<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Y43y97FQJq9LKrNFfCRCwKx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004100176</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160125</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 4 - A 67 Year-Old Man with Aortic Regurgitation Who Presented Syncope Followed by Shock</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>176</fpage>
      <lpage>183</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock, Cardiogenic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>RFA, male, 67 years old, admitted for decreased level of consciousness and respiratory insufficiency (May 13<sup>th</sup> 2011).</p>
    <p>Patient under follow-up at InCor for a double aortic lesion since 2003. The patient had progressed asymptomatic in regards to dyspnea and chest pains. Many years ago, the patient underwent surgery for peptic ulcer.</p>
    <p>He had presented with at least three episodes of hemiparesis with complete regression during follow up and, cognitive deficit, preventing him from correctly following medical prescriptions, occurred as a sequela. Atrial fibrillation was found during outpatient care. There was no use of oral anticoagulant due to the reported cognitive deficit.</p>
    <p>During follow-up, the patient underwent several echocardiographic evaluations that showed dilatation and mild dysfunction of the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Weight, height and evolutionary echocardiographic data</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2003</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2009</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2010</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>May 2011</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>May 2011</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aorta (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LA (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RV (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Septum (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Posterior wall (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV (diast/syst) (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">70/56</td>
              <td align="center">65/50</td>
              <td align="center">68/41</td>
              <td align="center">50/-</td>
              <td align="center">62/52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Degree of aortic insufficiency</td>
              <td align="center">Severe</td>
              <td align="center">Severe</td>
              <td align="center">Severe</td>
              <td align="center">Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">Severe</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gradient LV- Ao (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ao sinuses (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>- Sinotubular junction (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>- Ascending (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>- Arc (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systolic pressure of the PT (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mitral Valve</td>
              <td align="center">Insuf</td>
              <td align="center">Insuf+</td>
              <td align="center">Insuf +</td>
              <td align="center">Insuf +</td>
              <td align="center">Insuf +</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV kinesis</td>
              <td align="center">Hypo</td>
              <td align="center">Diffuse hypo</td>
              <td align="center">Diffuse hypo +</td>
              <td align="center">Inferior and inferolateral and anterolateral akinesia</td>
              <td align="center">Inferior and inferolateral and anterolateral akinesia</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; EF: ejection fraction; Ao: aorta; PT: pulmonary trunk; diast/syst: diastolic/systolic diameterratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>In November of 2010, during outpatient care, the patient complained of adynamia, weakness and weight loss in the previous six months and, about one month before the appointment, he had presented gastrointestinal bleeding, for which he needed a blood transfusion. On that occasion, his red blood cell count was 6 g/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The patient was on acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg, enalapril 40 mg, digoxin 0.25 mg, furosemide 40 mg, potassium chloride 600 mg, ferrous sulfate 2x/day and amitriptyline 25 mg daily.</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laboratory exams</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2006</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2009</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2010</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>May 13<sup>th</sup> 2011</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>May 15<sup>th</sup> 2011</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>May 16<sup>th</sup> 2011</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Erythrocytes: million/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">12.9</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
              <td align="center">11.5</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Leukocytes /mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">7900</td>
              <td align="center">4400</td>
              <td align="center">3200</td>
              <td align="center">7460<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">10280<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">12890<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Platelets /mrr<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">252000</td>
              <td align="center">206000</td>
              <td align="center">284000</td>
              <td align="center">77000</td>
              <td align="center">105000</td>
              <td align="center">94000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">137</td>
              <td align="center">152</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">162</td>
              <td align="center">188</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL- C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">102</td>
              <td align="center">123</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">133</td>
              <td align="center">146</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">92</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TSH (&#181;UI/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.848</td>
              <td align="center">0.952</td>
              <td align="center">0.562</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Free T4 (ng/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinine (mg/dL) FG (ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.37 (55)</td>
              <td align="center">1.26 (&gt; 60)</td>
              <td align="center">4.74 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">3.4 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">6.41 (9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">247</td>
              <td align="center">147</td>
              <td align="center">218</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.09</td>
