<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7kPBXdbtNzHRxsTGvBgJs5B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004200245</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160129</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005023102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Complications after Surgical Procedures in Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Results of a Prospective Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albertini</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Marcos de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Infante Januzzi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fiorelli</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo In&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Katia Regina da Silva</bold>, Unidade de Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica e Marcapasso da Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia do InCor-HCFMUSP, Avenida Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, Postal code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>katia.research@gmail.com</email>, <email>katia.regina@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva KR, Costa R; Acquisition of data: Silva KR, Albertini CMM, Crevelari ES, Carvalho EIJ, Fiorelli AI; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva KR, Albertini CMM, Crevelari ES, Fiorelli AI, Costa R; Writing of the manuscript: Silva KR, Costa R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva KR, Martinelli Filho M, Costa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>9</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>245</fpage>
      <lpage>256</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background: </title>
          <p>Complications after surgical procedures in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) are an emerging problem due to an increasing number of such procedures and aging of the population, which consequently increases the frequency of comorbidities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>To identify the rates of postoperative complications, mortality, and hospital readmissions, and evaluate the risk factors for the occurrence of these events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Prospective and unicentric study that included all individuals undergoing CIED surgical procedures from February to August 2011. The patients were distributed by type of procedure into the following groups: initial implantations (cohort 1), generator exchange (cohort 2), and lead-related procedures (cohort 3). The outcomes were evaluated by an independent committee. Univariate and multivariate analyses assessed the risk factors, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> A total of 713 patients were included in the study and distributed as follows: 333 in cohort 1, 304 in cohort 2, and 76 in cohort 3. Postoperative complications were detected in 7.5%, 1.6%, and 11.8% of the patients in cohorts 1, 2, and 3, respectively (p = 0.014). During a 6-month follow-up, there were 58 (8.1%) deaths and 75 (10.5%) hospital readmissions. Predictors of hospital readmission included the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (odds ratio [OR] = 4.2), functional class III&#173;-IV (OR = 1.8), and warfarin administration (OR = 1.9). Predictors of mortality included age over 80 years (OR = 2.4), ventricular dysfunction (OR = 2.2), functional class III-IV (OR = 3.3), and warfarin administration (OR = 2.3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> Postoperative complications, hospital readmissions, and deaths occurred frequently and were strongly related to the type of procedure performed, type of CIED, and severity of the patient's underlying heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keyworks:</title>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgery/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Intraoperative Complications/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), including pacemakers (PM), implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) without (CRT-P) or with defibrillator (CRT-D) are the main innovations in cardiology in the last decades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> More than 737,000 procedures to implant these devices are performed every year worldwide,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> with an estimated annual average in Brazil of 35,000 new implants and 15,000 reoperations for device maintenance or treatment of device-related complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite a large increase in the number of procedures and the complexity of the cardiac devices, surprisingly little is known about the effectiveness and safety of these devices, and their impact on the patients' mortality in Brazil. Recent statistics have reported increased complications rates after surgical procedures in patients with CIED, which have been disproportionately higher than the number of initial device implantations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main factor associated with the increasing incidence of complications in patients with CIED is the aging of the population requiring conventional PM implants, which, in turn, is strongly associated with an increased rate of comorbidities and higher rates of hospital readmissions and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Similarly, the incorporation of ICD and CRT as therapeutic modalities of artificial cardiac pacing has brought a new challenge to this field, since most candidates for these implant devices are patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction often refractory to pharmacological treatment for heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Other factors also justifying the increasing number of complications include procedures to extract old leads, which carry a high surgical risk, and treatment of patients with CIED-related infections, who are often severely septicemic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, we implemented a prospective registry gathering data from clinical practice with the purpose of (1) identifying the rates of complications, hospital readmissions, and perioperative mortality within the first 6 months of clinical follow-up, and (2) evaluate the risk factors associated with the occurrence of these events. These data are intended to modify routine protocols in order to prevent and treat these events at an early stage.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and population</title>
        <p>The CIED Registry was a single-center prospective study conducted in a hospital providing advanced care. The study was approved by our institution's Research Ethics Committee, and the study participants signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
        <p>We included all consecutive patients undergoing any type of surgical procedure involving artificial and permanent cardiac pacing between February and August 2011. The surgical procedures were performed by attending physicians, residents in cardiovascular surgery, and cardiologists undergoing training in artificial cardiac pacing.</p>
        <p>All patients were followed up for 6 months after surgery through routine outpatient visits or, when attending other services, through telephone contact.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study outcomes</title>
        <p>The outcomes evaluated in the study included (1) intraoperative and immediate postoperative complications, or complications within the first 6 months of clinical follow-up; (2) the need for hospital readmissions; and (3) mortality from any cause.</p>
        <p>The complications were characterized as (1) major, when life-threatening or requiring surgical reintervention for correction; and (2) minor, when suitable for treatment on an outpatient basis, involving device reprogramming, or requiring exclusive clinical observation. All major complications, hospital readmissions, and deaths were evaluated by an independent expert committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study dynamics</title>
        <p>We collected data at four distinct moments: immediately before surgery (immediate preoperative), at hospital discharge, and at 30 days and 6 months after surgery. The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref> shows the main phases of the study and the composition of the studied population.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Phases of the study and composition of the studied population. ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CIED: cardiac implantable electronic device; PM: pacemaker; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy associated with ICD; CRT-P: cardiac resynchronization therapy alone.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the immediate preoperative period, we collected demographic and clinical data prior to the CIED implantation, as well as information related to the clinical conditions of the patients upon collection of the data. When available, echocardiographic data were collected to determine the patients' ventricular function. We estimated the patients' left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with the Teicholz method or, preferably, the Simpson method, considering as normal those values above 0.55.</p>
        <p>In the assessments performed in the postoperative period and upon hospital discharge, we prioritized the evaluation of complications related to the surgical procedure, clinical complications arising from deterioration of the existing heart disease, and problems directly related to the CIED.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electronic collection and management of the data</title>
        <p>The data were stored in a database developed in the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) software,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> which is hosted in our institution's server.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Studied variables</title>
        <p>We analyzed the following independent variables potentially associated with a risk of occurrence of the studied outcomes: demographic data, preoperative baseline clinical data, type of CIED, and type of procedure performed.</p>
        <p>To improve our understanding of the severity of the procedures performed, we grouped the patients into three distinct cohorts: (1) initial implantation of conventional PM, ICD, CRT-P, or CRT-D; (2) change of pulse generators or procedures limited to the pulse generator pocket, characterized in this study as low-risk reoperations; and (3) reoperations involving previously implanted leads, such as lead extraction or upgrade procedures, characterized as high-risk reoperations.</p>
        <p>Statistical analysis</p>
        <p>The data were electronically exported to Excel (Microsoft Excel) spreadsheets and analyzed with SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), and RStudio.</p>
        <p>Quantitative variables are described as mean and standard deviation and qualitative variables as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
        <p>The association of independent variables with the occurrence of the evaluated outcomes was analyzed with chi-square or Fisher exact test. Differences in distribution of quantitative numerical variables according to the occurrence of outcomes (group with and without complications) were evaluated with Student's <italic>t</italic> test. We used multivariate logistic regression with the stepwise variable selection to evaluate independent risk factors, including those variables with associations with a p value &#8804; 0.10 in the univariate analysis. Based on the logistic regression model, we estimated the magnitude of the effect of the variables included in the final model by calculating the odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). The probability of survival and hospital readmission-free survival were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. We adopted a significance level of 5% in the statistical tests.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Over the 6-month inclusion period, 713 patients underwent surgical procedures comprising 333 (46.7%) initial implantations, 304 (42.6%) low-risk reoperations, and 76 (10.7%) high-risk reoperations. The baseline characteristics of the patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="80%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">Demographic and Baseline Clinical Characteristics</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">367 (51.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean &#177; SD (years)</td>
