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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">s637XCZLtYMhB6mrMf6mxdS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004200216</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005022102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160117</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Air Pollutant Exposure on Acute Myocardial Infarction, According to Gender</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tuan</surname>
            <given-names>T&#225;ssia Soldi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ven&#226;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;s Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Taubat&#233;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Taubat&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina - Universidade de Taubat&#233;,Taubat&#233;, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Taubat&#233;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Energia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guaratinguet&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Energia - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Campus de Guaratinguet&#225;,Guaratinguet&#225;, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento</bold>, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Campus de Guaratinguet&#225;. Av Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333. Postal Code 12516-410, Guaratinguet&#225;, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luiz.nascimento@pq.cnpq.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tuan TS, Ven&#226;ncio TS, Nascimento LFC; Statistical analysis: Nascimento LFC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>9</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>216</fpage>
      <lpage>222</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>There is evidence of the effects of air pollution on hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To estimate the association between exposure to air pollutants and hospital admissions due to myocardial infarction according to gender, between January 1<sup>st</sup> 2012 and December 31<sup>st</sup> 2013, in S&#227;o Jose dos Campos-SP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>An ecological time series study was carried out with daily data of admissions due to AMI, pollutants CO, O<sub>3</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and NO<sub>2</sub>, according to gender. We used the Poisson regression generalized linear model to estimate the relative risks of hospital admissions with lags of 0-5 days, adjusted for temperature, humidity, seasonality and days of the week.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There were 1837 admissions for ischemic heart diseases, with 636 women and 1201 men. For females, the risks were significant for CO in lag 0 (RR = 1,09), lag1 (RR = 1,08) and lag 5 (RR = 1,10) and SO<sub>2</sub> in lag 0 (RR = 1,10) and 3 (RR = 1,09). For men there was significance of the CO in, lag 3 and lag 5 (RR = 1,05). There was significance, regardless of gender, for CO at lag 1 (RR = 1,05) and lag 5 (RR = 1,07) and lag 0 for SO<sub>2</sub> (RR = 1,06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The data presented show the important role of CO and SO<sub>2</sub> in the genesis of myocardial infarction admissions, and responses to pollutant exposure are different if analyzed by gender and together - hence the importance of a stratified analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Environmental Pollutants</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender Identity</kwd>
        <kwd>Sulfur Dioxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Carbon Monoxide</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014/11656-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Great evidence indicating that air pollution in our environment is enough to cause health damages, and the need to define regulatory process regarding air quality standards make it pivotal to better outline this association, identifying special population groups, specific pathologies, and environmental levels that lead to the exposure-disease process and death. Accordingly, information from systematic investigations with locally generated data are of great importance to subsidise planning and assessment of health care programs focused on this issue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are still the main cause of death in Brazil, accounting for almost 32% of all deaths. Moreover, it is the third leading cause of hospital admissions in the country. Among them, acute myocardial infarction is still one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality. The study of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is essential due to its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological studies show general mortality rates of around 30%, with half of deaths occurring in the first two hours of the event, and 14% of patients dying before receiving medical treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Brazil, in 2014, 95,000 hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction were recorded; in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, there were 27,000 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sim/cnv/obt10uf.def">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sim/cnv/obt10uf.def</ext-link>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies from metropolitan areas and mid-sized cities have shown an association between admissions for AMI and exposure to air pollutants, with particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub>), ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO) as the ones most highly associated to admissions for AMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Carbon monoxide, which is still understudied, is released into the atmosphere by natural sources (volcanic activity, electrical discharges and natural gas emissions) and as a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, heating systems, thermal coal plants, biomass and tobacco burning. Its significance lies in its affinity for hemoglobin, which is 240 greater than oxygen's.</p>
      <p>Further epidemiological evidence that has been growing in different studies is the categorization by gender. Several studies show more pronounced effects in women than in men, but literature is still inconsistent in regards to that. Just as the outcome of hospital admission, there's also evidence of higher mortality in women in percutaneous coronary interventions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies in areas such as The USA, Canada, and Europe show gender differences, varying according to age, in mortality from AMI and a higher risk of death in younger women compared to their male counterparts, and also different effects of risks in hospital admission due to respiratory diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to estimate the association between exposure to air pollutants and hospital admissions for AMI (in individuals over 50 years of age), categorized by gender, between January 1<sup>st</sup> 2012 and December 31<sup>st</sup> 2013, in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos - SP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Ecological time series study with data relative to hospital admissions for AMI (ICD-10 from J20.0 to J24.0) in individuals of both genders, over 50 years of age, residents of S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP. The study period was between January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2012 and December 31<sup>st</sup>, 2013. Admission data were obtained from the DATASUS portal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> All actions carried out during the period of admission must be notified to the Brazilian Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> - SUS) via a Hospital Admission Authorization (AIH), which is registered and filed, and payment to service providers for the procedures are made by SUS. Among the variables obtained in this portal, the ones used were relative to patients' gender, age (in years) and main diagnosis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Place of Study</title>
