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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bVKPn89VGLvMTXnhZ3JLRjm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004100184</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160115</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chronic Heart Disease after Treatment of Oral Acute Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei Fornanciari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maduro</surname>
            <given-names>Sim&#227;o Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Valessa Moutinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Amazonas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andrei Fornanciari Antunes,</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes/Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Rua Vila Amazonas, 488, Apto. 303B, Cd Champs Elysees, Adrian&#243;polis. Postal Code 69057240, Manaus, AM - Brazil. E-mail: <email>andrei_antunes@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Antunes AF, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB; Acquisition of data: Antunes AF, Maduro SG, Pereira BVM, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Antunes AF, Maduro SG, Pereira BVM, Barbosa MGV, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB; Obtaining financing: Guerra JAO; Writing of the manuscript: Antunes AF, Ferreira JMBB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Maduro SG, Barbosa MGV, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>184</fpage>
      <lpage>186</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>We describe the recurrence of cardiac abnormalities in a patient treated during the acute phase of Chagas disease after outpatient follow-up of 5 years.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma cruzi</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease, described more than 100 years ago by Carlos Chagas, is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the most neglected tropical diseases worldwide. Prevalent in developing countries, it has a major social and economic impact in many regions of Latin America. The natural course of the disease, initially characterized by an acute phase presenting as non-specific oligosymptomatic febrile illness, followed by a chronic phase with long, latent evolution, may hinder the timely diagnosis to appropriate treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Since the 1990s, the Amazon region has experienced an increased incidence of isolated cases or small outbreaks of acute chagas disease (ACD), with most cases resulting from oral transmission by ingestion of food containing vector remains or their waste infected with <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a previous publication, we described the cardiac involvement in five patients with acute Chagas disease treated with benznidazole.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this report, we describe one of these cases in detail, which, during the long-term follow-up, showed cardiac involvement recurrence after 5 years of treatment, despite negative serological and parasitological tests.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>JANF, a male individual from the rural area of the city of Manaus (state of Amazonas, Brazil), was 15 years old in 2007 when he presented with a clinical picture of ACD related to oral transmission caused by acai juice intake. At the time, he developed palpitations, chest pain and dyspnea on moderate exertion. The electrocardiogram at rest showed frequent ventricular extrasystoles and the echocardiogram showed mild left ventricular dysfunction with ejection fraction of 50%. He was treated for heart failure with captopril, carvedilol and furosemide, as well as for Chagas disease, with benznidazole for 60 days. When the treatment was finished, the patient became asymptomatic and heart tests were normal. He also had negative serology and parasitological tests for Chagas disease. After remaining asymptomatic for five years, the patient once again started to have tachycardia. The electrocardiogram showed isolated ventricular ectopic activity, whereas the echocardiography and cardiac MRI results were normal. The outpatient electrocardiographic recording (Holter) showed frequent monomorphic ventricular ectopic activity, episodes of ventricular bigeminy and frequent episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). Immunological and parasitological tests for Chagas disease (thick film for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> identification, xenodiagnosis and PCR) were negative, ruling out the presence of the acute phase of Chagas disease reactivation. Antiarrhythmic treatment with amiodarone (200 mg/day) was initiated, with symptom improvement and electrocardiographic parameter normalization.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG recording of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia episode on Holter.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0184-60115-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG recording of ventricular bigeminy on Holter.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0184-60115-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>During the acute phase of Chagas disease, most patients have a benign prognosis, and complete symptom remission occurs between 60 and 90 days, regardless of the therapeutic intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The goal of the disease treatment in its acute phase is to eradicate the parasite, fight the signs and symptoms and prevent progression to the chronic form of the disease, which, in turn, results in great morbidity and mortality over the years. There have been reports showing the disease acquired by oral transmission has more a severe clinical course and a higher mortality rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This patient showed good response to benznidazole therapy and, at the end of the treatment, had complete regression of cardiac abnormalities, as well as negative serological and parasitological tests.</p>
      <p>However, after five years, he showed cardiac symptom recurrence with complaints of tachycardia and the ECG disclosed the presence of ventricular arrhythmia. Transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac MRI did not show any morphological and/or functional alterations. The normal imaging test results suggested a probable chagasic etiology, as they did not show any alterations suggestive of other differential diagnoses, such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.</p>