              <td align="center">64.5 &#177; 18.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Range</td>
              <td align="center">4 days to 98.6 years</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Baseline heart disease, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without structural heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">412 (57.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">87 (12.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">59 (8.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nonischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">76 (10.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congenital heart defect</td>
              <td align="center">8 (1.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">42 (5.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Information not available</td>
              <td align="center">29 (4.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Associated comorbidities, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None</td>
              <td align="center">40 (5.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Only one</td>
              <td align="center">184 (25.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Two</td>
              <td align="center">171 (24.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Three</td>
              <td align="center">251 (35.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Four</td>
              <td align="center">67 (9.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Functional class (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">368 (51.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">237 (33.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">100 (14.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">8 (1.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Presence of atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">9 (1.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of oral anticoagulants</td>
              <td align="center">97 (13.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of antiplatelet agents</td>
              <td align="center">277 (38.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>LVEF, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">166 (23.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate dysfunction (LVEF &#8805; 40 &lt; 55)</td>
              <td align="center">103 (14.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal ventricular function (LVEF &#8805; 55)</td>
              <td align="center">355 (49.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Information not available</td>
              <td align="center">89 (12.5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The patients were aged 4 days to 98.6 years with a median of 67.9 years. There was a slight predominance of males (51.5% of the cases). Most (66.4%) patients had no other heart disease apart from the underlying heart rate disturbance. Cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in 31.2% of the patients and was attributed to Chagas disease, or to idiopathic or ischemic causes. Only 1.1% of the patients presented a structural congenital heart disease.</p>
      <p>The baseline assessment showed that most patients were oligosymptomatic in terms of manifestations of heart failure: 51.6% were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (FC) I, 33.2% in FC II, 14.0% in FC III, and 1.1% in FC IV.</p>
      <p>Most patients presented with one or more comorbidities: 25.8% of the patients had one comorbidity, while 24.0% and 44.6% had two and three comorbidities, respectively. Only 5.6% of the patients had no other associated disease.</p>
      <p>A total of 87.5% of the patients underwent echocardiographic studies. Among these patients, 49.8% had a normal LVEF, while 14.4% had LVEF estimated between 0.40 and 0.55, and 23.3% below 0.40.</p>
      <p>During the 6-month follow-up period, adverse events were observed in 204 patients (28.6%). When considered individually, these events comprised 58 (8.1%) deaths, 75 (10.5%) hospital readmissions, 39 (5.5%) major complications, and 165 (23.1%) minor complications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of complications according to the type of procedure performed</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Complications</th>
              <th align="center">All (n= 713)</th>
              <th align="center">Initial implantation (n= 333)</th>
              <th align="center">Generator exchange (n= 304)</th>
              <th align="center">Lead-related procedures (n= 76)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Any complication</td>
              <td align="center">204 (28.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (29.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (23.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (40.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Major complications</td>
              <td align="center">39 (5.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (7.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (11.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lead displacement</td>
              <td align="center">19 (2.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (4.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">5 (6.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac tamponade</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemothorax</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pneumothorax</td>
              <td align="center">7 (1.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pocket abscess</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endocarditis</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lead fracture</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DVT (ipsilateral upper extremity)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minor complications</td>
              <td align="center">165 (23.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (23.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (21.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (30.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Phrenic stimulation / muscular</td>
              <td align="center">5 (0.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pace / sense alterations</td>
              <td align="center">20 (2.85)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (5.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pocket hematoma</td>
              <td align="center">57 (8.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (10.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (4.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (11.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pocket fluid</td>
              <td align="center">43 (6.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (4.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (6.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (10.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Superficial dehiscence</td>
              <td align="center">32 (4.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (5.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (3.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surface wound infection</td>
              <td align="center">7 (1.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Skin scarification</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>NS: non-significant; DVT: deep venous thrombosis.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Major complications were significantly more frequent (p = 0.014) in the cohort of patients undergoing high-risk reoperations (11.8%) when compared with those undergoing initial implantations (7.5%), and low-risk reoperations (1.6%). There were no significant differences in rates of minor complications among the three cohorts. The various types of complications observed are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. On univariate analysis, only administration of warfarin (p = 0.030) was identified as a risk factor for major complications, while no risk factors for minor complications were observed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Factors influencing the occurrence of complications</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Factors associated with major complications</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Absence of complication</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Presence of complication</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">65.1 &#177; 18.6</td>
              <td align="center">64.9 &#177; 23.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.983</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">48.4%</td>
              <td align="center">49.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0.851</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">46.9 &#177; 21.6</td>
              <td align="center">53.2 &#177; 19.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.119</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Type of cardiac device</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conventional PM</td>
              <td align="center">78.8%</td>
              <td align="center">77.6%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.200</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conventional ICD</td>
              <td align="center">10.7%</td>
              <td align="center">6.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRT-D</td>
              <td align="center">3.8%</td>
              <td align="center">6.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRT-P</td>
              <td align="center">6.7%</td>
              <td align="center">8.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Baseline heart disease</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without structural heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">66.9%</td>
              <td align="center">64.1%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.273</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">11.4%</td>
              <td align="center">18.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">9.1%</td>
              <td align="center">6.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nonischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">11.4%</td>
              <td align="center">9.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Functional class (NYHA)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I - II</td>
              <td align="center">85.3%</td>
              <td align="center">82.8%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.807</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III - IV</td>
              <td align="center">14.7%</td>
              <td align="center">17.2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Multiple comorbidities</td>
              <td align="center">93.8%</td>
              <td align="center">97.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.141</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of antiplatelet agents</td>
              <td align="center">38.6%</td>
              <td align="center">40.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0.713</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of warfarin</td>
              <td align="center">12.2%</td>
              <td align="center">19.4%</td>
              <td align="center">0.030*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Factors associated with minor complications</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Absence of complication</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Presence of complication</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 19.8</td>
              <td align="center">65.3 &#177; 16.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.318</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">48.6%</td>
              <td align="center">47.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.860</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 22.7</td>
