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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zmNbcMwFrp34WVmphz5tStP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004200223</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005022101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160118</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Jabuticaba</italic>-Induced Endothelium-Independent Vasodilating Effect on Isolated Arteries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Medeiros Lobo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Maria Sapateiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Edemilson Cardoso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Lavorenti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Matheus Lavorenti Rocha</bold>, UFG - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia. Rua 240, esquina com 5&#170; Avenida, s/n, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio. Postal Code 74605-170, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s - Brazil. E-mail: <email>matheusroch@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>rochaml@ufg.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Andrade DML, Borges LL, Torres IMS, Concei&#231;&#227;o EC, Rocha ML; Acquisition of data: Andrade DML, Borges LL, Concei&#231;&#227;o EC, Rocha ML; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Andrade DML, Torres IMS, Concei&#231;&#227;o EC, Rocha ML; Statistical analysis: Andrade DML, Rocha ML; Obtaining financing: Rocha ML; Writing of the manuscript: Andrade DML, Torres IMS, Rocha ML; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Andrade DML, Borges LL, Concei&#231;&#227;o EC, Rocha ML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>9</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>223</fpage>
      <lpage>229</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Despite the important biological effects of jabuticaba, its actions on the cardiovascular system have not been clarified.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine the effects of jabuticaba hydroalcoholic extract (JHE) on vascular smooth muscle (VSM) of isolated arteries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Endothelium-denuded aortic rings of rats were mounted in isolated organ bath to record isometric tension. The relaxant effect of JHE and the influence of K<sup>+</sup> channels and Ca<sup>2+</sup> intra- and extracellular sources on JHE-stimulated response were assessed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Arteries pre-contracted with phenylephrine showed concentration-dependent relaxation (0.380 to 1.92 mg/mL). Treatment with K<sup>+</sup> channel blockers (tetraethyl-ammonium, glibenclamide, 4-aminopyridine) hindered relaxation due to JHE. In addition, phenylephrine-stimulated contraction was hindered by previous treatment with JHE. Inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase did not change relaxation due to JHE. In addition, JHE inhibited the contraction caused by Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx stimulated by phenylephrine and KCl (75 mM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>JHE induces endothelium-independent vasodilation. Activation of K<sup>+</sup> channels and inhibition of Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through the membrane are involved in the JHE relaxant effect. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd><italic>Jabuticaba</italic> (Myrciaria Cauliflora)</kwd>
        <kwd>Trees</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilatation</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Channels</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscle, Smooth Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Goi&#225;s State Research Support Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>201310267000013</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death worldwide, among which hypertension accounts for 9.4 million deaths per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Around 1 billion adults in the world have hypertension, and that figure will have increased by 25% in 10 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Vascular tonus regulation is fundamental to appropriate blood pressure control. Blood vessel contraction and dilation in response to physiological demands are controlled by changes in the intracellular concentration of Ca<sup>2+</sup> in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. The increase in intracellular concentration of Ca<sup>2+</sup> occurs via both Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through the plasma membrane and Ca<sup>2+</sup> release from inner sources, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Effective drugs to blood pressure control, such as nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem, which act as Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blockers, induce vasodilation and reduce blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of natural products as an alternative treatment for hypertension has been extensively studied, being known to induce hypotension with minimum side effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><italic>Jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora)</italic>, also known as Brazilian grape, is a hard-skinned berry of the <italic>Myrtaceae</italic> family, largely distributed in Brazil. It can be consumed fresh or in the form of liqueurs, wines, jams and sweets, and its consumption has increased in Brazil and worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In addition to the use of <italic>jabuticaba</italic> as food and beverage, in folk medicine, that fruit is used to treat some diseases, such as asthma, inflammations, and gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Recent findings have shown that <italic>jabuticaba</italic> can decrease oxidative process,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> hyperglycemia associated with insulin resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In addition, that species has a proven endothelium-dependent hypotensive and vasodilating effect, mediated by nitric oxide pathway.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering that <italic>jabuticaba</italic> has important biological effects and that its action on the cardiovascular system has been little studied, this study was aimed at assessing the possible effect of the <italic>jabuticaba</italic> extract directly on the VSM, mainly its effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through the plasma membrane and activation of K<sup>+</sup> channels.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Preparation of jabuticaba extract</title>
