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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dDCDKkfzBygLLS5Sc4QhHsG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004100154</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005019103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160100</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is Local Nitric Oxide Availability Responsible for Myocardial Salvage after Remote Preconditioning?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
            <given-names>Esbeidira Aranet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meaney</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera-Capello</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Coronado</surname>
            <given-names>Vidal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alcocer-Chauvet</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castillo</surname>
            <given-names>Genaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#225;jera</surname>
            <given-names>Nayelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ceballos</surname>
            <given-names>Guillermo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meaney</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital "Primero de Octubre"</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cidade do M&#233;xico</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cardiovascular - Hospital "Primero de Octubre", Cidade do M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade An&#225;huac M&#233;xico Norte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cidade do M&#233;xico</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">Mexico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade An&#225;huac M&#233;xico Norte, Cidade do M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidad An&#225;huac M&#233;xico Norte</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Superior de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Integral Cardiometab&#243;lica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cidade do M&#233;xico</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Mexico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Integral Cardiometab&#243;lica. Se&#231;&#227;o de Estudos de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e Investiga&#231;&#227;o. Escola Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional, Cidade do M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Meaney</bold>, Laboratorio de Investigaci&#243;n Integral Cardiometab&#243;lica. Secci&#243;n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci&#243;n. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y D&#237;az Mir&#243;n s/n. Col. Casco de Santo Tom&#225;s. Del. Miguel Hidalgo. Postal Code: 11340. M&#233;xico, DF - M&#233;xico. E-mail: <email>lalitomini@prodigy.net.mx</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez EA, Meaney A, Alcocer-Chauvet A, Ceballos G, Meaney E; Acquisition of data: Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez EA, Meaney A, Rivera-Capello JM, Gonz&#225;lez-Coronado V, Castillo G, N&#225;jera N; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Meaney A, Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n G, Ceballos G, Meaney E; Statistical analysis: Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez EA, Meaney A, Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n G, Gonz&#225;lez-Coronado V, Castillo G, N&#225;jera N, Meaney E; Obtaining financing: Meaney A, Meaney E; Writing of the manuscript: Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez EA, Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n G, Alcocer-Chauvet A, Ceballos G, Meaney E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n G, Alcocer-Chauvet A, Ceballos G, Meaney E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>154</fpage>
      <lpage>162</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) represents an attractive therapy for myocardial protection, particularly when ischemic events can be anticipated. Although several hypothetic mechanisms have been proposed, no definite molecular pathways have been elucidated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We evaluated the effect of brachial circulation cuff occlusion on myocardial ischemic tolerance, necrosis, and nitric oxide (NO) in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>46 patients were randomly allocated into two groups: control and RIPC before PCI procedures. Electrocardiographic analysis, serum concentrations of troponin I (cTn-I) were measured at baseline and 24 hours after PCI. A blood sample from the atherosclerotic plaque was drawn to determine nitrate and nitrites.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>RIPC increased the availability of NO in the stented coronary artery. Control patients presented a small but significant increase in cTn-I, whilst it remained unchanged in preconditioned group. The preconditioning maneuver not only preserved but also enhanced the sum of R waves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>RIPC induced an intracoronary increase of NO levels associated with a decrease in myocardial damage (measured as no increase in cTn-I) with electrocardiographic increases in the sum of R waves, suggesting an improved myocardium after elective PCI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfusion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Ischemic preconditioning is a well-known phenomenon by which short periods of ischemia-reperfusion provide an increased tolerance to subsequent sustained ischemic episodes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), i.e., the increased myocardial tolerance to ischemic insults after short-term ischemia-reperfusion episodes induced in a distant body tissue or organ, has demonstrated a conspicuous capacity against ischemia, stunning, as well as an ability to limit infarct size in both animal models and humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the specific underlying molecular pathways are yet poorly understood, there is a handful of hypothetic mechanisms explaining this rather intriguing phenomenon. Neural [e.g., bradykinin and nitric oxide (NO)], humoral (e.g., adenosine and angiotensin), and systemic protective response (i.e., suppressing inflammation and apoptosis) premises, acting either alone or intertwined, have been proposed as possible mechanistic processes of RIPC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The pragmatic implementation of techniques of remote preconditioning uncovers a promising therapeutic field for myocardial salvage and protection, particularly when ischemic events can be anticipated, as in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) or aorto-coronary bypass graft surgery, among others.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, it has been proposed that NO may play a relevant and perhaps decisive role resulting in myocardial protection. However, to our best knowledge, a direct measure of NO in the coronary territory, after periphery conditioning and just before reperfusion, has not been assessed.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of brachial circulation cuff occlusion on myocardial ischemic tolerance, myocardial necrosis, NO bioavailability at the site of angioplasty and renal function in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing elective PCI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Based on the study by Hoole,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> in which serum cardiac troponin I (cTn) was increased more than 30% in control patients compared with those who underwent a RIPC 24 hours after elective PCI, a sample size of 14 patients was estimated to provide 80% power and 95% of confidence. Anticipating a 20% of losses, and 15% reduction of elevated cTn-I, a group of 46 patients (23 in each of the control and RIPC intervention groups) was assembled.</p>
      <p>Study protocol was approved by both Ethics and Research Institutional Committees and it was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practices and Mexican Federal Regulations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> We included patients of any gender, aged &#8805;18 years, who signed an informed consent, had documented clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease, accepted PCI therapeutic procedures and had concentrations of serum cTn-I less than three times de 99<sup>th</sup> percentile value. Exclusion criteria include: patients with acute coronary syndromes or hemodynamic instability, those requiring immediate angioplasty and stenting procedures, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and those patients medicated with drugs having effects as activators of potassium channels, as glibenclamide or nicorandil.</p>
      <p>All patients were medicated with aspirin (300 mg) and clopidogrel (600 mg) the day before the PCI. All selected patients concluded the trial.</p>
      <p>One hour before the PCI procedure, a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained. Then the ECG was repeated 24 hours after PCI. Electrocardiographic analysis comprehended the quantitation of the positive or negative ST deviation, new Q waves, and the occurrence of sudden left bundle branch block (LBBB). The summation of R waves (&#931;R), in mm, was carried out in precordial leads and in all 12 leads.</p>
      <p>Additionally, a peripheral venous blood sample was drawn to measure serum concentrations of troponin-I by means of monoclonal antibody-immunoassay with a Bayer ADVIA 60 hematology analyzer, whose 99<sup>th</sup> percentile value is 0.04 ng/mL. The variation coefficient of the assay is less than 10%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in our laboratory. Troponin-I was measured at baseline and 24 hours after PCI.</p>