        <p>S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos is a Brazilian municipality in the interior of the state of S&#227;o Paulo, in the mesoregion of Vale do Para&#237;ba Paulista, 84 km east of the capital of the state. It houses 650,000 people, and has a 130,000 vehicle fleet per day, of which only the minority are heavy (buses and trucks). It is an important economic center with companies in the fields of technology, education and research centers. Its geographical location is 23&#176;11' S, 45&#176;53'W.</p>
        <p>Studied pollutants were PM<sub>10</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>) and CO (ppb), and values of PM<sub>10</sub>, SO<sub>2,</sub> NO<sub>2</sub> and CO were quantified by daily averages, and values for O<sub>3</sub> were from a maximum of 8 hours. Such values were quantified by the Environmental Company of the State of S&#227;o Paulo (CETESB),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> which relies on a measuring station in S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, as well as information on minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures, relative air humidity, seasonality, and days of the week. From those data, minimum temperature and relative air humidity were used.</p>
        <p>Hospital admission is a counting, discreet event for which the Poisson Regression is indicated to estimate the relative risks of exposure in the outcome - hospital admission. A data bank was built with daily admission data, for each pollutant and climatic variable. Lags of 0-5 days were considered because the effects of exposure to pollutants may be evidenced not only on the same day, but also days after exposure. Thus, a Poisson regression generalized linear model (GLM) was selected. Models with an isolated pollutant and with four pollutants simultaneously were built, adjusted by the minimum temperature, relative air humidity, seasonality, and days of the week. The analyses were carried out considering females, males, and both genders to identify possible differences in the relative risks for hospital admission for infarction, according to these strata. Pearson correlation values were obtained among the independent variables and presented in a table.</p>
        <p>For the analysis, we used the software Stata V10. Coefficients provided by the Poisson Regression were transformed into relative risks (RR) with respective confidence intervals of 95%. In the case of significant association between exposure to a certain pollutant and hospital admission, we considered increases (AUM-RR) of 300 ppb for CO, and 2&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup> for SO<sub>2</sub> expressed in percentage points, according to the expression AUM-RR (%) = (exp<sup>(<bold><italic>coef</italic></bold></sup> * AUM) -1)*100, in which <italic>coef</italic> is the numeric value of the coefficient provided by the Poisson Regression and AUM are the above values considered for CO and SO<sub>2</sub>. The variables were presented with the value of their means and respective standard deviations in a table.</p>
        <p>Counsel from the Ethics Committee was waived since this is an ecological study and the data is publically available on the net, and also because of the impossibility to identify the subject of the analysis. The significance level adopted was of alpha = 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 1837 individuals were admitted for ischemic heart diseases, of which 636 (34.6%) were women, and 1201 (65.4%) were men. The mean concentration of the pollutants (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>), standard deviation, minimum and maximum are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Descriptive analysis of study variables: Mean, standard deviation (sd), minimum and maximum values (Min &#8211; Max). S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos-BR, 2012-2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean (sd)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Min &#8211; Max</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Admissions</td>
              <td align="center">2.5 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0 -- 9.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PM<sub>10</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">22.6 (10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">6.0 -- 81.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>O<sub>3</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">74.1 (34.4)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 -- 213.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CO (ppb)</td>
              <td align="center">883 (459)</td>
              <td align="center">200 -- 3400</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SO<sub>2</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 (2.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0 -- 29.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NO<sub>2</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">48.2 (17.7)</td>
              <td align="center">11.0 -- 112.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Humidity %</td>
              <td align="center">57.4 (16.4)</td>
              <td align="center">24.0 -- 99.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimum temperature &#186;C</td>
              <td align="center">15.6 (3.5)</td>
              <td align="center">4.4 -- 21.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents the correlation matrix between the study variables (environmental pollutants, climatic variables, and number of admissions) for both genders. Strong correlations between pollutants were observed, except for O<sub>3</sub> and CO.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pearson correlation matrix between atmospheric variables for both genders. S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, S&#227;o Paulo, 2012/2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="%20"/>
            <col width="%20"/>
            <col width="%10"/>
            <col width="%10"/>
            <col width="%10"/>
            <col width="%10"/>
            <col width="%10"/>
            <col width="%10"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Min. Temp.#</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>RH</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PM<sub>10</sub></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SO<sub>2</sub></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CO</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>O<sub>3</sub></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>NO<sub>2</sub></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Min. Temp</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RH</td>
              <td align="center">0.143<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PM<sub>10</sub></td>
              <td align="center">-0.308<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.329<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">-0.058</td>
              <td align="center">-0.084<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.167<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CO</td>
              <td align="center">-0.288<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.360<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.099<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>O<sub>3</sub></td>
              <td align="center">0.197<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.480<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.149<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.220<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">-0.410<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.169<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.517<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.128<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.358<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.171<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Min. Temp: minimum temperature; RH: relative air humidity. </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p-value r &lt; 0.05</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p-value r &lt; 0.01.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Exposure to pollutants, considering the increase in their concentrations of 300 ppb, was associated to CO in both genders in lags 1 (RR = 1.05) and 5 (RR = 1.07); in women in lags 0 (RR = 1.09), 1 (RR = 1.08), and 5 (RR = 1.10); and in men in lags 3 (RR = 1.06) and 5 (RR = 1.05). For SO<sub>2</sub>, the effects were observed in both genders in lag 0 (RR = 1.06); in women in lags 0 (RR = 1.10) and 3 (RR = 1.09); and no exposures with statistical significance were identified in men.</p>
