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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qCR55WVf9M63hvBztDBfmyH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004200239</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160127</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005023101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fondaparinux versus Enoxaparin - Which is the Best Anticoagulant for Acute Coronary Syndrome? - Brazilian Registry Data</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roque</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Alberto de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bossa</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okada</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Yumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana de Carvalho Andreucci Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedroti</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima Cristina Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#250;cio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital TotalCor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital TotalCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital TotalCor</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Metropolitano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano, Serra, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</bold>, Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, 870, 192b, Pinheiros. CEP 05412-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Leal TCAT, Oliveira Jr. MT; Acquisition of data: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Roque EAC, Bossa AS, Sim&#245;es SA, Okada MY, Leal TCAT, Pedroti FCM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Roque EAC, Bossa AS, C&#233;sar MC, Sim&#245;es SA, Okada MY, Pedroti FCM; Statistical analysis: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Bossa AS, C&#233;sar MC; Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Soeiro AM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Soeiro AM, Pedroti FCM, Oliveira Jr. MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>9</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>239</fpage>
      <lpage>244</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Recent studies have shown fondaparinux's superiority over enoxaparin in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS), especially in relation to bleeding reduction. The description of this finding in a Brazilian registry has not yet been documented.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in in-hospital prognosis of non-ST elevation ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Multicenter retrospective observational study. A total of 2,282 patients were included (335 in the fondaparinux group, and 1,947 in the enoxaparin group) between May 2010 and May 2015. Demographic, medication intake and chosen coronary treatment data were obtained. Primary outcome was mortality from all causes. Secondary outcome was combined events (cardiogenic shock, reinfarction, death, stroke and bleeding). Comparison between the groups were done through Chi-Square test and T test. Multivariate analysis was done through logistic regression, with significance values defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>With regards to treatment, we observed the performance of a percutaneous coronary intervention in 40.2% in the fondaparinux group, and in 35.1% in the enoxaparin group (p = 0.13). In the multivariate analysis, we observed significant differences between fondaparinux and enoxaparin groups in relation to combined events (13.8% vs. 22%. OR = 2.93, p = 0.007) and bleeding (2.3% vs. 5.2%, OR = 4.55, p = 0.037), respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Similarly to recently published data in international literature, fondaparinux proved superior to enoxaparin for the Brazilian population, with significant reduction of combined events and bleeding.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants / therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Enoxaparin / therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The use of anticoagulant agents in ACS is essential, impacting on the reduction of events and mortality. However, the choice of a better anticoagulant therapy for patients with ACS is still controversial, and it is currently a widely discussed topic. Logic would state that, the more effective the anticoagulant, the higher the risk of bleeding and vice-versa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recent studies have shown fondaparinux to be superior to enoxaparin for patients with non-ST elevation ACS (NSTEACS), especially in relation to bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The description of this finding has yet to be documented in a Brazilian registry.</p>
      <p>Thus, we have developed this study to compare fondaparinux to enoxaparin in in-hospital prognosis of NSTEACS in the Brazilian population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population</title>
        <p>This is an observational multicenter retrospective study. A total of 2,282 patients with NSTEACS admitted between May 2010 and May 2015 in the emergency sector were included. Patients were divided into two groups: fondaparinux (N = 335) and enoxaparin (N = 1,947). ST elevation was the only exclusion criterion employed. All patients were submitted to a cineangiocardiography.</p>