              <td align="center">272</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">312</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Urine I</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Density</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.019</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Proteins (g/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Leukocytes (/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">104000</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RBC (/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">16000</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CK MB (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">32.8</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Troponine I (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 100</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 100</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PT (INR)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.40</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>APTT (rat.)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.24</td>
              <td align="center">1.32</td>
              <td align="center">Incoagulable</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Venous blood gas</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pH</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7.29</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">48.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">47.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pO<sub>2</sub> (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">48.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">46.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>O<sub>2</sub> saturation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">72.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">83.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bicarbonate (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">22.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">14.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Base excess (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">(-) 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">(-) 14.2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>25% band; 63% segmented; 8% lymphocytes e 4% monocytes.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>16% band; 81% segmented; 2% lymphocytes e 1% monocytes.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>91% neutrophils; 6% lymphocytes e 3% monocytes.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; GF: glomerular filtration; CRP: C-reactive protein; CK MB: isoenzyme of creatine kinase; PT: pulmonary trunk; APTT: Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>ECG showed atrial fibrillation rhythm, left bundle branch block, and left ventricular overload.</p>
    <p>Echocardiogram showed left ventricle dilatation and hypertrophy and severe aortic insufficiency (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Upper digestive endoscopy revealed gastritis and anastomotic mouth ulcer from a Billroth II reconstruction gastrectomy surgery.</p>
    <p>Chest X-Ray (Sep. 2010) showed free diaphragmatic domes and sinuses, lung parenchyma with normal transparency. Normal pulmonary vascularization, hilar configuration, topography and dimensions. The aorta was elongated with wall calcification and presence of cardiomegaly with normal mean arch.</p>
    <p>The patient remained on follow-up and a new upper digestive endoscopy was prescribed. The endoscopy was done on March of 2011 and showed partial Billroth II reconstruction gastrectomy and enanthematic gastritis of the stump. Biopsy showed moderate chronic active gastritis with regenerative foveolar hyperplasia, lymphoid aggregates, and complete intestinal metaplasia in the pyloric mucosa. <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> culture was negative.</p>
    <p>In May of 2011, the patient was brought to the Emergency Room of the Hospital with syncopal episode followed by a decrease of consciousness level and dyspnea six days prior to admission.</p>
    <p>Physical examination (at 20 h and 45 m on May 12<sup>th</sup> 2011) revealed decreased level of consciousness, dehydration, uremic breath, and axillary temperature of 37.8&#176;C. Heart rate was 121 bpm, blood pressure 135 x 66 mmHg. The patient required orotracheal intubation for respiratory support, and 500 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride was administered.</p>
    <p>ECG (May 13<sup>th</sup> 2011) showed atrial fibrillation rhythm with mean heart rate of 124 bpm, QRS duration of 108 ms, corrected QT duration of 437 ms, &#194;QRS (-)60&#176;, left bundle branch block, left ventricle overload, ventricular repolarization alterations with ST depression and inverted T waves in V<sub>4</sub> to V<sub>6</sub>. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG. Atrial fibrillation rhythm, left bundle branch block.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Chest X-Ray (May 12<sup>th</sup> 2013) showed cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-Ray. Cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Labs (May 13<sup>th</sup> 2011) revealed white blood cell count with a left shift, without leukocytosis; thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency with uremia, mixed acidosis, and elevated myocardial injury markers, troponin I and CK-MB (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Echocardiogram (May 13<sup>th</sup> 2011) showed left ventricle with eccentric hypertrophy and decreased systolic function due to akinesia in the basal segments of the inferior and inferolateral walls and in the basal and mean segments of the anterolateral wall, as well as moderate aortic insufficiency (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Head CT (May 13<sup>th</sup> 2011) revealed attenuation of nonspecific periventricular white matter; right occipital hypoattenuating area, with right lateral ventricle dilatation, hypoattenuating areas in semi-oval center bilaterally.</p>
    <p>Blood cultures collected on May 13<sup>th</sup> 2011 were positive for methicillin sensitive <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> and coagulase-negative <italic>Staphylococcus (Staphylococcus lugdunensis).</italic> Urine culture was positive for <italic>Proteus mirabilis</italic> and in the tracheal secretion there was growth of one million colonies of <italic>Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> and <italic>Staphylococcus aureus.</italic> Initially, ceftraixona, clarithromycin and oxacillin were administered, and were later substituted for imipenem, vancomycin and an association of piperacillin and tazobactam.</p>
    <p>After the first day of hospital admission, the patient progressed with hypotension and required the use of noradrenaline. He underwent dialysis for four hours on May 14<sup>th</sup> 2011, presenting with hypotension in the last hour.</p>
    <p>The patient presented an episode of hypoglycemia (22 mg/dL) and hypotension, which was reverted with intravenous glucose. Another complication was a right pneumothorax, which was drained (May 16<sup>th</sup>).</p>