        <p>For this study, the plant specimens were donated by the "Jabuticabal" wine house in the city of Hidrol&#226;ndia, Goi&#225;s state, Brazil. A sample of the plant specimen was stored at the herbarium of the department of botany of the Federal University of Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s state, Brazil (n. 21140). Seedless fruits were dried in a greenhouse with air circulation, powdered in a pulverizer mill and passed through a 60-mesh sieve at the Laboratory of Research on Natural Products, Pharmacy School/UFG. The powder obtained was stored at -20&#176;C. To prepare the extract, the dried material was exhaustively percolated into an ethanol:water solution (55:45 v/v), and the material obtained was filtered and submitted to rotary evaporation under reduced pressure at 40&#176;C, resulting in the ethanol-free <italic>jabuticaba</italic> hydroalcoholic extract (JHE). After that process, the JHE was maintained in a freezer (-20&#176;C) protected from light. On the days of experiment, the JHE was solubilized in distilled water at the concentration of 120 mg/mL.</p>
        <p>The phytochemical characterization and pattern of the JHE showed 17.89% of phenolic compounds, quantified by using the Hagerman and Butler method, adapted by Mole and Watermen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The JHE showed ellagic acid (phytochemical marker, determined by HPLC-PDA) at 0.222% concentration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> According to Abe et at.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> the total ellagic acid content in <italic>M. cauliflora</italic> fruits ranges from 0.021% to 0.311%. Thus, that phytochemical marker concentration in JHE is in accordance with the fruit content.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and preparation of isolated arteries</title>
        <p>Wistar male rats (200-230 g) from the central vivarium of the UFG were used in this study. All experimental protocols abided by the UFG Animal Research Ethics Committee (protocol: 015/2014). This study is in accordance with the European Union Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals (2010/63/UE).</p>
        <p>The rats were sacrificed by use of cervical dislocation under inhalation anesthesia. Thoracic aorta was isolated, cleared of connective and adipose tissues, and sliced into rings (&#177; 4 mm), which were mounted between two metal hooks, one of which was connected to a power transducer to record isometric tension (DATAQ Instruments, Akron, OH, USA) and the other was fixed to a cube for the isolated organ. The rings were placed into chambers for isolated organs, containing modified Krebs solution [composition in mM: NaCl, 130.0; KCl, 4.7; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 1.2; CaCl<sub>2</sub>,1.6; MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 1.2; NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 14.9; glucose, 5.5], at pH of 7.4, under gasification with carbogen mixture (95% O<sub>2</sub> + 5% CO<sub>2</sub>) at 37&#176;C, and maintained at baseline tension of 1 g (ideal resting tension, previously standardized at our laboratory). To prevent the influence of vascular-endothelium-derived factors, endothelial cells were mechanically removed by rubbing the vessel lumen with a thin metal rod, the effectiveness of the removal being evidenced by lack of relaxation due to acetylcholine (1 &#181;M) in aortic rings pre-contracted with EC<sub>50</sub> of phenylephrine (0.1 &#181;M).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental protocols</title>
        <p>After 60 minutes of stabilization at baseline tension (1 g), the arteries were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (0.1 &#181;M), and cumulative relaxation-concentration-effect curves were built for JHE (0 to 1.92 mg/mL) and for verapamil, used as inner control (10 nM to 100 &#181;M).</p>
        <p>To assess the cellular pathways responsible for the relaxant effect of JHE, aortic rings were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (0.1 &#181;M) for 20 minutes after incubation with the following agents: 1) Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA, 10 &#181;M); 2) non-selective K<sup>+</sup> channel blocker, tetraethyl-ammonium (TEA, 1 mM); 3) selective voltage-gated K<sup>+</sup> channel (K<sub>v</sub>) blocker, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 1 mM); 4) selective ATP-sensitive K<sup>+</sup> channel (K<sub>ATP</sub>) blocker, glibenclamide (3 &#181;M); 5) Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent K<sup>+</sup> channel (K<sub>Ca</sub>) blocker, clotrimazole (5 &#181;M).</p>
        <p>To assess the influence of JHE on the contraction induced by adrenergic contractile agonist, concentration-effect curves were built for phenylephrine (selective &#945;1-adrenergic agonist, 0.1 nM to 10 &#181;M) in the presence (20 minutes) or absence of JHE at inhibitory concentration 50% (IC<sub>50</sub>, 0.5 mg/mL) or 100% (IC<sub>100</sub>, 1.92 mg/mL). In addition, the inhibitory effect of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blocker verapamil (IC<sub>50</sub>, 0.3 &#181;M) was assessed as inner control.</p>
        <p>In another series of experiments, JHE action on Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx stimulated by two different agents was analyzed. The preparations were initially contracted with a KCl solution (75 mM) to cause maximum contraction of each preparation (100% contraction), being then rinsed with Ca<sup>2+</sup>-free Krebs solution until total relaxation. To exhaust the intracellular storage of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, the preparations were stimulated to contract with phenylephrine in Ca<sup>2+</sup>-free Krebs solution until any contractile response disappeared (approximately 5 or 6 times, for 30-50 minutes). Then the preparations were rinsed several times with Ca<sup>2+</sup>-free Krebs solution, and then incubated for 20 minutes with JHE at inhibitory concentration 50% (IC<sub>50</sub>, 0.51 mg/mL) or 100% (IC<sub>100</sub>, 1.92 mg/mL). In addition, the inhibitory effect of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blocker verapamil (IC<sub>50</sub>, 0.3 &#181;M) was assessed as inner control. After incubation, the contractile stimulus was applied (phenylephrine, 0.1 &#181;M, or KCL, 75 mM), and concentration-effect curves were built for CaCl<sub>2</sub> (0 to 3.0 mM).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results of isometric tension were expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM) of at least five experiments (n = 5-8) obtained from different animals. The graphs were built and analyzed by use of the GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software Corporation, 5.0 version) with ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test. The 5% significance level (p &lt; 0.05) was adopted for the differences.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Relaxant effect of JHE on isolated arteries</title>