              <td align="center">48.8 &#177; 19.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.796</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Type of cardiac device</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conventional PM</td>
              <td align="center">78.9%</td>
              <td align="center">70.6%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.443</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conventional ICD</td>
              <td align="center">9.8%</td>
              <td align="center">11.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRT-D</td>
              <td align="center">4.4%</td>
              <td align="center">5.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRT-P</td>
              <td align="center">6.9%</td>
              <td align="center">11.7%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Baseline heart disease</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without structural heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">66.8%</td>
              <td align="center">58.8%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.540</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">12.3%</td>
              <td align="center">20.6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">8.5%</td>
              <td align="center">11.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nonischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">11.3%</td>
              <td align="center">8.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Functional class (NYHA)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I - II</td>
              <td align="center">84.8%</td>
              <td align="center">85.3%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.311</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III - IV</td>
              <td align="center">15.2%</td>
              <td align="center">14.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Multiple comorbidities</td>
              <td align="center">94.4%</td>
              <td align="center">93.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0.707</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of antiplatelet agents</td>
              <td align="center">38.6%</td>
              <td align="center">44.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.522</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of warfarin</td>
              <td align="center">13.6%</td>
              <td align="center">14.7%</td>
              <td align="center">0.798</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; PM: pacemaker; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy associated with ICD; CRT-P: cardiac resynchronization therapy alone.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 713 cases studied, 75 (10.5%) required readmission to the hospital within the first 6 months from the operation. In only 26 (3.6%) of these, the readmission was associated with problems related to cardiac pacing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>). The expectation of being free from hospital readmission after 6 months of follow-up was 95% (95%CI = 94.9-95.1%), 87% (95%CI = 85.6-88.4%), and 82% (95%CI = 80.7-83.3%) for low-risk reoperations, initial implantation, and high-risk reoperations, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref> also shows that hospital readmissions were more frequent in patients undergoing high-risk reoperations (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hospital readmission of patients with CIED during a follow-up period of 6 months after the surgical procedure. (A) Reasons for hospital readmission; (B) Estimated probability of being free from hospital readmission. CIED: cardiac implantable electronic device; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; Reop.: reoperation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>We identified the following risk factors for hospital readmission: ICD (OR = 4.19, 95%CI = 2.27-7.73) or CRT-D (OR = 3.20, 95%CI = 1.50-6.84) implants, preoperative NYHA FC III or IV (OR = 1.77, 95%CI = 1.03-3.04), and warfarin administration (OR = 1.95, 95%CI = 1.13-3.36). Patients undergoing low-risk reoperations had half the risk of hospital readmission than the other patients included in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Risk factors for hospital readmission in patients with CIED during a follow-up of 6 months after the surgical procedure. ICD: implantable cardioverterdefibrillator; FC: functional class; PM: pacemaker; Reop. : reoperation; CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy associated with ICD; CRT-P: cardiac resynchronization therapy alone.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The general mortality rate was 8.1% after 6 months of follow-up. Only three deaths were related to problems with the artificial cardiac pacing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref>). The expected survival rates at 6 months of follow-up were 96% (95%CI = 95.9-96.1%), 93% (95%CI = 92.6-93.4%), and 89% (95%CI = 87.2-90.8%) for low-risk reoperations, high-risk reoperations, and initial implantations, respectively. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4B</xref>, the mortality was higher in the cohort undergoing initial implantation (p = 0.002).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortality of patients with CIED during a follow-up of 6 months after the surgical procedure. (A) Mortality causes; (B) Estimated probability of survival. CIED: cardiac implantable electronic device; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; Reop.: reoperation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>We identified the following risk factors for mortality: age over 80 years at surgery (OR = 2.44, 95%CI = 1.34-4.44), LVEF below 0.40 (OR = 2.20, 95%CI = 1.25-3.89), preoperative NYHA FC III or IV (OR = 3.31, 95%CI = 1.87-5.87), and warfarin administration (OR = 2.34, 95%CI = 1.33-4.12). Patients undergoing low-risk reoperations had half the risk of death from any cause when compared with the other patients in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Risk factors for mortality in patients with CIED during a follow-up period of 6 months after the surgical procedure. ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; FC: functional class; PM: pacemaker; Reop. : reoperation; CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy associated with ICD; CRT-P: cardiac resynchronization therapy alone; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Complications in surgical procedures for implantation or maintenance of CIEDs occur frequently. These complications may result from skin punctures during venous access procedures, handling of vein and cardiac catheters, contamination by infectious agents, anesthetic procedures, or other situations that occur less frequently.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the fact that complications may occur at random, factors related to their increasing incidence have been described. For example, the experience of the hospital and the surgical team performing the procedure are strongly associated with the number of complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The type of implanted device and surgery performed also influence the outcome of the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Traditionally, surgeries for implantation of complex devices with a larger number of leads, as well as reoperations involving intravascular handling of the leads, particularly procedures to extract old leads, show a higher risk of complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The rates of perioperative and postoperative complications in procedures related to CIED have increased considerably and in disproportion to the number of initial device implantation. Several factors may be related to this fact, including aging of the population, as well as increasing number of comorbidities and prescription of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Another key factor is the incorporation into artificial cardiac pacing of cardioverter-defibrillators and CRT devices, which are mostly used to treat patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study identified a high rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications, although these complications were mostly minor in nature and not life-threatening or requiring intervention or hospital readmission for their management. These minor complications occurred at random and were unrelated to the type of procedure performed. On the other hand, major complications that were life-threatening or required reintervention or hospital readmission were more frequent in initial implantations (7.5%), and significantly more frequently in high-risk reoperations (11.8%). These rates, although consistent, were lower than those of major complications reported in the REPLACE Registry, which ranged from 4.0% to 15.3% in patients undergoing generator exchange and upgrade procedures, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the high rate (10.5%) of hospital readmissions within 6 months from the surgical procedure, this rate was higher in patients undergoing high-risk reoperations, followed by those undergoing initial implantation. We also detected risk factors for this occurrence, mostly related to the severity of the heart disease, such as the requirement of any type of ICD or oral anticoagulant therapy, and preoperative NYHA FC III or IV. Data from the Danish Registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and the Medicare program<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have confirmed a higher morbidity rate with ICD alone or associated with CRT when compared with that with other devices.</p>
      <p>Despite the high mortality rate from all causes observed in the same period (8.1%), this event was rarely related to the surgical procedure, but rather to the severity of the disease itself. We observed a higher risk of mortality among patients who were either octogenarians, had severely decreased ventricular function or symptomatic heart failure, or received oral anticoagulant therapy. These rates are consistent with the mortality rates for heart failure reported in the Framingham Heart Study (10% in 30 days and 20-30% in 1 year),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> as well as the annual mortality rates of 9% and 12% described in the CARE-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and COMPANION<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> studies, respectively.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, patients who underwent procedures to exchange pulse generators alone or other procedures that did not involve intravascular handling had significantly lower risks of death, hospital readmission, or complications than the patients in the other two cohorts. The fact that the majority of these patients had their procedures scheduled electively may have been crucial to their better outcomes.</p>
      <p>Literature studies about complications and mortality in patients with CIED are mainly based on secondary analyses of randomized clinical trials or observational studies with limited sample sizes. As far as we know, the sample of this prospective registry is the largest to assess postoperative outcomes in patients with CIED in a single cardiology center in Brazil. Another aspect to be noted is that the data presented in this study reflect a picture of real-world clinical practice, since the analysis included all patients seen during a limited period of time, regardless of age, medical condition or surgical procedure, thus avoiding selection biases that could have invalidated a generalization of the results.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>This study presents some limitations that must be considered in the interpretation of the results. Although the study included a representative sample, it reflects the care practices of a single cardiology hospital in the country, which is considered a reference center providing advanced artificial cardiac pacing therapies and a cardiology training center. Since this study was not designed to assess the effects of each surgeon's experience level and/or the volume of procedures performed individually, we are unable to claim that the surgeons' positions on the learning curve influenced the higher risk of intraoperative complications. The possibility of such association will be assessed in future studies conducted at our institution. Finally, a long-term follow-up of this population is especially important to provide more robust evidence about possible adverse events that occur at later stages of care of patients with CIED, which are often underreported.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>We conclude that adverse perioperative and postoperative events were frequent in the studied population. These events were strongly related to the type of procedure performed, type of device implanted, and, mainly, to the severity of the patient's underlying heart disease. We identified risk factors for mortality and hospital readmission, confirming that serious events occur in older patients and in those with more advanced cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>The findings of this study confirm a need for specific care protocols to follow-up patients at a higher risk of presenting serious events.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Cheng A, Tereshchenko LG. Evolutionary innovations in cardiac pacing. J Electrocardiol. 2011;44(6):611-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tereshchenko</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evolutionary innovations in cardiac pacing</article-title>