    <p>The patient maintained a decreased level of consciousness, even with no sedation, persistent fever and hemodynamic worsening, impeding hemodialysis on May 15<sup>th</sup>.</p>
    <p>Lab exams revealed worsening of kidney function and acidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Transesophageal echocardiogram (May 15<sup>th</sup>) was not indicative of infective endocarditis.</p>
    <p>A new chest X-Ray (May 15<sup>th</sup>) showed condensation of apical segments of the lower lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). X-Ray of the abdomen revealed urinary retention.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-Ray. Cardiomegaly and pulmonary condensation in the right inferior lobe.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Blood cultures collected on May 16<sup>th</sup> 2011 were negative.</p>
    <p>Presented asystolic cardiorespiratory arrest and died (May 16th 2011).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>Patient with aortic insufficiency diagnosed at 57 years of age, presenting with several transient ischemic attacks simultaneous to atrial fibrillation. Presented with upper digestive bleeding and, finally, syncope followed by decreased consciousness and complex mixed shock with acute renal failure.</p>
      <p>The patient showed normal aortic insufficiency clinical evolution, that is, progressive dilatation of the left ventricle with few cardiovascular symptoms. Generally, aortic insufficiency progression is slow and the left ventricle has time to dilate and handle high regurgitating volumes with normal filling pressure. This good compliance maintenance and low end-diastolic pressure has little repercussion on the left atrium and on the pulmonary venocapillary territory, thus there is no increase in liquid content in the lungs and dyspnea appears as a late symptom.</p>
      <p>With the advancement and progression of myocardial fibrosis and other myocardial mechanic alterations, ventricular dysfunction occurs and symptoms as dyspnea, heart failure and, more rarely, angina, appear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Due to a lack of symptoms, the best moment for the recommendation of surgery is widely discussed. In a series of 246 patients at Mayo Clinic, followed for 10 years, there was an occurrence of cardiovascular events in 83%, surgical repair in 62%, heart failure in 47%, and vascular complications in 15%. The functional class of heart failure greatly influenced 10-year survival of patients - 75% for those in Class I NYHA, 59% for those in Class II, and 28% for those in Classes III and IV. Among echocardiographic indices, end-systolic volume corrected for body surface was a good prognosis indicator: 81% survival for patients with systolic volume under 25 L/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, and 34% for those with systolic volume of 25 L/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> or more. Ejection fraction was also a mortality indicator: for those with an ejection fraction under 50%, there was 74% mortality; and for patients with an ejection fraction over 50%, there was 35% mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another widely used index is the left ventricle systolic diameter with cut-off value of 55 mm, because, when it is higher, even with valve replacement surgery, survival is approximately 30% in five years. However, when the cut-off value is under 55 mm, survival is around 90%. The use of these indices determines a symptom-independent prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The most likely prognosis of the valve disease does not seem to be rheumatic disease, because the diagnosis was very late and there was no previous history of rheumatic fever. It also does not seem to be related to Marfan's syndrome because of the patient's age and lack of involvement of the aorta and the mitral valve, with no valve prolapse in the latter.</p>
      <p>The appearance of atrial fibrillation may contribute to the decompensation of heart failure, because atrial contraction may be responsible for up to 30% of the systolic volume in senior patients, patients with myocardial hypertrophy, or ventricular dysfunction, all of whom present with reduced ventricular compliance and decreased protodiastolic filling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ejection fraction and tolerance to effort greatly decrease with the appearance of atrial fibrillation, even in patients without valvulopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In regards to syncope followed by low cardiac output presented by the patient, they may be secondary to some events that notoriously decompensate individuals with cardiac dysfunction, such as pulmonary thromboembolism, bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias, or even acute ischemic syndrome with malignant arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of syncope in aortic valve disease is more common in aortic stenosis, which, along with angina and dyspnea, combine the classic symptoms of this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In aortic stenosis, it occurs more frequently during effort; however, it can occur at rest if there is intermittent total atrioventricular block. Nevertheless, syncope is not a common symptom of aortic insufficiency, except for acute aortic insufficiency secondary to ascending aortic dissection, which does not appear to have occurred in this current case.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Massive pulmonary thromboembolism may present with syncope and shock. However, echocardiograms did not show right ventricular dysfunction or dilatation as would be expected in this case.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Acute coronary condition was favored by the appearance of inferior, inferolateral and anterolateral wall akinesia in the echocardiograms during the last hospital admission and by the significant increase of troponin, even though there was no major increase of CK-MB or Q waves in the electrocardiogram.</p>
      <p>Duke criteria for diagnosing infectious endocarditis are divided into bigger criteria (blood culture with typical germ and echocardiographic findings of vegetation or perivalvular abscess) and six smaller criteria (predisposition, fever, vascular phenomena, indicative echocardiogram, and suggestive microbiological findings).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Endocarditis cannot be ruled out because the patient, who had valvulopathy, presented with fever, worsened hemodynamics and growth of Gram positive cocci in the blood culture. However, no worsening of aortic regurgitation degree was detected and there was no presence of vegetations on heart valves in the transesophageal echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>Mansur et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> showed that the best predictors of hospital death in cases of endocarditis were previous cardiac state, causative microorganism, complication occurrence, and white blood cell count.</p>