      <p>After recruitment, patients were randomly allocated in two groups, one serving as controls and another in which patients underwent ischemic preconditioning. In these latter subjects, 1 hour before the PCI procedure a RIPC maneuver was carried out with patients lying in dorsal decubitus. RIPC was done in the left arm, using three cycles of cuff occlusion, raising the pressure to 200 mm Hg during a period of 5 minutes followed by a 5-minute period of cuff deflation. Afterwards, all patients underwent a standard PCI procedure, including the stenting of all susceptible and accessible coronary lesions. The different interventional cardiologists involved in the study were blinded to the preconditioning maneuver. Before stenting, the tip of the catheter was placed just in the site of the atherosclerotic plaque to be stented, and a blood sample was drawn to measure nitrate and nitrites (NOx), the degradation products of NO, as an indirect measure of disposability of this gas, which in turn is an emblematic marker of endothelial function. NO metabolites concentrations were measured using a commercially available colorimetric enzymatic Kit (Cayman, Chemicals), following manufacturer&#180;s instructions. Optical density was determined at 540 nm. Since NOx is excreted through the kidney, the ratio NOx/creatinine was estimated in order to rule out the influence of any renal impairment.</p>
      <p>Angina pain experienced during PCI was quantified with a modified scale of the American College of Sports Medicine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in grade 0 (no pain or discomfort at all), grade 1 (light, barely noticeable), grade 2 (moderate, bothersome), grade 3 (severe, very uncomfortable) and grade 4 (most severe pain never experienced).</p>
      <p><underline>Periprocedural myonecrosis/myocardial infarction</underline>. Myocardial necrosis was considered when serum concentration of cTn was above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the reference value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Notwithstanding, the diagnosis of myocardial infarction was based on the updated criteria of the European Society of Cardiology, the American College of Cardiology Foundation, the American Heart Association and the World Heart Federation (ESC/ACCF/AQHA/WHF) document titled Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> This international expert consensus document establishes that the preferred biomarker of necrosis is cTn and at least one of the five additional criteria: ischemic symptoms; new significant ST/T wave changes or new LBBB; new pathologic Q waves; imaging demonstration of new loss of viable myocardium (or new regional wall motion abnormality); and intracoronary thrombus (identified by angiography or autopsy). Following the same document, a periprocedural myocardial infarction was considered when cTn elevation exceeded five times the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile value of reference in patients with normal basaline values.</p>
      <p>Patients who experienced some procedural complications, as coronary dissection, longstanding periprocedural arrhythmias or cardiac arrest, were excluded from the analysis. Thus, only cases with complete successful angioplasty and stenting, such as cases in which all accessible and relevant lesions were treated, without complications, with full intraluminal gain, and flow TIMI 3, were considered for the analysis.</p>
      <p>Kidney function was estimated measuring serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by means of the Cockcroft-Gault<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> creatinine clearance equation, before and after the PCI procedure:</p>
      <p>GFR= [(140 - age) x weight (kg)/(72 x serum creatinine (mg/dL)] x (0.85 in women).</p>
      <p>Patients were allocated in the five stages of chronic kidney disease (stages I-V), according to their value of GFR (&lt;15, 15-29, 30-59, 60-89 and &gt;90 mL/min). GFR was estimated before the intervention and 24 hours later.</p>
      <p><underline>Statistical analysis</underline>. All values were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Normal distribution of data was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, differences (before vs. after) in continuous variables were evaluated using Student's paired <italic>t</italic> test, whereas unpaired <italic>t</italic> test was used to evaluate intergroup differences and percentage of change (deltas). Differences between categorical data, i.e., frequencies and percentages, were evaluated with z tests. A p value &lt;0.05 was considered as significant. Prism GraphPad(r) (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA) software was used for statistical analysis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>All recruited patients completed the study protocol. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> gathers demographic and clinical baseline data. Both groups were similar (i.e., no statistical difference was found, p = <italic>ns</italic>) in age, gender distribution, occurrence of adiposity, hypertension and diabetes, previous myocardial infarction and functional renal status. There were more patients in the preconditioning group medicated with &#946;-blockers (5 subjects) and statins (2 subjects, no significant differences), whereas more control patients were medicated with insulin and metformin, in spite of the fact that the proportion of diabetes was similar in both groups. Calcium channel blockers and renin-angiotensin axis modulators were prescribed in similar proportion in both groups. Almost undetectable quantities of cTn were found in all patients, and none had, before the intervention, ST abnormalities.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>ControlGroup (n=23)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>PreconditioningGroup (n=23)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>x</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SD</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>x</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SD</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">66.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">26.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
              <td align="center">27.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">n</td>
              <td align="center">%</td>
              <td align="center">n</td>
              <td align="center">%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Male</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type 2 diabetes mellitus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">60.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>High blood pressure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">91.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Pharmacological treatment</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#946;-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ARBs</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">30.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CCB</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">21.7</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statins</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">82.6</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">91.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">17.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Metformin</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">47.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Previous myocardial infarction</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ST elevation (0.5-1 mV)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Baseline troponin I &lt;0.04 ng/mL</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 15 (renal failure, stage V)</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">15-29 (severe reduction of GFR, stage IV)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">17.3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30-59 (moderate reduction of GFR, stage III)</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">17.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60-89 (mild reduction of GFR, stage II)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">30.4</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 90 (normal GFR, stage I)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers; CCB: calcium-channels blockers.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><underline>Angina pain during or after PCI</underline>. Only one patient in each group experienced angina pain (grade 4 in both cases) during or immediately after the angioplasty procedure.</p>