          <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>611</fpage>
          <lpage>615</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Mond HG, Proclemer A. 11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: calendar year 2009--a World Society of Arrhythmia's project. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(8):1013-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mond</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proclemer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: calendar year 2009--a World Society of Arrhythmia's project</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1013</fpage>
          <lpage>1027</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACCF/AHA/HRS, Epstein AE, Di Marco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, et al. 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2013;127(3):e283-e352.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACCF/AHA/HRS</collab>
            <name>
              <surname>Epstein</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Marco</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellenbogen</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Estes</surname>
              <given-names>NA 3rd</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freedman</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gettes</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>e283</fpage>
          <lpage>e352</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 2013 ESC, Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, Bordachar P, Boriani G, Breithardt OA, et al. Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: The Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Europace. 2013;15(8):1070-118.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>2013 ESC</collab>
            <name>
              <surname>Brignole</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auricchio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron-Esquivias</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bordachar</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boriani</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breithardt</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: The Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1070</fpage>
          <lpage>1118</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. DATASUS. [Acesso em 2015 dez 30] Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php">http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>DATASUS</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2015 dez 30</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php">http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Rizwan Sohail M, Henrikson CA, Jo Braid-Forbes M, Forbes KF, Lerner DJ. Increased long-term mortality in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;38(2):231-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rizwan Sohail</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henrikson</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jo Braid-Forbes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forbes</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lerner</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased long-term mortality in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>239</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Greenspon AJ, Patel JD, Lau E, Ochoa JA, Frisch DR, Ho RT, et al. 16-year trends in the infection burden for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the United States 1993 to 2008. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(10):1001-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greenspon</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lau</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ochoa</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frisch</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>16-year trends in the infection burden for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the United States 1993 to 2008</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1001</fpage>
          <lpage>1006</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Poole JE, Gleva MJ, Mela T, Chung MK, Uslan DZ, Borge R, et al. Complication rates associated with pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator replacements and upgrade procedures: results from the REPLACE registry. Circulation. 2010;122(16):1553-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poole</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gleva</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mela</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uslan</surname>
              <given-names>DZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borge</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complication rates associated with pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator replacements and upgrade procedures: results from the REPLACE registry</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1553</fpage>
          <lpage>1561</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Kirkfeldt RE, Johansen JB, Nohr EA, J&#248;rgensen OD, Nielsen JC. Complications after cardiac implantable electronic device implantations: an analysis of a complete, nationwide cohort in Denmark. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(18):1186-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johansen</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nohr</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>J&#248;rgensen</surname>
              <given-names>OD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complications after cardiac implantable electronic device implantations: an analysis of a complete, nationwide cohort in Denmark</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1186</fpage>
          <lpage>1194</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Palmisano P, Accogli M, Zaccaria M, Luzzi G, Nacci F, Anaclerio M, et al. Rate, causes, and impact on patient outcome of implantable device complications requiring surgical revision: large population survey from two centres in Italy. Europace. 2013;15(4):531-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palmisano</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Accogli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaccaria</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luzzi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nacci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anaclerio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rate, causes, and impact on patient outcome of implantable device complications requiring surgical revision: large population survey from two centres in Italy</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>531</fpage>
          <lpage>540</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Pakarinen S, Oikarinen L, Toivonen L. Short-term implantation-related complications of cardiac rhythm management device therapy: a retrospective single-centre 1-year survey. Europace. 2010;12(1):103-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pakarinen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oikarinen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toivonen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-term implantation-related complications of cardiac rhythm management device therapy: a retrospective single-centre 1-year survey</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>103</fpage>
          <lpage>108</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Lin YS, Hung SP, Chen PR, Yang CH, Wo HT, Chang PC, et al. Risk factors influencing complications of cardiac implantable electronic device implantation: infection, pneumothorax and heart perforation: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(27):e213.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>YS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hung</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wo</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors influencing complications of cardiac implantable electronic device implantation: infection, pneumothorax and heart perforation: a nationwide population-based cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Medicine (Baltimore)</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>27</issue>
          <elocation-id>e213</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Masoudi FA, Mi X, Curtis LH, Peterson PN, Curtis JP, Fonarow GC, et al. Comparative effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator versus defibrillator therapy alone: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(9):603-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Masoudi</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mi</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparative effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator versus defibrillator therapy alone: a cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>603</fpage>
          <lpage>611</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Krahn AD, Lee DS, Birnie D, Healey JS, Crystal E, Dorian P, et al. Predictors of short-term complications after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement: results from the Ontario ICD Database. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4(2):136-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krahn</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Birnie</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Healey</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crystal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dorian</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of short-term complications after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement: results from the Ontario ICD Database</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <lpage>142</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Steckman DA, Varosy PD, Parzynski CS, Masoudi FA, Curtis JP, Sauer WH, et al. In-hospital complications associated with reoperations of implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Am J Cardiol. 2014;114(3):419-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steckman</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varosy</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parzynski</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masoudi</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sauer</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In-hospital complications associated with reoperations of implantable cardioverter defibrillators</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>419</fpage>
          <lpage>426</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Borleffs CJ, Thijssen J, de Bie MK, van Rees JB, van Welsenes GH, van Erven L, et al. Recurrent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement is associated with an increasing risk of pocket-related complications. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33(8):1013-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Borleffs</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Bie</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Rees</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Welsenes</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Erven</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recurrent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement is associated with an increasing risk of pocket-related complications</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1013</fpage>
