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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">s6hKRCzMbGvJXHDVxDsv3yG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004200230</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005022104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160119</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Proportional Mortality due to Heart Failure and Ischemic Heart Diseases in the Brazilian Regions from 2004 to 2011</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaui</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nagib</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fiocruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Jo&#227;o Lira 128, 101, Postal Code 22430-210, Leblon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript e Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gaui EN, Klein CH, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>9</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>230</fpage>
      <lpage>238</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure (HF) and ischemic heart diseases (IHD) are important causes of death in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess proportional mortality (PM) due to HF and IHD as underlying causes stratified by sex and age groups in the Brazilian geoeconomic regions from 2004 to 2011.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Data from death certificates were obtained in the DATASUS site under the following International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes, 10<sup>th</sup> Revision: 1) from chapter IX: I20 to I24 for acute IHD, I25 for chronic IHD, and I50 for HF; and 2) from chapter XVIII, for ill-defined causes (IDC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Proportional mortality due to HF increased with age in both sexes and all regions, the highest percentages being found among elderly women. Among men, the highest percentages were observed in the West-Central region up to the ninth decade, but, among the eldest individuals, the highest percentages were identified in the Southern region. Among women, the regions did not differ up to the age group of 70-79 years, although the West-Central region took the lead from 50 to 79 years; however, from the age of 80 years on, the Southern region showed the highest PM due to HF. Proportional mortality due to acute IHD in all Brazilian regions and in both sexes increased up to the age group of 60-69 years, from which it decreased. Among men, the Southeastern region had the highest percentages in the age group of 50-59 years, while women had lower PM due to acute IHD than men in all regions. In both sexes, PM due to chronic IHD increased with age in the Southern and Southeastern regions, which did not happen in the others, while the Southern region had the highest rate of all regions for all age groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Regional differences were more prominent at more advanced ages, especially when deaths due to IDC were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart failure/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia/mortaity</kwd>
        <kwd>Death Certificates</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diseases of the circulatory system (DCS) are important causes of death in Brazil. The World Health Organization provides a classification of diseases, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> whose purpose is to permit the systematic recording analysis, interpretation and comparison of mortality and morbidity data. </p>
      <p>In the death certificate model used in Brazil, the 49<sup>th</sup> field is intended to record the causes of death. This field is divided into two parts. Part I has four rows (a, b, c, and d), where all diseases or injuries that contributed to or produced death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence that produced these injuries must be registered. Line a should be used to the immediate cause. Lines b, c, and d should be used to the causes that led to the immediate cause (line a), line d being reserved for the underlying cause of death. In Part II any significant morbid condition that could have influenced unfavorably the evolution of the disease process is recorded, thereby contributing to the patient's death, without, however, relating to the disease or medical condition that directly caused the death. These causes are called contributing causes. It should be noted that even if there is a line for stating the underlying cause of death, the selection of that cause is defined by specific rules set in the 10<sup>th</sup> Revision of ICD (ICD-10).</p>
      <p>Chapter IX of ICD-10 provides the alphanumeric codes to classify DCS, which were identified as the underlying cause of death in 335,177 of the 1,169,966 death certificates issued in 2011 in Brazil, corresponding to 29% of the total deaths in that year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Of the DCS, the following stand out: heart failure (HF) and acute and chronic ischemic heart diseases (IHD). A large number of survivors of acute IHD episodes progress to HF, which is the final stage of several heart diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Heart failure accounts for high morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence tends to increase with both population aging and the increased survival of patients experiencing acute coronaryevents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In Brazil, HF has been reported as an important cause of hospitalization, mainly after the age of 60 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ischemic heart diseases accounted for 31% of the deaths due to DCS in Brazil in 2011,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and remain as the major cause of death in adults in Latin America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In Brazil, mortality rates due to IHD, standardized according to age, showed a mild declining trend from 1996 to 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing proportional mortalities due to HF and IHD, selected as underlying causes of death, stratified by sex and age, in the Brazilian geoeconomic regions from 2004 to 2011.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Data from death registries, comprising death certificates, of the Brazilian states from 2004 to 2011 were obtained in the Brazilian Health System database (DATASUS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. The number of death certificates from each of the five Brazilian geoeconomic regions (Northern, Northeastern, West-Central, Southeastern and Southern) was calculated by adding the number of death certificates of the states forming each Brazilian region. The study period (from 2004 to 2011) was chosen based on the following: it has been only since 2004 that all causes of death notified by certifiers using all lines of the document [parts I (from a to d) and II] have been recorded in all Brazilian states; 2011 was the last year available at the time of data collection for this study.</p>
      <p>The electronic death registries used the mortality classification of ICD-10, from which the following codes were selected: 1) from chapter IX: I20 to I24 for acute IHD; I25 for chronic IHD; and I50 for HF; and 2) from chapter XVIII, the codes for ill-defined causes (IDC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The age groups (in years) studied were as follows: 0-39; 40-49; 50-59; 60-69; 70-79; 80-89; and 90 or older.</p>
      <p>Proportional mortality is a measure of the importance of a specific cause of death in relation to all causes of death within the same population group. This study assessed proportional mortalities due to HF, acute IHD, chronic IHD, and IDC selected as underlying causes of death, stratified by sex and age, in the Brazilian geoeconomic regions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proportional mortality (%) due to heart failure, acute or chronic ischemic heart diseases and ill-defined causes as underlying causes of death in the Brazilian geoeconomic regions stratified by age group in the male sex from 2004 to 2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cause</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6">Region</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Age group</th>
              <th align="center">Northen</th>
              <th align="center">Northestern</th>
              <th align="center">West-Central</th>
              <th align="center">Southeastern</th>
              <th align="center">Southern</th>
              <th align="center">Brazil</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>HF</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90ou+</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Acute IHD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.4</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
              <td align="center">10.3</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">10.7</td>
              <td align="center">10.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">9.5</td>
              <td align="center">11.5</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">11.5</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
              <td align="center">9.9</td>
              <td align="center">9.7</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">6.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">7.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90ou+</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.9</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Chronic IHD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90ou+</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>IDC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">13.7</td>
