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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4LNStVjFwNgnTSswkZKhpFC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004100173</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Recommendation of Early Surgery in Primary Mitral Regurgitation: Pros and Cons</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Accorsi</surname>
            <given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vitor Emer Egypto Rosa,</bold> Rua Cristiano Viana, (no street number), Cerqueira Cesar. Postal Code 05411-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>vitoremer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rosa VEE, Fernandes JRC, Lopes ASSA, Accorsi TAD, Tarasoutchi F</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>173</fpage>
      <lpage>175</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Prolapse</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Fever</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Primary mitral valve regurgitation is the most frequent valvular pathology, affecting approximately 1.7% of the population, with prolapsed mitral as the highlighted etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In developing countries, such as Brazil, rheumatic fever is still widely prevalent (18.6/1000), and affects about 15.6 million people worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Currently, the recommendation of mitral surgery for asymptomatic patients is very controversial, since the indication of valvular intervention for symptoms, left ventricular disfunction and dilatation, recent onset atrial fibrillation or pulmonary arterial hypertension is well consolidated in literature (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> One strand defends the concept of "<italic>watchful waiting</italic>", highlighting operative risks and morbi-mortality in early implantation of a bioprosthesis, as well as the benign history of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. On the other hand, a second group advocates for the indication of early surgery, showing, through literature, that mitral valve repair, in these conditions, reduces surgical mortality and increases survival for these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recommendations for surgical treatment of primary mitral regurgitation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="45%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>AHA<sup>4</sup></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ESC<sup>5</sup></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SBC<sup>6</sup></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Symptomatic patients with LVEF &gt;30%.</td>
              <td align="center">I B</td>
              <td align="center">I B</td>
              <td align="center">I B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Symptomatic patients with LV dysfunction (LVEF 30%-60% and/or LVSD &#8805; 40 mm).</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">I B</td>
              <td align="center">I C<break/> LVSD &#8805; 45 mm</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">I B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">IIa C<break/> LVSD &#8805; 40 mm if repair</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Asymptomatic patients, non-rheumatic, with preserved LVEF and recent onset AF or pulmonary hypertension (SPAP &gt; 50).</td>
              <td align="center">IIa B</td>
              <td align="center">IIa C</td>
              <td align="center">IIa C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Repair in asymptomatic patient with LVEF &gt; 60% e LVSD &lt; 40 mm with an estimated success rate of mitral valve repair &gt; 95% and operative risk &lt; 1%, in a reference center.</td>
              <td align="center">IIa B</td>
              <td align="center">IIb C Left atrium dilatation (volume &#8805; 60 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) and sinus rhythm or pulmonary hypertension during exercise (SPAP &#8805; 60 mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">IIa B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Symptomatic patients with LVEF &#8804; 30%, under optimized medication therapy</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">IIb C</td>
              <td align="center">IIa C<break/> Repair</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">IIb C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">IIb C<break/> Surgery</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Repair in rheumatic patients with estimated success rate of mitral valve repair &gt; 95% or if anticoagulation reliability is questionable.</td>
              <td align="center">IIb B</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">IIb B</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; SPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; AHA: American Heart Association; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; SDB: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; AF: atrial fibrillation</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A pivotal fact for the indication of early surgery is the possibility of effective mitral valve repair, considering early surgey with bioprosthesis implantation would bring the disadvantage of future operations and complications related to the prosthesis, while mechanical prosthesis implantation, due to high risk of thrombosis, would have the inconvenience of oral anticoagulation drug intake with warfarin indefinetely.</p>