      <p>From the values obtained from the generalized linear model and its standard deviations, the confidence interval for the relative risk of admission for acute myocardial infarction was calculated.</p>
      <p>With an increase of 300 ppb for CO, relative risks and respective confidence intervals (CI 95%) are in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> for both genders, leading to an increase of 10 percentage points for women, and up to 7 points when both genders are analysed. In the case of SO<sub>2</sub>, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>, the increase of 2,0 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup> implied an increase of up to 5 percentage points for both genders, up to 100 pp for women, and non-significant for men.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relative risk for CO exposure according to lag 0 to lag 5 for males (M), females (F), and both genders (B). S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos. 2012-2013.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0216-60117-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relative risk for SO<sub>2</sub> exposure according to lag 0 to lag 5 for males (M), females (F), and both genders (B). S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos. 2012-2013.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0216-60117-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to analyse stratified exposure by gender - it identified the importance of exposure to CO and SO<sub>2</sub> in the genesis of hospital admissions for ischemic heart diseases, in individuals over 50 years old, in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, separating the individuals by gender. For CO, the effects were evident 1 and 5 days after exposure when both genders were analysed; stratifying admissions, they occurred on the same day, 1, and 5 days after exposure for women, and 3 and 5 days after exposure for men. In relation to SO<sub>2</sub>, effects were evident in lag 0 for both genders, lag 0 and 3 for women, and with no statistical difference for men.</p>
      <p>Considering this is a multipollutant model, other pollutants were analysed, but no association was found for them.</p>
      <p>The categorization by gender has been approached in several studies, showing epidemiological significance, but there are still no studies with a biological explanation.</p>
      <p>According to Clougherty<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, several studies suggest that the response to air pollutant exposure differs for men and women, or for boys and girls. The explanation, however, is still unclear, while modifications are observed as a result of biological differences linked to gender (e.g., hormones and body size) or gender differences in activity patterns, coexposure, or exposure quantification accuracy. Numerous modifications consist of the modification of these two factors (exposure pattern and biological response).</p>
      <p>An association between exposure to SO<sub>2</sub> and cardiovascular diseases, especially deaths by stroke, was shown in S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, associated to ozone pollutants and particulate matter, in individuals over 50 years of age. SO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were 4 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In a study in S&#227;o Paulo, exposure to SO<sub>2</sub> was associated to admissions for circulatory and ischemic heart diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as the effects were similar to the CO exposure, but with greater intensity. Sunyer et al. have also shown the association of SO<sub>2</sub> exposure and cardiovascular diseases in seven European cities. Concentrations of the pollutant were between 5 and 21 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>, and increases of 10 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>, in these concentrations, implicated in significant increases between 0.7% and 1.2% in the number of hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases, especially ischemic heart diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Atkinson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> showed the significant effect of SO<sub>2</sub> exposure in isolation and adjusted by gender, age, smoking habit, BMI, and comorbidities such as diabetes and arterial hypertension in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction, stroke, arrhythmias and heart failure.</p>
      <p>SO<sub>2</sub> exposure was also significant in admissions for CVD with or without diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Our study also showed that increases of 2 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup> in SO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, adjusted by concentration of other pollutants, implicate in a significant increase in risk for women (RR = 1.10), which contributed to high risk rates in the absence of stratification by gender. That is, when assessed for both genders (RR = 1.06) because the effects of exposure were not significant for men.</p>
      <p>In this study, CO exposure, in S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, was also significant for admissions for AMI. Such findings are in accordance with those found by Gouveia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> when concentrations were 3240 ppb, reaching a maximum of 12600 ppb, values far above the ones observed in S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, which had a mean of 883 ppb, and a maximum of 3400 ppb. Risks observed in S&#227;o Paulo, according to an increase of 1000 ppb in CO concentrations were RR = 1.016, and the most significant discrepancy was a moving average of 2 days. CO exposure was significant to emergency services for cardiovascular diseases with or without diabetes. This association was more evident on the same day as exposure (lag 0) in non-diabetic individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a study done in Chicago, CO effect on admissions for heart failure was dependent on temperature, with the magnitude of the effect increasing as the temperature dropped.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Carbon monoxide concentration recorded on the day of admissions showed, among the pollutants, the strongest and most consistent association with hospital admission rates, simultaneously adjusting to temperature, dew point, and other air pollutants, for a change of 1000 ppb to 3000 ppb, interquartile interval, and relative risk of RR = 1.065 (CI 95% = 1.028-1.104).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study developed in China analysed a sample of patients with acute myocardial infarction in several Chinese hospitals in 2001, 2006, and 2011, and showed that in-hospital mortality rate was higher among women than men (17.2% vs 9.1%; p &lt; 0.01; OR 2.07; 95% IC 1.85-2.33). Odds ratio not adjusted for mortality in women, in comparison to men, was of 2.20 (95% CI 1.59-3.04); 2.21 (95% CI 1.74-2.79); 1.37 (95% CI 1.15-1.65); and 1.25 (CI 95% 0.97-1.63) for the ages &lt;60; 60-69; 70-79 and &#8805; 80 years, respectively. After adjusting to the characteristic of patients, hospital and year of study, OR for mortality, comparing men and women, was 1.69 (95% CI 1.01-2.83); 1.64 (95% CI 1.24-2.19); 1.15 (CI 95% 0.90-1.46); and 0.82 (95% CI 0.60-1.11) for the ages &lt;60; 60-69; 70-79; and &#8805; 80 years, respectively. Gender-age interaction for mortality was statistically significant (p = 0.009), even after adjustment for a wide range of confounders, and did not vary over time or in rural/urban areas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The associations between SO<sub>2</sub> and CO and admissions for AMI are in keeping with the findings of Koken et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> associating SO<sub>2</sub> to an increase in hospital admissions for cardiac arrhythmias, and CO significantly associated to admissions for congestive heart failure. Additionally, they found more hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in men than in women.</p>