          <lpage>1019</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Brunner MP, Cronin EM, Duarte VE, Yu C, Tarakji KG, Martin DO, et al. Clinical predictors of adverse patient outcomes in an experience of more than 5000 chronic endovascular pacemaker and defibrillator lead extractions. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(5):799-805.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brunner</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cronin</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>VE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tarakji</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical predictors of adverse patient outcomes in an experience of more than 5000 chronic endovascular pacemaker and defibrillator lead extractions</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>799</fpage>
          <lpage>805</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap) - A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support, J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thielke</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Payne</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conde</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Research electronic data capture (REDCap) - A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support, J Biomed</article-title>
          <source>Inform</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Silva KR, Costa R, Crevelari ES, Lacerda MS, Albertini CMM, Martinelli Filho M, et al. Glocal Clinical Registries: Pacemaker registry design and implementation for global and local integration - methodology and case study. PLoS One.2013;8(7):e71090.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crevelari</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacerda</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albertini</surname>
              <given-names>CMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Glocal Clinical Registries: Pacemaker registry design and implementation for global and local integration - methodology and case study</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e71090</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Udo EO, Zuithoff NP, van Hemel NM, de Cock CC, Hendriks T, Doevendans PA, et al. Incidence and predictors of short- and long-term complications in pacemaker therapy: the FOLLOWPACE study. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:728-735.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Udo</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zuithoff</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Hemel</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Cock</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hendriks</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doevendans</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence and predictors of short- and long-term complications in pacemaker therapy: the FOLLOWPACE study</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>728</fpage>
          <lpage>735</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Al-Khatib SM, Greiner MA, Peterson ED, Hernandez AF, Schulman KA, Curtis LH. Patient and implanting physician factors associated with mortality and complications after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, 2002-2005. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2008;1(4):240-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Khatib</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greiner</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hernandez</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schulman</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patient and implanting physician factors associated with mortality and complications after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, 2002-2005</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>240</fpage>
          <lpage>249</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Freeman JV, Wang Y, Curtis JP, Heidenreich PA, Hlatky MA. The relation between hospital procedure volume and complications of cardioverter-defibrillator implantation from the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(14):1133-9</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heidenreich</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hlatky</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The relation between hospital procedure volume and complications of cardioverter-defibrillator implantation from the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1133</fpage>
          <lpage>1139</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Al-Khatib SM, Hellkamp A, Bardy GH, Hammill S, Hall WJ, Mark DB, et al. Survival of patients receiving a primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in clinical practice vs clinical trials. JAMA. 2013;309(1):55-62</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Khatib</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hellkamp</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bardy</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammill</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mark</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Survival of patients receiving a primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in clinical practice vs clinical trials</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>309</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Kupka MJ, Ho KK, et al. Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure. N Engl J Med.2002;347:1397-1402.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenchaiah</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kupka</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>347</volume>
          <fpage>1397</fpage>
          <lpage>1402</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1539-49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daubert</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erdmann</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freemantle</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gras</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kappenberger</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>352</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1539</fpage>
          <lpage>1549</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, De Marco T, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(21):2140-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxon</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boehmer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krueger</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kass</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Marco</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>350</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2140</fpage>
          <lpage>2150</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos em Portadores de Dispositivos Card&#237;acos Eletr&#244;nicos Implant&#225;veis: Resultados de um Registro Prospectivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albertini</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Marcos de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Infante Januzzi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fiorelli</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo In&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Katia Regina da Silva</bold>, Unidade de Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica e Marcapasso da Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia do InCor-HCFMUSP Avenida Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>katia.research@gmail.com</email>, <email>katia.regina@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva KR, Costa R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva KR, Albertini CMM, Crevelari ES, Carvalho EIJ, Fiorelli AI, Costa R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva KR, Albertini CMM, Crevelari ES, Fiorelli AI; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva KR, Martinelli Filho M, Costa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos em portadores de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) s&#227;o um problema emergente devido ao aumento crescente na taxa destes procedimentos e ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, com consequente aumento de comorbidades.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Identificar as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, mortalidade e readmiss&#227;o hospitalar, e pesquisar fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia desses eventos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Registro prospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico que incluiu todos os indiv&#237;duos submetidos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos em DCEI no per&#237;odo de fevereiro a agosto de 2011. Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos por tipos de procedimento nos seguintes grupos: implantes iniciais (coorte 1), troca de gerador (coorte 2) e procedimentos em cabos-eletrodos (coorte 3). Os desfechos foram avaliados por um comit&#234; independente. Empregou-se a an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada para a pesquisa de fatores de risco e o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier para an&#225;lise de sobrevida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 713 pacientes, sendo 333, 304 e 76 distribu&#237;dos nas coortes 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foram detectadas em 7,5%, 1,6% e 11,8% dos pacientes nas coortes 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente (p = 0,014). Durante os 6 meses de seguimento, houve 58 (8,1%) &#243;bitos e 75 (10,5%) readmiss&#245;es hospitalares. Preditores de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar inclu&#237;ram o uso de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] = 4,2), classe funcional III-IV (OR = 1,8) e uso de warfarina (OR = 1,9). Preditores de mortalidade inclu&#237;ram idade acima de 80 anos (OR = 2,4), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (OR = 2,2), classe funcional III-IV (OR = 3,3) e uso de warfarina (OR = 2,3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, readmiss&#245;es hospitalares e &#243;bitos foram frequentes. Esses eventos estiveram fortemente relacionados ao tipo de procedimento realizado, tipo de DCEI e gravidade da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es Intraoperat&#243;rias/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI), representados por marca-passos (MP), cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI) e terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) isolada (TRC-MP) ou associada &#224; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (TRC-CDI), representam as principais inova&#231;&#245;es da cardiologia nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Mais de 737.000 procedimentos para implante desses dispositivos t&#234;m sido realizados a cada ano em todo o mundo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> com uma estimativa m&#233;dia anual no Brasil de 35.000 novos implantes e 15.000 procedimentos de reopera&#231;&#245;es para manuten&#231;&#227;o destes dispositivos ou tratamento de complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar do grande aumento no n&#250;mero de procedimentos e na complexidade dos dispositivos card&#237;acos, surpreendentemente pouco se sabe no contexto brasileiro sobre a efetividade e seguran&#231;a desses dispositivos e seu impacto na mortalidade de seus portadores. Estat&#237;sticas recentes t&#234;m relatado um aumento na incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos em portadores de DCEI, que tem sido desproporcionalmente maior do que o n&#250;mero de implantes iniciais desses dispositivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O aumento na incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es em portadores de DCEI tem como principal fator o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o que necessita de implante de MP convencional que, por sua vez, est&#225; fortemente associado ao aumento de comorbidades e, consequentemente, a maiores taxas de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No mesmo sentido, a incorpora&#231;&#227;o dos CDI e da TRC como modalidades terap&#234;uticas de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial trouxe um novo desafio a esta &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que os candidatos ao implante destes dispositivos s&#227;o, em sua maioria, portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave e, em muitos casos, refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento medicamentoso da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Outros fatores tamb&#233;m podem justificar o aumento no n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es, como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos antigos que implicam em alto risco cir&#250;rgico, assim como o tratamento de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao DCEI, muitos deles com sepse grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo foi implementado um registro prospectivo, com dados derivados da pr&#225;tica assistencial, com a finalidade de (1) identificar as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es, readmiss&#245;es hospitalares e mortalidade perioperat&#243;rias e nos primeiros 6 meses de seguimento cl&#237;nico e (2) pesquisar fatores de risco associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia desses eventos. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es visam adaptar as rotinas assistenciais com o objetivo de prevenir e tratar precocemente esses eventos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O Registro de DCEI foi um estudo prospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico realizado em um hospital cardiol&#243;gico de alta complexidade. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e os participantes do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos, de forma consecutiva, todos os pacientes submetidos a qualquer tipo de procedimento cir&#250;rgico em estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial permanente no per&#237;odo de fevereiro a agosto de 2011. Os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos foram realizados por m&#233;dicos assistentes, m&#233;dicos residentes de cirurgia cardiovascular e cardiologistas em forma&#231;&#227;o em estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por 6 meses ap&#243;s as opera&#231;&#245;es, por meio de visitas ambulatoriais de rotina, ou quando seguidos em outro servi&#231;o, por contato telef&#244;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
          <p>Os desfechos pesquisados inclu&#237;ram (1) complica&#231;&#245;es intraoperat&#243;rias, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias imediatas, ou nos primeiros 6 meses de seguimento cl&#237;nico; (2) necessidade de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares; e (3) mortalidade por qualquer causa.</p>
          <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es foram agrupadas em (1) complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, quando exigiram reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para sua corre&#231;&#227;o ou implicaram em risco para a vida do paciente; e (2) complica&#231;&#245;es menores, quando pass&#237;veis de tratamento em regime ambulatorial, requerendo reprograma&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo ou exigindo observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica exclusiva. Todas as complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, readmiss&#245;es hospitalares e &#243;bitos foram avaliados por um comit&#234; independente de especialistas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Din&#226;mica do estudo</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados em quatro momentos distintos: pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio imediato, alta hospitalar, 30&#186; dia e 6 meses ap&#243;s as opera&#231;&#245;es. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref> ilustra as principais etapas do estudo e a composi&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Etapas do estudo e composi&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; DCEI: dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel; MP: marca-passo; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; TRC-CDI: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associada ao CDI; TRC-MP: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca isolada.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio imediato foram coletados dados demogr&#225;ficos, dados cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;vios ao implante do DCEI e dados relacionados &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas no momento da coleta. Quando dispon&#237;veis, foram coletados dados derivados do ecocardiograma para definir a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular dos pacientes. Nesses exames, a an&#225;lise da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Teicholz ou, preferencialmente, de Simpson, considerando como normais os valores acima de 0,55.</p>
          <p>Nas avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas na alta hospitalar e no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, priorizou-se a pesquisa de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico, complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas decorrentes do agravamento da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de base e problemas diretamente relacionados ao DCEI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta eletr&#244;nica e gerenciamento dos dados</title>
          <p>Os dados obtidos foram armazenados em um banco de dados desenvolvido no sistema REDCap (<italic>Research Electronic Data Capture</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> que se encontra hospedado no servidor da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis estudadas</title>
          <p>Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis independentes para o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos estudados: dados demogr&#225;ficos, dados cl&#237;nicos basais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, tipo de DCEI e tipo de procedimento realizado.</p>
          <p>Para permitir melhor compreens&#227;o da gravidade dos procedimentos realizados, os pacientes foram agrupados em tr&#234;s coortes distintas: (1) implantes iniciais de MP convencionais, CDI, TRC-MP ou TRC-CDI; (2) trocas de geradores de pulsos ou procedimentos realizados apenas na loja do gerador de pulsos, denominadas, neste estudo, de reopera&#231;&#245;es de baixo risco; e (3) reopera&#231;&#245;es que envolveram o manuseio de cabos-eletrodos previamente implantados, tais como extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos ou procedimentos de <italic>upgrade</italic>, denominadas reopera&#231;&#245;es de alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram exportados eletronicamente para planilhas Excel (Microsoft Excel) e analisados pelos programas SAS (<italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>), SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>) e RStudio.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas est&#227;o descritas por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e as qualitativas est&#227;o apresentadas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis independentes com a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos estudados foi realizada pelos testes do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas quantitativas segundo a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos (grupo com e sem complica&#231;&#245;es) foram avaliadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Posteriormente, foi empregado o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com o m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic> de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis para a pesquisa de fatores de risco independentes, utilizando-se como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis as associa&#231;&#245;es que apresentaram p &#8804; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada. A partir do modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, estimou-se a magnitude do efeito das vari&#225;veis que constitu&#237;ram o modelo final, calculando-se a raz&#227;o de chances (<italic>odds ratios</italic> [OR]) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. As probabilidades de sobrevida e sobrevida livre de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar foram estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nos testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Nos 6 meses que corresponderam ao per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o, 713 pacientes foram submetidos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, sendo 333 (46,7%) implantes iniciais, 304 (42,6%) reopera&#231;&#245;es de baixo risco e 76 (10,7%) reopera&#231;&#245;es de alto risco. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes encontram-se descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas Demogr&#225;ficas e Cl&#237;nicas Basais</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">367 (51,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia &#177; DP (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">64,5 &#177; 18,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">4 dias a 98,6 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de base, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural</td>
                <td align="center">412 (57,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">87 (12,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">59 (8,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">76 (10,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outras</td>
                <td align="center">42 (5,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center">29 (4,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Comorbidades associadas, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">40 (5,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apenas uma</td>
                <td align="center">184 (25,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duas</td>
                <td align="center">171 (24,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">251 (35,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Quatro</td>
                <td align="center">67 (9,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Classe funcional (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">368 (51,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">237 (33,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">100 (14,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">9 (1,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de terapia anticoagulante oral</td>
                <td align="center">97 (13,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">277 (38,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>FEVE, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o grave (FEVE &lt; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (23,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada (FEVE &#8805; 40 &lt; 55)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (14,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal (FEVE &#8805; 55)</td>
                <td align="center">355 (49,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center">89 (12,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A idade dos pacientes variou de 4 dias a 98,6 anos, com mediana de 67,9 anos. Houve discreto predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino que correspondeu a 51,5% dos casos. A maioria (66,4%) dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentava outra doen&#231;a card&#237;aca al&#233;m do dist&#250;rbio do ritmo card&#237;aco, enquanto o diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia esteve presente em 31,2% dos casos, nos quais foi considerada idiop&#225;tica, de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, ou associada &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas. Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural cong&#234;nita esteve presente em apenas 1,1% dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o basal mostrou que a maioria dos pacientes era oligossintom&#225;tica no que diz respeito a sinais ou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, estando 51,6% em classe funcional (CF) I, 33,2% em CF II, 14,0% em CF III e 1,1% em CF IV, segundo os crit&#233;rios da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA).</p>