    <p>The natural history of rheumatic mitral regurgitation, which affects younger people than degenerative valves, associated to valvular destruction, commissural fusion, fusion of chordae tendineae, retraction, fibrosis, and calcification of the cusps, makes it difficult to perform a mitral valve repair, and difficult to indicate early surgery for this subgroup of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, with regards to prolapsed mitral, patients with P2 segment prolapse undergoing surgical treatment in reference centers with high success rates in mitral valve repair (over 95%) have a high probability of reaching a good result with the procedure. Even though success rate may be lower depending on the complexity of the lesion and number of affected scallops, there is evidence that this intervention is feasible for all types of prolapses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Four authores support early surgery in low operative risk patients (under 1%). Suri et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> described MIDA results (<italic>Mitral Regurgitation International Database registry</italic>), a registry with 6 centers, 1021 patients between 1980 and 2004, showing higher 10-year survival with early surgery (86% vs 69%, p &lt; 0.001). However, some biases are found, especially due to the time the study began (1980), patients with Class IIa surgical recommendations were included (10% with atrial fibrillation and 11.8% with pulmonary arterial hypertension). Moreover, it was a retrospective study, and <italic>"watchful waiting"</italic> was not ideal (each patient did the segment according to his/her doctor). Kang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, in their first study, showed a higher 7-year survival rate with early surgery (99 &#177; 1% versus 85 &#177; 4%, p = 0.007). In the study, although the conservative group segment was inadequate, only three sudden deaths occurred (1.04%) in asymptomatic patients without markers of cardiac dysadaptation, showing a benign natural history in this group of patients. Using the same registry and adding one more center, five years later, Kang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> published new work demonstrating cardiac mortality reduction with early surgery (5 &#177; 2% vs 1 &#177; 1%, p = 0.016). However, events that are possibly related to valvar surgery, such as stroke, were not counted. In these three studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> cardiac events were more frequent in the watchful waiting group, which was expected since this strategy's approach is to wait for symptoms or echocardiographic alterations for intervention recommendation. Montant et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> also in a retrospective, non-randomized study, showed better 10-year survival with the early surgery strategy (86% &#177; 4% vs 50% &#177; 7% p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
    <p>Enriquez-Sarano et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> demonstrated that, in asymptomatic patients without risk markers, those with effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) &#8805; 40 mm&#178; showed higher mortality in comparison to those with ERO between 39-20 and under 20 (30 &#177; 9% vs 20 &#177; 6% vs 3 &#177; 2%, p &lt; 0.01). This pointed to the existence of subgroups of patients who benefited from early surgery depending on markers that were not contemplated by guidelines.</p>
    <p>Another subclinical dysfunction marker of the left ventricle is the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Although plasma levels are lower when compared to non-valvular heart failure, BNP increase is associated to mortality in asymptomatic mitral regurgitation patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, the limits that refer the patients to interventional treatment have not yet been defined.</p>
    <p>The work of Rosenhek et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> was the only one in favor of watchful waiting. They describe an 8-year survival in 91 &#177; 3%, but there was no comparative group submitted to early surgery. There is only one meta-analysis on the subject, which only includes the five aforementioned studies that describe a possible advantage of the early surgery strategy. Nevertheless, the power of meta-analysis is limited by the power of the evaluated studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Therefore, when assessing the pros and cons (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), we believe that the strategy should be individualized and supported by the <italic>Heart Team</italic> decision. In our institution, the <italic>Heart Team</italic> consists of clinical professionals specialized in valvular diseases, experts in imaging diagnosis (echocardiography, cat-scan and cardiac MRI), a cardiothoracic surgeon and a hemodynamicist, all experienced in these specific cardiology areas, who contribute to treatment decisions in complex cases. In view of technology and communication advances, such group may be structured and meet remotely.</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pros and cons of early surgery</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Pros of <italic>early surgery</italic></bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Cons of <italic>early surgery</italic></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Isolated mitral prolapse of the P2 segment</td>
              <td>Prolapse with complex morphology or rheumatic mitral regurgitation</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mortality reduction according to Suri et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Montant et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e Kang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td>Publication biases - non-randomized retrospective works<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Existence of prognostic factors not contamplated in the guidellines (ERO and BNP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</td>