              <td align="center">9.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">10.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.0</td>
              <td align="center">8.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">20.4</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">9.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90ou+</td>
              <td align="center">28.9</td>
              <td align="center">21.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.6</td>
              <td align="center">15.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">13.6</td>
              <td align="center">10.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">105,308</td>
              <td align="center">343,734</td>
              <td align="center">86,283</td>
              <td align="center">433,740</td>
              <td align="center">141,069</td>
              <td align="center">1,110.134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">28,015</td>
              <td align="center">115,165</td>
              <td align="center">34,803</td>
              <td align="center">232,483</td>
              <td align="center">74,713</td>
              <td align="center">485,179</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">33,372</td>
              <td align="center">141,644</td>
              <td align="center">43,708</td>
              <td align="center">339,116</td>
              <td align="center">111,350</td>
              <td align="center">669,190</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">39,834</td>
              <td align="center">176,257</td>
              <td align="center">52,799</td>
              <td align="center">398,437</td>
              <td align="center">145,124</td>
              <td align="center">812,451</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">45,588</td>
              <td align="center">209,710</td>
              <td align="center">57,177</td>
              <td align="center">462,905</td>
              <td align="center">167,670</td>
              <td align="center">943,050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">31,220</td>
              <td align="center">185,762</td>
              <td align="center">37,783</td>
              <td align="center">324,647</td>
              <td align="center">111,796</td>
              <td align="center">691,208</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90ou+</td>
              <td align="center">10,272</td>
              <td align="center">71,998</td>
              <td align="center">11,102</td>
              <td align="center">83,886</td>
              <td align="center">26,570</td>
              <td align="center">203,828</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">293,609</td>
              <td align="center">1,244.270</td>
              <td align="center">323,655</td>
              <td align="center">2,275.214</td>
              <td align="center">778,292</td>
              <td align="center">4,915.040</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseasesand Related Health Problems - 10<sup>th</sup> revision.</p>
            <p>ICD-10: codes: from Chapter IX for HF - 150, for acute IHD - 120-124, and for chronic IHD - 125; and from Chapter XVIII for IDC.</p>
            <p>HF: heart failure; IHD: acute or chronic ischemic heart diseases; IDC: ill-defined causes.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proportional mortality (%) due to heart failure, acute or chronic ischemic heart diseases and ill-defined causes as underlying causes of death in the Brazilian geoeconomic regions stratified by age group in the female sex from 2004 to 2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cause</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6">Region</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Age group</th>
              <th align="center">Northen</th>
              <th align="center">Northestern</th>
              <th align="center">West-Central</th>
              <th align="center">Southeastern</th>
              <th align="center">Southern</th>
              <th align="center">Brazil</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>HF</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">3.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.0</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90 or +</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">7.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Acute IHD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.2</td>
              <td align="center">8.2</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
              <td align="center">9.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
              <td align="center">8.2</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90 or +</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">7.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Chronic IHD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90 or +</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>IDC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">13.4</td>
              <td align="center">9.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">15.7</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">20.1</td>
              <td align="center">14.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90 or +</td>
              <td align="center">29.8</td>
              <td align="center">21.7</td>
              <td align="center">9.5</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">11.0</td>
              <td align="center">14.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">14.8</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-39</td>
              <td align="center">49,782</td>
              <td align="center">146,364</td>
              <td align="center">36,437</td>
              <td align="center">184,665</td>
              <td align="center">59,689</td>
              <td align="center">476,937</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>40-49</td>
              <td align="center">14,073</td>
              <td align="center">60,516</td>
              <td align="center">17,437</td>
              <td align="center">119,553</td>
              <td align="center">37,702</td>
              <td align="center">249,281</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">19,309</td>
              <td align="center">92,027</td>
              <td align="center">25,253</td>
              <td align="center">192,631</td>
              <td align="center">62,242</td>
              <td align="center">391,462</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">25,177</td>
              <td align="center">134,654</td>
              <td align="center">34,437</td>
              <td align="center">269,106</td>
              <td align="center">92,995</td>
              <td align="center">556,369</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">32,284</td>
              <td align="center">187,067</td>
              <td align="center">43,297</td>
              <td align="center">400,302</td>
              <td align="center">138,749</td>
              <td align="center">801,699</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-89</td>
              <td align="center">28,163</td>
              <td align="center">197,554</td>
              <td align="center">36,886</td>
              <td align="center">415,142</td>
              <td align="center">139,630</td>
              <td align="center">817,375</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>90ou+</td>
              <td align="center">14,674</td>
              <td align="center">101,902</td>
              <td align="center">15,540</td>
              <td align="center">174,025</td>
              <td align="center">53,005</td>
              <td align="center">359,146</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">183,462</td>
              <td align="center">920,084</td>
              <td align="center">209,287</td>
              <td align="center">1,755,424</td>
              <td align="center">584,012</td>
              <td align="center">3,652,269</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseasesand Related Health Problems - 10<sup>th</sup> revision.</p>
            <p>ICD-10: codes: from Chapter IX for HF - 150, for acute IHD - 120-124, and for chronic IHD - 125; and from Chapter XVIII for IDC.</p>
            <p>HF: heart failure; IHD: acute or chronic ischemic heart diseases; IDC: ill-defined causes.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The graphs of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> show the proportional mortalities due to HF and acute and chronic IHD, except for the deaths whose causes were encoded as ill-defined, stratified by sex and age groups in the Brazilian geoeconomic regions. Thus, the calculation of the proportional mortalities shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> considered only deaths due to defined causes in their denominators.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Proportional mortality due to heart failure (HF), acute and chronic ischemic heart diseases (IHD) as underlying causes of death, excluding deaths of ill-defined causes (IDC), and due to IDC as underlying cause of death, in the Brazilian geoeconomic regions, stratified by age group and sex, from 2004 to 2011. HF: heart failure; IHD: ischemic heart disease; IDC: ill-defined causes; NO: Northern; NE: Northeastern; WC: West-Central; SE: Southeastern; SO: Southern ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems - 10<sup>th</sup> revision. ICD-10 codes: from Chapter IX for HF - I50, for acute IHD - I20-I24, and for chronic IHD - I25; and from Chapter XVIII for IDC.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0230-60119-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Stata statistical software, version 12, was used to calculate the percentages and to elaborate the graphs (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In Brazil, 8,597,955 deaths were registered from 2004 to 2011. The ICD-10 codes of the underlying causes of death retrieved from death certificates were as follows: HF, 2.6%; acute IHD, 7.3%; and chronic IHD, 1.4%. In that period, 8.3% of the death certificates had IDC as the underlying cause of death.</p>