        <p>Presence of ACS was considered in all patients who met the established criteria on the latest guidelines from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the American Heart Association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Non-ST elevation ACS was defined as the presence of chest pains associated to electrocardiographic alterations or troponin elevation/drop during hospital stay, or, in the absence of those, clinical conditions and risk factors compatible with unstable angina (severe or progressive chest pains at rest or at minimum effort). Major bleeding was defined using the BARC score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> types 3 and 5, and minor bleeding using types 1 and 2. Reinfarction was considered in the presence of chest pain reoccurrence associated with a new troponin elevation. Ischemic stroke was considered in the presence of new motor focal neurological deficit confirmed by computerized tomography of the head. Patients on fondaparinux received an additional dose of unfractionated intravenous heparin when undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (60 UI/kg when on glycoprotein IIb IIIa inhibitors, or 85 Ul/kg when patients were not on the medication).</p>
        <p>The following data were obtained: age, gender, presence of diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, smoking habit, dyslipidemia, family history of early onset coronary disease, previous coronary artery disease (previous angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery), hemoglobin, creatinine, peak troponin, Killip classification, left ventricle ejection fraction, medications used in the first 24 hours of hospital admission and adopted coronary treatment.</p>
        <p>The study was submitted to and approved by the Research and Ethics Committee. Informed consent was filled out by all patients included in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality from all causes. Secondary outcome was combined events (cardiogenic shock, myocardial infarction, death, ischemic stroke and major bleeding). Descriptive analysis was done using means, minimum and maximum values. Comparisons between groups were done using Chi-Square test for categorical variables. For continuous variables, when Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test showed normal distribution, the t test was used, with significance considered at p &lt; 0.05. When the distribution did not follow the normality pattern, we used the Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariate analysis was done by logistic regression, with significance considered at p &lt; 0.05. We considered all basal characteristics presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> as variables in the analysis.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Basal clinical characteristics of patients on fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in the studied sample</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Fondaparinux</th>
                <th align="center">Enoxaparin</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (mean)</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 11.39</td>
                <td align="center">61.8 &#177; 10.45</td>
                <td align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65.7%</td>
                <td align="center">62.6%</td>
                <td align="center">0.228</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55.8%</td>
                <td align="center">46.9%</td>
                <td align="center">0.059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAH (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67.8%</td>
                <td align="center">73.6%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24.2%</td>
                <td align="center">30.5%</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FH Positive for CAD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10.1%</td>
                <td align="center">13.4%</td>
                <td align="center">0.044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48.9%</td>
                <td align="center">51.2%</td>
                <td align="center">0.292</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10.7%</td>
                <td align="center">8.8%</td>
                <td align="center">0.039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous stroke (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.4%</td>
                <td align="center">4.9%</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous AMI (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40.3%</td>
                <td align="center">36.8%</td>
                <td align="center">0.091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous CABS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18.2%</td>
                <td align="center">16.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0.607</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous CA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22.7%</td>
                <td align="center">23.2%</td>
                <td align="center">0.773</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hb (%) (mean)</td>
                <td align="center">42.7 &#177; 2.31</td>
                <td align="center">41.1 &#177; 2.48</td>
                <td align="center">0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak troponin (mean) (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 3.21</td>
                <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 4.37</td>
                <td align="center">0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cr (mg/dL) (mean)</td>
                <td align="center">1.25 &#177; 0.54</td>
                <td align="center">1.52 &#177; 0.67</td>
                <td align="center">0.168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (mmHg) (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">132.1 &#177; 26.86</td>
                <td align="center">132.3 &#177; 24.53</td>
                <td align="center">0.636</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%) (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">56% + 13.4%</td>
                <td align="center">52.1% + 11.8%</td>
                <td align="center">0.586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip &#8805; 2 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.8%</td>
                <td align="center">5.6%</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">98.5%</td>
                <td align="center">97.8%</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blocker (%)</td>