        <p>The JHE caused relaxation in preparations of endothelium-denuded arteries on a concentration-dependent way, relaxation initiating at the concentration of 0.38 mg/mL, and achieving the maximum effect (E<sub>max</sub>) of 98.3% &#177; 0.4% (n = 6) at the concentration of 1.92 mg/mL (IC<sub>100</sub>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). The JHE concentration that induced 50% relaxation (IC<sub>50</sub>) was 0.51 mg/mL. Similarly, verapamil (used as positive control) induced concentration-dependent relaxation with E<sub>max</sub> of 99.8% &#177; 1.8% (n = 5) and IC<sub>50</sub> of 0.3 &#181;M.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cumulative concentration-response curves of jabuticaba hydroalcoholic extract (JHE) (A) and verapamil (B) in isolated endothelium-denuded arteries. The points represent mean &#177; SEM of the relaxant effect expressed as % relaxation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of JHE on the phenylephrine-induced contraction</title>
        <p>The E<sub>max</sub> value for phenylephrine (142.1% &#177; 7.1%, n = 6) was significantly (p &lt; 0.001) reduced to 88.7% &#177; 6.2% (n = 5), 66.1% &#177; 5.1% (n = 6) and 79.9% &#177; 5.5% (n = 5) after incubation with IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>100</sub> of JHE or verapamil, respectively. The addition of IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>100</sub> of JHE or verapamil significantly increased phenylephrine pD<sub>2</sub> values (-log EC<sub>50</sub>) from 6.24 &#177; 0.09 to 5.35 &#177; 0.04, 5.14 &#177; 0.09 and 5.68 &#177; 0.07, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of jabuticaba hydroalcoholic extract (JHE) and verapamil on the phenylephrine-induced contraction in isolated endothelium-denuded arteries. Cumulative concentration-response curves were built in control conditions and after incubation (20 min) with JHE (IC<sub>50</sub>: 0.51 or IC<sub>100</sub>: 1.92 mg/mL) or verapamil (IC<sub>50</sub>: 0.3 &#181;M). The points represent mean &#177; SEM of the contractile effect expressed as % contraction in relation to total KCl-induced contraction (75 mM). Significant difference: *** p&lt;0.001 vs. Control</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of JHE on Ca<sup>2+</sup>-influx-induced contraction in preparations stimulated with phenylephrine or KCl</title>
        <p>Regarding the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-influx-induced contraction stimulated by phenylephrine, pre-incubation with JHE (IC<sub>50</sub> or IC<sub>100</sub>) significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.001) the E<sub>max</sub> values from 106.8% &#177; 7.5% (n = 5) to 58.8% &#177; 4.9% (n = 6) and 34.5% &#177; 3.2% (n = 6), respectively. In addition, treatment with verapamil significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.001) the contraction to 7.1% &#177; 1.1% (n = 5) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of jabuticaba hydroalcoholic extract (JHE) and verapamil on the contractile response in isolated endothelium-denuded arteries. Cumulative concentration-response curves for CaCl<sub>2</sub> were stimulated with phenylephrine (0.1&#181;M) (A) or KCl 75 mM (B) in control conditions and after incubation (20 min) with JHE (IC<sub>50</sub>: 0.51 or IC<sub>100</sub>: 1.92 mg/mL) or verapamil (IC<sub>50</sub>: 0.3 &#181;M). The points represent mean &#177; SEM of the contractile effect expressed as % contraction in relation to total KCl-induced contraction (75 mM). Significant difference: *** p&lt;0.001 vs. Control.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-influx-induced contraction stimulated by KCl (75 mM), pre-incubation with JHE (IC<sub>50</sub> or IC<sub>100</sub>) significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.001) the E<sub>max</sub> values from 108.8% &#177; 4.3% (n = 5) to 63.8% &#177; 6.1% (n = 6) and 14.6% &#177; 1.9% (n=6), respectively. In addition, treatment with verapamil significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.001) the contraction to 15.5% &#177; 1.1% (n=6) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of reticular Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase inhibitor, CPA, and K<sup>+</sup>-channel blockers on JHE- induced relaxation</title>
        <p>Treatment with CPA did not change the JHE-induced relaxation (93.8% &#177; 4.6%, n = 6) in isolated arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). Thus, JHE did not change the inner Ca<sup>2+</sup> uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum to induce vascular relaxation.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Maximum relaxant effect induced by jabuticaba hydroalcoholic extract (JHE) in isolated arteries pre-contracted with phenylephrine (0.1 &#181;M) in the absence or presence (20 min) of the reticular Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase inhibitor, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA, 10 &#181;M). The bars represent mean &#177; SEM of the maximum relaxant effect expressed as % relaxation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figure 5</xref>, except for clotrimazole (94.1% &#177; 4.5%, n = 5), K<sup>+</sup>-channel blockers changed the JHE-stimulated relaxation. The JHE-induced relaxation (E<sub>max</sub>: 98.3% &#177; 0.4%, n = 6) was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced by TEA (E<sub>max</sub>: 87.6% &#177; 5.7%, n=5), glibenclamide (E<sub>max</sub>: 61.6% &#177; 5.8%, n = 6) and 4-AP (E<sub>max</sub>: 81.6% &#177; 5.9%, n = 5). The results showed that JHE-induced relaxation depends on K<sup>+</sup> efflux through the membrane.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of K<italic>+</italic> channel blockers on the relaxation induced by jabuticaba hydroalcoholic extract (JHE) in isolated arteries pre-contracted with phenylephrine (0.1 &#181;M) in the absence or presence (20 min) of the blockers tetraethyl-ammonium (TEA, 1 mM), glibenclamide (Glib, 3 &#181;M), clotrimazole (5 &#181;M) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 1 mM). The points represent mean &#177; SEM of the relaxant effect expressed as % relaxation. Significant difference: *p &lt; 0.05; *** p &lt; 0.001 vs. Control</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The major finding of this study is that JHE, in addition to having a hypotensive effect and inducing vascular relaxation through endothelial nitric oxide pathway, as shown by our team,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> acts directly on VSM and leads to endothelium-independent relaxation. Therefore, <italic>jabuticaba</italic> clearly has cardiovascular effects through multiple endothelium-dependent and independent pathways. It is worth noting that the JHE concentration capable of inducing 100% vascular relaxation through the endothelial pathway is approximately 16 times lower (0.12 mg/mL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> than the JHE concentration necessary to induce 100% relaxation acting directly on VSM (1.92 mg/mL).</p>