        <p>Foram identificadas comorbidades na maioria dos pacientes: 25,8% deles apresentavam uma comorbidade, 24,0% apresentavam duas e 44,6% apresentavam tr&#234;s ou mais. Apenas 5,6% dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam outras doen&#231;as associadas.</p>
        <p>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado em 87,5% dos pacientes. Em 49,8% deles, a FEVE foi considerada normal, enquanto em 14,4% foi estimada entre 0,40 e 0,55 e em 23,3% esteve abaixo de 0,40.</p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de 6 meses de seguimento, eventos adversos foram detectados em 204 pacientes (28,6%). Isoladamente, esses eventos corresponderam a 58 (8,1%) &#243;bitos, 75 (10,5%) readmiss&#245;es hospitalares, 39 (5,5%) complica&#231;&#245;es maiores e 165 (23,1%) complica&#231;&#245;es menores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es de acordo com o tipo de procedimento realizado</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">Todos (n = 713)</th>
                <th align="center">Implante inicial (n = 333)</th>
                <th align="center">Troca de gerador (n = 304)</th>
                <th align="center">Procedimentos em eletrodos (n = 76)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">204 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (29,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (23,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (40,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores</td>
                <td align="center">39 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (7,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Deslocamento de eletrodo</td>
                <td align="center">19 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tamponamento</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemot&#243;rax</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pneumot&#243;rax</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abscesso de loja</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Endocardite</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fratura de eletrodo</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TVP (membro ipsilateral)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es menores</td>
                <td align="center">165 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (23,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (21,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (30,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estim. fr&#234;nica / muscular</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altera&#231;&#245;es de <italic>pace / sense</italic></td>
                <td align="center">20 (2,85)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (5,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hematoma de loja</td>
                <td align="center">57 (8,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (10,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">L&#237;quido em loja</td>
                <td align="center">43 (6,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (6,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (10,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Deisc&#234;ncia superficial</td>
                <td align="center">32 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (5,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida superficial</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escarifica&#231;&#227;o de pele</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>NS: n&#227;o significante; TVP: trombose venosa profunda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores foi significativamente mais frequente (p = 0,014) na coorte de pacientes submetidos a reopera&#231;&#245;es de alto risco (11,8%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; de implantes iniciais (7,5%) e de reopera&#231;&#245;es de baixo risco (1,6%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es menores entre as tr&#234;s coortes. Os diversos tipos de complica&#231;&#245;es detectadas est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. A an&#225;lise univariada mostrou que apenas o uso de warfarina (p = 0,030) foi identificado como fator de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, n&#227;o tendo sido encontrados fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es menores.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores que influenciaram na ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores associados a complica&#231;&#245;es maiores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#227;o ausente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#227;o presente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">65,1&#177;18,6</td>
                <td align="center">64,9&#177;23,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,983</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">48,4%</td>
                <td align="center">49,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">46,9&#177;21,6</td>
                <td align="center">53,2&#177;19,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,119</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Tipo de dispositivo card&#237;aco</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP convencional</td>
                <td align="center">78,8%</td>
                <td align="center">77,6%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CDI convencional</td>
                <td align="center">10,7%</td>
                <td align="center">6,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRC-CDI</td>
                <td align="center">3,8%</td>
                <td align="center">6,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRC-MP</td>
                <td align="center">6,7%</td>
                <td align="center">8,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de base</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural</td>
                <td align="center">66,9%</td>
                <td align="center">64,1%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,273</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">11,4%</td>
                <td align="center">18,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">9,1%</td>
                <td align="center">6,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">11,4%</td>
                <td align="center">9,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Classe Funcional (NYHA)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I - II</td>
                <td align="center">85,3%</td>
                <td align="center">82,8%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,807</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III - IV</td>
                <td align="center">14,7%</td>
                <td align="center">17,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#250;ltiplas comorbidades</td>
                <td align="center">93,8%</td>
                <td align="center">97,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">38,6%</td>
                <td align="center">40,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,713</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de warfarina</td>
                <td align="center">12,2%</td>
                <td align="center">19,4%</td>
                <td align="center">0,030*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores associados a complica&#231;&#245;es menores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#227;o ausente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#227;o presente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">63,5&#177;19,8</td>
                <td align="center">65,3&#177;16,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,318</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">48,6%</td>
                <td align="center">47,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,860</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">45,5&#177;22,7</td>
                <td align="center">48,8&#177;19,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,796</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Tipo de dispositivo card&#237;aco</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP convencional</td>
                <td align="center">78,9%</td>
                <td align="center">70,6%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,443</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CDI convencional</td>
                <td align="center">9,8%</td>
                <td align="center">11,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRC-CDI</td>
                <td align="center">4,4%</td>
                <td align="center">5,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRC-MP</td>
                <td align="center">6,9%</td>
                <td align="center">11,7%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de base</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural</td>
                <td align="center">66,8%</td>
                <td align="center">58,8%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,540</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">12,3%</td>
                <td align="center">20,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">8,5%</td>
                <td align="center">11,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">11,3%</td>
                <td align="center">8,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Classe Funcional (NYHA)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I - II</td>
                <td align="center">84,8%</td>
                <td align="center">85,3%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,311</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III - IV</td>
                <td align="center">15,2%</td>
                <td align="center">14,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#250;ltiplas comorbidades</td>
                <td align="center">94,4%</td>
                <td align="center">93,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,707</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">38,6%</td>
                <td align="center">44,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,522</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de warfarina</td>
                <td align="center">13,6%</td>