                <td align="center">96.1%</td>
                <td align="center">87.4%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65.4%</td>
                <td align="center">67.9%</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GP Iib/IIIa inhibitor (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.8%</td>
                <td align="center">16.1%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI (%)</td>
                <td align="center">74.3%</td>
                <td align="center">69.2%</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statin (%)</td>
                <td align="center">98.5%</td>
                <td align="center">93.8%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; FH: Family history; CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CABS: coronary artery bypass surgery; CA: coronary angioplasty; Hb: hemoglobin; CR: creatinine; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; GP: glycoprotein inhibitor; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>All calculations were done using the software SPSS v10.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Mean age was 61 years old, and approximately 63% of participants were male. The most prevalent risk factor was systemic arterial hypertension, in 71% of cases. Mean Mehran bleeding score was 16.2 versus 15.7 in fondaparinux and enoxaparin groups, respectively. In relation to treatment, we observed percutaneous coronary intervention in 40.2% in the fondaparinux group, and 35.1% in the enoxaparin group (p = 0.13). Coronary artery bypass surgery was done in 18.8% of the fondaparinux group versus 17.6% of the enoxaparin group (p = 0.031). In relation to the coronary arterial pattern, no significant differences were observed between the groups fondaparinux and enoxaparin, with 45.2% versus 43.6% one-vessel (p = 0.432), 20.1% versus 17.9% two-vessel (p = 0.567), and 22.3% versus 24.9% three-vessel (p = 0.871), respectively.</p>
      <p>With regards to the occurrence of haemorrhagic complications, femoral artery pseudoaneurysm was the most frequent (56% of cases), followed by hemorrhagic stroke (18%) and high digestive bleeding associated to hemodynamic instability and/or drop in hemoglobin &#8805; 3,0 g/dL (16%). No significant differences were observed between the types of bleeding related to enoxaparin versus fondaparinux.</p>
      <p>In the comparison between the groups, significant differences were observed in relation to hypertension (67.8% vs. 73.6%, p &lt; 0.0001); smoking (24.2% vs. 30.5%, p = 0.007); family history of early onset coronary disease (10.1% vs. 13.4%, p = 0.044); heart failure (10.7% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.039). killip classification &gt; 2 2 (1.8% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.003); use of beta-blockers (96.1% vs. 87.4%, p &lt; 0.0001); clopidogrel (65.4% vs. 67.9%, p &lt; 0.038); glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitor (5.8% vs. 16.1%, p &lt; 0.0001); and statins (98.5% vs. 93.8%, p &lt; 0.0001). Basal characteristics of the studied population are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis, significant differences were observed between the fondaparinux and enoxaparin groups in relation to combined events (13.8% vs. 22%, OR = 2.93, p = 0.007) and bleeding (2.3% vs. 5.2%, OR = 4.55, p = 0.037), respectively. Multivariate analysis results comparing different in-hospital outcomes between the groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis results comparing different in-hospital outcomes between the groups of patients on fondaparinux versus enoxaparin</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Fondaparinux</th>
              <th align="center">Enoxaparin</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">CI 95%</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reinfarction</td>
              <td align="center">6.1%</td>
              <td align="center">10.5%</td>
              <td align="center">1.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.27 - 5.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiogenic shock</td>
              <td align="center">2.1%</td>
              <td align="center">2.9%</td>
              <td align="center">6.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 - 50.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bleeding</td>
              <td align="center">2.3%</td>
              <td align="center">5.2%</td>
              <td align="center">4.55</td>
              <td align="center">1.09 - 18.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">1.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.6%</td>
              <td align="center">2.49</td>
              <td align="center">0.32 - 7.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.376</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality</td>
              <td align="center">2.2%</td>
              <td align="center">2.8%</td>
              <td align="center">1.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.49 - 5.93</td>
              <td align="center">0.125</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Combined events</td>
              <td align="center">13.8%</td>
              <td align="center">22.0%</td>
              <td align="center">2.93</td>
              <td align="center">1.34 - 6.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence intervals.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparative evaluation of mortality, combined events and bleeding between the groups fondaparinux and enoxaparin.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0239-60127-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study showed important data reproduced in the Brazilian population that are in line with results from recent publications from literature. We observed a significant reduction of bleeding and combined events during in-hospital evolution. With regards to mortality, no significant difference was found between fondaparinux and enoxaparin patients.</p>