      <p>The main hypotheses for the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias in this patient would be the presence of small areas of interstitial fibrosis/scarring, autonomic dysfunction or microcirculation disorder. These alterations have been observed in patients with Chagas disease and may lead to electric decoupling, preventing adequate stimulus conduction and resulting in potential reentrant circuits, which generate arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The absence of detectable fibrosis in the cardiac MRI does not completely rule out the possibility of small areas of myocardial interstitial fibrosis. A previous study in patients with another type of heart disease showed a sensitivity of only 74% of the MRI to detect focal myocardial fibrosis when compared with histopathology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Additionally, another study showed that in approximately 21% of patients with positive serology for Chagas disease and evidence of ventricular arrhythmias, there is no detectable myocardial fibrosis on the MRI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The autonomic nervous system was evaluated by heart rate variability in the time domain, which is a validated method for this analysis and the results were considered normal in relation to the reference values of the European and American guidelines (SDNN = 161 ms, SDANN = 144 ms, pNN50 = 21% and RMSSD = 44 ms).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, autonomic function has a complex mechanism and several methods can be used in its study and there is no gold standard test for its assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The exercise test using amiodarone showed chronotropic deficit and no induction of significant ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>Reports in the literature of patients treated in the acute phase of Chagas disease with long-term follow-up showed persistent ECG and/or echocardiographic alterations in spite of treatment. It is not known whether these alterations correspond to the chronic phase of Chagas disease or to an acute involvement sequel in a parasite-free patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present case is noteworthy, as it refers to a patient treated in the acute phase of Chagas disease with cardiac involvement, with normalization of symptoms and heart tests and who, at the end of a 5-year follow-up, experienced recurrence of cardiac ventricular arrhythmia, in the absence of disease-reactivation criteria, but showing evolution to the arrhythmogenic chronic form of the disease. This abnormality can result in significant morbidity and mortality, with high risk of sudden cardiac death and long-term severe ventricular dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The evolution to the chronic form of Chagas' disease is an undesirable event. In order to prevent this outcome, the adequate treatment of the disease during its acute phase is essential. The long-term follow-up is also necessary, considering the physiopathological complexity of this disease, making it difficult to establish accurate criteria for the cure, in spite of the normalization of all currently available laboratory tests.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPEAM</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopatia Cr&#244;nica ap&#243;s Tratamento de Doen&#231;a de Chagas Aguda Oral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei Fornanciari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maduro</surname>
            <given-names>Sim&#227;o Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Valessa Moutinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrei Fornanciari Antunes,</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes/Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Rua Vila Amazonas, 488, Apto. 303B, Cd Champs Elysees, Adrian&#243;polis. CEP 69057240, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>andrei_antunes@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Antunes AF, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Antunes AF, Maduro SG, Pereira BVM, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Antunes AF, Maduro SG, Pereira BVM, Barbosa MGV, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Antunes AF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Maduro SG, Barbosa MGV, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Descreve-se a recorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em paciente tratado na fase aguda de doen&#231;a de Chagas, ap&#243;s seguimento ambulatorial de 5 anos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma cruzi</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas, descrita h&#225; mais de 100 anos por Carlos Chagas, &#233; considerada pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) uma das doen&#231;as tropicais mais negligenciadas no mundo. Prevalente nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, representa grande impacto social e econ&#244;mico em muitas regi&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina. O comportamento natural da doen&#231;a, caracterizada, inicialmente, por uma fase aguda, que se apresenta como s&#237;ndrome febril inespec&#237;fica, oligossintom&#225;tica, seguida por uma fase cr&#244;nica, de evolu&#231;&#227;o longa, latente, pode dificultar o diagn&#243;stico em tempo h&#225;bil ao tratamento adequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Desde a d&#233;cada de 1990, a regi&#227;o amaz&#244;nica tem registrado aumento na incid&#234;ncia de casos isolados ou em pequenos surtos de doen&#231;a de chagas aguda (DCA), sendo, em sua maioria, resultantes de transmiss&#227;o oral por ingest&#227;o de alimentos contendo restos do vetor ou seus dejetos contaminados com o <italic>Tripanossoma cruzi</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, descrevemos o acometimento card&#237;aco em cinco pacientes com a forma aguda da doen&#231;a de Chagas tratados com benzonidazol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste relato, expomos um destes casos, no qual, durante seguimento a longo prazo, observou-se recorr&#234;ncia do acometimento card&#237;aco ap&#243;s 5 anos de tratamento, a despeito das provas sorol&#243;gicas e dos exames parasitol&#243;gicos se tornarem negativos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>JANF, sexo masculino, procedente da &#225;rea rural de Manaus (AM), 15 anos de idade em 2007, quando apresentou quadro de DCA relacionado &#224; transmiss&#227;o oral por ingesta de suco de a&#231;a&#237;. Na &#233;poca, evoluiu com palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor tor&#225;cica e dispneia aos m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os. O eletrocardiograma em repouso apresentava extrassistolia ventricular frequente e o ecocardiograma, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de grau discreto com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 50%. Foi tratado para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com captopril, carvedilol e furosemida e, para doen&#231;a de Chagas, com benzonidazol por 60 dias. Finalizado o tratamento, o paciente se tornou assintom&#225;tico e os exames cardiol&#243;gicos foram normais. Houve, ainda, negativa&#231;&#227;o da sorologia e de exames parasitol&#243;gicos para doen&#231;a de Chagas. Ap&#243;s 5 anos assintom&#225;tico, o paciente iniciou quadro de palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas. O eletrocardiograma apresentava ectopia ventricular isolada, e o ecocardiograma e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foram normais. No registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico ambulatorial (Holter), apresentou ectopia ventricular monom&#243;rfica frequente, epis&#243;dios de bigeminismo ventricular e epis&#243;dios frequentes de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>). Os exames imunol&#243;gicos e parasitol&#243;gicos para doen&#231;a de Chagas (gota espessa com pesquisa de <italic>T. cruzi,</italic> xenodiagn&#243;stico e PC R) foram negativos, descartando a presen&#231;a de reativa&#231;&#227;o da fase aguda da doen&#231;a de Chagas. Foi institu&#237;do tratamento antiarr&#237;tmico com amiodarona (200 mg/dia), com melhora dos sintomas e normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada no Holter.