      <p>Blood vessel contraction and relaxation in response to physiological demands are controlled by changes in intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration of VSM. The Ca<sup>2+</sup> used for contraction includes intracellular or extracellular sources, or both. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is the major source of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Our experiments showed that JHE does not change Ca<sup>2+</sup> uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, because its selective inhibitor, CPA, did not change the relaxation profile.</p>
      <p>Voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels (VGCC), also known as L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels, and receptor-operated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels (ROCC) located on the plasma membrane of VSM cells play a fundamental role in controlling Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Phenylephrine-induced contraction is mediated by Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx increase via VGCC and ROCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> However, contraction induced by membrane depolarization, such as in high KCl concentrations, activates preferentially VGCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The results of the present study show that treating arteries with JHE inhibits the vascular contraction induced by the adrenergic stimulus with phenylephrine, suggesting that JHE blocks Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx by interfering with VGCC and/or ROCC.</p>
      <p>In an attempt to clarify the cell mechanism through which JHE induces vascular relaxation, experiments were performed in a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-free solution. Two different stimuli, phenylephrine and KCl (75 mM), were used to induce Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx. The JHE, as well as verapamil, used as a positive control, inhibited the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-influx-induced contraction mediated by both stimuli. Because membrane depolarization with high concentrations of K<sup>+</sup> activates specifically VGCC, we suggest that JHE acts directly or indirectly by blocking Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through the plasma membrane, acting preferentially on VGCC.</p>
      <p>Natural products have constantly shown the involvement of K<sup>+</sup> channels in their vasodilating mechanism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Several types of K<sup>+</sup> channels, such as ATP-sensitive K<sup>+</sup> channels (K<sub>ATP</sub>), Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent K<sup>+</sup> channels (K<sub>ca</sub>) and voltage-gated K<sup>+</sup> channels (K<sub>v</sub>), are present in VSM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Those channels can be blocked by glibenclamide, clotrimazole and 4-AP, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Tetraethyl-ammonium is a non-selective blocker of those channels. When activated, those channels allow K<sup>+</sup> efflux, hyperpolarizing the VSM plasma membrane. This reduces Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through the VGCC and induces vasodilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> The present study shows that JHE-induced relaxation in endothelium-denuded arteries is hindered after K<sup>+</sup> channel blockade. Except for clotrimazole, the other blockers hindered vascular relaxation, allowing relating its activation to the JHE effect.</p>
      <p>Our results point to a new biological effect of <italic>jabuticaba</italic>, a Brazilian native specimen that has important biological effects on the cardiovascular system, such as glucose-lowering,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> lipid-lowering<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and hypotensive effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Thus, the biological <italic>jabuticaba</italic>-induced effects demonstrated in this study will contribute to increase the knowledge about <italic>jabuticaba</italic>-derived compounds and their use as medicinal plant or functional food to prevent cardiovascular problems.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study shows that JHE induces endothelium-independent vasodilation. The major cellular pathways used by JHE to cause vascular relaxation are inhibition of the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-influx through plasma membrane, in addition to K<sup>+</sup> channel activation in VSM cells.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPEG/GO.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Daniela Medeiros Lobo Andrade, from Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>This research was funded by the Goi&#225;s State Research Support Foundation (FAPEG), process 201310267000013. The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) provided funding to support the Master's program of Daniela L. M. de Andrade.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Vasodilatador Independente do Endot&#233;lio Induzido pela Jabuticaba (<italic>M. cauliflora</italic>) em Art&#233;rias Isoladas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Medeiros Lobo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Maria Sapateiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Edemilson Cardoso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Lavorenti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Matheus Lavorenti Rocha</bold>, UFG - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia. Rua 240, esquina com 5&#170; Avenida, s/n, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio. CEP 74605-170, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s - Brasil. E-mail: <email>matheusroch@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>rochaml@ufg.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Andrade DML, Borges LL, Torres IMS, Concei&#231;&#227;o EC, Rocha ML; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Andrade DML, Borges LL, Concei&#231;&#227;o EC, Rocha ML; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Andrade DML, Torres IMS, Concei&#231;&#227;o EC, Rocha ML; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Andrade DML, Rocha ML; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rocha ML; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Andrade DML, Torres IMS, Rocha ML; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Andrade DML, Borges LL, Concei&#231;&#227;o EC, Rocha ML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Embora a jabuticaba apresente importantes efeitos biol&#243;gicos, suas a&#231;&#245;es sobre o sistema cardiovascular ainda n&#227;o foram esclarecidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Determinar os efeitos do extrato de jabuticaba (EHJ) sobre o m&#250;sculo liso vascular (MLV) em art&#233;rias isoladas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Aortas (sem endot&#233;lio) de ratos foram montadas em banho de &#243;rg&#227;os isolados para registro de tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica. Foram verificados o efeito relaxante, a influ&#234;ncia dos canais de K<sup>+</sup> e das fontes de Ca<sup>2+</sup> intra- e extracelular sob a resposta estimulada pelo EHJ.