      <p>In 2006, the study OASIS-5 was published, which was a randomized work with 20,078 patients with NSTEACS that received 2.5 mg fondaparinux versus 1 mg/kg enoxaparin twice per day, effectively comparing the two anticoagulants. Similar results were observed as far as the primary outcome of the study in relation to combined events during hospital stay (death and reinfarction). However, after nine days, the highest rates of bleeding with fondaparinux use were significantly reduced in comparison to patients who received enoxaparin (2.2% vs. 4.1%, p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, fondaparinux kept its superiority in relation to long-term bleeding and proved to be better in relation to 30-day mortality (2.9% vs. 3.5%, p = 0.02) and 180-day mortality (5.8% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>After the main study was published, there was still some doubt on whether the same results could be reproduced in the general population, with no specific selection criteria. However, fondaparinux use has considerably expanded, especially in Europe, becoming an Ib indication by the European Society of Cardiology in patients with NSTEACS, whereas enoxaparin remained an Ib indication through the same guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Thus, some data banks were published, showing similar results to OASIS-5, but in real life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Of all registries, the most impactful was the Swedish registry comparing fondaparinux to enoxaparin in approximately 40,000 patients with NSTEACS. Around 36.4% of those were treated with fondaparinux, and 63.6% with enoxaparin. Lower bleeding rates were observed comparatively between fondaparinux and enoxaparin (1.1% vs. 1.8%, OR = 0.54, CI 95% = 0.42 - 070). This was also reflected in lower in-hospital mortality rates in patients who received fondaparinux (2.7% vs. 4.0%, OR = 0.75, CI 95% = 0.63 - 0.89). After 30 and 180 days, differences related to mortality and bleeding were maintained between the groups. Such finding reflected, partially, what the OASIS-5 study had demonstrated, except this time, in a real population from a significant sample.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> This way, our study results are in line with what literature has been presenting, showing lower bleeding and combined event rates.</p>
      <p>Undoubtedly, the main differentiator between fondaparinux and enoxaparin is the lower risk of bleeding associated with its use. Even when there is percutaneous coronary intervention, or when it is associated to the use of glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors, fondaparinux shows lower bleeding rates in comparison to enoxaparin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In 2009, Budaj et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> published an OASIS-5 study subanalysis, showing that this reduction happens in almost all types of bleeding when fondaparinux is used, with the exception of intracranial bleeding and bleeding related to surgeries, where no difference is found. Moreover, justifying the importance of bleeding in patient evolution and its correlation to other outcomes, the authors showed a mortality of 8.4% vs. 2.7% (p &lt; 0.0001), respectively, between patients who presented, or not, major bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Even though we did not show, in our study, significant differences in relation to mortality, bleeding increase resulted in a higher number of combined events.</p>
      <p>The justification for the lower bleeding rate is partly due to the use of one reduced anticoagulant dose when fondaparinux is administered. However, such dose of 2.5 mg per day was previously validated, showing that in the duration of a dual antiplatelet therapy, the required anticoagulant dose for a complete system block should possibly be reduced. Additionally, fondaparinux is a very specific and reversible factor Xa inhibitor, which means that, in theory, a smaller dose is amplified in terms of the anticoagulant effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Lastly, due to bleeding reduction and the consequent smaller rate of mortality and events stemming from fondaparinux use, several studies have shown better cost-benefit of its use in relation to enoxaparin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> An OASIS-5 study subanalysis showed, after 180 days, an average cost reduction of up to 547 dollars per patient in the group that used fondaparinux, highlighting the medication's superiority even further.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, fondaparinux use in NSTEACS patients has been expanding in Brazil and worldwide. In this scenario, a demonstration of the same benefit in a Brazilian registry is pivotal to give more security and reliability to the country.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Despite our large sample, this is a retrospective study, and it presents a much larger number of patients on enoxaparin than on fondaparinux, We believe that such differences are based on attending physicians' longer experience with patients on enoxaparin, especially since this medication has been in use for longer by the Brazilian population when compared to fondaparinux. Moreover, we do not have the description of the type of vascular access that was used, which can influence the bleeding rate associated to percutaneous coronary intervention. Percutaneous coronary intervention rate is considered relatively low, probably due to high complexity profile of patients involved in the study. Lastly, the use of glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors was higher in the enoxaparin group, which may, partially, increase the bleeding rate in this group.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Similarly to the recently published data in international literature, fondaparinux was proved superior to enoxaparin when administered in the Brazilian population, with significant reduction of combined events and bleeding.