      <p><underline>NO bioavailability</underline>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows that the concentration of NOx in blood withdrawn from the coronary artery to be stented, just in the proximity of the atherosclerotic lesion, was significantly greater in preconditioned patients. This result points out that preconditioning maneuver increased the availability of NO in the coronary artery selected for stenting.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Local nitric oxide (NOx) corrected by creatinine levels in controls and preconditioned patients. Data are expressed as means &#177; SEM.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0154-60100-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><underline>Changes in cTn I</underline>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> display changes in serum concentrations of cTn I at baseline and 24 hours in both study groups. Patients in the control group presented a small but significant increase in cTn. Meanwhile, the marker remained unchanged in the preconditioned group.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Changes in serum concentrations of troponin-I at baseline and 24 hours after percutaneous coronary intervention in control (left) and preconditioning (right) groups. Data are expressed as means &#177; SEM.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0154-60100-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><underline>ECG changes</underline>. Four patients in the control and only one in the preconditioning groups had ST elevation greater than 1mV 24 hours after PCI (a non-significant statistical difference of 17.3% vs. 4.3%). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows the percentage of changes observed in the summation of R waves in all 12 ECG leads, while <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> exhibits those changes just in precordial leads.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percent changes in summation of R waves on all leads, from baseline to 24 hours after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in control (left) and preconditioning (right) groups</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0154-60100-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percent changes in summation of R waves on precordial leads, from baseline to 24 hours after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in control (left) and preconditioning (right) groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0154-60100-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> displays the effect of the PCI procedure on R wave summation in control patients, as well as the effect of the preconditioning maneuver on that variable.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>R wave summation in control and experimental groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="6">
                <bold>Total R summation (&#931;)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Control Group, X&#177;SD, mm</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Preconditioning group, X&#177;SD, mm</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#931;basal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>post PCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#931;basal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>post PCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">56.9&#177;139</td>
              <td align="center">51.3&#177;12.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001 </td>
              <td align="center">53.3&#177;230</td>
              <td align="center">62.0&#177;22.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td align="center" colspan="6">
                <bold>Precordial R wave summation</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#931;basal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#931;post PCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#931;basal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#931;post PCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">36.5&#177;21.8</td>
              <td align="center">32&#177;17.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">33.1&#177;18</td>
              <td align="center">37.3&#177;19.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.057</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; PCI: percutaneous coronary interventions.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As a whole, it can be seen that PCI procedure had a clear-cut effect on the summation of R waves, in all or only in precordial leads. In comparison, preconditioning maneuver not only preserved but also enhanced the summation of R waves. All these changes in the control and experimental groups reached statistical significance.</p>
      <p><underline>Renal data</underline>. Contrast media injected did not differ between groups (225.7 &#177; 10.27 and 221.3 &#177; 13.36 mL, for control and preconditioning groups, respectively, p= 0.79). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the effect of PCI on serum creatinine and GFR. In control group, creatinine rose 0.11 mg/dL (+8.6%), while in the preconditioning group, creatinine increased more, 0.17 mg/dL (+17%). Nevertheless, GFR descended 6 mL/min/1.73m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (-9.5%) in control patients, whilst in preconditioning patients, it fell 6.7 (-10.6%). None of those differences were statistically significant.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Serum creatinine and GFR values in control and experimental patients before and after PCI</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Control</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Preconditioning</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Cr basal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Cr post PCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Cr basal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Cr post PCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>mg/dL</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>mg/dL</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>value</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>mg/dL</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>mg/dL</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1.28&#177;0.63</td>
              <td align="center">1.39&#177;0.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.0&#177;0.32</td>
              <td align="center">1.17&#177;0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">GFR mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">GFR mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Basal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Post-PCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Basal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Post-PCI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">63&#177;26.5</td>
              <td align="center">57&#177;23.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">72.0&#177;21.1</td>
              <td align="center">64.4&#177;20.97</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Cr: serum creatinine; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention. *No intergroup significant differences were found.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of this work showed that a RIPC induced an intracoronary increase of NO levels resulting in a decrease in myocardial damage (measured as no increase in cTn-I) with electrocardiographic increases in the summation of R waves, suggesting an improved myocardium after elective PCI.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms by which repeated episodes of ischemia-reperfusion in a non-cardiac tissue or organ lead to subsequent myocardial protection against ischemia are not completely understood. The effect of brief limb ischemia has been studied in both animals and humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The work of Loukogeorgais et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> demonstrated that limb occlusion in one arm diminishes endothelial dysfunction in the contralateral arm. Several hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, mainly the neural and humoral hypothesis. Remote tissue subject to ischemia-reperfusion must produce one or several substances (adenosine, bradykinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, endogenous opioids, among others) that can stimulate an efferent neural pathway with cardioprotective results or traversing the blood stream can act directly in the endothelium of the coronary vessels, inducing a preservation response (that is, reversing endothelial dysfunction).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Other proposed mechanism is the activation of the enzymatic system of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38, Erk1/2 and JNK, in the remote tissue subjected to ischemia-reperfusion that can exert positive modifications yielding to ischemic protection in the distant myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> More recently, the role of NO has emerged as the pivotal mechanism explaining ischemia protection, classical or remote. There is evidence about the induction by RIPC of increased activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), rather than increased expression,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> as well as an increase of NO production and its oxidation products nitrites/nitrates. In elegant experiments using the rat cremaster flap <italic>in vivo</italic> microscopy model, K&#252;ntscher et al. have demonstrated that NO caused higher capillary flow and faster red blood cell velocity in arterioles and capillaries, while L-nitroarginine methylesther (L-NAME), a direct inhibitor of NOS, inhibits the preconditioning effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> NO, the signaling molecule iconic of endothelial function, exerts plentiful biological actions that can explain its cardiovascular protection effects: modulation of excitability, attenuation of cellular stress response, arteriolar and capillary dilation, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antifibrotic, antithrombotic and antiapoptotic effects, among others. Besides, NO functions also as an intracellular messenger, a paracrine molecule, a neurotransmitter, or even as a hormone with different distant effects, generally beneficial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although our work demonstrated a clear increase in NO (indirectly measured through its degradation products, NO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>3</sub>) levels in the vicinity of coronary atherosclerotic plaque after remote preconditioning, just before angioplasty intervention, the metabolic changes caused by the preconditioning maneuver are not at all the only source of NO production. It is now known, for example, that nitrite can be the source of NO mainly in ischemic or hypoxic conditions, besides the classical NO synthase pathway.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Even though, the production of NO through the preconditioning phenomenon is still an explanation of the myocardium salvage shown in our study (comparatively lower levels of serum cTn, and preservation or gain of electrocardiographic R waves after the coronary intervention), as the rescue was seen in the preconditioned patients and not in the controls.</p>