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Art&#233;rias pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina apresentaram relaxamento concentra&#231;&#227;o-dependente (0,380 a 1,92 mg/mL). O tratamento com bloqueadores de canais de K<sup>+</sup> (tetraetilam&#244;nio, glibenclamida, 4-aminopiridina) prejudicaram o relaxamento pelo EHJ. A contra&#231;&#227;o estimulada com fenilefrina tamb&#233;m foi prejudicada pelo tratamento pr&#233;vio com EHJ. A inibi&#231;&#227;o da Ca<sup>2+</sup>ATPase do reticulo sarcoplasm&#225;tico n&#227;o alterou o relaxamento pelo EHJ. Al&#233;m disso, o EHJ inibiu a contra&#231;&#227;o causada pelo influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> estimulado por fenilefrina e KCl (75 mM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O EHJ induz vasodilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio. Ativa&#231;&#227;o dos canais de K<sup>+</sup> e inibi&#231;&#227;o do influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;s da membrana est&#227;o envolvidas no efeito relaxante do EHJ.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Jabuticaba-Myrciaria Cauliflora</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;rvores</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Canais de C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculo Liso Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o as maiores causas de morte no mundo e, dentre elas, a hipertens&#227;o &#233; respons&#225;vel por 9,4 milh&#245;es de mortes por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Perto de 1 bilh&#227;o de adultos no mundo sofrem de hipertens&#227;o e este n&#250;mero aumentar&#225; 25% em 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular &#233; fundamental para o apropriado controle da press&#227;o arterial. A contra&#231;&#227;o e a dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos sangu&#237;neos em resposta &#224;s demandas fisiol&#243;gicas s&#227;o controladas por mudan&#231;as na concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> nas c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular (MLV). O aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> ocorre atrav&#233;s do influxo desse &#237;on pela membrana plasm&#225;tica e por libera&#231;&#227;o de fontes internas de Ca<sup>2+</sup>, como o ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> F&#225;rmacos efetivos para controle da press&#227;o arterial como nifedipina, verapamil e diltiazem, os quais atuam como bloqueadores de canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> induzem vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e reduzem a press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso de produtos naturais como poss&#237;vel alternativa para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o tem sido extensivamente estudado, sendo conhecidos por induzir hipotens&#227;o com m&#237;nimos efeitos colaterais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A jabuticaba &#233; um fruto da fam&#237;lia Myrtaceae, amplamente distribu&#237;do no Brasil. Ela &#233; consumida in natura, na forma de licores, vinhos, geleias e doces, cujo consumo tem aumentado no Brasil e no exterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em adi&#231;&#227;o ao uso da fruta como alimentos e bebidas, a medicina popular usa a jabuticaba para tratar algumas doen&#231;as como asma, inflama&#231;&#245;es, problemas gastrintestinais e dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Recentes achados mostram a capacidade da jabuticaba em reduzir o processo oxidativo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> a hiperglicemia associada &#224; resist&#234;ncia a insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e a dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a esp&#233;cie tem comprovado efeito hipotensor e vasodilatador dependentes do endot&#233;lio vascular, efeitos estes mediados pela via do &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando que a esp&#233;cie apresenta importantes efeitos biol&#243;gicos e suas a&#231;&#245;es sobre o sistema cardiovascular t&#234;m sido muito pouco estudadas, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a poss&#237;vel a&#231;&#227;o do extrato de jabuticaba diretamente sobre o MLV, examinando principalmente o efeito da esp&#233;cie sobre o influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;s da membrana e ativa&#231;&#227;o de canais de K<sup>+</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o do extrato de jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora)</title>
          <p>As frutas foram doadas pela adega "Jabuticabal" na cidade de Hidrol&#226;ndia, GO, Brasil. Uma amostra da esp&#233;cie foi depositada no herb&#225;rio do departamento de bot&#226;nica da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG) (n. 21140). As frutas sem as sementes foram secas em estufa de ar circulante, pulverizadas em moinho de facas e passadas por um tamis de malha 60 no Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia/UFG. O p&#243; obtido foi estocado em -20&#176;C. Para prepara&#231;&#227;o do extrato, o material seco foi extra&#237;do exaustivamente por percola&#231;&#227;o em solu&#231;&#227;o etanol:&#225;gua (55:45 v/v) e o extrato obtido foi filtrado e rota-evaporado sob press&#227;o reduzida a 40&#176;C, resultando no extrato hidroalco&#243;lico de jabuticaba (EHJ) isento de etanol. Ap&#243;s este processo, o EHJ foi mantido em freezer (-20&#176;C) protegido da luz. No dia dos experimentos, o EHJ foi solubilizado em &#225;gua destilada numa concentra&#231;&#227;o de 120 mg/mL.</p>