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fondaparinux versus Enoxaparina - Qual o Melhor Anticoagulante para S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda? - Dados de um Registro Brasileiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roque</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Alberto de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bossa</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okada</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Yumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana de Carvalho Andreucci Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedroti</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima Cristina Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#250;cio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital TotalCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano, Serra, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</bold>, Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, 870, 192b, Pinheiros. CEP 05412-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Leal TCAT, Oliveira Jr. MT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Roque EAC, Bossa AS, Sim&#245;es SA, Okada MY, Leal TCAT, Pedroti FCM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Roque EAC, Bossa AS, C&#233;sar MC, Sim&#245;es SA, Okada MY, Pedroti FCM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Bossa AS, C&#233;sar MC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Soeiro AM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soeiro AM, Pedroti FCM, Oliveira Jr. MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos recentes t&#234;m apresentado superioridade do fondaparinux em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; enoxaparina em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) sem supradesnivelamento de ST, principalmente relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos. A descri&#231;&#227;o desse achado em registro brasileiro ainda n&#227;o foi documentada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar fondaparinux versus enoxaparina no progn&#243;stico intrahospitalar em SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico e observacional. Foram inclu&#237;dos 2.282 pacientes (335 no grupo fondaparinux e 1.947 no grupo enoxaparina) entre maio de 2.010 e maio de 2.015. Foram obtidos dados demogr&#225;ficos, medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas e tratamento coronariano adotado. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade por todas as causas. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi eventos combinados (choque cardiog&#234;nico, reinfarto, morte, acidente vascular cerebral e sangramentos). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi realizada por meio de Q-quadrado e teste-T. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, sendo considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento, observou-se realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea em 40,2% no grupo fondaparinux e 35,1% no grupo enoxaparina (p = 0,13). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos fondaparinux e enoxaparina em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos combinados (13,8% vs. 22%, OR = 2,93, p = 0,007) e sangramentos (2,3% vs. 5,2%, OR = 4,55, p = 0,037), respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Semelhante aos dados recentemente publicados na literatura mundial, fondaparinux mostrou-se superior &#224; enoxaparina para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de eventos combinados e sangramentos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Enoxaparina / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso de agentes anticoagulantes em s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) &#233; fundamental, com impacto em redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos e mortalidade. No entanto, a escolha da melhor terapia anticoagulante em pacientes com SCA ainda &#233; alvo de debate e, atualmente, tema de grande discuss&#227;o. Seguindo a l&#243;gica, quanto mais efetivo o anticoagulante, maior o risco de sangramentos, e vice-versa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos recentes t&#234;m apresentado superioridade do fondaparinux em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; enoxaparina em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST (SCASSST), principalmente relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A descri&#231;&#227;o desse achado, em registro brasileiro, ainda n&#227;o foi documentada.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, desenvolvemos este estudo com o objetivo de comparar fondaparinux <italic>versus</italic> enoxaparina no progn&#243;stico intrahospitalar em SCASSST na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico e observacional. Inclu&#237;ram-se 2.282 pacientes com SCASSST admitidos entre maio de 2.010 e maio de 2.015 no setor de emerg&#234;ncia. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: uso de fondaparinux (N = 335) e uso de enoxaparina (N = 1.947). Presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi o &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o utilizado. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de SCA foi considerada em todos os pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela &#250;ltima diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da <italic>American Heart Association.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> SCA sem supradesn&#237;vel de ST foi definida como presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica associada a altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou eleva&#231;&#227;o/queda de troponina na interna&#231;&#227;o ou, na aus&#234;ncia dessas, quadro cl&#237;nico e fatores de risco compat&#237;veis com angina inst&#225;vel (dor tor&#225;cica ao repouso ou ao m&#237;nimo esfor&#231;o, severa ou ocorrendo em padr&#227;o em crescendo). Sangramento maior foi definido pelo escore de <italic>BARC</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> tipos 3 e 5 e sangramento menor pelos tipos 1 e 2. Reinfarto foi considerado quando da recorr&#234;ncia de dor tor&#225;cica associada &#224; nova eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina. Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (AVCi) foi considerado na presen&#231;a de novo d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico focal motor confirmado por meio de tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio. Pacientes em uso de fondaparinux receberam dose adicional de heparina n&#227;o-fracionada endovenosa quando submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (60 UI/kg quando em uso de inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIbIIIa ou 85 UI/kg, caso n&#227;o fizessem uso do medicamento).</p>