      <p>On this regard, the sensitivity of current necrosis biomarkers makes it possible to detect minute myocardial necrosis, making apparently easier the diagnosis of this clinical entity. However, the criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and periprocedural myocardial infarction have been modified several times in the last few years, introducing considerable confusion in the matter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> According to current concepts, increases of necrosis markers above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the reference value are defined as myocardial necrosis ("myonecrosis"), while an increase of at least five times above the reference value of the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile supports the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> This graded diagnostic differentiation is based on the fact that a small increase in biomarkers can be seen in multiple conditions, such as heart failure, myocarditis, myocardiopathy, renal insufficiency, pulmonary thromboembolism, fast or slow arrhythmias, ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac toxicity (v.gr., anthracyclines), heart surgery and trauma, anemia, shock and sepsis, among many more.</p>
      <p>The importance of periprocedural myocardial infarction or periprocedural myonecrosis resides obviously in the amount of viable myocardial lost during coronary manipulation, and, for this reason, it seems commonsensical prevent or at least limit the occurrence of myocardial injury and its extension. Periprocedural myocardial infarction is less clinically relevant than spontaneous myocardial infarction, as it was shown in the ACUITY trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> in which the former was associated with a mortality relative risk of 7.49, whereas, in the latter, mortality did not increase.</p>
      <p>Our study showed that in the control group a definite periprocedural myocardial loss occurred. In those patients, mean cTn value increased seven times (0.1 to 0.7 ng/dL) from baseline to post-intervention, meaning 17.5 times the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile reference value of 0.04 ng/dL. While, at baseline, 11 patients had cTn values greater than 0.04, in post-PCI that number increased to 19. In comparison, in the experimental group, mean cTn values did not exceed the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile reference value both at baseline and post-PCI (0.02 to 0.04 ng/dL). At baseline, 8 patients had cTn values greater than 0.04, and after PCI only 9 showed a high value. These results call attention to the salvage of myocardium during PCI with the use of an easy to do, cheap and almost harmless preconditioning maneuver.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, the myocardial preservation effect of preconditioning was confirmed in our study with ECG data. ECG is a time-honored diagnostic tool in the clinical recognition of myocardial infarction, its topographic localization, estimation of infarction size and prognosis. Several indexes and scoring electrocardiographic systems were developed to reflect the functional state of the left ventricle in times previous to image technologies apt to estimate very accurately systolic and diastolic properties of the left ventricle. Unfortunately, the correlation among several ECG scores and ejection fraction was rather poor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> More recently, in the era of coronary intervention, the meaning of the evolution of R wave's voltages in different phases of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion has attracted again more attention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In the classical electrophysiological explanation, electric activated myocardial cells generate action potentials represented by vectors, whose frontal heads are positively charged. Necrotic or extremely ischemic myocardial cells cannot generate these electrical forces. Diverse clinical and experimental studies have shown that R wave amplitude decreases notoriously during acute ischemia, but increases its voltage during reperfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> This phenomenon probably indicates that during an undetermined period of time myocardial cells attacked by ischemia are not dead, but just in a critical <italic>pre-mortem</italic> state of extreme injury, keeping only the basic supporting life systems. But if flow is reestablished, these myocardial ischemic cells can restore fully its vitality and functionality. It has been described that, in humans, undergoing coronary angioplasty, during the brief episodes of ischemia caused by balloon inflation, R wave amplitude increases significantly in almost all ECG leads. Although the real cause of this voltage gain in the summation of R wave has not been convincingly disclosed (maybe the result of left ventricular cavity expansion or conduction alterations), anyhow this phenomenon is associated with acute ischemia, different from the phenomenon observed in this work.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> So, the amplitude variation of R waves represents this "entrance and exit" of the cells in the ischemic dimly zone. Our data show that, while in control patients myocardial loss occurred, in patients who underwent a preconditioning maneuver, myocardium was better preserved.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, our results showed that renal function was impaired in both groups. The magnitude of the renal derangement was noticeable, but not prominent, far away from the boundaries of the contrast-induced nephropathy (a 25% increase of serum creatinine or 0.5 mg/dL absolute augment).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In our patients, the preconditioning maneuver had no positive change in renal functionality.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The easy to do, inexpensive and harmless arm cuff occlusion maneuver carried out before PCI can protect from myocardial damage caused by coronary intervention itself and post-angioplasty reperfusion lesion, due to greater NO bioavailability in the atherosclerotic lesion.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Even with a clear participation of NO in decreasing myocardial damage, the complexity of preconditioning phenomena still needs more profound studies. For example, that phenomenon is known to have two phases, an early one ("first window"), beginning almost immediately and lasting several hours, and a delayed one ("second window"), starting 12 to 24 hours later and with a longer duration of 48-72 hours, termed the "Second Window of Protection" (SWOP) or late ischemic preconditioning.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> While in the first "window" myocardial preconditioning provokes vasodilation, in the second "window", various downregulation changes occurred in proteins and the expression genes encoding several proteins related to oxidation, heat shock protective response, and activation of NF-&#954;B, among others. Several other investigations point out that NO can act as a mediator of "second-window" ischemic preconditioning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> over the opening of the end effector of late preconditioning, the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK-ATP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> channel. In addition, it has to be proven that NO acts in both windows of the preconditioning phenomenon, as well as which is the isoenzyme responsible for its increase production (eNOS or iNOS).</p>
        <p>Finally, the clinical and prognostic consequences of the myocardium salvage resulting from the preconditioning maneuver have yet to be tested in the long range.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Drs. Meaney and Ceballos co-senior this paper</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Disponibilidade de &#211;xido N&#237;trico Local &#233; Respons&#225;vel por Resgate Mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s Pr&#233;-Condicionamento Remoto?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
            <given-names>Esbeidira Aranet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meaney</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera-Capello</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Coronado</surname>
            <given-names>Vidal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alcocer-Chauvet</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castillo</surname>
            <given-names>Genaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#225;jera</surname>
            <given-names>Nayelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ceballos</surname>
