e/ou &gt; 40 ms em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es, com exce&#231;&#227;o de aVR (n = 10;90%), bloqueios fasciculares (n = 6; 54%), ondas S profundas em V2 &gt; 25 mm (n = 3;27%) e ondas T negativas &gt; 3 mm (n = 1;1%).</p>
          <p>Todas as muta&#231;&#245;es encontradas eram <italic>missense</italic>, quatro (66%) no gene <italic>MYH7</italic> e duas (33%) em <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. N&#227;o foram identificadas muta&#231;&#245;es em <italic>TNNT2</italic>. Duas das muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>MYH7</italic> n&#227;o haviam sido previamente relatadas na literatura. Muta&#231;&#245;es desse gene foram identificadas em 20 (47%) indiv&#237;duos de seis (60%) fam&#237;lias, afetando os probandos e 14 familiares. As muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic> foram detectadas em sete (16%) indiv&#237;duos de duas (20%) fam&#237;lias, acometendo os probandos e cinco familiares. Em uma &#250;nica fam&#237;lia, dois (5%) membros, o probando e um familiar, apresentaram dupla heterozigose com muta&#231;&#245;es simultaneamente nos genes <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Nas tr&#234;s (30%) fam&#237;lias gen&#243;tipo-negativas, todos familiares eram clinicamente normais, enquanto que, nas sete fam&#237;lias com muta&#231;&#227;o, 32% dos familiares avaliados eram fen&#243;tipo-positivos. As caracter&#237;sticas das muta&#231;&#245;es encontram-se descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 2</xref> e a an&#225;lise de patogenicidade na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das muta&#231;&#245;es dos genes sarcom&#233;ricos MYH7 e MYBPC3 numa popula&#231;&#227;o com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Indiv&#237;duos com dupla heterozigose foram inclu&#237;dos exclusivamente neste subgrupo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0257-60133-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Muta&#231;&#245;es dos genes sarcom&#233;ricos <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYPC3</italic> na popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Gene/Exon</th>
                  <th align="center">Muta&#231;&#227;o/Dom&#237;nio</th>
                  <th align="center">Altera&#231;&#227;o do amino&#225;cido</th>
                  <th align="center">Fam&#237;lias</th>
                  <th align="center">No. de indiv&#237;duos afetados fen&#243;tipo + / fen&#243;tipo &#8211;</th>
                  <th align="center">Cosegrega&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Fen&#243;tipo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="7">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>MYH7</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>Missense/Cabe&#231;a</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p.lle263Thr</td>
                  <td align="center">IX</td>
                  <td align="center">1/0</td>
                  <td align="center">NT</td>
                  <td align="center">HVE leve, forma obstrutiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">21</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Missense/</italic>Dom&#237;nio IQ</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Ala797Thr</td>
                  <td align="center">VI</td>
                  <td align="center">1/1</td>
                  <td align="center">NT</td>
                  <td align="center">HVE moderada, forma obstrutiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">22</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>Missense/Pesco&#231;o</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p.Met877lle</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">3/0</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">HVE leve &#224; grave, formas n&#227;o-obstrutivas ou com obstru&#231;&#227;o de via-de-sa&#237;da ou m&#233;dio- ventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">32</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>Missense/Haste</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p.Glu1468Lys</td>
                  <td align="center">IV, VIII, X</td>
                  <td align="center">6/8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">HVE leve &#224; moderada, formas n&#227;o-obstrutivas ou com obstru&#231;&#227;o de via-de-sa&#237;da ou m&#233;dio-ventricular, morte s&#250;bita tardia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="7">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>MYBPC3</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">18</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>Missense/C4</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p.Arg495Gln</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3/2</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">HVE moderada &#224; maci&#231;a, formas n&#227;o-obstrutivas de in&#237;cio precoce, morte s&#250;bita prematura</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">25</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>Missense/C6</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p.Val896Met</td>