          <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o e padroniza&#231;&#227;o fitoqu&#237;mica do EHJ mostrou 17,89% de compostos fen&#243;licos, quantificados por m&#233;todo de Hagerman &amp; Butler, adaptado por Mole e Watermen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O EHJ apresentou &#225;cido el&#225;gico (marcador fitoqu&#237;mico, determinado por HPLC-PDA) numa concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0,222%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> De acordo com Abe et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> o conte&#250;do total de &#225;cido el&#225;gico em frutos de M. cauliflora varia de 0,021% a 0,311%. Portanto, a concentra&#231;&#227;o deste marcador fitoqu&#237;mico no EHJ est&#225; de acordo com o conte&#250;do das frutas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e prepara&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias isoladas</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos (200-230 g) cedidos pelo biot&#233;rio central da UFG foram usados neste estudo. Todos os protocolos experimentais foram realizados em conformidade com o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Animal da UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO, Brasil (protocolo: 015/2014). Esta investiga&#231;&#227;o est&#225; em conformidade com a diretiva da Uni&#227;o Europeia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o (2010/63/UE).</p>
          <p>Os ratos foram sacrificados por deslocamento cervical sob anestesia inalat&#243;ria. A aorta tor&#225;cica foi isolada, limpa dos tecidos conjuntivos e gordurosos e cortada em an&#233;is (&#177; 4 mm), que foram montados entre dois ganchos de metal, sendo um deles conectado a um transdutor de for&#231;a para registro da tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica (DATAQ Instruments, Akron, OH, EUA) e o outro fixo &#224; cuba para &#243;rg&#227;o isolado. Os an&#233;is foram colocados em c&#226;maras para &#243;rg&#227;os isolados contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs modificada com a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o (em mM): NaCl 130,0; KCl 4,7; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,2; CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1,6; MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1,2; NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 14,9; glicose 5,5; em pH 7,4 sob gaseifica&#231;&#227;o com mistura carbog&#234;nica (95% O<sub>2</sub> e 5% CO<sub>2</sub>), a 37&#176;C, e mantidas a uma tens&#227;o basal de 1 g (tens&#227;o de repouso ideal, previamente padronizada em nosso laborat&#243;rio). Para evitar influ&#234;ncia dos fatores derivados do endot&#233;lio vascular, as c&#233;lulas endoteliais foram removidas mecanicamente pelo atrito da luz do vaso com uma haste fina de metal e a efetividade da remo&#231;&#227;o foi demonstrada pela aus&#234;ncia de relaxamento &#224; acetilcolina (ACh, 1 &#181;M) em an&#233;is de aorta pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com a EC<sub>50</sub> da fenilefrina (0,1 &#181;M).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolos experimentais</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 60 min de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o em tens&#227;o basal (1 g), as art&#233;rias foram pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina (0,1 &#181;M) e curvas de efeito de relaxamento-concentra&#231;&#227;o cumulativas foram realizadas para o EHJ (0 a 1,92 mg/mL) e para o verapamil, usado como controle interno (10 nM a 100 &#181;M).</p>
          <p>Para verificar as vias celulares respons&#225;veis pelo efeito relaxante do EHJ, an&#233;is de aortas foram pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina (0,1 &#181;M) 20 min ap&#243;s a incuba&#231;&#227;o com os seguintes agentes: 1) inibidor da Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico, &#225;cido ciclopiaz&#244;nico (CPA, 10 &#181;M); 2) bloqueador n&#227;o seletivo dos canais de K<sup>+</sup>, tetraetilam&#244;nio (TEA, 1 mM); 3) bloqueador seletivo dos canais de K<sup>+</sup> ativados por voltagem (K<sub>v</sub>), 4-aminopiridina (4-AP, 1 mM); 4) bloqueador seletivo dos canais de K<sup>+</sup> dependentes de ATP (K<sub>ATP</sub>), glibenclamida (3 &#181;M); 5) bloqueador dos canais de K<sup>+</sup> ativados pelo Ca<sup>2+</sup> (K<sub>Ca</sub>), clotrimazol (5 &#181;M).</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do EHJ na contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por agonista adren&#233;rgico contr&#225;til, foram realizadas curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito para fenilefrina (agonista &#945;1-adren&#233;rgico seletivo, 0,1 nM at&#233; 10 &#181;M) na presen&#231;a (20 min) ou aus&#234;ncia do EHJ na concentra&#231;&#227;o inibit&#243;ria 50% (CI<sub>50</sub>, 0,5 mg/mL) ou 100% (CI<sub>100</sub>, 1,92 mg/mL). O efeito inibit&#243;rio do bloqueador de canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup>, verapamil (CI<sub>50</sub>, 0,3 &#181;M), tamb&#233;m foi analisado como controle interno.</p>
          <p>Em outra s&#233;rie de experimentos, a a&#231;&#227;o do EHJ sobre o influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> estimulado por dois diferentes est&#237;mulos foi analisada. Para isto, as prepara&#231;&#245;es foram inicialmente contra&#237;das com solu&#231;&#227;o de KCl (75 mM) para produ&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de cada prepara&#231;&#227;o (100% de contra&#231;&#227;o) e ent&#227;o enxaguadas com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs sem Ca<sup>2+</sup> at&#233; o relaxamento total. Para esgotamento dos estoques intracelulares de Ca<sup>2+</sup>, as prepara&#231;&#245;es foram estimuladas para contrair com fenilefrina em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs sem Ca<sup>2+</sup> at&#233; o desaparecimento de qualquer resposta contr&#225;til (aproximadamente 5 ou 6 vezes, por 30-50 min). Ap&#243;s isto, as prepara&#231;&#245;es foram enxaguadas varias vezes com Krebs sem Ca<sup>2+</sup> e ent&#227;o incubadas 20 min com EHJ nas concentra&#231;&#245;es inibit&#243;ria 50% (CI<sub>50</sub>, 0,51 mg/mL) ou 100% (CI<sub>100</sub>, 1,92 mg/mL). O efeito inibit&#243;rio do bloqueador de canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup> verapamil (CI<sub>50</sub>, 0,3 &#181;M) tamb&#233;m foi analisado como controle interno. Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o, o est&#237;mulo contr&#225;til foi aplicado (fenilefrina 0,1 &#181;M ou KCL 75 mM) e ent&#227;o realizadas curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito para CaCl<sub>2</sub> (0 a 3,0 mM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados de tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica foram expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM) de pelo menos cinco experimentos (n = 5-8), obtidos de diferentes animais. Os gr&#225;ficos foram feitos e analisados pelo programa GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software Corporation, vers&#227;o 5.0) por ANOVA mais p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni. Foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05) para que as diferen&#231;as sejam consideradas estatisticamente significativas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito relaxante do EHJ em art&#233;rias isoladas</title>