                <td align="center">14,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0,798</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; MP: marca-passo; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; TRC-CDI: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associada ao CDI; TRC-MP: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca isolada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos 713 casos estudados, 75 (10,5%) precisaram ser readmitidos ao hospital nos primeiros 6 meses ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. Em apenas 26 (3,6%) destes, a readmiss&#227;o esteve associada a problemas relacionados &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2A</xref>). A expectativa de estar livre de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar aos 6 meses de seguimento foi de 95% (IC95% = 94,9-95,1%), 87% (IC95% = 85,6-88,4%) e 82% (IC95% = 80,7-83,3%) para reopera&#231;&#245;es de baixo risco, implante inicial e reopera&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2B</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2B</xref> tamb&#233;m mostra que as readmiss&#245;es hospitalares foram mais frequentes nos pacientes submetidos a reopera&#231;&#245;es de alto risco (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Readmiss&#227;o hospitalar de portadores de DCEI durante um per&#237;odo de seguimento de 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. (A) Causas de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar; (B) Probabilidade estimada livre de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar. DCEI: dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; Reop.: reopera&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p> Foram identificados os seguintes fatores de risco para readmiss&#227;o hospitalar: implante de CDI (OR = 4,19, IC95% = 2,27-7,73) ou TRC-CDI (OR = 3,20, IC95% = 1,50-6,84), CF (NYHA) III ou IV no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (OR = 1,77, IC95% = 1,03-3,04) ou uso de warfarina (OR = 1,95, IC95% = 1,13-3,36). Pacientes submetidos a reopera&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco tiveram a metade do risco de serem readmitidos ao hospital do que o restante dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco para readmiss&#227;o hospitalar de portadores de DCEI durante per&#237;odo de seguimento de 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; CF: classe funcional; MP: marca-passo; Reop.: reopera&#231;&#227;o; TRC-CDI: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associada ao CDI; TRC-MP: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca isolada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A mortalidade geral foi de 8,1% ap&#243;s 6 meses de seguimento. Em apenas tr&#234;s pacientes, a morte esteve relacionada a problemas da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4A</xref>). A expectativa de sobrevida aos 6 meses de seguimento foi de 96% (IC95% = 95,9-96,1%), 93% (IC95% = 92,6-93,4%) e 89% (IC95% = 87,2-90,8%) para reopera&#231;&#245;es de baixo risco, reopera&#231;&#245;es de alto risco e implante inicial, respectivamente. Como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4B</xref>, a mortalidade foi maior na coorte de pacientes submetidos a implante inicial (p = 0,002).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade em portadores de DCEI durante um per&#237;odo de seguimento de 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. (A) Causas de mortalidade; (B) Probabilidade estimada de sobrevida. DCEI: dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; Reop.: reopera&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foram identificados os seguintes fatores de risco para mortalidade: idade acima de 80 anos no momento da opera&#231;&#227;o (OR = 2,44, IC95% = 1,34-4,44), FEVE inferior a 0,40 (OR = 2,20, IC95% = 1,25-3,89), CF (NYHA) III ou IV no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (OR = 3,31, IC95% = 1,87-5,87) e uso de warfarina (OR = 2,34, IC95% = 1,33-4,12). Pacientes submetidos a reopera&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco tiveram a metade do risco de morte por qualquer causa em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais pacientes do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco para mortalidade em portadores de DCEI durante per&#237;odo de seguimento de 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. CDI: cardioversordesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; CF: classe funcional; MP: marca-passo; Reop.: reopera&#231;&#227;o; TRC-CDI: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associada ao CDI; TRC-MP: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca isolada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0245-60129-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es em procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos para implante ou manuten&#231;&#227;o de DCEI s&#227;o frequentes. Essas complica&#231;&#245;es podem ocorrer em consequ&#234;ncia de pun&#231;&#245;es para obten&#231;&#227;o do acesso venoso, pelo manuseio de cateteres nas veias e no cora&#231;&#227;o, por contamina&#231;&#227;o por agentes infecciosos, em consequ&#234;ncia do procedimento anest&#233;sico, ou outras situa&#231;&#245;es menos frequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A despeito do car&#225;ter aleat&#243;rio com o qual as complica&#231;&#245;es ocorrem, fatores relacionados ao aumento de sua incid&#234;ncia t&#234;m sido descritos. Dentre eles, a experi&#234;ncia do hospital e da equipe cir&#250;rgica que realiza o procedimento apresenta forte rela&#231;&#227;o com o n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Os tipos de dispositivos implantados e opera&#231;&#245;es realizadas tamb&#233;m influenciam o resultado do procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Classicamente, opera&#231;&#245;es para implante de dispositivos mais complexos e com maior n&#250;mero de cabos-eletrodos, assim como reopera&#231;&#245;es que impliquem no manuseio intravascular dos cabos-eletrodos, em particular procedimentos para extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos antigos, apresentam maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por&#233;m, tem sido observado ultimamente que o n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias em procedimentos relacionados a DCEI t&#234;m aumentado muito e de forma desproporcional ao aumento no n&#250;mero de implantes iniciais desses dispositivos. V&#225;rios fatores podem estar relacionados a esse aumento, dentre eles o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, o aumento do n&#250;mero de comorbidades e a prescri&#231;&#227;o cada vez mais frequente de anticoagulantes e antiplaquet&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Outro fator fundamental &#233; a incorpora&#231;&#227;o &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial de cardio-desfibriladores e ressincronizadores, utilizados para tratar, em sua maioria, pacientes portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo identificou um alto &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es intraoperat&#243;rias e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, embora tenham sido, em sua maioria, complica&#231;&#245;es menores que n&#227;o exigiram reinterven&#231;&#227;o ou readmiss&#227;o hospitalar para seu tratamento, tampouco implicaram na ocorr&#234;ncia de risco &#224; vida ao paciente. Essas complica&#231;&#245;es menores ocorreram de modo aleat&#243;rio e sem rela&#231;&#227;o com o tipo de procedimento realizado. Por outro lado, as complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, aquelas que exigiram reinterven&#231;&#227;o, readmiss&#227;o hospitalar, ou que implicaram em risco &#224; vida dos pacientes, foram mais frequentes nos implantes iniciais (7,5%) e, de forma estatisticamente significante, nas reopera&#231;&#245;es de alto risco (11,8%). Essas taxas, embora concordantes, s&#227;o inferiores &#224;s taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores reportadas no <italic>REPLACE Registry</italic>, que variaram de 4,0% a 15,3% nos pacientes submetidos &#224; troca de gerador e procedimentos de <italic>upgrade</italic>, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foi poss&#237;vel observar que, a despeito da necessidade de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar nos 6 meses que se seguiram ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico ter sido alta (10,5%), essa ocorr&#234;ncia foi maior nos pacientes submetidos a reopera&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, seguidos pelos submetidos a implante inicial. Tamb&#233;m nos foi poss&#237;vel detectar fatores de risco para essa ocorr&#234;ncia, relacionados em sua maioria &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, como necessidade de qualquer tipo de CDI, estar em CF III ou IV (NYHA) no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio ou necessitar do uso de terapia anticoagulante oral. Dados do <italic>Danish Registry</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e do <italic>Medicare</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> confirmaram a maior morbidade do CDI isolado ou associado &#224; TRC em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros dispositivos.</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, embora a mortalidade por todas as causas no mesmo per&#237;odo de tempo tamb&#233;m tenha sido alta (8,1%), esse evento raramente esteve relacionado ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado, e sim, &#224; pr&#243;pria gravidade da doen&#231;a do paciente. Pudemos verificar que apresentaram risco maior de morte os pacientes octogen&#225;rios, aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular muito deprimida, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca muito sintom&#225;tica ou em uso de terapia anticoagulante oral. As taxas referentes a esses riscos foram concordantes com &#224;s de mortalidade para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca reportadas no <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic> (10% em 30 dias e 20-30% em um ano),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> assim como &#224;s de mortalidade anual descritas no CARE-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e COMPANION,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> que foram de 9% e 12%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, pacientes que foram submetidos a procedimentos para troca de gerador de pulsos isoladamente ou outros procedimentos que n&#227;o implicaram no manuseio intravascular tiveram riscos de morte, readmiss&#227;o hospitalar, ou complica&#231;&#245;es significativamente menor do que os pacientes das outras duas coortes. O fato da maioria destes pacientes ter tido seus procedimentos programados eletivamente pode ter sido determinante para sua melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>De acordo com a literatura, estudos sobre complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade em portadores de DCEI s&#227;o baseados principalmente em an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados ou estudos observacionais com casu&#237;stica pouco representativa. Pelo nosso conhecimento, a amostra do presente registro prospectivo &#233; a maior a avaliar desfechos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios em portadores de DCEI em um &#250;nico centro de cardiologia do Brasil. Outro aspecto a ser salientado &#233; que os dados apresentados nesse estudo refletem um retrato da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do mundo real, uma vez que foi poss&#237;vel assegurar a inclus&#227;o de todos os pacientes em um determinado per&#237;odo de tempo, independentemente da idade, condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, ou procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado, evitando assim, vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o que poderiam invalidar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Esse estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Embora a sua amostra seja bastante representativa, reflete as pr&#225;ticas assistenciais de um &#250;nico hospital de cardiologia do pa&#237;s, que al&#233;m de ser considerado um centro de refer&#234;ncia para tratamentos de alta complexidade em estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, tamb&#233;m &#233; um servi&#231;o de forma&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos da especialidade. Em fun&#231;&#227;o do estudo n&#227;o ter sido desenhado para avaliar os efeitos do n&#237;vel de experi&#234;ncia de cada cirurgi&#227;o e/ou do volume de procedimentos realizados individualmente, n&#227;o podemos afirmar que a posi&#231;&#227;o do cirurgi&#227;o na curva de aprendizado tenha influenciado no maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es intraoperat&#243;rias. Essa poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; avaliada em futuros estudos conduzidos na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, o seguimento a longo prazo dessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; especialmente importante para fornecer evid&#234;ncias mais robustas sobre poss&#237;veis eventos adversos que ocorrem em fases mais tardias do atendimento de portadores de DCEI e que, n&#227;o obstante, s&#227;o subnotificados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Conclu&#237;mos que eventos adversos perioperat&#243;rios e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram frequentes na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Estes eventos estiveram fortemente relacionados ao tipo de procedimento realizado, ao tipo de dispositivo implantado e, principalmente, &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca do paciente. Fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e readmiss&#227;o hospitalar foram detectados e confirmaram que eventos graves ocorrem nos pacientes mais idosos e naqueles com miocardiopatia mais avan&#231;ada.</p>
        <p>Os achados do presente estudo confirmam a necessidade da cria&#231;&#227;o de rotinas assistenciais espec&#237;ficas para o seguimento dos pacientes com maior risco de apresentarem eventos graves.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