                  <td align="center">VIII</td>
                  <td align="center">1/1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">NT</td>
                  <td align="center">HVE moderada, formas obstrutivas</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p>Dom&#237;nio IQ: dom&#237;nio de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; calmodulina; NT: n&#227;o testado; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>associada &#224; p.Val896Met (MYBPC3), n = 2;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>associada &#224; p.Glu1468Lys (MYH7), n = 2.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da patogenicidade das muta&#231;&#245;es em <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Muta&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">PolyPhen2</th>
                  <th align="center">SIFT</th>
                  <th align="center">PROVEAN</th>
                  <th align="center">MutationTaster</th>
                  <th align="center">MutPred</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">p.lle263Thr</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">p.Ala797Thr</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">p.Met877lle</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">p.Glu1468Lys</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">p.Arg495Gln</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">p.Val896Met</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Benigno</td>
                  <td align="center">Delet&#233;rio</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>MYH7</italic></title>
          <p>Nas seis (60%) fam&#237;lias com doen&#231;a causada pelo gene <italic>MYH7</italic>, somente 11 (55%) eram fen&#243;tipo-positivos, o probando e cinco familiares. Nos indiv&#237;duos fen&#243;tipo-positivos, a espessura parietal m&#225;xima do VE apresentou varia&#231;&#227;o de 13 a 26 mm, m&#233;dia de 20 &#177; 4 mm. Nesse gene, foram mapeadas quatro muta&#231;&#245;es. A substitui&#231;&#227;o p.Ile263Thr foi identificada em apenas uma fam&#237;lia, afetando exclusivamente o probando. O &#250;nico familiar submetido &#224; genotipagem era clinicamente normal e n&#227;o exibia muta&#231;&#227;o. A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Ala797Thr foi detectada somente em dois indiv&#237;duos de uma fam&#237;lia, no probando e em um familiar, fen&#243;tipo-negativo. Essa substitui&#231;&#227;o, considerada patog&#234;nica apenas pelo sistema <italic>MutPred</italic>, foi relatada no <italic>1000 EVS</italic> com a frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica de 0,0002 na popula&#231;&#227;o afro-americana. Ambas as muta&#231;&#245;es associaram-se &#224; HVE de grau leve ou moderado e &#224;s formas obstrutivas. A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Met877Ile, n&#227;o descrita previamente, foi identificada em tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos de uma fam&#237;lia de quatro membros. A muta&#231;&#227;o foi considerada como uma altera&#231;&#227;o benigna por quatro dos cinco sistemas computacionais consultados. Entretanto, mostrou cosegrega&#231;&#227;o com o fen&#243;tipo da CMH nos indiv&#237;duos com a doen&#231;a, o que sugere seu efeito patog&#234;nico. O probando apresentava fen&#243;tipo moderado com obstru&#231;&#227;o de via-de-sa&#237;da do VE. Obstru&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-ventricular grave foi evidenciada em um dos membros da fam&#237;lia e HVE leve em outro. Nenhuma dessas tr&#234;s muta&#231;&#245;es relacionou-se &#224; hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita. A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Glu1468Lys, identificada em tr&#234;s fam&#237;lias, n&#227;o apresentava registro pr&#233;vio na literatura ou nas bases de dados <italic>EVS</italic> e <italic>SNP</italic>. No entanto, todos os programas consultados favoreceram seu potencial patog&#234;nico. A an&#225;lise de cosegrega&#231;&#227;o demonstrou que todos os membros das fam&#237;lias afetadas com exce&#231;&#227;o de um, considerado normal, eram carreadores da muta&#231;&#227;o. Em uma das fam&#237;lias, a muta&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada no probando e em seis dos sete familiares avaliados, mas somente tr&#234;s eram fen&#243;tipo-positivos. O probando e um dos familiares apresentavam formas n&#227;o-obstrutivas com HVE moderada. Obstru&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-ventricular foi identificada em outro membro desta fam&#237;lia, posteriormente acometido por morte s&#250;bita aos 66 anos durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento. Em