          <p>O EHJ causou relaxamento em prepara&#231;&#245;es de art&#233;rias sem endot&#233;lio de modo dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o, iniciando o relaxamento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0,38 mg/mL e alcan&#231;ando um efeito m&#225;ximo (E<sub>max</sub>) de 98,3% &#177; 0,4% (n = 6) numa concentra&#231;&#227;o de 1,92 mg/mL (CI<sub>100</sub>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1A</xref>). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de EHJ que induziu 50% do relaxamento (CI<sub>50</sub>) foi de 0,51 mg/mL. Da mesma forma, o verapamil (usado como controle positivo) induziu relaxamento concentra&#231;&#227;o-dependente, com E<sub>max</sub> de 99,8% &#177; 1,8% (n = 5) e CI<sub>50</sub> de 0,3 &#181;M.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta cumulativas do extrato hidroalco&#243;lico de jabuticaba (EHJ) (A) e do verapamil (B) em art&#233;rias isoladas sem endot&#233;lio. Os pontos representam a m&#233;dia &#177; EPM do efeito relaxante expressos em % de relaxamento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito do EHJ sobre a contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por fenilefrina</title>
          <p>O valor de E<sub>max</sub> para fenilefrina (142,1% &#177; 7,1%, n = 6) foi significantemente (p &lt; 0,001) reduzido para 88,7% &#177; 6,2% (n = 5), 66,1% &#177; 5,1% (n = 6) e 79,9% &#177; 5,5% (n = 5) ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com a CI<sub>50</sub> e a CI<sub>100</sub> do EHJ ou verapamil, respectivamente. A adi&#231;&#227;o do EHJ com a CI<sub>50</sub> e a CI<sub>100</sub> do EHJ ou verapamil significantemente aumentou os valores de pD<sub>2</sub> (-log da EC<sub>50</sub>) da fenilefrina de 6,24 &#177; 0,09 para 5,35 &#177; 0,04, 5,14 &#177; 0,09 e 5,68 &#177; 0,07, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito do extrato hidroalco&#243;lico de jabuticaba (EHJ) e do verapamil sobre a contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por fenilefrina em art&#233;rias isoladas sem endot&#233;lio. As curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta cumulativas foram realizadas em condi&#231;&#245;es controle ou ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o (20 min) com EHJ (CI<sub>50</sub>: 0,51 ou CI<sub>100</sub>: 1,92 mg/mL) ou verapamil (CI<sub>50</sub>: 0,3 &#181;M). Os pontos representam a m&#233;dia &#177; EPM do efeito contr&#225;til expresso em % de contra&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o total induzida por KCl (75 mM). Diferen&#231;a significativa: *** p&lt;0,001 vs. Controle.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito do EHJ sobre a contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> em prepara&#231;&#245;es estimuladas com fenilefrina ou KCl</title>
          <p>A contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> estimulada por fenilefrina, a pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o com EHJ (CI<sub>50</sub> ou CI<sub>100</sub>) reduziu significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) os valores de E<sub>max</sub> de 106,8% &#177; 7,5% (n = 5) para 58,8% &#177; 4,9% (n = 6) e 34,5% &#177; 3,2% (n = 6), respectivamente. O tratamento com verapamil tamb&#233;m reduziu significantemente (p &lt; 0,001) a contra&#231;&#227;o para 7,1% &#177; 1,1% (n = 5) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3A</xref>).</p>
          <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3B</xref>, a contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> estimulada por KCl 75 mM, a pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o com EHJ (CI<sub>50</sub> ou CI<sub>100</sub>) reduziu significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) os valores de E<sub>max</sub> de 108,8% &#177; 4,3% (n = 5) para 63,8% &#177; 6,1% (n = 6) e 14,6% &#177; 1,9% (n = 6), respectivamente. O tratamento com verapamil tamb&#233;m reduziu significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) a contra&#231;&#227;o para 15,5% &#177; 1,1% (n = 6).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito do extrato hidroalco&#243;lico de jabuticaba (EHJ) e do verapamil sobre a resposta contr&#225;til em art&#233;rias isoladas sem endot&#233;lio. As curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta cumulativas para CaCl<sub>2</sub> foram estimuladas por fenilefrina (0,1 &#181;M) (A) ou KCl 75 mM (B) em condi&#231;&#245;es controle ou ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o (20 min) com EHJ (CI<sub>50</sub>: 0,51 ou CI<sub>100</sub>: 1,92 mg/mL) ou verapamil (CI<sub>50</sub>: 0,3 &#181;M). Os pontos representam a m&#233;dia &#177; EPM do efeito contr&#225;til expresso em % de contra&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o total induzida por KCl (75 mM). Diferen&#231;a significativa: *** p &lt; 0,001 vs. Controle.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito do inibidor da Ca<sup>2+</sup>ATPase reticular, CPA, e dos bloqueadores de canais de K<sup>+</sup> sobre o relaxamento induzido pelo EHJ</title>
          <p>O tratamento com CPA n&#227;o alterou o relaxamento estimulado pelo EHJ (93,8% &#177; 4,6%, n = 6) em art&#233;rias isoladas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>). Dessa forma, o EHJ n&#227;o altera a capta&#231;&#227;o interna de Ca<sup>2+</sup> pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico para induzir o relaxamento vascular.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo induzido pelo extrato hidroalco&#243;lico de jabuticaba (EHJ) em art&#233;rias isoladas pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina (0,1 &#181;M) na aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a (20 min) do inibidor da Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase reticular, &#225;cido ciclopiaz&#244;nico (CPA - 10 &#181;M). As barras representam a m&#233;dia &#177; EPM do efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo expresso em % de relaxamento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>, com exce&#231;&#227;o do clotrimazol (94,1% &#177; 4,5%, n = 5), os bloqueadores de canais de K<sup>+</sup> alteraram o relaxamento induzido pelo EHJ. O relaxamento induzido pelo EHJ (E<sub>max</sub>: 98,3% &#177; 0,4%, n = 6) foi significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) reduzido por TEA (E<sub>max</sub>: 87,6% &#177; 5,7%, n=5), glibenclamida (E<sub>max</sub>: 61,6% &#177; 5,8%, n=6) e 4-AP (E<sub>max</sub>: 81,6% &#177; 5,9%, n=5). Os resultados mostram que o relaxamento induzido pelo EHJ depende do efluxo de &#237;ons K<sup>+</sup> atrav&#233;s da membrana.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos dos bloqueadores de canais de K<italic>+</italic> sobre o relaxamento induzido pelo extrato hidroalco&#243;lico de jabuticaba (EHJ) em art&#233;rias isoladas pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina (0,1 &#181;M) na aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a (20 min) dos bloqueadores tetraetilam&#244;nio (TEA, 1 mM), glibenclamida (Glib, 3 &#181;M), clotrimazol (5 &#181;M) e 4-aminopiridina (4-AP, 1 mM). Os pontos representam a m&#233;dia &#177; EPM do efeito relaxante expresso em % de relaxamento. Diferen&#231;a significativa: *p &lt; 0,05; *** p &lt; 0,001 vs. Controle.