              <td>Benign natural history of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Reference center in valvulopathies with estimated success rate in mitral valve repairs &gt; 95%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
							</td>
              <td>Centers with few realized repairs</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>ERO: effective regurgitant orifice; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>In this moment, in our country, the indication of early surgery is almost an exception, since it depends on the patient's characteristics (young, low operative risk, isolated mitral prolapse of the P2 segment) and on hospital structure. Such structure ranges from the echocardiography doctor's experience (valvular lesion complexity assessment) to the ability of the surgical team (high rates of mitral valve repairs) and postoperative care in specialized ICUs and infirmary. Moreover, possible risks must be exposed to the patient and his/her family. This indication would have the advantage of the survival benefit, validated by the evidence in literature, and the disadvantage, if the mitral valve repair is not successful,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> of premature bioprosthesis implant. If the patient or surgical service do not qualify, watchful waiting would seem the more adequate strategy. However, despite its name, the conservative treatment is "aggressive". The patient must undergo periodical clinical echocardiographic evaluation (preferably every 6 months, assessing trends in echocardiographic values), be instructed to seek medical help if symptoms appear and, most importantly, be referred to surgery, without delays, as soon as any criterion indicative of intervention is met.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Indica&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica Precoce na Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Prim&#225;ria: Pr&#243;s e Contras</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Accorsi</surname>
            <given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vitor Emer Egypto Rosa,</bold> Rua Dr Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>vitoremer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rosa VEE, Fernandes JRC, Lopes ASSA, Accorsi TAD, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Prolapso da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria da valva mitral &#233; a patologia valvar mais frequente, acometendo cerca de 1,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o, sendo o prolapso mitral a etiologia de destaque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, tais como o Brasil, a febre reum&#225;tica ainda tem alta preval&#234;ncia (18,6/1000), acometendo aproximadamente 15,6 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Atualmente, um tema de grande controv&#233;rsia na cardiologia &#233; a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica mitral para pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, j&#225; que a indica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o valvar por sintomas ou outros complicadores (disfun&#231;&#227;o e dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de in&#237;cio recente ou hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar) &#233; bem consolidada na literatura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Uma das vertentes defende o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico "cuidadoso" ("<italic>watchful waiting</italic>"), destacando os riscos operat&#243;rios e a morbi-mortalidade do implante precoce de uma biopr&#243;tese, al&#233;m da hist&#243;ria natural benigna da insufici&#234;ncia mitral assintom&#225;tica. Por outro lado, um segundo grupo advoga a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce ("<italic>early surgery</italic>") demonstrando por meio de dados da literatura que a pl&#225;stica valvar mitral, nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, reduz mortalidade cir&#250;rgica e aumenta a sobrevida desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico na insufici&#234;ncia mitral prim&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="45%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>AHA<sup>4</sup></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ESC<sup>5</sup></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SBC<sup>6</sup></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com FEVE &gt;30%</td>
                <td align="center">I B</td>
                <td align="center">I B</td>
                <td align="center">I B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE (FEVE 30%&#8211;60% e/ou DSVE &#8805; 40 mm)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">I B</td>
                <td align="center">I C<break/> DSVE &#8805; 45 mm</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">I B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IIa C<break/> DSVE &#8805; 40 mm se pl&#225;stica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, n&#227;o reum&#225;ticos, com FEVE preservada e FA de in&#237;cio recente ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (PSAP &gt; 50)</td>
                <td align="center">IIa B</td>
                <td align="center">IIa C</td>
                <td align="center">IIa C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pl&#225;stica em paciente assintom&#225;tico com FEVE &gt; 60% e DSVE &lt; 40 mm com taxa estimada de sucesso da pl&#225;stica mitral &gt; 95% e risco cir&#250;rgico &lt; 1%, em centro de excel&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">IIa B</td>