      <p>Pneumonic condition was probably of bacterium-origin and may have aggravated the patient's condition. (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Differential diagnoses:</bold> Aortic insufficiency of undetermined etiology, ischemic heart disease with acute myocardial infarction and sepsis of pulmonary origin. (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 684 g. The left ventricle showed severe hypertrophy with mild dilation of the cavity, focal area of fibrous myocardial replacement of the posterior wall (infarction scar) and recent transmural infarction of the posterolateral wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The atrial septum was intact and the foramen ovale was closed. Histologic exam confirmed acute infarction with histological dating compatible to 2-5 days of evolution. Coronary arteries presented complex atherosclerosis, with areas of calcification; there was 80% obstruction of the distal segment of the right coronary, and 60% of the initial segment of the anterior interventricular artery. Circumflex and left marginal arteries presented occlusive recent thrombosis, as well as atherosclerotic plaque (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Aortic valve was trivulvular, with collapsed semilunars, showing fibrous retraction of the free rim and calcification points. There were no thrombi, vegetations or infectious endocarditis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). In the lungs, we detected recent, bilateral, thromboemboli, with areas of recent hemorrhagic infarction in the superior and right-inferior lobes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>). There was bronchopneumonia in the inferior lobe of the right lung, along with fibrinopurulent pleuritis, with presence of Gram positive cocci colonies and food debris in alveolar spaces, characterizing aspiration etiology (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cross section of the left ventricle showing area of healed infarction, with fibrous replacement of the myocardium on the posterior wall (asterisk) and recent transmural infarction on the posterolateral wall (double asterisk).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of the initial segment of the left marginal artery showing calcified atherosclerotic fibrous plaque (asterisk) and recent luminal thrombosis (double asterisk). Hematoxylin-eosin, X 15.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Trivalve aortic valve with collapsed semilunar, showing retraction and thickening of the free edge (arrow). Note the milky focal thickening of the endocardium of the left ventricular outflow tract (asterisk), secondary to regurgitant jet of aortic insufficiency.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic detail of the right lung inferior lobe showing arterial occlusion by thromboembolus (arrow) and area of recent hemorrhagic infarction (asterisk).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of the lung showing bronchopneumonia with presence of remnants of vegetable cells (arrows), characterizing etiology of aspiration. Hematoxylin-eosin, X 50.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The encephalon presented old infarction area, healed and cavitated, in the right occipital pole. There was partial gastrectomy, with Billroth II reconstruction, with no abnormalities. We found horseshoe kidney and the aorta presented complex atherosclerosis, with calcified fibrofatty plaques. (<bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnosis -</bold> Atherosclerotic ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction; degenerative aortic valve disease, with functional insufficiency; thromboembolism and recent pulmonary infarction; aspiration bronchopneumonia; previous partial gastrectomy; horseshoe kidney. (<bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>Case of 67 year-old man, on follow up for many years at InCor for aortic valve disease with insufficiency. Presented with a history of partial gastrectomy and previous strokes, with cognitive deficit. In the period of outpatient monitoring, the patient presented episodes of digestive bleeding, adynamia, progressive weakness and weight loss. Digestive biopsy revealed chronic gastritis with no evidence of neoplasia. After admission to the ER with a history of syncope followed by decreased level of consciousness and dyspnea, the patient remained in the hospital for three days, having died at the end of the period. During his hospital stay, acute myocardial infarction and probable infection with non-defined focus were diagnosed.</p>
      <p>Necropsy confirmed the presence of acute myocardial infarction on the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle. The infarction was based on the recent thrombotic occlusion of the circumflex and left marginal coronary arteries, previously affected by atherosclerotic disease - main cause of ischemic heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The patient also had bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism with presence of recent hemorrhagic infarction areas in the right lung. Interestingly, the simultaneous occurrence of acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary thromboembolism is unusual, leading to diagnostic difficulties since both conditions present with similar signs and symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Necropsy confirmed the presence of chronic aortic valve disease with insufficiency, of degenerative etiology. There was no infectious endocarditis, consistently with the clinical diagnosis. On the other hand, we confirmed the presence of infectious disease, also clinically suspected, established in the right lung as aspiration bronchopneumonia. Such infection, probably pre-existent, was related to the previous history of syncope and decreased level of consciousness, because the patient already presented infectious evidence at admission. There was no neoplastic lesion in the gastrectomy stump and horseshoe kidney was found during necropsy. Death was caused by mixed hemodynamic cardiogenic infectious shock. (<bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>), Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4 - Homem de 67 Anos Portador de Insufici&#234;ncia A&#243;rtica que Apresentou S&#237;ncope e Choque</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>RFA, masculino, 67 anos, foi internado por rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (13 maio 2011).</p>
      <p>Paciente em seguimento no InCor por dupla les&#227;o a&#243;rtica desde 2003. Evoluiu assintom&#225;tico quanto &#224; dispneia e dor precordial. Foi submetido, h&#225; muitos anos, &#224; cirurgia para tratamento de &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica.</p>
      <p>Apresentou pelo menos tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios de hemiparesias com regress&#227;o total durante o seguimento e, como sequela, ficou com d&#233;ficit cognitivo que o impedia de seguir corretamente a prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Houve constata&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em atendimento ambulatorial. Permaneceu sem uso de anticoagulante oral devido ao d&#233;ficit cognitivo relatado.</p>
      <p>Durante o seguimento, realizou v&#225;rias avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que revelaram dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o discreta de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Peso, altura e dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos evolutivos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2003</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2009</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mai 2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mai 2011</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aorta (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Septo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parede posterior (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VE (diast/sist) (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">70/56</td>