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0223-60118-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O maior achado deste trabalho &#233; que o EHJ, al&#233;m de apresentar efeito hipotensor e induzir relaxamento vascular por via do &#243;xido n&#237;trico endotelial, como j&#225; mostrado por n&#243;s anteriormente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> age diretamente sobre o MLV e leva ao relaxamento independente do endot&#233;lio. Dessa forma, fica claro que a jabuticaba exerce efeitos cardiovasculares atrav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiplas vias dependentes e independentes do endot&#233;lio vascular. Cabe notar que a concentra&#231;&#227;o do EHJ capaz de induzir 100% de relaxamento vascular por via endotelial &#233; aproximadamente 16 vezes menor (0,12 mg/mL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que a concentra&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria para induzir 100% de relaxamento agindo diretamente sobre o MLV (1,92 mg/mL).</p>
        <p>A contra&#231;&#227;o e o relaxamento dos vasos sangu&#237;neos em resposta &#224;s demandas fisiol&#243;gicas s&#227;o controlados por mudan&#231;as na concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular do MLV. O Ca<sup>2+</sup> usado para contra&#231;&#227;o inclui fontes intracelulares, extracelulares ou ambas. O ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico &#233; a principal fonte de Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Nossos experimentos demonstram que o EHJ n&#227;o altera a capta&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico, uma vez que seu inibidor seletivo CPA n&#227;o alterou o perfil do relaxamento.</p>
        <p>Canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> voltagem-dependente (CCVD), tamb&#233;m conhecidos como canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L, e os canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> operados por receptor (CCOR) localizados na membrana plasm&#225;tica das c&#233;lulas do MLV desempenham um papel fundamental no controle do influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A contra&#231;&#227;o induzida pela fenilefrina &#233; mediada por aumento no influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> via CCDV e CCOR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Por&#233;m, a contra&#231;&#227;o induzida pela despolariza&#231;&#227;o de membrana, como ocorre em altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de KCl, ativa preferencialmente CCVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Os presentes resultados mostram que o tratamento das art&#233;rias com EHJ inibe a contra&#231;&#227;o vascular induzida pelo estimulo adren&#233;rgico com fenilefrina, o que sugere que o EHJ bloqueia o influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> por interferir com CCVD e/ou CCOR.</p>
        <p>Na tentativa de esclarecer o mecanismo celular pelo qual EHJ induz o relaxamento vascular, experimentos foram feitos em solu&#231;&#227;o sem Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Foram usados dois est&#237;mulos diferentes para induzir o influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup>, fenilefrina e KCl (75 mM). O EHJ, assim como o verapamil, usado como controle positivo, inibiu a contra&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> mediado por ambos os est&#237;mulos. Como a despolariza&#231;&#227;o de membrana com altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de K<sup>+</sup> ativa especificamente CCDV, sugerimos que o EHJ direta ou indiretamente atue bloqueando o influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;s da membrana plasm&#225;tica, agindo preferencialmente no CCVD.</p>
        <p>Produtos naturais t&#234;m constantemente demonstrado o envolvimento de canais de K<sup>+</sup> no seu mecanismo de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> V&#225;rios tipos de canais de K<sup>+</sup> est&#227;o presentes no MLV, incluindo canais de K<sup>+</sup> sens&#237;veis ao ATP (K<sub>ATP</sub>), canais de K<sup>+</sup> ativados por Ca<sup>2+</sup> (K<sub>ca</sub>) e dependentes da voltagem (K<sub>v</sub>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Esses canais podem ser bloqueados por glibenclamida, clotrimazol e 4-AP, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O TEA &#233; um bloqueador n&#227;o seletivo desses canais. Quando s&#227;o ativados, esses canais permitem o efluxo de K<sup>+</sup>, hiperpolarizando a membrana plasm&#225;tica do MLV. Isso reduz o influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;z dos CCVD e induz vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> O presente estudo mostra que o relaxamento induzido pelo EHJ em art&#233;rias sem endot&#233;lio &#233; prejudicado ap&#243;s o bloqueio dos canais de K<sup>+</sup>. Exceto o clotrimazol, os outros bloqueadores prejudicaram o relaxamento vascular, o que permite relacionar sua ativa&#231;&#227;o ao efeito do EHJ.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados apontam um novo efeito biol&#243;gico da jabuticaba, esp&#233;cie nativa do Brasil e que apresenta importantes efeitos biol&#243;gicos j&#225; relatados sobre o sistema cardiovascular como hipoglicemiante,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> antilipid&#234;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e hipotensor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Portanto, os efeitos biol&#243;gicos induzidos pela jabuticaba mostrados em nosso trabalho contribuir&#227;o para o conhecimento sobre compostos derivados dessa esp&#233;cie e seu uso como planta medicinal ou alimento funcional aliado &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o de problemas cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstra que o EHJ induz vasodilata&#231;&#227;o de forma independente do endot&#233;lio vascular. As principais vias celulares utilizadas pelo EHJ para causar o relaxamento vascular s&#227;o a inibi&#231;&#227;o do influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;s da membrana plasm&#225;tica al&#233;m da ativa&#231;&#227;o de canais de K<sup>+</sup> das c&#233;lulas do MLV.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPEG/GO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Daniela Medeiros Lobo Andrade pela Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A Pesquisa foi financiada pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Goi&#225;s (FAPEG), processo 201310267000013. O CNPq concedeu a bolsa de mestrado para Daniela L. M. de Andrade.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