outra fam&#237;lia com essa muta&#231;&#227;o, o probando e os quatro familiares examinados apresentavam o gen&#243;tipo, mas apenas dois eram fen&#243;tipo-positivos. Dois membros, o probando e um familiar jovem fen&#243;tipo-negativo, exibiam dupla heterozigose com muta&#231;&#227;o nos genes <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. O probando evidenciava HVE moderada e obstru&#231;&#227;o grave da via-de-sa&#237;da, enquanto que o familiar com muta&#231;&#227;o isolada de <italic>MYH7</italic>, demonstrava forma leve n&#227;o-obstrutiva. Na terceira fam&#237;lia acometida, o probando e um familiar jovem fen&#243;tipo-negativo eram carreadores dessa muta&#231;&#227;o, a qual se associou &#224; HVE moderada e obstru&#231;&#227;o grave da via-de-sa&#237;da do VE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic></title>
          <p>Nas duas (20%) fam&#237;lias com muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>MYBPC3,</italic> quatro (57%) dos carreadores eram fen&#243;tipo-positivos, os probandos e dois familiares. As muta&#231;&#245;es determinaram HVE com marcada varia&#231;&#227;o inter- e intrafamiliar, expressa por espessura parietal m&#225;xima do VE de 17 a 34 mm, m&#233;dia 23 &#177; 7 mm. A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Arg495Gln foi identificada em uma fam&#237;lia, no probando e em quatro dos cinco membros submetidos &#224; genotipagem, dois dos quais eram fen&#243;tipo-positivos. A an&#225;lise de cosegrega&#231;&#227;o nessa fam&#237;lia e tr&#234;s sistemas computacionais favoreceram o seu papel patog&#234;nico na CMH. A muta&#231;&#227;o relacionou-se &#224; HVE de moderada &#224; maci&#231;a, em formas n&#227;o-obstrutivas de in&#237;cio precoce, associadas &#224; hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita prematura. A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Val896Met foi encontrada em dois indiv&#237;duos de uma fam&#237;lia de seis membros, os quais eram tamb&#233;m carreadores da muta&#231;&#227;o p.Glu1468Lys no gene <italic>MYH7</italic>. Dois programas distinguem o car&#225;ter patog&#234;nico desta variante, relatada no EVS com uma frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica de 0,0015 e 0,0048 em indiv&#237;duos de origem africana e europeia, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas entre os indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-positivos e gen&#243;tipo-negativos demonstrou que hist&#243;ria familiar de CMH e/ou morte s&#250;bita foi mais frequente naqueles com muta&#231;&#227;o identificada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). Indicadores cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os carreadores de muta&#231;&#245;es dos dois genes, exce&#231;&#227;o feita &#224; menor idade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita, que se associaram &#224; doen&#231;a causada por <italic>MYBPC3</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-positivos e gen&#243;tipo-negativos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center">Gen&#243;tipo-positivo<break/> (n = 25)</th>
                  <th align="center">Gen&#243;tipo-negativo <break/>(n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (78%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CMH</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>Dados apresentados por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre carreadores de muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center"><italic>MYH7</italic><break/>(n = 20)</th>
                  <th align="center"><italic>MYBPC3</italic><break/> (n = 7)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (29%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CMH</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte s&#250;bita</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Classe funcional NYHA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I/II</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,246</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III/IV</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,195</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espessura parietal m&#225;xima do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,497</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o na via-de-sa&#237;da do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>Dados apresentados por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo representa a primeira an&#225;lise gen&#233;tico-molecular da CMH realizada em popula&#231;&#227;o do extremo sul do Brasil, a qual compreendeu a avalia&#231;&#227;o de membros de fam&#237;lias n&#227;o-relacionadas. Foi estudada uma amostra de pacientes-&#237;ndices consecutivos e seus respectivos familiares, considerados como representativos de uma coorte ambulatorial n&#227;o-referenciada de