                <td align="center">65/50</td>
                <td align="center">68/41</td>
                <td align="center">50/-</td>
                <td align="center">62/52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grau de insufici&#234;ncia Ao</td>
                <td align="center">Acentuada</td>
                <td align="center">Acentuada</td>
                <td align="center">Acentuada</td>
                <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">Acentuada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gradiente VE- Ao (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ao seios (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Jun&#231;&#227;o sinutubular (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Ascendente (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Arco (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica TP (mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valva mitral</td>
                <td align="center">Insuf</td>
                <td align="center">Insuf+</td>
                <td align="center">Insuf +</td>
                <td align="center">Insuf +</td>
                <td align="center">Insuf +</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cinesia do VE</td>
                <td align="center">Hipo</td>
                <td align="center">Hipo difusa</td>
                <td align="center">Hipodifusa +</td>
                <td align="center">Acinesia inferior e inferolateral e anterolateral</td>
                <td align="center">Acinesia inferior e inferolateral e anterolateral</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; Ao: aorta; TP: tronco pulmonar; diast/sist.: rela&#231;&#227;o di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico/sist&#243;lico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em novembro de 2010, durante consulta ambulatorial, queixou-se de adinamia, fraqueza e perda de peso nos seis meses precedentes e, h&#225; cerca de um m&#234;s antes dessa consulta, havia apresentado hemorragia digestiva, para a qual houve necessidade de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. A hemoglobina na ocasi&#227;o era de 6 g/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Fazia uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg, enalapril 40 mg, digoxina 0,25 mg, furosemida 40 mg, cloreto de pot&#225;ssio 600 mg, sulfato ferroso 2x/dia e amitriptilina 25 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2006</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2009</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>13 mai 2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>15 mai 2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>16 mai 2011</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Eritr&#243;citos: milh&#245;es/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7900</td>
                <td align="center">4400</td>
                <td align="center">3200</td>
                <td align="center">7460<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">10280<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">12890<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas /mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">252000</td>
                <td align="center">206000</td>
                <td align="center">284000</td>
                <td align="center">77000</td>
                <td align="center">105000</td>
                <td align="center">94000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">137</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">162</td>
                <td align="center">188</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL- C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">133</td>
                <td align="center">146</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSH (&#181;UI/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,848</td>
                <td align="center">0,952</td>
                <td align="center">0,562</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T4 livre (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL) FG (ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 (&gt; 60)</td>
                <td align="center">4,74 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">6,41 (9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">247</td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
                <td align="center">218</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,09</td>
                <td align="center">272</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">312</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Urina I</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Densidade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,019</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;nas (g/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos (/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">104000</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hem&#225;cias (/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16000</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CK MB (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">32,8</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina I (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 100</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 100</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TP (INR)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,40</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTPA (rel.)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">Incoagulable</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gasometria venosa</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pH</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7,29</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">48,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">47,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pO<sub>2</sub> (mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">48,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">46,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Satura&#231;&#227;o O<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">72,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">83,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bicarbonato (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">22,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">14,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Excesso de base (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(-) 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">(-) 14,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>25% band; 63% segmented; 8% lymphocytes e 4% monocytes,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>16% band; 81% segmented; 2% lymphocytes e 1% monocytes,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>91% neutrophils; 6% lymphocytes e 3% monocytes,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p> TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; GF: glomerular filtration; CRP: C-reactive protein; CK MB: isoenzyme of creatine kinase; PT: pulmonary trunk; APTT: Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time,</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O ECG revelou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio da divis&#227;o &#226;ntero-septal do ramo esquerdo e sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o e hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica acentuada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>A endoscopia digestiva alta revelou gastrite e &#250;lcera de boca anastom&#243;tica de cirurgia de gastrectomia com reconstru&#231;&#227;o &#224; Billroth II.