            <given-names>Guillermo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meaney</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cardiovascular - Hospital &#8220;Primero de Octubre&#8221;, Cidade do M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade An&#225;huac M&#233;xico Norte, Cidade do M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Integral Cardiometab&#243;lica. Se&#231;&#227;o de Estudos de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e Investiga&#231;&#227;o. Escola Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional, Cidade do M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Meaney</bold>, Laboratorio de Investigaci&#243;n Integral Cardiometab&#243;lica. Secci&#243;n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci&#243;n. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D&#237;az Mir&#243;n s/n. Col. Casco de Santo Tom&#225;s. Del. Miguel Hidalgo. Postal Code: 11340. M&#233;xico, DF - M&#233;xico. E-mail: <email>lalitomini@prodigy.net.mx</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez EA, Meaney A, Alcocer-Chauvet A, Ceballos G, Meaney E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez EA, Meaney A, Rivera-Capello JM, Gonz&#225;lez-Coronado V, Castillo G, N&#225;jera N; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Meaney A, Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n G, Ceballos G, Meaney E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez EA, Meaney A, Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n G, Gonz&#225;lez-Coronado V, Castillo G, N&#225;jera N, Meaney E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Meaney A, Meaney E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Arroyo-Mart&#237;nez EA, Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n G, Alcocer-Chauvet A, Ceballos G, Meaney E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Guti&#233;rrez-Salme&#225;n G, Alcocer-Chauvet A, Ceballos G, Meaney E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto (PCIR) &#233; uma terapia para prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, em particular quando &#233; poss&#237;vel prever eventos isqu&#234;micos. Embora v&#225;rios mecanismos hipot&#233;ticos tenham sido propostos, nenhuma via molecular definitiva foi elucidada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito da oclus&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o braquial com manguito sobre a toler&#226;ncia &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, a necrose mioc&#225;rdica e a biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) eletiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>46 pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: controle e PCIR antes da ICP. An&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e medidas da concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de troponina I (cTn-I) foram realizadas na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e 24 horas ap&#243;s ICP. Coletou-se amostra de sangue da placa ateroscler&#243;tica para determinar os n&#237;veis de nitratos e nitritos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O PCIR aumentou a disponibilidade de NO na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria que recebeu o <italic>stent</italic>. O grupo controle apresentou um aumento pequeno, mas significativo, da cTn-I, que permaneceu inalterada no grupo pr&#233;-condicionado. O pr&#233;-condicionamento n&#227;o s&#243; preservou, como melhorou o somat&#243;rio de ondas R no eletrocardiograma.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O PCIR induziu aumento intracoronariano dos n&#237;veis de NO associado com redu&#231;&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico (medido como aumento da cTn-I) e com aumento do somat&#243;rio de ondas R, sugerindo melhora mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s ICP eletiva.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Precondicionamento Isqu&#234;mico Mioc&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico &#233; um fen&#244;meno bem conhecido, em que curtos per&#237;odos de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o determinam um aumento da toler&#226;ncia a subsequentes epis&#243;dios de isquemia sustentada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto (PCIR), i.e., aumento da toler&#226;ncia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; inj&#250;ria isqu&#234;mica ap&#243;s curtos epis&#243;dios de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o induzidos &#224; dist&#226;ncia em um tecido ou &#243;rg&#227;o, demonstrou consp&#237;cua capacidade contra isquemia e atordoamento, assim como para limitar o tamanho do infarto em modelos animais e humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora as vias moleculares espec&#237;ficas subjacentes ainda n&#227;o sejam bem conhecidas, h&#225; algumas hip&#243;teses para explicar os mecanismos desse intrigante fen&#244;meno. Premissas de respostas protetoras neurais [bradicinina e &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO)], humorais (adenosina e angiotensina) e sist&#234;micas (supress&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o e apoptose), agindo isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o, foram propostas como poss&#237;veis mecanismos de PCIR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A implementa&#231;&#227;o pragm&#225;tica de t&#233;cnicas de PCIR revela um promissor campo terap&#234;utico para resgate e prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, em particular quando eventos isqu&#234;micos podem ser previstos, como na interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) ou na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Foi proposto que o NO desempenhe papel relevante e possivelmente decisivo na prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Entretanto, at&#233; onde sabemos, a medida direta de NO no territ&#243;rio coronariano, ap&#243;s condicionamento perif&#233;rico e logo antes de reperfus&#227;o, n&#227;o foi avaliada.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da oclus&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o braquial com manguito sobre a toler&#226;ncia &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, a necrose do mioc&#225;rdio, a biodisponibilidade de NO no s&#237;tio da angioplastia e a fun&#231;&#227;o renal em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica submetidos a ICP eletiva.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Com base no estudo de Hoole,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> no qual a troponina card&#237;aca I (cTn-I) s&#233;rica aumentou mais de 30% em pacientes do grupo controle em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles submetidos a PCIR 24 horas ap&#243;s ICP eletiva, estimou-se um tamanho amostral de 14 pacientes para obten&#231;&#227;o de poder de 80% e confian&#231;a de 95%. Prevendo uma perda de 20% e redu&#231;&#227;o de 15% na cTn-I elevada, 46 pacientes (23 em cada grupo: controle e PCIR) foram reunidos.</p>
        <p>O Protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, tendo a pesquisa sido conduzida de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, o Manual de Boas Pr&#225;ticas Cl&#237;nicas e o Regulamento Federal do M&#233;xico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes de todos os sexos, com idade &#8805;18 anos, que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e informado, que apresentavam evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica documentada de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, que aceitaram submeter-se a ICP e apresentavam concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de cTn-I inferior a tr&#234;s vezes o percentil 99 do valor de refer&#234;ncia. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o consistiram em: pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica; pacientes que necessitassem de angioplastia imediata e implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>; gr&#225;vidas ou lactantes; e pacientes em uso de ativadores dos canais de pot&#225;ssio, como glibenclamida ou nicorandil.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram medicados com aspirina (300 mg) e clopidogrel (600 mg) no dia anterior &#224; ICP, e todos os selecionados conclu&#237;ram o estudo.</p>
        <p>Uma hora antes da ICP, realizou-se eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, que foi repetido 24 horas ap&#243;s a ICP. A an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica compreendeu a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do desvio de ST positivo ou negativo, novas ondas Q, e a ocorr&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) s&#250;bito. Realizou-se o somat&#243;rio de ondas R (&#931;R), em mm, nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais e em todas as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, coletou-se uma amostra de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico para medir as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de cTn-I usando imunoensaio-anticorpo monoclonal com um analisador hematol&#243;gico Bayer ADVIA 60, com valor de percentil 99 de 0,04 ng/ml. No nosso laborat&#243;rio, o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o do ensaio &#233; menor do que 10%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Mediu-se cTn-I na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e 24 horas ap&#243;s ICP.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s recrutamento, os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: controle e PCIR. Nesse &#250;ltimo grupo, 1 hora antes da ICP, realizou-se a manobra de PCIR com os pacientes deitados em dec&#250;bito dorsal. O PCIR foi realizado no bra&#231;o esquerdo, com tr&#234;s ciclos de oclus&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o braquial com manguito, elevando-se a press&#227;o para 200 mmHg por 5 minutos, seguidos por um per&#237;odo de 5 minutos de defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito. Em seguida, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ICP padr&#227;o, incluindo a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> em todas as les&#245;es coronarianas suscet&#237;veis e acess&#237;veis. Os v&#225;rios cardiologistas intervencionistas envolvidos neste estudo foram cegados para a manobra de pr&#233;-condicionamento. Antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic>, a ponta do cateter foi colocada no s&#237;tio da placa ateroscler&#243;tica que receberia o <italic>stent</italic>, sendo coletada amostra de sangue para dosagem de nitratos e nitritos (NOx), produtos de degrada&#231;&#227;o do NO, como medida indireta da disponibilidade daquele g&#225;s, um emblem&#225;tico marcador de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. As concentra&#231;&#245;es dos metab&#243;litos de NO foram medidas usando-se um <italic>kit</italic> enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (Cayman, Chemicals), conforme as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Determinou-se a densidade &#243;ptica a 540 nm. Como o NOx &#233; excretado pelos rins, a taxa NOx/creatinina foi estimada para descartar a influ&#234;ncia de qualquer comprometimento renal.</p>