      <p>A study done in S&#227;o Paulo found greater effects of air pollution on congestive heart failure in men, and on cardiovascular and ischemic heart diseases in women. This reinforces the need for additional studies focusing on the modification of air pollution effects on health by gender.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Kan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> showed that effects of air pollutant exposure, SO<sub>2</sub> amongst them, were more evident in women. An increased risk of death by stroke was found in older women after PM<sub>10</sub> exposure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, Cakmak et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> did not find a significant association between cardiac disease and air pollution that was influenced by gender. In another study, according to a gender stratified analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between pollutants and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in women, and among men, only NO<sub>2</sub> was significantly associated to mortality from CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Zeka et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> identified a smaller effect of exposure to PM10 in mortality from cardiovascular diseases in women over 60 than in men in the same age group. A possible explanation for that would be hormonal. In post-menopausal women (over 60), with PM<sub>10</sub> exposure, mortality risk from cardiac diseases was five times higher than in pre-menopausal women. However, men in the same age groups, presented a risk two times higher in the over 60 group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A study developed in Shanghai about the role of air pollutants in daily mortality showed that SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> exposure effects in mortality were slightly higher in women than in men. The mean concentration of SO<sub>2</sub> was 45 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup> and of NO2, 67 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>; carbon monoxide was not included in this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Chen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> found risk of death from coronary disease (CD), stemming from PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure, that was significantly higher in women than in men, in the analysis of a single pollutant as well as in the multipollutant analysis. SO<sub>2</sub> exposure was not associated to death from CD. A reason for such finding would be that PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> deposition is more localized and more intense in women than in men - the smaller number of red cells in women might make them more sensitive to the toxic effects of air pollutants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a study with over 65,000 post-menopausal women, exposure to fine particulates was associated to the incidence of cardiovascular disease and death.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study may have limitations, among which are the own limitations of ecological studies. It is not possible to point out the causality between exposure and outcomes other than to point out associations between exposure and outcomes. It is not possible to identify if the admitted individual was exposed and if the exposed individual was admitted. There may error in diagnoses recorded on Datasus, leading to sub-notations and over-notations in cases of infarction. However, Datasus is an official, reliable and widely used source in the areas of air pollutant exposure effects and illness. We also did not include hospital admissions through health plans or health insurance. It is worth noting that Datasus does not contemplate information on factors or comorbidities associated to ischemic heart diseases such as smoking, overweightness and obesity, hypercholesterolaemia, and previous diseases of the circulatory system. Concentrations were considered homogenous in the entire city, and it was assumed that exposures happened homogeneously and that people had free movement around the city.</p>
        <p>Despite these limitations, other than pointing out the risks of air pollutant exposure in the genesis of admissions for myocardial infarction in a mid-sized city, the importance of the study lies in the fact that there are differences in the responses to pollutant exposure according to gender, and that analyses involving air pollutant exposure and circulatory diseases stratified by gender must be adopted.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This study revealed that the global impact assessment of air pollution on health, through time series studies, is important to strengthen the implementation of environmental health surveillance by the health sector. The results show the direct estimate of population illness due to a variation of atmospheric pollutant concentrations. It is suggested that preventive and educational measures, through the media, keep the population informed about environmental pollution conditions, as well as the optimal places for leisure and sports.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>T&#225;ssia Soldi Tuan would like to thank S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for the granted scholarship (process 2014/11656-7).</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da Exposi&#231;&#227;o a Poluentes do Ar no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio, Segundo G&#234;neros</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tuan</surname>
            <given-names>T&#225;ssia Soldi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ven&#226;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;s Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina - Universidade de Taubat&#233;,Taubat&#233;, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Energia - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Campus de Guaratinguet&#225;,Guaratinguet&#225;, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento</bold>, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Campus de Guaratinguet&#225;. Av Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333. CEP 12516-410, Guaratinguet&#225;, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luiz.nascimento@pq.cnpq.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tuan TS, Ven&#226;ncio TS, Nascimento LFC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nascimento LFC</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Existem evid&#234;ncias sobre os efeitos da polui&#231;&#227;o do ar nas interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, entre elas o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre exposi&#231;&#227;o a poluentes do ar e interna&#231;&#245;es por infarto segundo g&#234;neros, entre 01 de Janeiro de 2012 e 31 de Dezembro de 2013, em S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos - SP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo ecol&#243;gico de s&#233;rie temporal com dados di&#225;rios de interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM dos poluentes CO, O<sub>3,</sub> PM<sub>10</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, segundo g&#234;neros. Utilizou-se modelo linear generalizado da Regress&#227;o de Poisson para estimar os riscos relativos para interna&#231;&#245;es com defasagens de 0 a 5 dias, ajustados por temperatura, umidade, sazonalidade e dias da semana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram 1837 interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o, sendo 636 mulheres e 1201 homens. Para o g&#234;nero feminino, os riscos foram significativos para o CO nos lag 0 (RR = 1,09), lag1 (RR = 1,08) e lag 5 (RR = 1,10) e para o SO<sub>2</sub> no lag 0 (RR = 1,10) e 3 (RR = 1,09). Para o g&#234;nero masculino houve signific&#226;ncia para o CO no lag 3 e lag 5 (RR = 1,05). Sem distin&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero houve signific&#226;ncia para o CO no lag 1 (RR = 1,05) e lag 5 (RR = 1,07) e no lag 0 para o SO<sub>2</sub> (RR = 1,06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os dados apresentados mostram o importante papel do CO e do SO<sub>2</sub> na g&#234;nese das interna&#231;&#245;es por infarto e que as respostas &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o aos poluentes s&#227;o diferentes se analisadas por sexo e em conjunto, da&#237; a import&#226;ncia de se estratificarem as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Poluentes Ambientais</kwd>