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (set 2010) revelou seios e c&#250;pulas diafragm&#225;ticas livres, par&#234;nquima pulmonar de transpar&#234;ncia normal; a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi normal, os hilos de configura&#231;&#227;o, topografia e dimens&#245;es normais. Aorta era alongada com calcifica&#231;&#245;es parietais e havia cardiomegalia com arco m&#233;dio normal.</p>
      <p>O paciente continuou em seguimento ambulatorial e nova endoscopia digestiva alta foi prescrita. Realizada em mar&#231;o 2011, revelou gastrectomia parcial com reconstru&#231;&#227;o &#224; Billroth II e gastrite enantem&#225;tica do coto. A bi&#243;psia apontou gastrite cr&#244;nica ativa moderada com hiperplasia foveolar regenerativa, agregados linfoides e metaplasia intestinal completa em mucosa com padr&#227;o pil&#243;rico; a pesquisa de <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> foi negativa.</p>
      <p>Em 12 maio 2011, foi trazido ao Pronto Socorro do Hospital com epis&#243;dio sincopal seguido de rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia e dispneia ocorridos 6 dias antes da interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (20 h e 45 min de 12 mai 2011) revelou paciente com rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia, desidratado, h&#225;lito ur&#234;mico e temperatura axilar 37,8&#176;C; a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era 121 bpm, a press&#227;o arterial 135 x 66 mm Hg. O paciente necessitou de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio e foram administrados 500 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o 0,9% de cloreto de s&#243;dio.</p>
      <p>O ECG (13 mai 2011) revelou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 124 bpm, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS 108 ms, dura&#231;&#227;o de QT corrigido 437 ms, &#194;QRS (-)60&#176; bloqueio divisional anterossuperior do ramo esquerdo, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular com infradesnivelamento de ST e ondas T invertidas em V<sub>4</sub> a V<sub>6</sub>. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG. Ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio da divis&#227;o anterossuperior do ramo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (12 mai 2013) revelou cardiomegalia e congest&#227;o pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax. Cardiomegalia e congest&#227;o pulmonar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (13 mai 2011) revelaram leucograma com desvio &#224; esquerda, sem leucocitose; plaquetopenia, insufici&#234;ncia renal com uremia, acidose mista e eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, troponina I e CK-MB (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (13 mai 2011) revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica diminu&#237;da &#224; custa de acinesia nos segmentos basais das paredes inferior e inferolateral e nos segmentos basal e m&#233;dio da parede anterolateral, al&#233;m de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>A tomografia de cr&#226;nio (13 mai 2013) revelou atenua&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncia branca periventricular inespec&#237;fica; &#225;rea hipoatenuante occipital direita, com dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo lateral direito, &#225;reas hipoatenuantes em centro semioval bilateralmente.</p>
      <p>As hemoculturas colhidas em 13 mai 2011 foram positivas para <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> meticilina sens&#237;vel e <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> coagulase-negativo <italic>(Staphylococcus lugdunensis),</italic> a urocultura foi positiva para <italic>Proteus mirabilis</italic> e na secre&#231;&#227;o traqueal houve crescimento de um milh&#227;o de col&#244;nias de <italic>Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> e <italic>Staphylococcus aureus.</italic> Foram administrados, incialmente, ceftraixona, claritomicina e oxacilina, substitu&#237;dos, depois, por imipenem, vancomicina e associa&#231;&#227;o de piperacilina e tazobactam.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o 1&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o evoluiu com hipotens&#227;o e necessidade de uso de noradrenalina. Foi submetido &#224; hemodi&#225;lise por 4 h no dia 14 mai 2011, tendo, na &#250;ltima hora, apresentado hipotens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Apresentou epis&#243;dio de hipoglicemia (22 mg/dL) e hipotens&#227;o, revertida com administra&#231;&#227;o de glicose intravenosa. Outra complica&#231;&#227;o foi pneumot&#243;rax direito, drenado (16 mai).</p>
      <p>O paciente sempre manteve rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia, mesmo sem seda&#231;&#227;o, febre persistente e piora hemodin&#226;mica, n&#227;o se tendo podido instalar hemodi&#225;lise em 15 de maio.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e da acidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (15 mai) n&#227;o foi sugestivo de endocardite infecciosa.</p>
      <p>Nova radiografia de t&#243;rax (15 mai) revelou condensa&#231;&#227;o de segmentos apicais de lobo inferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref>). A radiografia de abd&#244;men revelou reten&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax. Cardiomegalia e condensa&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em lobo inferior direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As hemoculturas colhidas em 16 mai 2011 foram negativas.</p>
      <p>Apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em assistolia e faleceu (16 mai 2011).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de paciente portador de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica com diagn&#243;stico aos 57 anos de idade, o qual apresentou v&#225;rios acidentes isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios simult&#226;neos &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Teve epis&#243;dio de hemorragia digestiva alta e, finalmente, s&#237;ncope seguida de rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia e choque misto complicado com insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda.</p>