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0184-60115-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de bigeminismo ventricular no Holter.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0184-60115-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Durante a fase aguda da doen&#231;a de Chagas, a maioria dos pacientes tem um progn&#243;stico benigno, e a remiss&#227;o completa dos sintomas ocorre entre 60 e 90 dias, independente de interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O objetivo do tratamento da doen&#231;a na sua fase aguda &#233; erradicar o parasita, combater os sinais e sintomas, e prevenir a evolu&#231;&#227;o para forma cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a que, por sua vez, enseja grande morbimortalidade ao longo dos anos. H&#225; relatos de que a forma adquirida por transmiss&#227;o oral apresenta curso cl&#237;nico mais severo e elevada taxa de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O paciente em quest&#227;o apresentou boa resposta a terapia com benzonidazol, sendo que, ao final do tratamento, observou-se regress&#227;o completa das anormalidades card&#237;acas, bem como negativa&#231;&#227;o sorol&#243;gica e parasitol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>Todavia, passados 5 anos, houve recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas card&#237;acos com queixas de palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas, que revelaram, na investiga&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular. Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca n&#227;o evidenciaram quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e/ou funcionais. Os exames de imagem normais sugeriram a prov&#225;vel etiologia chag&#225;sica, por n&#227;o demonstrarem altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de outros diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais como, por exemplo, a displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
        <p>As principais hip&#243;teses para a g&#234;nese das arritmias ventriculares deste paciente seriam a presen&#231;a de pequenas &#225;reas de fibrose intersticial cicatricial, a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica ou o dist&#250;rbio da microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o observadas em pacientes acometidos pela doen&#231;a de Chagas, podendo levar a desacoplamento el&#233;trico, impedindo a adequada condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo e resultando em potencias circuitos reentrantes, geradores das arritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A aus&#234;ncia de fibrose detect&#225;vel na resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o afasta completamente a possibilidade de pequenas &#225;reas de fibrose intersticial mioc&#225;rdica. Estudo pr&#233;vio em pacientes com outro tipo de cardiopatia demonstrou sensibilidade de apenas 74% da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica para detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica focal quando comparada com estudo histopatol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Al&#233;m disso, outro estudo demonstrou que, em cerca de 21% dos pacientes com sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas e evid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares, n&#227;o h&#225; fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detect&#225;vel pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo foi avaliado pela variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no dom&#237;nio do tempo, que &#233; um m&#233;todo validado para essa an&#225;lise, sendo os resultados obtidos considerados normais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de refer&#234;ncia das diretrizes europeia e americana (SDNN = 161 ms, SDANN = 144 ms, pNN50 = 21% e RMSSD = 44 ms ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Por&#233;m, a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica possui um mecanismo complexo e v&#225;rios m&#233;todos podem ser utilizados para seu estudo, n&#227;o existindo um exame padr&#227;o-ouro para a avalia&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O teste ergom&#233;trico em uso de amiodarona apresentou d&#233;fice cronotr&#243;pico e aus&#234;ncia de indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares significativas.</p>
        <p>Relatos na literatura de pacientes tratados na fase aguda da doen&#231;a de Chagas seguidos a longo prazo t&#234;m evidenciado altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e/ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficas persistentes a despeito do tratamento. N&#227;o se sabe se essas altera&#231;&#245;es correspondem a fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas ou &#224; sequela do acometimento agudo em paciente livre do parasita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente caso chama aten&#231;&#227;o por se referir a um paciente tratado na fase aguda de doen&#231;a de Chagas com acometimento card&#237;aco, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e exames cardiol&#243;gicos, que, ao final do seguimento de 5 anos, experimentou recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia ventricular card&#237;aca, sem crit&#233;rios que relacionem &#224; reativa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, mas indicando evolu&#231;&#227;o para forma cr&#244;nica arritmog&#234;nica. Essa anormalidade pode acarretar importante morbimortalidade, com elevado risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave a longo prazo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o para forma cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; um evento indesej&#225;vel. Para evitar esse desfecho, o tratamento adequado da doen&#231;a em sua fase aguda &#233; fundamental. O seguimento a longo prazo tamb&#233;m se faz necess&#225;rio, tendo em vista a complexidade fisiopatol&#243;gica dessa afec&#231;&#227;o, o que dificulta estabelecer crit&#233;rios de cura precisos, mesmo diante da normaliza&#231;&#227;o de todas provas laboratoriais dispon&#237;veis nos dias atuais.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por FAPEAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