        <kwd>Identidade de G&#234;nero</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#243;xido de Enxofre</kwd>
        <kwd>Mon&#243;xido de Carbono</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As in&#250;meras evid&#234;ncias que indicam que a polui&#231;&#227;o do ar em nosso meio &#233; suficiente para causar danos &#224; sa&#250;de e a demanda pela defini&#231;&#227;o de processos reguladores referentes aos padr&#245;es de qualidade do ar tornam imprescind&#237;veis o melhor detalhamento dessa associa&#231;&#227;o, com a identifica&#231;&#227;o de grupos populacionais especiais, patologias espec&#237;ficas e n&#237;veis ambientais nos quais o processo exposi&#231;&#227;o-adoecimento ou morte acontecem. Dessa forma, informa&#231;&#245;es provenientes de investiga&#231;&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas com dados gerados localmente s&#227;o de grande import&#226;ncia para subsidiar o planejamento e avalia&#231;&#227;o de programas de sa&#250;de voltados a essa quest&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) continuam sendo a primeira causa de morte no Brasil, respons&#225;veis por quase 32% de todos os &#243;bitos. Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o a terceira maior causa de interna&#231;&#245;es no pa&#237;s. Entre elas, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ainda &#233; uma das maiores causas de morbidade e mortalidade. O estudo do IAM &#233; fundamental pela alta preval&#234;ncia, mortalidade e morbidade da doen&#231;a. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos revelam taxas de mortalidade geral ao redor de 30%, sendo que metade dos &#243;bitos ocorre nas primeiras duas horas do evento e 14% morrem antes de receber atendimento m&#233;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil, em 2014, foram registradas cerca de 95 mil interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM no pa&#237;s; no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, 27 mil. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sim/cnv/obt10uf.def">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sim/cnv/obt10uf.def</ext-link>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos realizados em grandes centros e cidades de m&#233;dio porte t&#234;m mostrado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM e a exposi&#231;&#227;o a poluentes atmosf&#233;ricos, sendo o material particulado (PM<sub>10</sub>), o oz&#244;nio (O<sub>3</sub>), o di&#243;xido de enxofre (SO<sub>2</sub>), o di&#243;xido de nitrog&#234;nio (NO<sub>2</sub>) e o mon&#243;xido de carbono (CO) os mais associados a interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um dos poluentes, ainda pouco estudado, &#233; o mon&#243;xido de carbono liberado no ambiente por fontes naturais (atividade vulc&#226;nica, descargas el&#233;tricas e emiss&#227;o de g&#225;s natural) e como produto da combust&#227;o incompleta de combust&#237;veis f&#243;sseis, sistemas de aquecimento, usinas termel&#233;tricas a carv&#227;o, queima de biomassa e tabaco, sua import&#226;ncia reside na liga&#231;&#227;o 240 vezes maior com a hemoglobina do que o oxig&#234;nio.</p>
        <p>Outra evid&#234;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica que vem crescendo em diferentes estudos &#233; a categoriza&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;neros. Muitos estudos apontam efeitos mais evidentes em mulheres do que em homens, mas a literatura ainda &#233; inconsistente no que diz respeito a isso. Assim como o desfecho interna&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; tamb&#233;m evid&#234;ncias de maior mortalidade, em mulheres, para interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos em &#225;reas como EUA, Canad&#225; e Europa demonstraram diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero, variando de acordo com a idade, na mortalidade por IAM e um maior risco de morte em mulheres mais jovens comparadas a seus hom&#243;logos masculinos e tamb&#233;m efeitos diferentes nos riscos por interna&#231;&#227;o devido a doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre exposi&#231;&#227;o a poluentes do ar e interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM (em maiores de 50 anos), categorizadas por g&#234;neros, entre o per&#237;odo de 01 de janeiro de 2012 e 31 de dezembro de 2013, na cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos -SP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo ecol&#243;gico de s&#233;ries temporais com dados relativos a interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM (Cid-10 de J20.0 a J24.0) em sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com mais de 50 anos de idade, residentes em S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP. O per&#237;odo de estudo foi entre 01 de janeiro de 2012 e 31 de dezembro de 2013. Esses dados de interna&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos do portal do DATASUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Todas as a&#231;&#245;es realizadas durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o devem ser notificadas ao Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) por meio do preenchimento da Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (AIH), que por sua vez &#233; registrada, arquivada e os pagamentos dos procedimentos s&#227;o efetuados pelo SUS aos devidos prestadores de servi&#231;o; dentre as vari&#225;veis obtidas neste portal, foram utilizadas aquelas relativas ao sexo do paciente, idade (em anos) e diagn&#243;stico principal.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Local de estudo</title>
          <p>S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos &#233; um munic&#237;pio brasileiro localizado no interior do estado de S&#227;o Paulo, na mesorregi&#227;o do Vale do Para&#237;ba Paulista, distante 84 km a leste da Capital do Estado. Abriga uma popula&#231;&#227;o de cerca de 650 mil habitantes. Conta com uma frota veicular de aproximadamente 360 mil ve&#237;culos; o munic&#237;pio &#233; cortado pela Via Dutra por onde passam cerca de 130 mil ve&#237;culos por dia sendo a maioria de ve&#237;culos pesados (&#244;nibus e caminh&#245;es). Importante centro econ&#244;mico com empresas na &#225;rea de tecnologia, centros de ensino e pesquisa. Sua localiza&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica &#233; 23&#176;11' S e longitude 45&#176;53'W.</p>
          <p>Os poluentes estudados foram o PM<sub>10</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>) e CO (ppb), sendo que os valores de PM<sub>10</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> e CO foram quantificados pelas m&#233;dias di&#225;rias, e para o O<sub>3</sub> o valor m&#225;ximo de 8 horas. Tais valores foram quantificados pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (CETESB)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> que conta com uma esta&#231;&#227;o medidora em S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, al&#233;m das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre temperaturas m&#237;nima, m&#233;dia e m&#225;xima, umidade relativa do ar, sazonalidade e dias da semana. De tais informa&#231;&#245;es, foram utilizadas a temperatura m&#237;nima e umidade m&#233;dia relativa do ar.</p>