                <td align="center">IIb C Dilata&#231;&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo (volume &#8805; 60 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) e ritmo sinusal ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar no exerc&#237;cio (PSAP &#8805; 60 mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">IIa B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e com FEVE &#8804; 30%, com tratamento medicamentoso otimizado.</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">IIb C</td>
                <td align="center">IIa C<break/> Pl&#225;stica</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">IIb C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IIb C<break/> Cirurgia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pl&#225;stica em pacientes reum&#225;ticos com taxa estimada de sucesso da pl&#225;stica mitral &gt; 95% ou se a confiabilidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; question&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">IIb B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">IIb B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar; AHA: American Heart Association; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; SBC: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Um fato imprescind&#237;vel para a indica&#231;&#227;o da "<italic>early surgery</italic>" &#233; a possibilidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o efetiva da pl&#225;stica mitral, visto que uma cirurgia precoce com implante de biopr&#243;tese traria a desvantagem de futuras reopera&#231;&#245;es e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; pr&#243;tese, enquanto o implante de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, em raz&#227;o do alto risco de trombose, traria o inconveniente da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com warfarina <italic>ad eternum</italic>. A hist&#243;ria natural da insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica, acometendo pessoas de faixa et&#225;ria mais baixa que daquela das doen&#231;as degenerativas, associada &#224; destrui&#231;&#227;o valvar, fus&#227;o comissural, fus&#227;o de cordoalhas tend&#237;neas, retra&#231;&#227;o, fibrose e calcifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides, dificulta a realiza&#231;&#227;o da pl&#225;stica mitral e a indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia precoce nesse subgrupo de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao prolapso mitral, pacientes com prolapso do segmento P2 submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico em centros de excel&#234;ncia com altas taxas de sucesso em pl&#225;stica mitral (maior que 95%) t&#234;m alta probabilidade de alcan&#231;ar um bom resultado com tal procedimento. Embora a taxa de sucesso possa ser menor dependendo da complexidade da les&#227;o e do n&#250;mero de escalopes acometidos, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que essa interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; fact&#237;vel para todos os tipos de prolapso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Quatro autores apregoam o <italic>early surgery</italic> em pacientes de baixo risco operat&#243;rio (menor que 1%). Suri et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> descreveram os resultados do MIDA (<italic>Mitral Regurgitation International Database registry</italic>), registro com 6 centros, 1021 pacientes entre 1980 e 2004, demonstrando maior sobrevida com <italic>early surgery</italic> em 10 anos (86% vs 69%, p &lt; 0,001). Entretanto, alguns vieses s&#227;o encontrados, pois, principalmente pela data de in&#237;cio do estudo (1980), pacientes com indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas Classe IIa foram inclu&#237;dos (10% com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e 11,8% com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar). Al&#233;m disso, o estudo foi retrospectivo e o <italic>watchful waiting</italic> n&#227;o foi ideal (cada paciente fazia o seguimento de acordo com seu m&#233;dico). Kang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> em seu primeiro estudo, demonstraram, tamb&#233;m, maior taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia com <italic>early surgery</italic> em 7 anos (99 &#177; 1% versus 85 &#177; 4%, p = 0,007). Neste estudo, embora o seguimento do grupo conservador tamb&#233;m n&#227;o tenha sido adequado, houve apenas 3 mortes s&#250;bitas (1,04%) em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos sem marcadores de desadapta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, demonstrando uma hist&#243;ria natural benigna nesse grupo de pacientes. Utilizando o mesmo registro e somando mais 1 centro, 5 anos mais tarde Kang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> publicaram novo trabalho demonstrando redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade card&#237;aca com a cirurgia precoce (5 &#177; 2% vs 1 &#177; 1%, p = 0,016), entretanto, eventos que possivelmente est&#227;o relacionados &#224; cirurgia valvar, como acidente vascular cerebral, n&#227;o foram contabilizados. Nesses tr&#234;s estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> eventos card&#237;acos foram mais frequentes no grupo <italic>watchful waiting</italic>, por&#233;m de certa forma esperados, pois tal estrat&#233;gia defende aguardar sintomas ou altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas para indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o. Montant et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> em um estudo tamb&#233;m retrospectivo e n&#227;o randomizado, mostraram melhor sobrevida em 10 anos com a estrat&#233;gia <italic>early surgery</italic> (86% &#177; 4% vs 50% &#177; 7% p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