      <p>The distribution of proportional mortalities due to HF in the Brazilian regions was as follows, the highest figures found in the Southern region, and the lowest, in the Northern region: Southern region, 2.9%; West-Central, 2.8%; Northeastern and Southeastern, 2.5% each; and Northern region, 2.2%. Deaths due to acute IHD were proportionally more frequent in the Southern and Southeastern regions (7.7% and 7.6%, respectively), followed by the Northeastern, West-Central and Northern regions (7.0%, 6.8% and 5.2%, respectively). Regarding chronic IHD, the distribution of proportional mortalities was as follows: Southern, 2.1%; Southeastern, 1.7%; West-Central, 1.4%; Northeastern, 0.8%; and Northern, 0.4%.</p>
      <p>Regarding IDC, the distribution of proportional mortality according to the Brazilian regions was as follows, with the highest figures observed in the Northern region: Northern, 14.1%; Northeastern, 11.0%; Southeastern, 7.7%; Southern, 5.3%; and West-Central, 4.5%.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the proportional mortality due to HF, acute or chronic IHD, and IDC as underlying causes of death in the Brazilian regions according to the age group in men from 2004 to 2011. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the same for women.</p>
      <p>The proportional mortality due to HF increased with age increase in all Brazilian regions in both sexes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>), although such increase was not observed in men aged 90 years or older in the Northern region. In the male sex, the highest percentages were observed in the West-Central region up to the age group of 80-89 years, but, among the eldest individuals, the highest percentages were observed in the Southern region. However, the Southern region had the lowest proportional mortalities up to the age group of 60-69 years. From that age onward, while the Southeastern region continued to show the lowest proportional mortalities up to the age group of 80-89 years, the Southern region stood up with the most notable increase of all regions in the male sex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). In the female sex, no significant difference was identified among the regions up to the age group of 70-79 years, although the West-Central region took the lead from 50 years to 79 years; however, from the age of 80 years on, the Southern region showed the highest proportional mortalities due to HF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The proportional mortality due to acute IHD in all Brazilian regions and in both sexes increased up to the age group of 60-69 years, from which it decreased (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). But women still had lower proportional mortality due to acute IHD than men did in all regions. However, for both sexes, the differences between regions in almost all age groups were not significant, except for the Northern region, which always had the lowest proportional mortalities (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The proportional mortalities due to chronic IHD were lower than those due to the other selected causes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). For both sexes, mortality increased with age in the Southern and Southeastern regions, but not in the other regions. The proportional mortality due to chronic IHD in the Southern region was higher than in the other regions for all age groups in the female sex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>); in the male sex, however, this was observed only for the age of 50 years and older (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). That was followed in decreasing order and for both sexes by the regions: Southeastern, West-Central, Northeastern and Northern (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The proportional mortalities due to IDC increased progressively with age in the Northern and Northeastern regions for both sexes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). In addition those two regions stood out because of very high percentages as compared with the others. The West-Central region had the lowest percentages of death for all age groups and both sexes. It is worth noting that the oldest individuals (90 years or older) had the highest proportional mortalities for both sexes and all regions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The graphs of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> show the percentages of death due to HF, acute and chronic IHD as underlying causes in the Brazilian regions, stratified by age group and sex, from 2004 to 2011. The calculation of the proportional mortalities shown considered in their denominators only deaths due to defined causes; those due to IDC were excluded.</p>
      <p>The proportional mortalities due to HF, excluding IDC, increased with age in both sexes and all regions, including among men of the Northern region aged 90 years or older, differently from that observed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The differences of percentages between the regions, which are small in the younger age groups, increase with age for both sexes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The greatest increases in the percentages of death due to HF among men as age increased were observed in the Southern and Northeastern regions, in this order, while for women the same was observed only in the Southern region. The lowest increases in the percentages of death due to HF among women as age increased were observed in the Southeastern and Northeastern regions.</p>
      <p>The Southeastern region showed the lowest percentages of death due to HF among men aged 70 years and older, while, among women, that was observed earlier, from the age of 60 onwards (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The proportional mortality due to acute IHD, considering only the defined causes, increased with age for both sexes up to the age group of 60-69 years, in which the highest percentages were observed in all regions, and from which they began to decrease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Among men, the highest percentages of death due to acute IHD were observed in the Southeastern region up to the age group of 50-59 years, from which the highest percentages were observed in the Northeastern region. The Northern region had the lowest proportional mortalities due to acute IHD in both sexes up to the age group of 70-79 years, and the West-Central region showed the lowest percentages in the two oldest age groups. Among women, the Northeastern region had the highest proportional mortalities due to acute IHD in almost all age groups, except for the youngest, and the highest percentage was observed in the age group of 60-69 years.</p>
      <p>The proportional mortality due to chronic IHD, considering only defined causes of death, increased progressively with age in the Southern and Southeastern regions among women; however, among men, it stabilized from the age group of 70-79 years onwards, with a mild decrease in the oldest age group in the Southern region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The Northern and Northeastern regions had the lowest proportional mortalities due to chronic IHD from the age group of 40-49 years onwards. In those two regions, the highest percentages were observed in the age group of 70-79 years in both sexes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study assessed the proportional mortalities due to HF and acute and chronic IHD as underlying causes of death in the Brazilian geoeconomic regions, stratified by sex and age. This analysis was performed for the purpose of comparison, including and excluding the occurrence of death due to IDC. It is worth noting that although proportional mortality does not represent raw mortality directly, they have an intrinsic relationship, because both share the same numerator. The difference between them lies in the denominator, which, in proportional mortality, is the total number of deaths due to any cause, considering the ill-defined deaths or not, while, in raw mortality, the denominator is the total number of individuals exposed to the risk of death. Thus, proportional mortality indicates directly the relative importance of a determined cause of death in the total set of deaths. This indicator can be preferred to that of raw mortality when the extent and quality of the death registry is more reliable than the population count. The latter, the census, is performed only once every ten years, being thus useful for only a short period of time. Regarding this study, the census was performed only in one of the years studied (2010), and, for the remaining seven years, only interpolated (2004 to 2009) and extrapolated (2011) estimates were considered. The estimation methods used by the official Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) have undergone significant changes since 2007, making the flotation of population segments, according to age and sex, important, and their use, of concerning validity.</p>