          <p>A interna&#231;&#227;o &#233; um evento de contagem, discreto, sendo indicada a Regress&#227;o de Poisson para estimar os riscos relativos das exposi&#231;&#245;es no desfecho - interna&#231;&#227;o. Foi constru&#237;do um banco de dados com os dados di&#225;rios de interna&#231;&#227;o, para cada poluente e vari&#225;vel clim&#225;tica, sendo consideradas defasagens de zero a 5 dias porque os efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o aos poluentes podem ser evidenciados n&#227;o s&#243; no mesmo dia como, tamb&#233;m, em dias posteriores. Assim sendo, foi escolhido um modelo linear generalizado da regress&#227;o de Poisson (MLG). Foram constru&#237;dos modelos com um poluente isolado e com os quatro poluentes simultaneamente, ajustados pela temperatura m&#237;nima, umidade relativa do ar, sazonalidade e dias da semana. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas considerando sexo feminino, sexo masculino e ambos os sexos para identificar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as nos riscos relativos para interna&#231;&#227;o por infarto, segundo estes estratos. Foram obtidos os valores da correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e apresentados em tabela.</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise, foi utilizado o programa Stata V10. Os coeficientes fornecidos pela regress&#227;o de Poisson foram transformados em riscos relativos (RR) com os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. No caso de associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre exposi&#231;&#227;o a determinado poluente e interna&#231;&#227;o foram considerados os aumentos (AUM-RR) de 300 ppb para CO e 2 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup> para o SO<sub>2</sub> expresso em pontos percentuais, de acordo com a express&#227;o AUM-RR (%) = (exp<sup>(<bold><italic>(coef )</italic></bold> * AUM)</sup> -1)*100 em que <italic>coef</italic> &#233; o valor num&#233;rico do coeficiente fornecido pela regress&#227;o de Poisson e AUM s&#227;o os valores acima considerados para o CO e SO<sub>2</sub>. As vari&#225;veis foram apresentadas com os valores de suas m&#233;dias e respectivos desvios padr&#227;o em uma tabela.</p>
          <p>Por se tratar de estudo ecol&#243;gico com dados disponibilizados na rede e de acesso p&#250;blico, al&#233;m da impossibilidade de se identificar o sujeito objeto da an&#225;lise, foi dispensado o parecer do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi alfa = 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram internados, por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o, 1837 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 636 mulheres (34,6%) e 1201 homens (65,4%). As concentra&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias dos poluentes (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>), desvios padr&#227;o, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis do estudo: M&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o (dp), valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos (Min &#8211; Max). S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos-BR, 2012-2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia (dp)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Min &#8211; Max</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Interna&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 -- 9,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PM<sub>10</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 -- 81,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O<sub>3</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">74,1 (34,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 -- 213,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CO (ppb)</td>
                <td align="center">883 (459)</td>
                <td align="center">200 -- 3400</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SO<sub>2</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 -- 29,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NO<sub>2</sub> (&#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">48,2 (17,7)</td>
                <td align="center">11,0 -- 112,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Umidade %</td>
                <td align="center">57,4 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">24,0 -- 99,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Temperatura m&#237;nima &#186;C</td>
                <td align="center">15,6 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 -- 21,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> apresenta a matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis de estudo (poluentes ambientais, vari&#225;veis clim&#225;ticas e n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es) para ambos os sexos. Observaram-se fortes correla&#231;&#245;es entre os poluentes, exceto entre o O<sub>3</sub> e o CO.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Matriz correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre as vari&#225;veis atmosf&#233;ricas, para ambos os sexos. S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, S&#227;o Paulo, 2012/2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="%20"/>
              <col width="%20"/>
              <col width="%10"/>
              <col width="%10"/>
              <col width="%10"/>
              <col width="%10"/>
              <col width="%10"/>
              <col width="%10"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Temp. min<sup>#</sup></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>UR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>PM<sub>10</sub></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SO<sub>2</sub></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>CO</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>O<sub>3</sub></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>NO<sub>2</sub></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Temp min</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>UR</td>
                <td align="center">0,143<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PM<sub>10</sub></td>
                <td align="center">-0,308<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,329<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">-0,058</td>
                <td align="center">-0,084<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,167<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CO</td>
                <td align="center">-0,288<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,360<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,099<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center">0,197<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,480<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,149<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,220<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">-0,410<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,169<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,517<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,128<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,358<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,171<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Temp min: temperatura m&#237;nima UR: umidade relativa do ar.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>valor de p &lt; 0,05</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>valor de p &lt; 0,01</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o aos poluentes, considerando aumento em suas concentra&#231;&#245;es de 300 ppb, mostrou-se associada ao CO em ambos os sexos nos lags 1 (RR = 1,05) e 5 (RR = 1,07), no sexo feminino nos lags 0 (RR=1,09), 1 (RR = 1,08) e 5 (RR = 1,10) e no sexo masculino nos lags 3 (RR = 1,06) e 5 (RR = 1,05). Para o SO<sub>2</sub> os efeitos foram observados no lag 0 (RR = 1,06) para ambos os sexos, lags 0 (RR = 1,10) e 3 (RR = 1,09) para o sexo feminino, para o sexo masculino n&#227;o foram identificadas exposi&#231;&#245;es com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>A partir dos valores obtidos pelo modelo linear generalizado e seus desvios padr&#227;o, foi calculado o intervalo de confian&#231;a para o risco relativo para interna&#231;&#227;o por IAM.</p>