          <p>Os seguintes dados foram obtidos: idade, sexo, presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria precoce, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via (angioplastia ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anterior), hemoglobina, creatinina, pico de troponina, classifica&#231;&#227;o killip, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas nas primeiras 24 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o e tratamento coronariano adotado.</p>
          <p>O trabalho foi submetido e aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi preenchido por todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade intrahospitalar por todas as causas. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi eventos combinados (choque cardiog&#234;nico, reinfarto, morte, AVCi e sangramento maior). An&#225;lise descritiva foi realizada utilizando m&#233;dias, valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada atrav&#233;s de Q-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, quando o teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov mostrava distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, empregou-se o teste-T, sendo considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05. Caso a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seguisse o padr&#227;o de normalidade, utilizamos o teste Mann-Whitney U. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, sendo considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05. Foram consideradas como vari&#225;veis na an&#225;lise, todas as caracter&#237;sticas basais apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais de pacientes em uso de fondaparinux versus enoxaparina na amostra estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Fondaparinux</th>
                  <th align="center">Enoxaparin</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (m&#233;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 11,39</td>
                  <td align="center">61,8 &#177; 10,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">62,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,228</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">46,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,059</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">73,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">30,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HF Positiva para DAC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">51,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,292</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVCi pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">36,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CRM pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,607</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ATC pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">23,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,773</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HF (%) (m&#233;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,7 &#177; 2,31</td>
                  <td align="center">41,1 &#177; 2,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de troponina (m&#233;dia) (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 3,21</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 4,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cr (mg/dL) (m&#233;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 &#177; 0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52 &#177; 0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,168</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg) (m&#233;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">132,1 &#177; 26,86</td>
                  <td align="center">132,3 &#177; 24,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,636</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%) (m&#233;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">56% + 13,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">52,1% + 11,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,586</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip &#8805; 2 (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AAS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">97,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">B-bloqueador (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">87,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Clopidogrel (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">67,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidor de GP Iib/IIIa (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">16,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">69,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatina (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">93,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HF: hist&#243;rico familiar; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ATC: angioplastia coron&#225;ria; Hb: hemoglobina; Cr: creatinina; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IGP: inibidor de glicoprote&#237;na; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados utilizando o programa SPSS v10.