        <p>Quantificou-se a dor de angina experimentada durante a ICP com uma modifica&#231;&#227;o da escala do <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> como se segue: grau 0 (sem dor ou qualquer desconforto); grau 1 (leve, quase impercept&#237;vel); grau 2 (moderada, desconfort&#225;vel); grau 3 (intensa, muito desconfort&#225;vel); e grau 4 (a dor mais intensa j&#225; experienciada).</p>
        <p><underline>Mionecrose/infarto do mioc&#225;rdio periprocedural</underline>. Considerou-se necrose do mioc&#225;rdio quando a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de cTn foi superior ao percentil 99 do valor de refer&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, contudo, baseou-se nos crit&#233;rios atualizados do documento da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia, da <italic>American College of Cardiology Foundation</italic>, da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> e da <italic>World Heart Federation</italic> (ESC/ACCF/AQHA/WHF) intitulado <italic>Terceira Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Tal consenso internacional de especialistas estabelece como biomarcador preferencial de necrose a cTn e pelo menos um dos cinco crit&#233;rios adicionais: sintomas de isquemia; novas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas da onda ST/T ou novo BRE; novas ondas Q patol&#243;gicas; demonstra&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de imagem de nova perda de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel (ou nova anormalidade regional da motilidade da parede); e trombo intracoronariano identificado em angiografia ou necropsia. De acordo com aquele documento, considerou-se infarto do mioc&#225;rdio periprocedural a eleva&#231;&#227;o de cTn superior a cinco vezes o percentil 99 do valor de refer&#234;ncia em pacientes com valores basais normais.</p>
        <p>Pacientes que apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es procedurais, como dissec&#231;&#227;o coronariana, arritmias periprocedurais prolongadas ou parada card&#237;aca, foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Portanto, apenas casos com angioplastia e implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> completas e bem-sucedidas, tais como aqueles em que todas as les&#245;es coronarianas relevantes e acess&#237;veis foram tratadas, sem complica&#231;&#245;es, com completo ganho intraluminal e fluxo TIMI 3, foram considerados para an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi estimada atrav&#233;s da medida da creatinina s&#233;rica e da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) com a f&#243;rmula de <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina de Cockcroft-Gault,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> antes e depois da ICP:</p>
        <p>TFG= [(140 - idade) x peso (kg)/(72 x creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dl)] x (0,85 em mulheres).</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram classificados nos cinco est&#225;gios de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (est&#225;gios I-V) de acordo com sua TFG (&lt;15, 15-29, 30-59, 60-89 e &gt;90 ml/min), que foi estimada antes da interven&#231;&#227;o e 24 horas depois.</p>
        <p><underline>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</underline>. Todos os valores foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de dados foi analisada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, diferen&#231;as (antes vs. depois) nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado, enquanto o test <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareado foi usado para avaliar as diferen&#231;as intergrupos e a porcentagem de altera&#231;&#227;o (deltas). As diferen&#231;as entre os dados categ&#243;ricos, i.e. frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens, foram avaliadas com testes z. Um valor p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. O programa Prism GraphPad(r) (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, EUA) foi usado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes recrutados completaram o protocolo do estudo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos na condi&#231;&#227;o basal. Os dois grupos foram semelhantes (n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica, p = <italic>ns</italic>) quanto a idade, distribui&#231;&#227;o de sexo, ocorr&#234;ncia de adiposidade, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e fun&#231;&#227;o renal. O grupo PCIR apresentou mais pacientes em uso de betabloqueadores (5 indiv&#237;duos) e estatinas (2 indiv&#237;duos, sem diferen&#231;as significativas), enquanto mais pacientes do grupo controle usavam insulina e metformina, a despeito da propor&#231;&#227;o de diabetes similar nos dois grupos. Bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio e moduladores do eixo renina-angiotensina foram prescritos em propor&#231;&#245;es similares nos dois grupos. Quantidades quase que indetect&#225;veis de cTn foram identificadas em todos os pacientes, e nenhum apresentou anormalidades ST antes da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Grupo controle(n=23)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Grupo pr&#233;-condicionamento(n=23)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>x</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>x</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">66,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Indice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">n</td>
                <td align="center">%</td>
                <td align="center">n</td>
                <td align="center">%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Masculino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus tipo 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">60,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">91,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRA</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">30,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BCC</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">21,7</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">82,6</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">91,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulina</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Metformina</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">47,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Infarto do miocardio pr&#233;vio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST (0,5-1 mV)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Troponina I basal &lt;0,04 ng/ml</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>TFG (ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 15 (insufici&#234;ncia renal, est&#225;gio V)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15-29 (redu&#231;&#227;o severa da TFG, est&#225;gio IV)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30-59 (redu&#231;&#227;o moderada da TFG, est&#225;gio III)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60-89 (redu&#231;&#227;o leve da TFG, est&#225;gio II)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">30,4</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 90 (TFG normal, est&#225;gio I)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; BCC: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><underline>Dor anginosa durante ou ap&#243;s a ICP</underline>. Apenas um paciente em cada grupo apresentou angina (grau 4 nos dois casos) durante ou imediatamente ap&#243;s a angioplastia.</p>
        <p><underline>Biodisponibilidade de NO</underline>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref> mostra que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NOx no sangue coletado da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria a receber o <italic>stent</italic>, justo na proximidade da les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, foi significativamente maior nos pacientes pr&#233;-condicionados. Tal resultado indica que a manobra de PCIR aumentou a disponibilidade de NO na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria selecionada para receber o <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#211;xido n&#237;trico local (NOx) corrigido para os n&#237;veis de creatinina nos grupos controle e pr&#233;-condicionamento. Dados expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; EMP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0154-60100-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><underline>Altera&#231;&#245;es na cTn-I</underline>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref> mostra as altera&#231;&#245;es nas concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de cTn-I nas condi&#231;&#245;es basais e 24 horas ap&#243;s nos dois grupos do estudo. Pacientes do grupo controle apresentaram um pequeno, mas significativo, aumento na cTn-I. No entanto, o marcador permaneceu inalterado no grupo pr&#233;-condicionado.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es nas concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de troponina-I basal e 24 horas ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea nos grupos controle (esquerda) e pr&#233;-condicionamento (direita). Dados expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; EMP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0154-60100-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><underline>Altera&#231;&#245;es de ECG</underline>. Quatro pacientes controle e apenas um pr&#233;-condicionado apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST maior do que 1mV 24 horas ap&#243;s a ICP (diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica n&#227;o significativa de 17,3% vs. 4,3%). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref> mostra a porcentagem de altera&#231;&#245;es observadas no somat&#243;rio de ondas R em todas as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es do ECG, e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref> exibe as altera&#231;&#245;es apenas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Porcentual de altera&#231;&#245;es no somat&#243;rio de ondas R em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es, da condi&#231;&#227;o basal at&#233; 24 horas ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) nos grupos controle (esquerda) e pr&#233;-condicionamento (direita).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0154-60100-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Porcentual de altera&#231;&#245;es no somat&#243;rio de ondas R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais, da condi&#231;&#227;o basal at&#233; 24 horas ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) nos grupos controle (esquerda) e pr&#233;-condicionamento (direita).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0154-60100-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> mostra o efeito da ICP no somat&#243;rio de ondas R nos pacientes controle, assim como o efeito da manobra de pr&#233;-condicionamento naquela vari&#225;vel.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Somat&#243;rio das ondas R nos grupos controle e experimental</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Somat&#243;rio de ondas R total (&#931;)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Grupo controle, X &#177; DP, mm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Grupo pr&#233;-condicionamento, X &#177; DP, mm</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#931;basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#931;p&#243;s ICP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p valor</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#931;basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#931;p&#243;s ICP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p valor</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">56,9&#177;13,9</td>
                <td align="center">51,3+12,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">53,3+23,0</td>
                <td align="center">62,0+22,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Somat&#243;rio de ondas R precordiais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#931;basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#931;p&#243;s ICP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p valor</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#931;basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#931;p&#243;s ICP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p valor</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">36,5+21,8</td>
                <td align="center">32+17,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">33,1+18</td>
                <td align="center">37,3+19,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pode-se ver que a ICP teve um n&#237;tido efeito no somat&#243;rio de ondas R, em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es e tamb&#233;m nas precordiais. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, a manobra de PCIR n&#227;o s&#243; preservou, como tamb&#233;m melhorou, o somat&#243;rio de ondas R. Todas essas mudan&#231;as nos grupos controle e PCIR apresentaram significado estat&#237;stico.</p>
        <p><underline>Dados renais</underline>. A inje&#231;&#227;o de meio de contraste n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos (225,7 &#177; 10,27 e 221,3 &#177; 13,36 ml, para os grupos controle e PCIR, respectivamente, p= 0,79). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> mostra o efeito da ICP na creatinina s&#233;rica e na TFG. No grupo controle, a creatinina aumentou 0,11 mg/dl (+8,6%), enquanto que, no grupo PCIR, o aumento da creatinina foi maior, 0,17 mg/dl (+17%). No entanto, a TFG caiu 6 ml/min/1,73m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (-9,5%) nos pacientes controle, e 6,7 (-10,6%) nos pr&#233;-condicionados. Nenhuma dessas diferen&#231;as foi estatisticamente significativa.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Creatinina s&#233;rica (Cr) e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) nos grupos controle e experimental antes e depois da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Controle</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Pr&#233;-condicionamento</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Cr basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Cr p&#243;s ICP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Cr basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Cr p&#243;s ICP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">valor</td>
                <td align="center">mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">valor</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1,28+0,63</td>
                <td align="center">1,39+0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,0+0,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,17+0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">TFG ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">TFG ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>P&#243;s ICP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>P&#243;s ICP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">63+26,5</td>
                <td align="center">57+23,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">72,0+21,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,4+20,97</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>*N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados deste estudo mostraram que o PCIR induziu aumento intracoronariano dos n&#237;veis de NO, resultando em diminui&#231;&#227;o do dano do mioc&#225;rdio (medido como aus&#234;ncia de aumento na cTn-I) com aumentos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos no somat&#243;rio de ondas R, sugerindo uma melhora do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s ICP eletiva.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais repetidos epis&#243;dios de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o em um tecido ou &#243;rg&#227;o n&#227;o card&#237;aco levam a subsequente prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio contra isquemia n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente conhecidos. O efeito de breve isquemia de membro foi estudada em animais e seres humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O trabalho de Loukogeorgais et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> demonstrou que a oclus&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o de um bra&#231;o diminui a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no bra&#231;o contralateral. V&#225;rios mecanismos hipot&#233;ticos foram propostos para explicar esse fen&#244;meno, principalmente a hip&#243;tese neural e humoral. Um tecido remoto submetido a isquemia-reperfus&#227;o deve produzir uma ou v&#225;rias subst&#226;ncias (adenosina, bradicinina, pept&#237;deo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina, opioides end&#243;genos) que podem estimular uma via neural eferente com resultados cardioprotetores ou, ao atravessar a corrente sangu&#237;nea, podem agir diretamente no endot&#233;lio das coron&#225;rias, induzindo uma resposta de preserva&#231;&#227;o (revertendo a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Outro mecanismo proposto foi a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema enzim&#225;tico das prote&#237;nas quinases ativadas por mit&#243;genos (MAPK) p38, Erk1/2 e JNK no tecido remoto submetido a isquemia-reperfus&#227;o, que pode exercer modifica&#231;&#245;es positivas resultando em prote&#231;&#227;o contra isquemia no mioc&#225;rdio distante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Mais recentemente, o papel do NO emergiu como mecanismo central para explicar a prote&#231;&#227;o contra isquemia, cl&#225;ssica ou remota. H&#225; evid&#234;ncia a respeito da indu&#231;&#227;o pelo PCIR de aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o da NO sintase endotelial (eNOS), mais do que aumento da express&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> assim como aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO e seus produtos de oxida&#231;&#227;o, nitritos/nitratos. Em experimentos elegantes usando modelo microsc&#243;pico de retalho de cremaster de ratos <italic>in vivo</italic>, K&#252;ntscher et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> demonstraram que o NO causou maior fluxo capilar e maior velocidade das c&#233;lulas vermelhas em arter&#237;olas e capilares, enquanto que nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster (L-NAME), um inibidor direto de NOS, inibe o pr&#233;-condicionamento. O NO, a mol&#233;cula ic&#244;nica de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, exerce muitas a&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas que podem explicar seus efeitos cardioprotetores: modula&#231;&#227;o da excitabilidade; atenua&#231;&#227;o da resposta celular ao estresse; dilata&#231;&#227;o arteriolar e capilar; efeito antioxidante, anti-inflamat&#243;rio, antifibr&#243;tico, antitromb&#243;tico e antiapopt&#243;tico. Al&#233;m disso, o NO funciona como um mensageiro intracelular, uma mol&#233;cula par&#225;crina, um neurotransmissor, ou at&#233; como um horm&#244;nio com diferentes efeitos &#224; dist&#226;ncia, em geral ben&#233;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)()</sup></p>