      <p>As expected, proportional mortality due to HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> increased with age increase, the highest percentages observed among women. The regional differences were more prominent in the older age groups, and even more when death certificates with IDC as underlying causes of death were excluded. In the Northern region, which had the highest percentages of IDC, considering all death certificates, the proportional mortality due to HF increased 14% and 16% among men and women, respectively, when IDC were excluded. At more advanced ages, when the percentages due to IDC were higher, the differences were more significant, reaching up to 40% more proportional mortality due to HF in the Northern region, for both sexes and over the age of 90 years.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that this study assessed the proportional mortality due to HF only when that was selected as the underlying cause of death, which, as already known,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> underestimates HF as a cause of death. Heart failure is more prevalent in the elderly, competing, in the selection of the underlying cause of death, with other diseases also common in more-advanced age groups. In addition, the rules determined for that selection discourage the coder to select HF as the underlying cause of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The highest proportional mortalities due to acute IHD were observed in the age group of 60-69 years in all regions and both sexes, from which a more or less abrupt decrease was observed depending on the region analyzed. Women had lower proportional mortalities due to acute IHD as compared with men in almost all regions and age groups, regardless of the exclusion of IDC. The only exception was the age group of 40-49 years in the Northeastern region.</p>
      <p>In addition, when analyzing proportional mortality due to acute IHD, the percentage of deaths due to IDC can conceal differences between regions, sexes or age groups. In the age group of 60-69 years, when IHD has its highest percentages, the greatest increases in proportional mortality due to IHD after excluding IDC were observed among women in the Northeastern region (22%) and men in the Northern region (18%).</p>
      <p>The differences in mortality rates due to IHD between Brazilian regions have long been known,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> as has the difficulty of interpreting mortality data in regions with a high rate of deaths attributed to IDC. A recent study analyzing the trend of mortality rates due to IHD in Brazil from 2000 to 2010 has evidenced outstanding regional differences, which, according to the authors, can be explained by differences in socioeconomic conditions and health care structures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This is more easily perceived when an improvement in socioeconomic indicators precedes the reduction in mortality due to DCS, and there is a strong correlation between the progression of those indicators and the drop in mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>One measure of the quality of information on mortality is the percentage of causes of death selected as ill defined, comprised in chapter XVIII of the CID-10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In Brazil, in 2003, the underlying cause of 13.3% of the deaths was encoded as ill-defined, the highest percentages found in the Northern and Northeastern regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The percentage found in this study was lower, with IDC selected as the underlying cause of death in 8.3% of all deaths. This seems to indicate an improvement in the quality of information of death certificates, because of the reduction in the percentage of deaths due to IDC. In fact, this study shows that, in Brazil, the proportional mortality due to IDC decreased progressively from 12.3%, in 2004, to 6.7%, in 2011. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that a recent study assessing the behavior over time of mortality due to IDC in Brazil and its regions, from 1996 to 2011, has reported a drop in the raw and standardized mortality rates due to IDC in all regions; in the Northern and Northeastern regions, which have the highest rates, that drop has been steeper since 2004, which can represent greater care with the accuracy of death registries. Once again, this study confirms that, from 2004 to 2011, proportional mortalities due to IDC decreased from 20.8% to 11.0% in the Northern region, and from 23.7% to 7.7% in the Northeastern region. The other regions have also shown a decline, although less prominent, because the initial rates were lower.</p>
      <p>In a publication discussing the reality of HF in Latin America, the authors have concluded that the region is under the awful paradox of HF risk factors and HF epidemiology of developed countries, with an added high prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension, Chagas' disease and rheumatic fever, together with a lower total expenditure on health per capita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Differences between the regions regarding proportional mortality due to chronic IHD showed no important change, mainly because it was lower as compared with those due to the other causes studied, HF and acute IHD.</p>
      <p>The proportional mortality due to IDC increased with age in all regions. The Northern and Northeastern regions maintained the leading position, reaching elevated values at the age group of 90 years or older, corresponding to one of every three death certificates in men, and one of every four death certificates in women. This jeopardizes the analysis of mortality in those regions, especially in the elderly population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). Even excluding deaths due to IDC, such as in the proportional mortalities shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, one cannot state that the proportional mortality due to HF and IHD remains constant among the IDC in all age groups and for both sexes. It seems reasonable to suppose that, among the oldest individuals, the proportion of deaths that could have been attributed to HF or chronic IHD, for example those classified as ill-defined due to lack of proper information, would be higher than that among younger individuals. If this hypothesis is confirmed, proportional mortalities due to HF, for example, should be higher than those shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, especially among the oldest individuals, and even more prominent in those regions with the highest percentage of death due to IDC.</p>
      <p>Data on mortality lose quality in the presence of a considerable proportion of IDC of death. Although the percentage of mortality due to IDC in Brazil decreased in past years, indicating an improvement in the quality of statistics on mortality,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> figures as those observed in the Northern and Northeastern regions are still concerning, and can be related to access to medical care and its quality, in addition to the proper completion of death certificates.</p>
      <p>One limitation of this study derives from choosing the death certificate as the subject of study, because it depends on the quality of the registration and accuracy of the diagnoses made by physicians. Conversely, that is the most comprehensive source of information on deaths, because the death certificate is legally required to provide a proper destination of the deceased. Another study limitation was the use of the underlying cause of death to assess mortality, which, under certain circumstances, such as HF, can underestimate its relative importance when multiple causes, which contemplate all the causes mentioned on the death certificate, are not considered. Thus, the simultaneous presence of acute IHD and HF in the same death certificate can lead to the selection of IHD as the underlying cause of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Therefore, the contribution of the causes assessed in this study, HF and IHD, will have to be analyzed, considering the existence of multiple causes de death.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>For now, considering the underlying causes of death, proportional mortality due to HF increases as age does, and, in the elderly, the highest percentages are observed among women. Proportional mortality due to acute IHD is usually higher among men, and, for both sexes, the age group of 60-69 years shows the highest values. Despite regional differences in proportional mortality due to acute IHD, it predominated among men in the age group of 40-49 years in the Southeastern region and in older age groups in the Northeastern region. Among women, proportional mortality due to acute IHD predominated from the fifth decade of life onwards in the Northeastern region.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade Proporcional por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Doen&#231;as Isqu&#234;micas do Cora&#231;&#227;o nas Regi&#245;es do Brasil de 2004 a 2011</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaui</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nagib</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Jo&#227;o Lira 128, 101, CEP 22430-210, Leblon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gaui EN, Klein CH, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) s&#227;o importantes causas de morte no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a mortalidade proporcional (MP) por IC e DIC, como causas b&#225;sicas, estratificada por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria nas regi&#245;es brasileiras de 2004 a 2011.