        <p>Com um aumento de 300 ppb para o CO, os riscos relativos e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC 95%) est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 1</xref> para ambos os g&#234;neros, levando a um aumento de 10 pontos percentuais para o sexo feminino e at&#233; 7 pontos percentuais quando analisados ambos os sexos. No caso do SO<sub>2</sub>, como demostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 2</xref>, o aumento de 2,0 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup> implicou um aumento de at&#233; 5 pontos percentuais para ambos os g&#234;neros, at&#233; 10 pp para o sexo feminino, para o sexo masculino, no entanto, n&#227;o foi significativo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risco Relativo para a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao CO de acordo com lag 0 a lag 5 para sexo masculino (M), sexo feminino (F) e ambos os sexos (B). S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos. 2012-2013.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0216-60117-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risco Relativo para a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SO<sub>2</sub> de acordo com lag 0 a lag 5 para sexo masculino (M), sexo feminino (F) e ambos os sexos (B). S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos. 2012-2013</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-03-0216-60117-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo, at&#233; onde &#233; de nosso conhecimento, &#233; o primeiro a fazer an&#225;lise de exposi&#231;&#227;o estratificada por sexo; identificou a import&#226;ncia dessa exposi&#231;&#227;o ao CO e SO<sub>2</sub> na g&#234;nese das interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o, em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 50 anos, na cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos de forma diferente em homens e mulheres. Para o CO, os efeitos foram evidentes 1 e cinco dias ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o, quando analisados ambos os sexos; estratificando as interna&#231;&#245;es por g&#234;nero, ocorreram no mesmo dia, um e cinco dias ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o para o sexo feminino e 3 e 5 dias para o masculino. J&#225; para o SO<sub>2</sub>, os efeitos foram evidentes no lag 0 para ambos os sexos, lag 0 e 3 para o sexo feminino, n&#227;o havendo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para o sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>Por se tratar de um modelo multipoluente, outros poluentes foram analisados, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o para tais.</p>
        <p>A categoriza&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;nero vem sendo abordada em diversos estudos, demonstrando signific&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica, por&#233;m ainda n&#227;o existem estudos com explica&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica para o devido fato.</p>
        <p>Segundo Clougherty,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> muitos estudos sugerem que a resposta &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o aos poluentes do ar difere para homens e mulheres ou meninas e meninos. A explica&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, ainda permanece pouco elucidada, enquanto modifica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o observadas como um resultado de diferen&#231;as biol&#243;gicas ligadas ao sexo (por exemplo, horm&#244;nios e tamanho corporal) ou diferen&#231;as de g&#234;neros em padr&#245;es de atividades, coexposi&#231;&#227;o ou acur&#225;cia na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o. E muitas modifica&#231;&#245;es consistem na modifica&#231;&#227;o desses dois fatores (padr&#227;o de exposi&#231;&#227;o e resposta biol&#243;gica).</p>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SO<sub>2</sub> e DCV, em especial &#243;bitos por acidente vascular cerebral, foi demonstrada em S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, associada aos poluentes oz&#244;nio e material particulado, em sujeitos com idade superior a 50 anos; as concentra&#231;&#245;es de SO<sub>2</sub> eram da ordem de 4 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em um estudo em S&#227;o Paulo, a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SO<sub>2</sub> esteve associada &#224;s interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias e isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e os efeitos foram semelhantes &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o ao CO, mas em maior intensidade. Sunyer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> tamb&#233;m mostraram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SO<sub>2</sub> e interna&#231;&#245;es por DCV em sete cidades europeias; as concentra&#231;&#245;es desse poluente eram entre 5 e 21 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>, e aumentos de 10 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>, nessas concentra&#231;&#245;es, implicavam aumentos significativos entre 0,7% e 1,2% no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es por DCV, mais notadamente por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o. Atkinson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> mostraram o efeito significativo da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SO<sub>2</sub> isoladamente e ajustado por sexo, idade, tabagismo, IMC e comorbidades como diabetes e hipertens&#227;o arterial nas interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM, acidente vascular cerebral, arritmias e fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SO<sub>2</sub> tamb&#233;m foi significativa para interna&#231;&#227;o por DCV segundo presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Nosso estudo mostrou que aumentos da ordem de 2 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup> nas concentra&#231;&#245;es do SO<sub>2</sub>, ajustado por concentra&#231;&#245;es de outros poluentes, implicam aumento significativo no risco para o sexo feminino (RR = 1,10) que contribuiu para o risco significativo quando n&#227;o estratificado por sexo, isto &#233;, para ambos os sexos (RR = 1,06) porque os efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram significativos para o sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>No estudo aqui apresentado, a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao CO, em S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, tamb&#233;m se mostrou significativa para interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM. Tais achados concordam com aqueles encontrados por Gouveia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> quando as concentra&#231;&#245;es foram 3240 ppb atingindo um m&#225;ximo de 12600 ppb, valores muito acima dos observados em S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos que foram 883 ppb de m&#233;dia e m&#225;ximo de 3400 ppb. Os riscos observados em S&#227;o Paulo, segundo um aumento de 1000 ppb nas concentra&#231;&#245;es do CO foram da ordem de RR = 1,016 e a defasagem mais significante foi a m&#233;dia m&#243;vel de 2 dias. Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao CO foi significativa para atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia por DCV com presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de diabetes; essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi mais evidente no mesmo dia da exposi&#231;&#227;o (lag 0) em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em estudo realizado em Chicago, o efeito do CO em hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era dependente da temperatura, com a magnitude do efeito aumentando com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da temperatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Concentra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;xido de carbono registrada no dia da admiss&#227;o exibiu, entre os poluentes, a associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte e mais consistente com as taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, ajustando, simultaneamente, para temperatura, ponto de orvalho e outros poluentes do ar para uma mudan&#231;a de 1000 ppb a 3000 ppb, intervalo interquartil e risco relativo foi RR = 1,065 (IC 95% = 1,028-1,104).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo desenvolvido na China analisou uma amostra de pacientes com IAM em diversos hospitais chineses em 2001, 2006 e 2011 e demonstrou que a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi maior em mulheres do que em homens (17,2% vs 9,1%, p &lt; 0,01; OR 2,07, 95% IC 1,85-2,33). O OR n&#227;o ajustado para a mortalidade em mulheres, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o dos homens, era de 2,20 (95% IC 1,59-3,04), 2,21 (95% IC 1,74 para 2,79), 1,37 (95% IC 1.15 para 1.65) e 1,25 (IC 95% 0,97-1,63) para as idades &lt; 60, 60-69, 70-79 e &#8805; 80 anos, respectivamente. Ap&#243;s o ajuste para as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, as caracter&#237;sticas do hospital e ano de estudo, o OR para a mortalidade, comparando mulheres com homens, foi 1,69 (95% IC 1,01 a 2,83), 1,64 (95% IC 1,24 a 2,19), 1,15 (IC de 95% para 0,90 1,46) e 0,82 (95% IC 0,60-1,11) para as idades &lt;60, 60-69, 70-79 e &#8805; 80 anos, respectivamente. A intera&#231;&#227;o sexo-idade para mortalidade foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,009), mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para uma vasta gama de vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, e n&#227;o variou ao longo do tempo ou em &#225;reas rurais / urbanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre exposi&#231;&#245;es ao SO<sub>2</sub> e CO e interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM coincidem com os achados de Koken et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> associando SO<sub>2</sub> ao aumento de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por arritmias card&#237;acas, e CO significativamente associada a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Al&#233;m disso, encontraram mais interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por DCV em homens que em mulheres.</p>