        <p>O paciente apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica habitual da insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, isto &#233;, progressiva dilata&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com poucos sintomas cardiovasculares. Geralmente, a progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica &#233; lenta e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tem tempo de dilatar-se e manusear grandes volumes regurgitantes com press&#227;o de enchimento normal. Essa manuten&#231;&#227;o de boa complac&#234;ncia e baixa press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final leva a pouca repercuss&#227;o para &#225;trio esquerdo e ao territ&#243;rio venocapilar pulmonar, assim n&#227;o h&#225; aumento de conte&#250;do l&#237;quido dos pulm&#245;es e a dispneia &#233; sintoma tardio.</p>
        <p>Com o advento e a progress&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e outras altera&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas do mioc&#225;rdio ocorre a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e surgem os sintomas de dispneia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e, mais raramente, angina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; pobreza de sintomas, muito se discute sobre o melhor momento para a indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Numa s&#233;rie de 246 pacientes da Mayo Clinic, seguidos por 10 anos, houve ocorr&#234;ncia de evento cardiovascular em 83%, corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em 62%, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 47% e complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares em 15%. A classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca influenciou de maneira marcante a sobrevida de 10 anos dos pacientes - naqueles em classe I NYHA foi 75%, em classe II 59% e em classe III e IV 28%. Entre os &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, o volume sist&#243;lico final corrigido pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea foi bom indicador de progn&#243;stico: sobrevida de 81% nos pacientes com volume sist&#243;lico menor que 25 L/m<sup>2</sup> e de 34% naqueles com volume sist&#243;lico maior ou igual a 25L/m<sup>2</sup>. Tamb&#233;m a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi indicadora de mortalidade; naqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 50% a mortalidade foi de 74%, e em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o superior &#224;quele valor foi de 35%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro &#237;ndice muito usado &#233; o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com valor de corte de 55 mm, pois acima desse valor, mesmo com cirurgia de troca valvar, a sobrevida fica em torno de 30% em cinco anos, mas, quando menor que aquele valor fica em torno de 90%. O uso desses &#237;ndices &#233; que determina o progn&#243;stico independentemente dos sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A etiologia mais prov&#225;vel da valvopatia parece n&#227;o ser a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, pois o diagn&#243;stico foi muito tardio e n&#227;o houve hist&#243;ria pregressa de febre reum&#225;tica; tamb&#233;m n&#227;o parece estar relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a de Marfan, n&#227;o s&#243; pela idade, como tamb&#233;m pela falta de acometimento da aorta e da valva mitral, esta &#250;ltima sem prolapso valvar.</p>
        <p>O aparecimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pode contribuir para a descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pois a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial pode ser respons&#225;vel por at&#233; 30% do volume sist&#243;lico em idosos, em pacientes com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, todos com redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia ventricular e diminui&#231;&#227;o do enchimento protodiast&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o sofrem grande decr&#233;scimo com o surgimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, mesmo em n&#227;o portadores de valvopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto ao quadro sincopal seguido de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco apresentado pelo paciente, pode ser secund&#225;rio a alguns eventos que sabidamente descompensam indiv&#237;duos portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, como tromboembolismo pulmonar, bradiarritmias ou taquiarritmias ou mesmo s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda com arritmias malignas.</p>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope na valvopatia a&#243;rtica &#233; mais comum na estenose a&#243;rtica, a qual juntamente com angina e dispneia comp&#245;e os sintomas cl&#225;ssicos dessa doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Na estenose a&#243;rtica ocorre mais frequentemente durante o esfor&#231;o, contudo pode ocorrer no repouso, se houver bloqueio atrioventricular total intermitente. Todavia, s&#237;ncope n&#227;o &#233; sintoma frequente na insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, exceto na insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica aguda secund&#225;ria &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta ascendente, o que n&#227;o parece ter ocorrido no caso atual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o pode cursar com s&#237;ncope e choque, contudo os ecocardiogramas, no presente, n&#227;o revelaram disfun&#231;&#227;o ou dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito como seria esperado nesse quadro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A favor de quadro coronariano agudo foi o aparecimento de acinesia em parede inferior, inferolateral e anterolateral nos ecocardiogramas da &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o e a enorme eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina, apesar de n&#227;o ter havido grande eleva&#231;&#227;o de CK-MB nem aparecimento de ondas Q no eletrocardiograma.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de Duke para diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa s&#227;o divididos em crit&#233;rios maiores (hemocultura com microorganismos t&#237;picos e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de vegeta&#231;&#245;es ou abscesso perivalvar) e cinco crit&#233;rios menores (predisposi&#231;&#227;o, febre, fen&#244;menos vasculares, ecocardiograma sugestivo e achados microbiol&#243;gicos sugestivos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o se pode afastar endocardite, pois o paciente, sabidamente portador de valvopatia, apresentou febre, piora hemodin&#226;mica e crescimento de cocos Gram positivos nas hemoculturas. Contudo, n&#227;o foi detectada piora do grau da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e nem a presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#245;es em valvas card&#237;acas no ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico.</p>
        <p>Mansur et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> demonstraram que os melhores preditores de morte hospitalar em casos de endocardite foram o estado card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio, o micro-organismo causador, a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e a contagem de leuc&#243;citos.</p>
