<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yQgzyBSvV34JbThPPZtbK3H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004100189</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160123</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Relationship between GRACE Score and Epicardial Fat Thickness in non-STEMI Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerit</surname>
            <given-names>Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Near East University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Nic&#243;sia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CY">Chipre</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Near East University-Nic&#243;sia-Chipre</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Levent Cerit,</bold> Near East University Hospital, Nicosia - Cyprus. E-mail: <email>drcerit@hotmail.com</email>; <email>drcerit@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>189</fpage>
      <lpage>190</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipose Tissue</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Grace Score</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>To the Editor,</p>
    <p>I have read the article entitled "The Relationship between GRACE Score and Epicardial Fat Thickness in non-STEMI Patients" by Gul et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> with great interest. The investigators reported that the GRACE score (GS) showed a positive correlation with end-systolic Epicardial Fat Thickness (EFT) and end-diastolic EFT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and also statistical evaluations demonstrated a better correlation between the GS and end-diastolic EFT compared to end-systolic EFT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Epicardial adipose tissue has the same origin as visceral adipose tissue. Epicardial adipose tissue is known to have endocrine and metabolic activity functions. Secretion of inflammatory cytokines and release of bioactive molecules via EFT may trigger coronary atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Evaluation of EFT via echocardiography has several advantages, such as lower cost, easily accessibility, and good reproducibility. However, to evaluate EFT by echocardiography is restricted due to insufficient knowledge in this area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In the present study, EFT was measured in the parasternal long axis view at the end-systole and end-diastole in three cardiac cycles. Echocardiographic evaluation of EFT might not be the optimal alternative for quantification of epicardial tissue. The gold standard in evaluating EFT is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the lack of MRI use constitutes a limitation of this study. EFT has a 3-dimensional distribution and two-dimensional echocardiography does not allow viewing all cardiac structures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Although EFT is closely related to coronary artery disease, there are scarce data about the follow-up of EFT in patients with coronary artery disease in the literature.</p>
    <p>Considering this point of view, further studies are needed to assess EFT follow-up in patients with coronary artery disease.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Reply</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reply</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gul</surname>
            <given-names>Ilker</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Dear Editor</p>
      <p>Visceral adipose tissue is known to have endocrine and metabolic activity functions. Epicardial fat tissue is part of the visceral adipose tissue located between the heart and pericardium, particularly in the atrioventricular and interventricular grooves, lateral wall of the right ventricle, and around the coronary arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> The importance of epicardial fat thickness (EFT) has been demonstrated by the growing amount of supportive data in recent years. Increased EFT is associated with hypertension, insulin resistance and inflammatory processes such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> As a result of the studies investigating the relationship between EFT and coronary artery disease (CAD), EFT was associated with severity and burden of CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>EFT can be measured by transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. Evaluation by transthoracic echocardiography has come to the forefront because of many advantages, such as easy availability, low cost, no radiation exposure, rapidness, and reproducibility. EFT measurement by echocardiography was first defined by Iacobellis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> By this method, they determined that EFT measurements are correlated with MRI measurements and confirmed the accuracy of measurements by echocardiography. Further studies began to measure EFT considering this method, which was recommended by Iacobellis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> as the reference. For EFT measurement, the individual is placed in the left lateral decubitus position, and an optimal parasternal long-axis view is tried to be obtained through the left sternal 2-3 intercostal space. Interventricular septum and particularly the aortic root are considered as the reference points for the measurement from the parasternal long-axis view. Taking the aortic root as the reference, measurement is made by putting the right ventricular free wall and the aortic annulus in the midline of ultrasound waves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <sig-block>
        <sig>Ilker Gul</sig>
      </sig-block>
    </body>
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  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s2" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Escore GRACE e Espessura da Gordura Epic&#225;rdica em Pacientes com IMSSST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerit</surname>