        <p>Em estudo realizado em S&#227;o Paulo, foram encontrados efeitos maiores sobre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva no grupo masculino e sobre as DCV e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o no grupo feminino, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de estudos adicionais com foco na modifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito da polui&#231;&#227;o do ar com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de por sexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Kan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> mostraram que os efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o a poluentes do ar, SO<sub>2</sub> dentre eles, foram mais evidentes no sexo feminino; risco aumentado de morte por AVC foi encontrado em mulheres idosas seguindo exposi&#231;&#227;o ao PM<sub>10</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, Cakmak et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e polui&#231;&#227;o do ar influenciada por g&#234;nero. Em outro estudo, de acordo com a an&#225;lise estratificada por g&#234;nero, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre poluentes e mortalidade por DCV em mulheres, e entre os homens, apenas a NO<sub>2</sub> foi significativamente associado &#224; mortalidade por DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Zeka et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> identificaram um efeito menor da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao PM<sub>10</sub> na mortalidade por DCV em mulheres com idade acima de 60 anos do que em homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria, sendo que a explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel seria a a&#231;&#227;o hormonal. Nas mulheres, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa (idade acima de 60anos), na exposi&#231;&#227;o ao PM<sub>10</sub>, o risco de mortalidade por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca foi cinco vezes maior que nas mulheres no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-menopausa, ao passo que em homens nessas faixas et&#225;rias, o risco era duas vezes maior no grupo acima de 60 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Um estudo desenvolvido em Xangai, sobre o papel dos poluentes do ar na mortalidade di&#225;ria, mostrou que o efeito da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SO<sub>2</sub> e NO<sub>2</sub> na mortalidade foi ligeiramente maior nas mulheres que nos homens, sendo que a concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de SO<sub>2</sub> era da ordem de 45 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup> e a de NO<sub>2</sub>, 67 &#181;g/m<sup>3</sup>; o poluente mon&#243;xido de carbono n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do neste estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Chen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> encontraram risco de &#243;bito por doen&#231;a coronariana (DC), decorrente da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao PM<sub>10</sub> e PM<sub>2,5</sub>, significativamente maior em mulheres que em homens, tanto na an&#225;lise com um poluente quanto na an&#225;lise multipoluente; exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o esteve associada ao &#243;bito por DC. Um motivo para tal achado seria o fato de a deposi&#231;&#227;o do PM<sub>10</sub> e PM<sub>2,5</sub> ser mais localizada e mais intensa nas mulheres que nos homens; n&#250;mero menor de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos nas mulheres poderia torn&#225;-las mais sens&#237;veis aos efeitos t&#243;xicos dos poluentes do ar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em estudo com mais de 65 mil mulheres no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa, a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao particulado fino esteve associada &#224; incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e tamb&#233;m ao &#243;bito.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo pode ter limita&#231;&#245;es; dentre elas podem ser destacadas as pr&#243;prias de estudos ecol&#243;gicos; n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel apontar a causalidade entre exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho, sen&#227;o apontar associa&#231;&#245;es entre as exposi&#231;&#245;es e os desfechos; n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar se o sujeito que foi internado foi exposto e se o sujeito exposto foi internado; os erros nos diagn&#243;sticos registrados no Datasus, levando a subnotifica&#231;&#245;es e sobrenotifica&#231;&#245;es de casos de infarto. No entanto, o Datasus &#233; uma fonte oficial, confi&#225;vel, muito utilizada em estudos na &#225;rea de efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o a poluentes do ar e adoecimento. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das as interna&#231;&#245;es por planos de sa&#250;de e conv&#234;nios m&#233;dicos. Deve-se salientar que o Datasus n&#227;o contempla informa&#231;&#245;es sobre fatores ou comorbidade associados &#224;s doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o como tabagismo, sobrepeso e obesidade, hipercolestoremia e doen&#231;as pregressas do aparelho circulat&#243;rio. As concentra&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas homog&#234;neas em toda a cidade, e foi assumido que as exposi&#231;&#245;es ocorreram de forma homog&#234;nea e as pessoas tinham livre circula&#231;&#227;o pela cidade.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o obstante essas limita&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de apontar os riscos da exposi&#231;&#227;o a poluentes do ar na g&#234;nese das interna&#231;&#245;es por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em uma cidade de porte m&#233;dio, a robustez do estudo reside no fato de existirem diferen&#231;as nas respostas &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o aos poluentes de acordo com o sexo e de que an&#225;lises envolvendo exposi&#231;&#227;o a poluentes do ar e doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rios estratificadas por sexo devem ser adotadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo revelou, tamb&#233;m, que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto global da polui&#231;&#227;o do ar na sa&#250;de, por meio de estudos de s&#233;ries temporais, &#233; importante para fortalecer, pelo setor sa&#250;de, a implanta&#231;&#227;o da vigil&#226;ncia em sa&#250;de ambiental. Seu resultado mostra a estimativa direta do risco de adoecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o em fun&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es dos poluentes atmosf&#233;ricos. Sugerem-se que medidas preventivas e educativas, utilizando-se dos meios de comunica&#231;&#227;o, coloquem a popula&#231;&#227;o sempre informada sobre as condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais de polui&#231;&#227;o, bem como os melhores locais de pr&#225;ticas de esportes e lazer.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>T&#225;ssia Soldi Tuan agradece &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o do Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) pela bolsa concedida (processo 2014/11656-7).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