        <p>O Quadro pneum&#244;nico foi de prov&#225;vel origem bacteriana e pode ter agravado o quadro cl&#237;nico do paciente. (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica de etiologia indeterminada, doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e sepse de origem pulmonar. (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 684 g. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo exibia acentuada hipertrofia acompanhada de discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade, &#225;rea focal de substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do mioc&#225;rdio da parede posterior (cicatriz de infarto) e infarto transmural recente da parede p&#243;stero-lateral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref>). O septo atrial estava &#237;ntegro e o forame oval fechado. O exame histol&#243;gico confirmou a presen&#231;a do infarto agudo com data&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica compat&#237;vel com 2 a 5 dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias apresentavam aterosclerose complicada, com &#225;reas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o; havia obstru&#231;&#227;o de 80% do segmento distal da coron&#225;ria direita e 60% do segmento inicial da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior. As art&#233;rias circunflexa e marginal esquerda apresentavam trombose recente oclusiva, al&#233;m de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>). A valva a&#243;rtica era trivalvulada, com semilunares desabadas, apresentando retra&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do bordo livre e focos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o; n&#227;o havia trombos, vegeta&#231;&#245;es ou endocardite infecciosa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref>). Nos pulm&#245;es detectou-se trombo&#234;mbolos recentes, bilaterais, com &#225;reas de infarto hemorr&#225;gico recente nos lobos superior e inferior direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 7</xref>). Havia broncopneumonia no lobo inferior do pulm&#227;o direito, acompanhada de pleurite fibrinopurulenta, com presen&#231;a de col&#244;nias de cocos Gram positivos e restos alimentares nos espa&#231;os alveolares, caracterizando etiologia aspirativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 8</xref>). O enc&#233;falo apresentava &#225;rea de infarto antigo, cicatrizado e cavitado, no polo occiptal direito. Havia gastrectomia parcial, com reconstru&#231;&#227;o tipo Billroth II, sem anormalidades. O rim era em ferradura e a aorta apresentava aterosclerose complicada, com presen&#231;a de placas fibrogordurosas calcificadas. (<bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</bold> - Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica ateroscler&#243;tica e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; valvopatia a&#243;rtica degenerativa com insufici&#234;ncia funcional; tromboembolia e infarto pulmonar recente; broncopneumonia aspirativa; gastrectomia parcial pr&#233;via; rim em ferradura. (<bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte transversal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo exibindo &#225;rea de infarto cicatrizado, com substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do mioc&#225;rdio na parede posterior (asterisco) e infarto transmural recente localizado na parede p&#243;stero-lateral (duplo asterisco).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico do segmento inicial da art&#233;ria marginal esquerda evidenciando placa ateroscler&#243;tica fibrosa calcificada (asterisco) e trombose luminal recente (duplo asterisco). Hematoxilina-eosina, X 15.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valva a&#243;rtica trivalvulada, com semilunares de aspecto desabado, exibindo retra&#231;&#227;o e espessamento do bordo livre (seta). Note o espessamento leitoso focal do endoc&#225;rdio da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (asterisco), secund&#225;rio ao jato de refluxo da insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Detalhe macrosc&#243;pico do lobo inferior do pulm&#227;o direito evidenciando oclus&#227;o arterial por trombo&#234;mbolo (seta) e &#225;rea de infarto hemorr&#225;gico recente (asterisco).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico de pulm&#227;o evidenciando broncopneumonia com presen&#231;a de restos de c&#233;lulas vegetais (setas), caracterizando etiologia aspirativa. Hematoxilina-eosina, X 50.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0176-60125-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Caso de homem de 67 anos de idade, acompanhado h&#225; v&#225;rios anos no InCor por valvopatia a&#243;rtica com insufici&#234;ncia. Apresentava hist&#243;ria de gastrectomia parcial e acidentes vasculares cerebrais pr&#233;vios, com d&#233;ficit cognitivo. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial apresentou epis&#243;dios de hemorragia digestiva, adinamia, fraqueza e emagrecimento progressivo; endoscopia digestiva com bi&#243;psia revelou gastrite cr&#244;nica, sem evid&#234;ncias de neoplasia. Ap&#243;s entrada no pronto-socorro com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope seguida de rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia e dispneia, permaneceu internado por tr&#234;s dias, findos os quais faleceu. Na interna&#231;&#227;o foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e prov&#225;vel infec&#231;&#227;o sem foco definido.</p>
        <p>A necropsia confirmou a presen&#231;a de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio localizado na parede p&#243;stero-lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O infarto tinha como base a oclus&#227;o tromb&#243;tica recente da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa e da marginal esquerda, previamente acometidas por doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, principal causa da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O paciente apresentava ainda tromboembolismo pulmonar bilateral com presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de infarto hemorr&#225;gico recente no pulm&#227;o direito; interessantemente, a ocorr&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; pouco usual, havendo dificuldades diagn&#243;sticas devido a ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es acarretarem sinais e sintomas semelhantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A necropsia confirmou a presen&#231;a de valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica com insufici&#234;ncia, de etiologia degenerativa; n&#227;o havia endocardite infecciosa, o que se coaduna com o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico. Por outro lado, confirmamos a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a infecciosa, tamb&#233;m suspeitada clinicamente, estabelecida no pulm&#227;o direito na forma de broncopneumonia aspirativa. Tal infec&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente pr&#233;-existente, foi relacionada &#224; hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de s&#237;ncope e rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia, pois o paciente j&#225; apresentava evid&#234;ncias infecciosas na admiss&#227;o. N&#227;o havia les&#227;o neopl&#225;sica no coto da gastrectomia e foi achado de necropsia a presen&#231;a de rim em ferradura. O &#243;bito decorreu de choque hemodin&#226;mico misto, cardiog&#234;nico e infeccioso. (<bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>), Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