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 61 anos e cerca de 63% eram do sexo masculino. O fator de risco mais prevalente foi hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, em 71% dos casos. O escore de sangramento <italic>Mehran</italic> m&#233;dio foi de 16,2 <italic>versus</italic> 15,7 nos grupos fondaparinux e enoxaparina, respectivamente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento, observou-se realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea em 40,2% no grupo fondaparinux e 35,1% no grupo enoxaparina (p = 0,13). Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada em 18,8% do grupo fondaparinux versus 17.6% nos pacientes que receberam enoxaparina (p = 0,031). Quanto ao padr&#227;o arterial coron&#225;rio, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos fondaparinux e enoxaparina, sendo 45,2% versus 43,6% uniarteriais (p = 0,432), 20,1% versus 17,9% biarteriais (p = 0,567) e 22,3% versus 24,9% triarteriais (p = 0,871), respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, pseudoaneurisma de art&#233;ria femoral foi a mais frequente (56% dos casos), seguida por acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico (18%) e hemorragia digestiva alta associada &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e/ou queda de hemoglobina &#8805; 3,0 g/dL (16%). N&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as importantes entre os tipos de sangramento relacionados &#224; enoxaparina <italic>versus</italic> fondaparinux.</p>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o (67,8% vs. 73,6%, p &lt; 0,0001), tabagismo (24,2% vs. 30,5%, p = 0,007), hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana precoce (10,1% vs. 13,4%, p = 0,044), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (10,7% vs. 8,8%, p = 0,039), classifica&#231;&#227;o killip &#8805; 2 2 (1,8% vs. 5,6%, p = 0,003), uso de B-bloqueadores (96,1% vs. 87,4%, p &lt; 0,0001), clopidogrel (65,4% vs. 67,9%, p &lt; 0,038), inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIbIIIa (5,8% vs. 16,1%, p &lt; 0,0001) e estatinas (98,5% vs. 93,8%, p &lt; 0,0001). As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos fondaparinux e enoxaparina em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos combinados (13,8% vs. 22%, OR = 2,93, p = 0,007) e sangramentos (2,3% vs. 5,2%, OR = 4,55, p = 0,037), respectivamente. Os resultados da an&#225;lise multivariada comparando diferentes desfechos intrahospitalares entre os grupos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados da an&#225;lise multivariada comparando diferentes desfechos intrahospitalares entre os grupos de pacientes em uso de fondaparinux versus enoxaparina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Fondaparinux</th>
                <th align="center">Enoxaparina</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reinfarto</td>
                <td align="center">6,1%</td>
                <td align="center">10,5%</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,27 - 5,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td align="center">2,1%</td>
                <td align="center">2,9%</td>
                <td align="center">6,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 - 50,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sangramento</td>
                <td align="center">2,3%</td>
                <td align="center">5,2%</td>
                <td align="center">4,55</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 - 18,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVCi</td>
                <td align="center">1,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,6%</td>
                <td align="center">2,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 - 7,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,376</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">2,2%</td>
                <td align="center">2,8%</td>
                <td align="center">1,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,49 - 5,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eventos combinados</td>
                <td align="center">13,8%</td>
                <td align="center">22,0%</td>
                <td align="center">2,93</td>
                <td align="center">1,34 - 6,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; OR: Odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa de mortalidade, eventos combinados e sangramentos entre os grupos fondaparinux e enoxaparina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0239-60127-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo apresentado mostrou dados importantes reproduzidos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, que condizem com os resultados de publica&#231;&#245;es recentes na literatura. Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de sangramentos e eventos combinados na evolu&#231;&#227;o intrahospitalar. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, n&#227;o se demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre pacientes que usaram fondaparinux ou enoxaparina.</p>
        <p>Em 2.006, foi publicado o estudo OASIS-5, trabalho randomizado com 20.078 pacientes com SCASSST que receberam fondaparinux 2,5 mg <italic>versus</italic> enoxaparina 1 mg/kg duas vezes ao dia, comparando-se efetivamente os dois anticoagulantes. Observaram-se resultados semelhantes quanto ao desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo referente a eventos combinados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (morte e reinfarto). No entanto, ap&#243;s nove dias, as maiores taxas de sangramento com o uso de fondaparinux foram significativamente menores em compara&#231;&#227;o as de pacientes que receberam enoxaparina (2,2% vs. 4,1%, p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, fondaparinux manteve sua superioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o a sangramentos em longo prazo e mostrou-se melhor tamb&#233;m em mortalidade no seguimento de 30 dias (2,9% vs. 3,5%, p = 0,02) e 180 dias (5,8% vs. 6,5%, p = 0,05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo principal, permaneceram d&#250;vidas se os mesmos resultados poderiam ser reproduzidos na popula&#231;&#227;o como um todo, sem crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos de sele&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, o uso de fondaparinux se expandiu consideravelmente, principalmente na Europa, tornando-se indica&#231;&#227;o classe Ib pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia em pacientes com SCASSST, ao passo que a enoxaparina permaneceu com indica&#231;&#227;o Ib pela mesma diretriz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Dessa forma, foram publicados alguns bancos de dados mostrando resultados similares aos que o OASIS-5 apresentou, s&#243; que agora em vida real.