CMH. Muta&#231;&#245;es causadoras foram detectadas em 58% dos indiv&#237;duos e em 70% das fam&#237;lias. As muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>MYH7,</italic> identificadas em 47% dos indiv&#237;duos, foram predominantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas do gene <italic>MYBPC3,</italic> presentes em apenas 16% dos casos. A maioria dessas muta&#231;&#245;es demonstrou serem privativas de uma &#250;nica fam&#237;lia. Duas muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>MYH7</italic> foram consideradas como novas. A presen&#231;a de teste gen&#233;tico positivo no probando possibilitou a identifica&#231;&#227;o molecular da doen&#231;a em at&#233; 82% dos respectivos familiares, dos quais 39% eram fen&#243;tipo-positivos. Todos os carreadores de muta&#231;&#227;o sem evid&#234;ncias de HVE ao ecocardiograma apresentaram anomalias eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, expressas majoritariamente por ondas Q patol&#243;gicas, as quais podem ser indicativas da doen&#231;a em fase pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A CMH &#233; considerada uma doen&#231;a universal, que acomete diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es expostas a uma ampla variedade de fatores ambientais e geogr&#225;ficos. Embora a express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da CMH n&#227;o evidencie aspectos distintos em popula&#231;&#245;es do hemisf&#233;rio norte e sul, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente definido se ambas compartilham o mesmo substrato gen&#233;tico. A an&#225;lise molecular de indiv&#237;duos com a doen&#231;a, origin&#225;rios de m&#250;ltiplas regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas e de etnia diversa, certamente contribuir&#225; para o entendimento das complexas caracter&#237;sticas desta entidade. O perfil gen&#233;tico da CMH foi definido com base no estudo de popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-relacionadas da Europa e Am&#233;rica do Norte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Mais recentemente, a an&#225;lise gen&#233;tico-molecular foi estendida a coortes da &#193;sia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> &#193;frica Setentrional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e Austr&#225;lia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Todavia, dados gerados a partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o de popula&#231;&#245;es do hemisf&#233;rio sul, s&#227;o comparativamente escassos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Em nosso pa&#237;s, as caracter&#237;sticas moleculares da CMH foram determinadas em indiv&#237;duos oriundos das regi&#245;es sudeste, norte e nordeste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> A assimila&#231;&#227;o de testes gen&#233;ticos mais resolutivos &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica dever&#225; certamente favorecer a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em maior escala em coortes de todos os continentes.</p>
        <p>Na presente an&#225;lise, muta&#231;&#245;es causadoras foram identificadas com maior frequ&#234;ncia do que em estudos pr&#233;vios, que inclu&#237;ram formas familiares e espor&#225;dicas de CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A maior positividade de nossos resultados pode ser atribu&#237;da ao fato de termos avaliado uma amostra bem caracterizada da doen&#231;a, ainda que a identifica&#231;&#227;o de muta&#231;&#245;es apresente varia&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Todas as muta&#231;&#245;es dos genes <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic> detectadas eram <italic>missense</italic>. A aus&#234;ncia de acometimento no gene <italic>TNNT2</italic> pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; sua menor preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral e a idade mais avan&#231;ada dos indiv&#237;duos integrantes dessa amostra, considerando que esse gene apresenta rela&#231;&#227;o com in&#237;cio precoce e morte s&#250;bita prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As muta&#231;&#245;es de <italic>MYH7</italic> foram predominantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas que envolveram <italic>MYBPC3</italic>, ao contr&#225;rio do referido em estudos pr&#233;vios baseados em popula&#231;&#245;es independentes do hemisf&#233;rio norte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> Essa caracter&#237;stica foi descrita em pacientes com CMH origin&#225;rios de outras regi&#245;es do Brasil e pode representar uma particularidade da doen&#231;a em nosso pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As muta&#231;&#245;es de <italic>MYH7</italic> foram encontradas em 47% dos indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; genotipagem e em 60% das fam&#237;lias. O rastreamento de