            <given-names>Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Near East University-Nic&#243;sia-Chipre</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Levent Cerit,</bold> Near East University Hospital, Nic&#243;sia - Chipre. E-mail: <email>drcerit@hotmail.com</email>; <email>drcerit@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecido Adiposo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Peric&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore Grace</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Ao Editor,</p>
      <p>Li o artigo intitulado "Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Escore GRACE e Espessura da Gordura Epic&#225;rdica em Pacientes com IMSSST" de Gul et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> com grande interesse. Os investigadores relataram que o escore GRACE mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica (EGE) ao final da s&#237;stole e EGE ao final da di&#225;stole,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma melhor correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore GRACE e a EGE ao final da di&#225;stole, em vez da EGE ao final da s&#237;stole.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico tem a mesma origem do tecido adiposo visceral. O tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico &#233; conhecido por ter fun&#231;&#245;es de atividade end&#243;crina e metab&#243;lica. A secre&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e a libera&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas bioativas por meio da EGE pode desencadear a aterosclerose coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da EGE atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia apresenta v&#225;rias vantagens, tais como baixo custo, f&#225;cil acessibilidade e boa reprodutibilidade. No entanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de EGE por ecocardiografia &#233; de utiliza&#231;&#227;o restrita devido ao conhecimento insuficiente nesta &#225;rea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> No presente estudo, a EGE foi medida no corte paraesternal do eixo longo ao final da s&#237;stole e da di&#225;stole, em tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da EGE pode n&#227;o ser uma alternativa ideal para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do tecido epic&#225;rdico. O padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da EGE &#233; a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM); a falta da RM constitui uma das limita&#231;&#245;es desse estudo. A EGE tem uma distribui&#231;&#227;o tridimensional e a ecocardiografia bidimensional n&#227;o pode avaliar de forma adequada todas as estruturas card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Embora a EGE esteja intimamente relacionada com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, h&#225; dados escassos sobre o acompanhamento da EGE em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana na literatura. Desse ponto de vista, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o acompanhamento da EGE em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s3" xml:lang="pt">
      <front-stub>
        <article-categories>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Resposta</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Resposta</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gul</surname>
              <given-names>Ilker</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Caro Editor</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que o tecido adiposo visceral tem fun&#231;&#245;es de atividade end&#243;crina e metab&#243;lica. O tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico &#233; parte do tecido adiposo visceral localizado entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e o peric&#225;rdio, particularmente no sulco atrioventricular e interventricular, parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito, e ao redor das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> A import&#226;ncia da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica (EGE) foi demonstrada por uma crescente quantidade de dados de apoio nos &#250;ltimos anos. O aumento da EGE est&#225; associado com hipertens&#227;o, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e processos inflamat&#243;rios, tais como diabetes mellitus e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Como resultado dos estudos que investigam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre EGE e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), a EGE foi associada com a gravidade e carga da DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A EGE pode ser medida pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, tomografia computadorizada e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM). A avalia&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica tem se destacado por causa de suas muitas vantagens, como a facilidade de acesso, baixo custo, sem exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, rapidez e reprodutibilidade. A medida da EGE por ecocardiografia foi definida pela primeira vez por Iacobellis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Atrav&#233;s desse m&#233;todo, eles determinaram que as medidas da EGE correlacionam-se com as medidas da RM e confirmaram a precis&#227;o das medidas por ecocardiografia.</p>
        <p>Estudos adicionais come&#231;aram a medir a EGE considerando esse m&#233;todo, que foi recomendado por Iacobellis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> como refer&#234;ncia. Para a medi&#231;&#227;o da EGE, o indiv&#237;duo &#233; colocado em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, e tenta-se obter um corte paraesternal de eixo longo ideal atrav&#233;s do espa&#231;o intercostal 2-3 esternal esquerdo. O septo interventricular e, particularmente, a raiz da aorta s&#227;o considerados como os pontos de refer&#234;ncia para a medida a partir do corte paraesternal no eixo longo. Tomando a raiz da aorta como refer&#234;ncia, a medi&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita colocando a parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito e o anel a&#243;rtico na linha m&#233;dia das ondas de ultrassom.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <sig-block>
          <sig>Ilker Gul</sig>
        </sig-block>
      </body>
    </sub-article>
  </sub-article>
</article>