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De todos os registros, o mais impactante foi o registro sueco comparando fondaparinux &#224; enoxaparina em cerca de 40.000 pacientes com SCASSST. Cerca de 36,4% do total foram tratados com fondaparinux e 63,6% com enoxaparina. Observaram-se menores taxas de sangramento comparativamente entre fondaparinux e enoxaparina (1,1% vs. 1,8%, OR = 0,54, IC 95% = 0,42 - 070). Isso refletiu-se, tamb&#233;m, em menores taxas de mortalidade intrahospitalar nos pacientes que receberam fondaparinux (2,7% vs. 4,0%, OR = 0,75, IC 95% = 0,63 - 0,89). Ap&#243;s 30 e 180 dias, diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; mortalidade e sangramentos foram mantidas entre os grupos. Tal achado refletiu, em parte, o que o estudo OASIS-5 havia demonstrado, agora, por&#233;m, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o real de uma amostra significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Dessa forma, os resultados do nosso estudo condizem com o que a literatura tem apresentado mostrando menores taxas de sangramento e eventos combinados.</p>
        <p>Sem d&#250;vida alguma, o grande ponto que diferencia fondaparinux de enoxaparina &#233; o menor risco de sangramento associado ao seu uso. Mesmo quando realizada a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou associado ao uso de inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIbIIIa, o fondaparinux apresenta menores taxas de sangramento comparativamente &#224; enoxaparina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em 2.009, Budaj et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> publicaram uma suban&#225;lise do estudo OASIS-5 mostrando que a redu&#231;&#227;o acontece em quase todos os tipos de sangramento quando se utiliza fondaparinux, s&#243; n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sangramento intracraniano e &#224;quele relacionado &#224; cirurgias. Al&#233;m disso, justificando a import&#226;ncia do sangramento na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com os outros desfechos, os autores mostraram mortalidade de 8,4% vs. 2,7% (p &lt; 0,0001), respectivamente, entre pacientes que apresentaram ou n&#227;o sangramentos maiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Apesar de em nosso estudo n&#227;o mostrarmos diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, o aumento de sangramento impactou em maior n&#250;mero de eventos combinados.</p>
        <p>A justificativa para a menor taxa de sangramentos se d&#225;, em parte, pelo uso de uma dose reduzida de anticoagulante quando administrado o fondaparinux. No entanto, tal dose de 2,5 mg ao dia foi validada anteriormente mostrando que em vig&#234;ncia de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, a dose de anticoagulante necess&#225;ria para bloqueio completo do sistema deva, talvez ser reduzida. Al&#233;m disso, o fondaparinux &#233; um inibidor do fator Xa extremamente espec&#237;fico e revers&#237;vel, o que faz com que, teoricamente, uma dose menor se amplifique em termos de efeito anticoagulante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos e &#224; consequente menor taxa de mortalidade e eventos decorrentes do uso de fondaparinux, in&#250;meros estudos demonstraram melhor custo-benef&#237;cio de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; enoxaparina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Suban&#225;lise do estudo OASIS-5 mostrou, ao final de 180 dias, redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de custo de at&#233; 547 d&#243;lares por paciente no grupo que usou fondaparinux, ressaltando, ainda mais, a superioridade do medicamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, o uso de fondaparinux em SCASSST tem se expandido no Brasil e no mundo. Nesse contexto, a demonstra&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos benef&#237;cios em um registro brasileiro &#233; fundamental para dar maior seguran&#231;a e confiabilidade ao pa&#237;s.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Apesar da grande casu&#237;stica, este estudo &#233; retrospectivo e apresenta um n&#250;mero muito maior de pacientes em uso de enoxaparina do que em de fondaparinux. Acreditamos que tais diferen&#231;as se baseiem na maior experi&#234;ncia dos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pelo atendimento a pacientes em uso de enoxaparina, at&#233; mesmo pelo maior tempo de uso desse medicamento, pela popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira quando comparado ao de fondaparinux. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o temos descri&#231;&#227;o do tipo de acesso vascular utilizado, algo que pode influenciar a taxa de sangramento associada &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. A taxa de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea &#233; considerada relativamente baixa, provavelmente devido ao perfil de pacientes de alta complexidade envolvidos no estudo. Por &#250;ltimo, o uso de inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIbIIIa foi maior no grupo enoxaparina, o que pode, em parte, elevar a taxa de sangramento nesse grupo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Semelhante aos dados recentemente publicados na literatura mundial, fondaparinux mostrou-se superior &#224; enoxaparina quando ministrado na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de eventos combinados e sangramentos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