todas as regi&#245;es codificantes deste gene identificou a presen&#231;a de quatro muta&#231;&#245;es <italic>missense</italic> em diferentes dom&#237;nios da prote&#237;na. A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Ile263Thr foi previamente relatada na Fran&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> em Portugal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e mais recentemente em outras regi&#245;es do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Ala797Thr, previamente descrita na &#193;frica do Sul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> com prov&#225;vel efeito fundador, tamb&#233;m foi referida em coortes da Am&#233;rica do Norte,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> &#193;frica Setentrional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e Europa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> assim como no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Met877Ile, nova, foi mapeada em uma fam&#237;lia com alto grau de penetr&#226;ncia, acometendo tr&#234;s dos quatro membros genotipados em duas gera&#231;&#245;es. A muta&#231;&#227;o associou-se &#224; HVE de leve &#224; grave e &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-ventricular e de via-de-sa&#237;da, assim como tamb&#233;m a formas n&#227;o-obstrutivas. A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Glu1468Lys, tamb&#233;m considerada nova, foi identificada em tr&#234;s fam&#237;lias n&#227;o-relacionadas. Varia&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica inter e intrafamiliar foi observada em formas obstrutivas e n&#227;o-obstrutivas com HVE de grau leve a moderado. Essa muta&#231;&#227;o relacionou-se, igualmente, &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-ventricular associada &#224; morte s&#250;bita tardia em um familiar.</p>
        <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es <italic>missense</italic> do gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic> foram encontradas em 16% dos indiv&#237;duos e em 20% das fam&#237;lias avaliadas. A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Arg495Gln, descrita na Am&#233;rica do Norte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e na popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> foi referida como frequente em uma coorte brasileira de CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> A muta&#231;&#227;o foi identificada em uma fam&#237;lia com hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita prematura associada &#224; HVE de moderada &#224; maci&#231;a. A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Val896Met foi previamente detectada em coortes europeias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> assim como na &#193;frica do Sul.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Dois carreadores dessa muta&#231;&#227;o de uma fam&#237;lia, o probando com HVE moderada e obstru&#231;&#227;o de via-de-sa&#237;da grave, assim como um familiar jovem fen&#243;tipo-negativo, tamb&#233;m exibiam a muta&#231;&#227;o p.Glu1468Lys no gene <italic>MYH7</italic>. O familiar fen&#243;tipo-negativo demonstrava ondas Q patol&#243;gicas no eletrocardiograma em repouso. Heterozigose dupla ou composta costuma ser identificada em fam&#237;lias com muta&#231;&#245;es de <italic>MYBPC3</italic>, correspondendo de 3 a 5% dos pacientes com CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> M&#250;ltiplas muta&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o usualmente relacionadas &#224; fen&#243;tipos graves e doen&#231;a de in&#237;cio precoce,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> entretanto, graus vari&#225;veis de HVE j&#225; foram relatados em alguns desses indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Todas as muta&#231;&#245;es dos genes <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic> demonstraram marcada varia&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica intra e interfamiliar relacionada ao grau de HVE. Varia&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica em pacientes carreadores de uma mesma muta&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada caracter&#237;stica da CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os padr&#245;es de HVE e a idade de in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a podem diferir mesmo entre indiv&#237;duos relacionados, considerando que o fen&#243;tipo &#233; determinado n&#227;o s&#243; pela muta&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m pela intera&#231;&#227;o de polimorfismos, genes modificantes, fatores epigen&#233;ticos e ambientais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A metan&#225;lise das associa&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo na CMH demonstra que, devido ao fato de muitas muta&#231;&#245;es serem privativas de uma s&#243; fam&#237;lia, os estudos