      <p>Enriquez-Sarano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> evidenciaram que, em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e sem marcadores de risco, aqueles com orif&#237;cio regurgitante efetivo (ERO) &#8805; 40 mm&#178; apresentavam maior mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com ERO entre 39-20 e menor que 20 (30 &#177; 9% vs 20 &#177; 6% vs 3 &#177; 2%, p &lt; 0,01), mostrando a exist&#234;ncia de subgrupos de pacientes que se beneficiariam com cirurgia precoce em vez de depender de marcadores n&#227;o contemplados pelas diretrizes. Outro marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP). Apesar de os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos serem menores quando comparados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o-valvar, o aumento do BNP est&#225; associado &#224; mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral assintom&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Contudo, os limites que referenciam pacientes para o tratamento intervencionista ainda n&#227;o foram definidos.</p>
      <p>O trabalho de Rosenhek et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> foi o &#250;nico a favor do <italic>watchful waiting</italic>. Descreveram uma sobrevida de 8 anos em 91 &#177; 3%, por&#233;m n&#227;o havia um grupo comparativo submetido &#224; cirurgia precoce. H&#225; apenas 1 metan&#225;lise sobre o tema, que inclui apenas os 5 estudos citados anteriormente descrevendo uma poss&#237;vel vantagem da estrat&#233;gia de cirurgia precoce. Todavia, o poder da metan&#225;lise &#233; limitado pelo poder dos estudos avaliados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dessa maneira, avaliando os pr&#243;s e contras (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>), somos da opini&#227;o de que a estrat&#233;gia deve ser individualizada e amparada pela decis&#227;o do <italic>Heart Team</italic>. Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, o <italic>Heart Team</italic> &#233; formado por profissionais cl&#237;nicos especializados em doen&#231;as valvares, especialistas em exames de imagem (ecocardiografia, tomografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca), cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco e hemodinamicista, todos com experi&#234;ncia nessas &#225;reas espec&#237;ficas da cardiologia contribuindo na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica dos casos complexos. Em face aos avan&#231;os da inform&#225;tica e comunica&#231;&#227;o, tal grupo pode ser estruturado e reunido &#224; dist&#226;ncia.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores a favor e contra a estrat&#233;gia early surgery</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Fatores a favor do <italic>early surgery</italic></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Fatores contra o <italic>early surgery</italic></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Prolapso mitral isolado do segmento P2</td>
                <td>Prolapso com morfologia complexa ou insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade de acordo com Suri et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Montant et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e Kang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td>Exist&#234;ncia de fatores progn&#243;sticos n&#227;o contemplados nas diretrizes (ERO e BNP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria natural benigna da insufici&#234;ncia mitral assintom&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria natural benigna da insufici&#234;ncia mitral assintom&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Centro de excel&#234;ncia em valvopatias com taxa estimada de sucesso da pl&#225;stica mitral &gt; 95%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</td>
                <td>Centros com baixas taxas de realiza&#231;&#227;o de pl&#225;stica</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>ERO: orif&#237;cio regurgitante efetivo; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Neste momento, em nosso pa&#237;s, a indica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>early surgery</italic> &#233; quase uma exce&#231;&#227;o, pois h&#225; depend&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas do paciente (jovem, baixo risco operat&#243;rio, prolapso isolado do segmento P2) e da estrutura hospitalar, desde a experi&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico ecocardiografista (avalia&#231;&#227;o da complexidade da les&#227;o valvar) at&#233; a capacidade da equipe cir&#250;rgica (altas taxas de pl&#225;sticas valvares) e da realiza&#231;&#227;o do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em UTI e enfermaria especializadas. Al&#233;m disso, os poss&#237;veis riscos devem ser expostos ao paciente e &#224; fam&#237;lia. Tal indica&#231;&#227;o teria a vantagem do benef&#237;cio de sobrevida validado pelas evid&#234;ncias da literatura e a desvantagem, caso a pl&#225;stica valvar n&#227;o tenha sucesso, do implante prematuro de biopr&#243;tese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Se o paciente ou o servi&#231;o de cirurgia n&#227;o apresentar tais caracter&#237;sticas, a estrat&#233;gia <italic>watchful waiting</italic> parece ser mais adequada. Entretanto, apesar do nome, o tratamento conservador deve ser "agressivo". O paciente deve passar por avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica peri&#243;dica (de prefer&#234;ncia a cada 6 meses, avaliando tend&#234;ncias dos valores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos), ter instru&#231;&#227;o para buscar o servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de caso apresente sintomas e, mais importante, ser encaminhado para cirurgia, sem atrasos, assim que algum crit&#233;rio indicativo de interven&#231;&#227;o for alcan&#231;ado.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