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito foram obtidas no <italic>site</italic> do DATASUS, codificadas conforme a Classifica&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de, 10&#170; Revis&#227;o: 1) do Cap&#237;tulo IX: I20 a I24 para DIC aguda, I25 para DIC cr&#244;nica, e I50 para IC; e 2) do Cap&#237;tulo XVIII, para causas mal definidas (CMD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A MP por IC aumentou com a idade nos dois sexos e em todas as regi&#245;es, as mais altas porcentagens sendo encontradas entre as mulheres mais idosas. Entre os homens, as mais altas porcentagens foram observadas na regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste at&#233; a nona d&#233;cada; entre os mais idosos, por&#233;m, as mais altas porcentagens foram identificadas na regi&#227;o Sul. Entre as mulheres, as regi&#245;es n&#227;o diferiram at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 70-79 anos, embora a regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste tenha liderado dos 50 aos 79 anos; entretanto, a partir dos 80 anos, a regi&#227;o Sul apresentou a mais alta MP por IC. Em todas as regi&#245;es brasileiras e nos dois sexos, a MP por DIC aguda aumentou at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 60-69 anos, a partir da qual diminuiu. Entre os homens, a regi&#227;o Sudeste apresentou as mais altas porcentagens na faixa et&#225;ria de 50-59 anos, enquanto as mulheres tiveram menor MP por DIC aguda em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens em todas as regi&#245;es. Nos dois sexos, a MP por DIC cr&#244;nica aumentou com a idade nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, mas n&#227;o nas demais, enquanto a regi&#227;o Sul apresentou a mais alta MP entre todas as regi&#245;es para todas as faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Diferen&#231;as regionais foram mais marcantes nas idades mais avan&#231;adas, especialmente quando exclu&#237;das as mortes por CMD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Atestado de &#211;bito</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (DAC) constituem importante causa de morte no Brasil. A Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de (CID)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de tem como objetivo permitir a an&#225;lise, interpreta&#231;&#227;o e compara&#231;&#227;o de registros sistem&#225;ticos de mortalidade e morbidade. </p>
        <p>No modelo de declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito usado no Brasil, o campo 49 destina-se ao registro das causas de morte. Esse campo &#233; dividido em duas partes. A Parte I tem quatro linhas (a, b, c e d), onde todas as doen&#231;as ou inj&#250;rias que contribu&#237;ram para a morte ou produziram-na, ou as circunst&#226;ncias do acidente ou viol&#234;ncia que produziram tais inj&#250;rias, t&#234;m que ser registradas. A linha a deve ser usada para a causa imediata de morte, e as linhas b, c e d, para as causas que levaram &#224; causa imediata (linha a), ficando a linha d reservada para a causa b&#225;sica de morte. Na Parte II, menciona-se qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o m&#243;rbida significativa que possa ter afetado desfavoravelmente a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, contribuindo para a morte do paciente, sem, entretanto, estar relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a ou condi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica que causou diretamente a morte. &#201; denominada causa contribuinte. &#201; importante observar que, mesmo havendo uma linha para a causa b&#225;sica de morte, sua escolha &#233; definida por um conjunto de regras espec&#237;ficas constante da 10&#170; Revis&#227;o da CID (CID-10).</p>
        <p>O Cap&#237;tulo IX da CID-10 traz os c&#243;digos alfanum&#233;ricos para classifica&#231;&#227;o das DAC, que foram identificadas como causa b&#225;sica de morte em 335.177 das 1.169.966 declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito emitidas em 2011 no Brasil, correspondendo a 29% do total de mortes naquele ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entre as DAC, destacam-se insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) aguda e cr&#244;nica. Um grande n&#250;mero de sobreviventes de epis&#243;dios de DIC aguda evoluem para IC, que &#233; o est&#225;gio final de muitas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A IC apresenta alta morbimortalidade, e sua preval&#234;ncia tende a aumentar com o envelhecimento populacional e com o aumento da sobrevida dos pacientes que experienciam eventos coronarianos agudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No Brasil, a IC &#233; uma importante causa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, principalmente ap&#243;s os 60 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As DIC foram respons&#225;veis por 31% das mortes por DAC no Brasil em 2011, e permanecem a principal causa de morte nos adultos na Am&#233;rica Latina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No Brasil, as taxas de mortalidade por DIC, padronizadas por idade, tenderam a um leve decl&#237;nio de 1996 a 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as mortalidades proporcionais por IC e DIC, selecionadas como causas b&#225;sicas de morte, estratificadas por sexo e idade, nas regi&#245;es brasileiras de 2004 a 2011.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es dos registros de morte, representados pelas declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito, dos estados brasileiros de 2004 a 2011 foram obtidas a partir do <italic>site</italic> do banco de dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de Brasileiro (DATASUS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O n&#250;mero de declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito de cada uma das cinco regi&#245;es brasileiras (Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul) foi obtido pela soma do n&#250;mero de declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito dos estados que comp&#245;em cada regi&#227;o brasileira. O per&#237;odo do estudo (2004 a 2011) foi escolhido com base no seguinte: foi s&#243; a partir de 2004 que os estados brasileiros passaram a registrar todas as causas de morte notificadas por certificadores usando todas as linhas do documento [Partes I (de <italic>a</italic> a <italic>d</italic>) e II]; na ocasi&#227;o da coleta de dados para este estudo, 2011 foi o &#250;ltimo ano com informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Os registros eletr&#244;nicos de morte usaram a classifica&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade da CID-10, da qual os seguintes c&#243;digos foram selecionados: 1) do Cap&#237;tulo IX: I20 a I24 para DIC aguda; I25 para DIC cr&#244;nica; e I50 para IC; e 2) do Cap&#237;tulo XVIII, os c&#243;digos para causas mal definidas (CMD). As seguintes faixas et&#225;rias (anos) foram estudadas: 0-39; 40-49; 50-59; 60-69; 70-79; 80-89; e 90 ou mais.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade proporcional &#233; uma medida da import&#226;ncia de uma causa de morte espec&#237;fica em rela&#231;&#227;o a todas as causas de morte em um mesmo grupo populacional. Este estudo avaliou as mortalidades proporcionais por IC, DIC aguda, DIC cr&#244;nica e CMD selecionadas como causas b&#225;sicas de morte, estratificadas por sexo e idade, nas regi&#245;es brasileiras (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional (%) por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o aguda ou cr&#244;nica e causas mal definidas como causa b&#225;sica nas regi&#245;es do Brasil, segundo faixa et&#225;ria, no sexo masculino - 2004 a 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Causa</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6">Regi&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria</th>
                <th align="center">Norte</th>
                <th align="center">Nordeste</th>
                <th align="center">Centro-Oeste</th>
                <th align="center">Sudeste</th>
                <th align="center">Sul</th>
                <th align="center">Brasil</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IC</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90ou+</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DIC aguda</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90ou+</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DIC cr&#244;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90ou+</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CMD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">20,4</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90ou+</td>
                <td align="center">28,9</td>
                <td align="center">21,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">15,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">105,308</td>
                <td align="center">343,734</td>
                <td align="center">86,283</td>
                <td align="center">433,740</td>
                <td align="center">141,069</td>
                <td align="center">1,110,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">28,015</td>
                <td align="center">115,165</td>
                <td align="center">34,803</td>
                <td align="center">232,483</td>
                <td align="center">74,713</td>
                <td align="center">485,179</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">33,372</td>
                <td align="center">141,644</td>
                <td align="center">43,708</td>
                <td align="center">339,116</td>
                <td align="center">111,350</td>
                <td align="center">669,190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">39,834</td>
                <td align="center">176,257</td>