j&#225; realizados ainda n&#227;o possuem poder estat&#237;stico suficiente para obten&#231;&#227;o de conclus&#245;es definitivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> Entretanto, algumas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas podem estar relacionadas ao gen&#243;tipo, tais como idade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, espessura parietal m&#225;xima do VE e hist&#243;ria familiar da doen&#231;a ou de morte s&#250;bita. Na amostra avaliada, houve predom&#237;nio de hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita e idade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais precoce nos carreadores de muta&#231;&#227;o do gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic>, caracter&#237;sticas que diferem daquelas relatadas na literatura, mas que podem representar uma particularidade da popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo.</p>
        <p>Em 30% das fam&#237;lias, n&#227;o foram identificadas muta&#231;&#245;es causadoras. Em todos esses casos, foi evidenciada aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica pr&#233;via de CMH. A presen&#231;a de um teste gen&#233;tico negativo pode resultar da exist&#234;ncia de muta&#231;&#245;es em genes n&#227;o conhecidos ou n&#227;o sequenciados. A HVE, por n&#227;o constituir fen&#243;tipo espec&#237;fico, &#233; identificada em outras formas de cardiopatia como nas doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas consideradas fenoc&#243;pias da CMH. A detec&#231;&#227;o de muta&#231;&#245;es em genes sarcom&#233;ricos relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a associa-se &#224; hist&#243;ria familiar, in&#237;cio precoce da doen&#231;a, progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel e maior grau de HVE em rela&#231;&#227;o aos casos com teste gen&#233;tico negativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Dados recentes indicam que essa associa&#231;&#227;o manifesta-se independentemente do gene acometido, mas estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para comprovar esses achados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No presente estudo, hist&#243;ria familiar de CMH ou morte s&#250;bita foi mais frequente em indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-positivos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles gen&#243;tipo-negativos.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, muta&#231;&#245;es causadoras de CMH foram identificadas em expressivo n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos. Entretanto, o perfil gen&#233;tico da popula&#231;&#227;o aqui analisada n&#227;o diferiu essencialmente daquele descrito em coortes de etnia diversa, origin&#225;rias de outras regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas, exceto pelo fato de que o acometimento de <italic>MYH7</italic> foi mais frequente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; <italic>MYBPC3</italic>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O estudo compreendeu o rastreamento dos tr&#234;s genes mais prevalentes na CMH, mas n&#227;o se estendeu aos demais, considerados como de reduzida frequ&#234;ncia. N&#227;o obstante, a an&#225;lise restringiu-se a uma amostra de fam&#237;lias n&#227;o-relacionadas registradas em um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio situado no sul do Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nesta primeira an&#225;lise gen&#233;tico-molecular de uma coorte de pacientes com CMH do extremo sul do Brasil, muta&#231;&#245;es foram identificadas em 58% dos indiv&#237;duos consecutivos de fam&#237;lias n&#227;o relacionadas. As muta&#231;&#245;es afetaram de forma predominante o gene <italic>MYH7</italic>, caracter&#237;stica que diverge do relatado em pa&#237;ses do hemisf&#233;rio norte. O estudo corrobora que as muta&#231;&#245;es em <italic>MYH7</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic> devem constituir o enfoque inicial da an&#225;lise gen&#233;tico-molecular na CMH, muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>TNNT2</italic> seguem um padr&#227;o de baixa preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Todas as muta&#231;&#245;es detectadas eram do tipo <italic>missense</italic>, enquanto que duas do gene <italic>MYH7</italic> n&#227;o haviam sido previamente descritas. As muta&#231;&#245;es caracterizaram-se por acometer distintos dom&#237;nios das prote&#237;nas codificadas e determinar express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica vari&#225;vel. Foi identificada rela&#231;&#227;o entre teste gen&#233;tico positivo e hist&#243;ria familiar de CMH ou morte s&#250;bita. Predom&#237;nio de muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>MYH7</italic> pode representar uma caracter&#237;stica da popula&#231;&#227;o local.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