                <td align="center">52,799</td>
                <td align="center">398,437</td>
                <td align="center">145,124</td>
                <td align="center">812,451</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">45,588</td>
                <td align="center">209,710</td>
                <td align="center">57,177</td>
                <td align="center">462,905</td>
                <td align="center">167,670</td>
                <td align="center">943,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">31,220</td>
                <td align="center">185,762</td>
                <td align="center">37,783</td>
                <td align="center">324,647</td>
                <td align="center">111,796</td>
                <td align="center">691,208</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90ou+</td>
                <td align="center">10,272</td>
                <td align="center">71,998</td>
                <td align="center">11,102</td>
                <td align="center">83,886</td>
                <td align="center">26,570</td>
                <td align="center">203,828</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">293,609</td>
                <td align="center">1,244,270</td>
                <td align="center">323,655</td>
                <td align="center">2,275,214</td>
                <td align="center">778,292</td>
                <td align="center">4,915,040</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>CID-10: Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de &#8211; 10&#170; Revis&#227;o.</p>
              <p>C&#243;digos da CID-10: do Cap&#237;tulo IX para IC - I50, para DIC aguda - I20-I24, e para DIC cr&#244;nica - I25; e do Cap&#237;tulo XVIII para CMD.</p>
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DIC: doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o; CMD: causas mal definidas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Proportional mortality (%) due to heart failure, acute or chronic ischemic heart diseases and ill-defined causes as underlying causes of death in the Brazilian geoeconomic regions stratified by age group in the female sex from 2004 to 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Causa</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6">Regi&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria</th>
                <th align="center">Norte</th>
                <th align="center">Nordeste</th>
                <th align="center">Centro-Oeste</th>
                <th align="center">Sudeste</th>
                <th align="center">Sul</th>
                <th align="center">Brasil</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IC</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90ou+</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DIC aguda</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90ou+</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DIC cr&#244;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90 or +</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CMD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">13,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">14,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90 or +</td>
                <td align="center">29,8</td>
                <td align="center">21,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-39</td>
                <td align="center">49,782</td>
                <td align="center">146,364</td>
                <td align="center">36,437</td>
                <td align="center">184,665</td>
                <td align="center">59,689</td>
                <td align="center">476,937</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">14,073</td>
                <td align="center">60,516</td>
                <td align="center">17,437</td>
                <td align="center">119,553</td>
                <td align="center">37,702</td>
                <td align="center">249,281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">19,309</td>
                <td align="center">92,027</td>
                <td align="center">25,253</td>
                <td align="center">192,631</td>
                <td align="center">62,242</td>
                <td align="center">391,462</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">25,177</td>
                <td align="center">134,654</td>
                <td align="center">34,437</td>
                <td align="center">269,106</td>
                <td align="center">92,995</td>
                <td align="center">556,369</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">32,284</td>
                <td align="center">187,067</td>
                <td align="center">43,297</td>
                <td align="center">400,302</td>
                <td align="center">138,749</td>
                <td align="center">801,699</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-89</td>
                <td align="center">28,163</td>
                <td align="center">197,554</td>
                <td align="center">36,886</td>
                <td align="center">415,142</td>
                <td align="center">139,630</td>
                <td align="center">817,375</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90ou+</td>
                <td align="center">14,674</td>
                <td align="center">101,902</td>
                <td align="center">15,540</td>
                <td align="center">174,025</td>
                <td align="center">53,005</td>
                <td align="center">359,146</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">183,462</td>
                <td align="center">920,084</td>
                <td align="center">209,287</td>
                <td align="center">1,755,424</td>
                <td align="center">584,012</td>
                <td align="center">3,652,269</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>CID-10: Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de &#8211; 10&#170; Revis&#227;o.</p>
              <p>C&#243;digos da CID-10: do Cap&#237;tulo IX para IC - I50, para DIC aguda - I20-I24, e para DIC cr&#244;nica - I25; e do Cap&#237;tulo XVIII para CMD.</p>
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DIC: doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o; CMD: causas mal definidas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os gr&#225;ficos da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> mostram as mortalidades proporcionais por IC e DIC aguda e cr&#244;nica, exceto as mortes cujas causas foram codificadas como mal definidas, estratificadas por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria nas regi&#245;es brasileiras. Assim, o c&#225;lculo das mortalidades proporcionais da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> considerou apenas nos seus denominadores as mortes por causas definidas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade proporcional por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) aguda e cr&#244;nica como causas b&#225;sicas de morte, excluindo-se as de causas mal definidas (CMD), e por CMD como causa b&#225;sica de morte, nas regi&#245;es brasileiras, estratificada por faixa et&#225;ria e sexo, de 2004 a 2011. IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DIC: doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o; CMD: causas mal definidas; N: Norte; NE: Nordeste; CO: Centro-Oeste; SE: Sudeste; S: Sul. CID-10: Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de - 10&#170; Revis&#227;o. C&#243;digos da CID-10: do Cap&#237;tulo IX para IC - I50, para DIC aguda - I20-I24, e para DIC cr&#244;nica - I25; e do Cap&#237;tulo XVIII para CMD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0230-60119-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O programa estat&#237;stico Stata, vers&#227;o 12, foi usado para calcular as porcentagens e elaborar os gr&#225;ficos (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, EUA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No Brasil, 8.597.955 mortes foram registradas de 2004 a 2011. Os c&#243;digos da CID-10 para causas b&#225;sicas de morte obtidos das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito foram os seguintes: IC, 2,6%; DIC aguda, 7,3%; e DIC cr&#244;nica, 1,4%. Naquele per&#237;odo, 8,3% das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito apresentavam CMD como causa b&#225;sica de morte.</p>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das mortalidades proporcionais por IC nas regi&#245;es brasileiras foi a seguinte, os mais altos n&#250;meros sendo encontrados na regi&#227;o Sul, o os mais baixos, na regi&#227;o Norte: regi&#227;o Sul, 2,9%; Centro-Oeste, 2,8%; Nordeste e Sudeste, 2,5% cada; e regi&#227;o Norte, 2,2%. Mortes por DIC aguda foram proporcionalmente mais frequentes nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste (7,7% e 7,6%, respectivamente), seguidas pelas regi&#245;es Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Norte (7,0%, 6,8% e 5,2%, respectivamente). A DIC cr&#244;nica apresentou a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o das mortalidades proporcionais: Sul, 2,1%; Sudeste, 1,7%; Centro-Oeste, 1,4%; Nordeste, 0,8%; e Norte, 0,4%.</p>
        <p>As CMD apresentaram a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade proporcional de acordo com as regi&#245;es brasileiras, os mais altos n&#250;meros sendo observados na regi&#227;o Norte: Norte, 14,1%; Nordeste, 11,0%; Sudeste, 7,7%; Sul, 5,3%; e Centro-Oeste, 4,5%.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> exibe a mortalidade proporcional por IC, DIC aguda ou cr&#244;nica, e CMD como causa b&#225;sica de morte nas regi&#245;es brasileiras de acordo com faixa et&#225;ria em homens de 2004 a 2011. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> exibe o mesmo para mulheres.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade proporcional por IC aumentou com o avan&#231;ar da idade em todas as regi&#245;es brasileiras nos dois sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>), embora tal aumento n&#227;o tenha sido observado nos homens com 90 ou mais anos na regi&#227;o Norte. No sexo masculino, as mais altas porcentagens foram observadas na regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 80-89 anos, mas, entre os mais idosos, as mais altas porcentagens foram observadas na regi&#227;o Sul. Entretanto, a regi&#227;o Sul apresentou as mais baixas mortalidades proporcionais at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 60-69 anos. A partir dessa idade, enquanto a regi&#227;o Sudeste continuou a apresentar as mais baixas mortalidades proporcionais at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 80-89 anos, a regi&#227;o Sul destacou-se como a que apresentou o maior aumento entre todas as regi&#245;es no sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). O sexo feminino n&#227;o mostrou significativa diferen&#231;a entre as regi&#245;es at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 70-79 anos, embora a regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste tenha assumido a lideran&#231;a dos 50 anos aos 79 anos; entretanto, a partir dos 80 anos de idade, a regi&#227;o Sul apresentou as mais altas mortalidades proporcionais por IC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>A mortalidade proporcional por DIC aguda em todas as regi&#245;es brasileiras e nos dois sexos aumentou at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 60-69 anos, a partir da qual diminuiu (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>). No entanto, as mulheres ainda apresentaram menor mortalidade proporcional por DIC aguda do que os homens em todas as regi&#245;es. Para os dois sexos, no entanto, as diferen&#231;as entre regi&#245;es em quase todas as faixas et&#225;rias n&#227;o foram significativas, exceto na regi&#227;o Norte, que sempre exibiu as mais baixas mortalidades proporcionais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>As mortalidades proporcionais por DIC cr&#244;nica foram mais baixas do que aquelas pelas outras causas selecionadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>). Para os dois sexos, a mortalidade aumentou com a idade nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, mas n&#227;o nas outras regi&#245;es. A mortalidade proporcional por DIC cr&#244;nica na regi&#227;o Sul foi maior do que nas outras regi&#245;es para todas as faixas et&#225;rias no sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>); no sexo masculino, entretanto, isso foi observado apenas a partir dos 50 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Seguiram-se, em ordem decrescente e para os dois sexos, as regi&#245;es Sudeste, Centro-Oeste, Nordeste e Norte (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>As mortalidades proporcionais por CMD aumentaram progressivamente com a idade nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste para os dois sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>). Essas duas regi&#245;es tamb&#233;m se destacaram devido &#224;s muito altas porcentagens em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais. A regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste apresentou as mais baixas porcentagens de morte para todas as faixas et&#225;rias e os dois sexos. Importante notar que os mais idosos (90 ou mais anos) apresentaram as mais altas mortalidades proporcionais para os dois sexos em todas as regi&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Os gr&#225;ficos da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> exibem as porcentagens de morte por IC, DIC aguda e cr&#244;nica como causas b&#225;sicas nas regi&#245;es brasileiras, estratificadas por faixa et&#225;ria e sexo, de 2004 a 2011. O c&#225;lculo das mortalidades proporcionais exibidas considerou em seus denominadores apenas as mortes por causas definidas, tendo-se exclu&#237;do as devidas &#224;s CMD. </p>
        <p>As mortalidades proporcionais por IC, excluindo-se as CMD, aumentaram com a idade nos dois sexos e em todas as regi&#245;es, inclusive entre os homens da regi&#227;o Norte com idade igual ou superior a 90 anos, diferentemente do observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. As diferen&#231;as de porcentagens entre as regi&#245;es, que s&#227;o menores nas faixas et&#225;rias mais jovens, aumentaram com a idade para os dois sexos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Os maiores aumentos nas porcentagens de morte por IC entre os homens com o aumento da idade foram observados nas regi&#245;es Sul e Nordeste, nessa ordem, enquanto, entre as mulheres, observou-se o mesmo apenas na regi&#227;o Sul. Os menores aumentos nas porcentagens de morte por IC entre mulheres &#224; medida que a idade aumentou foram observados nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Nordeste.</p>
        <p>A regi&#227;o Sudeste mostrou as mais baixas porcentagens de morte por IC entre homens com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos, enquanto, entre as mulheres, isso foi observado mais cedo, a partir dos 60 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>A mortalidade proporcional por DIC aguda, considerando-se apenas as causas definidas, aumentou com a idade para os dois sexos at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 60-69 anos, na qual as mais altas porcentagens foram observadas em todas as regi&#245;es, e, a partir da qual, come&#231;aram a diminuir (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Entre os homens, as mais altas porcentagens de morte por DIC aguda foram observadas na regi&#227;o Sudeste at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 50-59 anos, a parti da qual as mais altas porcentagens foram observadas na regi&#227;o Nordeste. A regi&#227;o Norte apresentou as mais baixas mortalidades proporcionais por DIC aguda nos dois sexos at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 70-79 anos, tendo a regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste mostrado as mais baixas porcentagens nas duas faixas et&#225;rias mais avan&#231;adas. Entre as mulheres, a regi&#227;o Nordeste exibiu as mais altas mortalidades proporcionais por DIC aguda em quase todas as faixas et&#225;rias, exceto nos mais jovens, tendo a mais alta porcentagem sido observada nos 60-69 anos. </p>
        <p>A mortalidade proporcional por DIC cr&#244;nica, considerando apenas as causas definidas de morte, aumentou progressivamente com a idade nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste entre as mulheres; entretanto, entre os homens, ela estabilizou a partir da faixa et&#225;ria de 70-79 anos, com leve redu&#231;&#227;o na faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada na regi&#227;o Sul (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). As regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste apresentaram as mais baixas mortalidades proporcionais por DIC cr&#244;nica a partir da faixa et&#225;ria de 40-49 anos. Nessas duas regi&#245;es, as mais altas porcentagens foram observadas na faixa et&#225;ria de 70-79 anos nos dois sexos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo avaliou as mortalidades proporcionais por IC e DIC aguda e cr&#244;nica como causas b&#225;sicas de morte nas regi&#245;es brasileiras, estratificadas por sexo e idade, atrav&#233;s de compara&#231;&#227;o, incluindo e excluindo a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte por CMD. &#201; importante notar que, embora a mortalidade proporcional n&#227;o represente diretamente a mortalidade bruta, elas t&#234;m uma rela&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca, pois ambas compartilham o mesmo numerador. A diferen&#231;a entre as duas est&#225; no denominador, que, na mortalidade proporcional, &#233; o n&#250;mero total de mortes por qualquer causa, considerando-se ou n&#227;o as mortes mal definidas, enquanto, na mortalidade bruta, o denominador &#233; o n&#250;mero total de indiv&#237;duos expostos ao risco de morte. Portanto, a mortalidade proporcional indica diretamente a import&#226;ncia relativa de determinada causa de morte no conjunto total de &#243;bitos. Pode-se preferir a mortalidade proporcional como indicador &#224;quele de mortalidade bruta quando a extens&#227;o e a qualidade do registro de morte s&#227;o mais confi&#225;veis do que a contagem populacional. O segundo indicador, o censo, &#233; realizado apenas uma vez a cada dez anos, sendo, portanto, &#250;til apenas por curto per&#237;odo de tempo. Com rela&#231;&#227;o a este estudo, o censo foi realizado apenas em um dos anos estudados (2010), tendo-se considerado, para os outros sete anos, apenas estimativas interpoladas (2004 a 2009) e extrapoladas (2011). Os m&#233;todos de estimativa usados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) mudaram significativamente desde 2007, tornando a flutua&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos populacionais, de acordo com idade e sexo, importante, sendo a validade de seu uso preocupante.</p>
        <p>Como esperado, a mortalidade proporcional por IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> aumentou com o avan&#231;ar da idade, observando-se as mais altas porcentagens entre as mulheres. As diferen&#231;as regionais foram mais acentuadas nos mais idosos, e ainda mais quando se exclu&#237;ram as declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito tendo CMD como as causas b&#225;sicas de morte. Na regi&#227;o Norte, que apresentou as mais altas porcentagens de CMD, considerando-se todas as declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito, a mortalidade proporcional por IC aumentou 14% e 16% entre homens e mulheres, respectivamente, quando as CMD foram exclu&#237;das. Nas idades avan&#231;adas, quando as porcentagens por CMD foram maiores, as diferen&#231;as foram mais expressivas, alcan&#231;ando 40% mais de mortalidade proporcional por IC na regi&#227;o Norte, para ambos os sexos e acima dos 90 anos de idade.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante notar que este estudo avaliou a mortalidade proporcional por IC apenas quando essa foi mencionada como causa b&#225;sica de morte, o que, como se sabe,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> subestima a IC como causa de morte. A IC &#233; mais prevalente no idoso, competindo, na escolha da causa b&#225;sica de morte, com outras doen&#231;as tamb&#233;m comuns nas idades mais avan&#231;adas. Al&#233;m disso, as regras determinadas para tal escolha desencorajam o codificador a selecionar IC como a causa b&#225;sica de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em todas as regi&#245;es e em ambos os sexos, as mais altas mortalidades proporcionais por DIC aguda foram observadas na faixa et&#225;ria de 60-69 anos, a partir da qual ocorreu uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais ou menos acentuada dependendo da regi&#227;o analisada. As mulheres apresentaram mais baixas mortalidades proporcionais por DIC aguda quando comparadas aos homens em quase todas as regi&#245;es e faixas et&#225;rias, independentemente da exclus&#227;o das CMD. A &#250;nica exce&#231;&#227;o foi a faixa et&#225;ria de 40-49 anos na regi&#227;o Nordeste.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, ao analisar a mortalidade proporcional por DIC aguda, a porcentagem de mortes por CMD pode esconder diferen&#231;as entre regi&#245;es, sexos ou idades. Na faixa et&#225;ria de 60-69 anos, na qual as DIC t&#234;m suas mais altas porcentagens, os maiores aumentos em mortalidade proporcional por DIC ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o das CMD foram observados entre mulheres na regi&#227;o Nordeste (22%) e homens na regi&#227;o Norte (18%).</p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as nas taxas de mortalidade por DIC entre as regi&#245;es brasileiras h&#225; muito s&#227;o conhecidas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> assim como &#233; a dificuldade em interpretar dados de mortalidade nas regi&#245;es com alta taxa de mortes atribu&#237;das a CMD. Um estudo recente analisando a tend&#234;ncia das taxas de mortalidade por DIC no Brasil de 2000 a 2010 evidenciou importantes diferen&#231;as regionais, que, segundo os autores, podem ser explicadas pelas diferen&#231;as nas condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e nas estruturas de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Isso se torna mais facilmente percebido quando uma melhora nos indicadores socioecon&#244;micos precede a redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade por DAC, havendo forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a progress&#227;o daqueles indicadores e a queda na mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma medida da qualidade da informa&#231;&#227;o sobre mortalidade &#233; a porcentagem de causas de morte selecionadas como mal definidas, compreendidas no Cap&#237;tulo XVIII da CID-10. No Brasil, em 2003, a causa b&#225;sica de 13,3% das mortes foi codificada como mal definida, sendo as mais altas porcentagens encontradas nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A porcentagem obtida neste estudo foi mais baixa, com CMD selecionadas como causa b&#225;sica de morte em 8,3% de todas as mortes. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o na porcentagem de mortes atribu&#237;das &#224;s CMD parece indicar uma melhora na qualidade da informa&#231;&#227;o proveniente das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito. Na verdade, este estudo mostra que, no Brasil, a mortalidade proporcional por CMD diminuiu progressivamente, passando de 12,3%, em 2004, para 6,7%, em 2011.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante notar que um estudo recente avaliando o comportamento ao longo do tempo da mortalidade atribu&#237;da a CMD no Brasil e suas regi&#245;es, de 1996 a 2011, relatou uma queda nas taxas de mortalidade bruta e padronizada por CMD em todas as regi&#245;es; nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, que apresentaram as mais altas taxas, a queda vem sendo mais acentuada desde 2004, podendo representar maior cuidado com a acur&#225;cia dos registros de morte. Mais uma vez, este estudo confirmou que, de 2004 a 2011, as mortalidades proporcionais por CMD diminu&#237;ram de 20,8% para 11,0% na regi&#227;o Norte, e de 23,7% para 7,7% na regi&#227;o Nordeste. As outras regi&#245;es tamb&#233;m apresentaram um decl&#237;nio, embora menos acentuado, pois as taxas iniciais eram mais baixas.</p>
        <p>Uma publica&#231;&#227;o que discute a realidade da IC na Am&#233;rica Latina mostrou um terr&#237;vel paradoxo na regi&#227;o, que apresenta fatores de risco e epidemiologia de IC de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, al&#233;m de alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, doen&#231;a de Chagas e febre reum&#225;tica, associados a um baixo gasto total com sa&#250;de per capita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as entre as regi&#245;es relacionadas &#224; mortalidade proporcional por DIC cr&#244;nica n&#227;o apresentaram mudan&#231;as importantes, em especial porque eram menores do que aquelas pelas outras causas estudadas (IC e DIC aguda).</p>
        <p>A mortalidade proporcional por CMD aumentou com a idade em todas as regi&#245;es. O Norte e o Nordeste mantiveram a lideran&#231;a, alcan&#231;ando elevados valores na faixa et&#225;ria de 90 ou mais anos, correspondendo a uma de cada tr&#234;s declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito em homens, e uma em cada quatro declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito em mulheres. Isso compromete a an&#225;lise de mortalidade naquelas regi&#245;es, em especial entre idosos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>). Mesmo excluindo as mortes por CMD, como nas mortalidades proporcionais da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, n&#227;o se pode afirmar que a mortalidade proporcional por IC e DIC permanece constante nas CMD em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e os dois sexos. Parece razo&#225;vel supor que, entre os mais idosos, a propor&#231;&#227;o de mortes que poderiam ser atribu&#237;das a IC ou DIC cr&#244;nica, como aquelas classificadas como mal definidas por falta de informa&#231;&#227;o adequada, seria maior do que aquela entre os jovens. Caso essa hip&#243;tese se confirme, as mortalidades proporcionais por IC, por exemplo, deveriam ser mais elevadas do que aquelas apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, especialmente entre os mais idosos, e at&#233; mais marcantes nas regi&#245;es com mais alta porcentagem de morte por CMD.</p>
        <p>Os dados sobre mortalidade perdem qualidade na presen&#231;a de uma consider&#225;vel propor&#231;&#227;o de CMD de morte. Embora a porcentagem de mortalidade por CMD no Brasil venha diminuindo nos &#250;ltimos anos, indicando uma melhora na qualidade da estat&#237;stica sobre mortalidade, n&#250;meros como os observados nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste ainda s&#227;o preocupantes, podendo estar relacionados com o acesso a cuidados m&#233;dicos e a sua qualidade, al&#233;m do adequado preenchimento das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o desta pesquisa deriva da escolha da declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito como material do estudo, pois depende da qualidade do registro e da acur&#225;cia dos diagn&#243;sticos feitos pelos m&#233;dicos. Por outro lado, trata-se da mais abrangente fonte de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre morte, uma vez que a declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito &#233; legalmente exigida para a adequada destina&#231;&#227;o dos corpos. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi o uso da causa b&#225;sica de morte para avaliar mortalidade, que, em certas circunst&#226;ncias, como IC, pode subestimar sua relativa import&#226;ncia quando as m&#250;ltiplas causas, aquelas todas mencionadas na declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito, n&#227;o s&#227;o consideradas. Portanto, a presen&#231;a simult&#226;nea de DIC aguda e IC na mesma declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito pode levar &#224; escolha de DIC como a causa b&#225;sica de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Logo, a contribui&#231;&#227;o das causas de morte avaliadas neste estudo, IC e DIC, ter&#225; que ser analisada considerando-se a exist&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplas causas de morte.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Por ora, considerando-se as causas b&#225;sicas de morte, a mortalidade proporcional por IC aumenta com a idade e, nos idosos, as mais altas porcentagens s&#227;o observadas entre as mulheres. A mortalidade proporcional por DIC aguda em geral &#233; mais alta entre os homens, e, para ambos os sexos, apresenta seus mais altos valores na faixa et&#225;ria de 60-69 anos. A despeito das diferen&#231;as regionais na mortalidade proporcional por DIC aguda, ela predominou entre os homens na faixa et&#225;ria de 40-49 anos na regi&#227;o Sudeste, e, nas faixas et&#225;rias mais avan&#231;adas na regi&#227;o Nordeste. Entre as mulheres, a mortalidade proporcional por DIC aguda predominou a partir da quinta d&#233;cada na regi&#227;o Nordeste.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