        <p>Embora nosso estudo tenha demonstrado um claro aumento nos n&#237;veis de NO (indiretamente medido atrav&#233;s de seus produtos de degrada&#231;&#227;o, NO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>3</sub>) na vizinhan&#231;a da placa ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana ap&#243;s PCIR, logo antes da angioplastia, as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas causadas pela manobra de pr&#233;-condicionamento n&#227;o s&#227;o a &#250;nica fonte de produ&#231;&#227;o de NO. Sabe-se hoje que o nitrito pode ser a fonte de NO principalmente em condi&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ou hip&#243;xicas, al&#233;m da via cl&#225;ssica da NO sintase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Mesmo assim, a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO atrav&#233;s do fen&#244;meno de pr&#233;-condicionamento &#233; ainda uma explica&#231;&#227;o do resgate do mioc&#225;rdio mostrado em nosso estudo (n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cTn-I comparativamente mais baixos, e preserva&#231;&#227;o ou ganho de ondas R no ECG ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana), pois o resgate foi visto em pacientes pr&#233;-condicionados, mas n&#227;o naqueles do grupo controle.</p>
        <p>A esse respeito, a sensibilidade dos atuais biomarcadores de necrose possibilita a detec&#231;&#227;o de diminuta necrose do mioc&#225;rdio, aparentemente facilitando o diagn&#243;stico dessa entidade cl&#237;nica. Entretanto, os crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio periprocedural foram modificados v&#225;rias vezes nos &#250;ltimos anos, introduzindo consider&#225;vel confus&#227;o no assunto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> De acordo com conceitos atuais, aumentos nos marcadores de necrose acima do percentil 99 do valor de refer&#234;ncia s&#227;o definidos como necrose do mioc&#225;rdio ("mionecrose"), enquanto que um aumento de pelo menos cinco vezes do percentil 99 do valor de refer&#234;ncia auxilia o diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Essa diferencia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica graduada baseia-se no fato de que um pequeno aumento nos biomarcadores pode ser visto em m&#250;ltiplas condi&#231;&#245;es, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, miocardite, miocardiopatia, insufici&#234;ncia renal, tromboembolismo pulmonar, arritmias r&#225;pidas ou lentas, hipertrofia ventricular, cardiotoxicidade (antraciclinas), cirurgia e trauma card&#237;acos, anemia, choque e sepse.</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio periprocedural ou mionecrose periprocedural reside na quantidade de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel perdido durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, e, por essa raz&#227;o, parece razo&#225;vel evitar ou pelo menos limitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e sua extens&#227;o. O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio periprocedural &#233; clinicamente menos relevante do que o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio espont&#226;neo, como demonstrado no estudo ACUITY,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> no qual o primeiro foi associado com um risco relativo de mortalidade de 7,49, enquanto no segundo, n&#227;o houve aumento de mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que houve uma perda definitiva de mioc&#225;rdio periprocedural no grupo controle. Nesses pacientes, o valor m&#233;dio de cTn-I aumentou sete vezes (de 0,1 para 0,7 ng/dl) da condi&#231;&#227;o basal ao per&#237;odo p&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o, o que significou 17,5 vezes o percentil 99 do valor de refer&#234;ncia de 0,04 ng/dl. Enquanto na condi&#231;&#227;o basal 11 pacientes tinham valores de cTn-I maiores do que 0,04, depois da ICP, esse n&#250;mero aumentou para 19. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, no grupo PCIR, os valores m&#233;dios de cTn-I n&#227;o excederam o percentil 99 do valor de refer&#234;ncia tanto na condi&#231;&#227;o basal quanto depois da ICP (de 0,02 para 0,04 ng/dl). Na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, 8 pacientes tinham valores de cTn-I maiores do que 0,04, e ap&#243;s a ICP, apenas 9 exibiam um valor alto. Tais resultados chamam aten&#231;&#227;o para o resgate do mioc&#225;rdio durante a ICP com o uso da manobra de pr&#233;-condicionamento de f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o, baixo custo e quase inofensiva.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o efeito de preserva&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do pr&#233;-condicionamento foi confirmado no nosso estudo com dados de ECG. O ECG &#233; uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica consagrada pelo uso para reconhecimento cl&#237;nico do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, sua localiza&#231;&#227;o topogr&#225;fica, estimativa de tamanho e progn&#243;stico. V&#225;rios &#237;ndices e sistemas de escore eletrocardiogr&#225;fico foram desenvolvidos para refletir o estado funcional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na &#233;poca anterior &#224;s t&#233;cnicas de imagem aptas a estimar com muita acur&#225;cia as propriedades sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. No entanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre v&#225;rios escores de ECG e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se fraca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Mais recentemente, na era da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana, o significado da evolu&#231;&#227;o das voltagens da onda R em diferentes fases da isquemia e reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica voltou a atrair aten&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Na explica&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica cl&#225;ssica, c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio eletricamente ativadas geram potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o representados por vetores, cujas pontas frontais t&#234;m carga positiva. C&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio necr&#243;tico ou extremamente isqu&#234;mico n&#227;o podem gerar tais for&#231;as el&#233;tricas. V&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais mostraram que a amplitude da onda R decresce significativamente durante isquemia aguda, mas sua voltagem aumenta durante a reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> &#201; prov&#225;vel que tal fen&#244;meno indique que, por um tempo indeterminado, as c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio agredido pela isquemia n&#227;o est&#227;o mortas, mas apenas em um estado cr&#237;tico <italic>pre-mortem</italic> de extremo dano, mantendo apenas os sistemas b&#225;sicos de suporte &#224; vida. Mas, com o restabelecimento do fluxo, essas c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico podem restaurar completamente sua vitalidade e funcionalidade. Foi descrito que, em seres humanos submetidos a angioplastia coronariana, durante breves epis&#243;dios de isquemia causada por bal&#227;o infl&#225;vel, a amplitude da onda R aumenta significativamente em quase todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es do ECG. Embora a real causa desse ganho de voltagem no somat&#243;rio da onda R n&#227;o tenha sido esclarecida de maneira convincente (talvez resulte de expans&#227;o da cavidade ventricular esquerda ou altera&#231;&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o), de qualquer forma esse fen&#244;meno acha-se associado com isquemia aguda, diferentemente do fen&#244;meno observado neste estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Portanto, a varia&#231;&#227;o de amplitude das ondas R representa esse "entra e sai" das c&#233;lulas na obscura zona isqu&#234;mica. Nossos dados mostram que, enquanto em pacientes controle ocorreu perda do mioc&#225;rdio, em pacientes submetidos ao pr&#233;-condicionamento, o mioc&#225;rdio ficou melhor preservado.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, nossos resultados mostraram que houve comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal nos dois grupos. A magnitude do desarranjo renal foi significativo, mas n&#227;o proeminente, longe dos limites da nefropatia induzida por contraste (aumento de 25% da creatinina s&#233;rica ou aumento absoluto de 0,5 mg/dl).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Em nossos pacientes, o PCIR n&#227;o apresentou mudan&#231;a positiva na funcionalidade renal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A manobra de oclus&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o com manguito &#233; de f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o, baixo custo e inofensiva, e, quando usada antes da ICP, pode proteger o mioc&#225;rdio da les&#227;o causada pela pr&#243;pria interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana e da les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s angioplastia, devido &#224; maior biodisponibilidade de NO na les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A despeito da clara participa&#231;&#227;o do NO na redu&#231;&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico, a complexidade do fen&#244;meno de pr&#233;-condicionamento requer estudos mais profundos. Sabe-se que esse fen&#244;meno tem duas fases, uma precoce ("primeira janela"), que come&#231;a imediatamente e dura v&#225;rias horas, e outra tardia ("segunda janela"), que come&#231;a 12 a 24 horas mais tarde e tem maior dura&#231;&#227;o (48-72 horas), denominada "Segunda Janela de Prote&#231;&#227;o" (SWOP) ou pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico tardio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Enquanto na primeira "janela" o pr&#233;-condicionamento do mioc&#225;rdio provoca vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, na segunda "janela", v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es de redu&#231;&#227;o de atividade ocorrem nas prote&#237;nas e express&#227;o de genes que codificam v&#225;rias prote&#237;nas relacionadas a oxida&#231;&#227;o, resposta protetora de choque t&#233;rmico, e ativa&#231;&#227;o de NF-&#954;B. V&#225;rias outras investiga&#231;&#245;es indicam que o NO pode agir como mediador da "segunda janela" do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> sobre a abertura do efetor final do pr&#233;-condicionamento tardio, o canal de pot&#225;ssio mitocondrial sens&#237;vel ao ATP (mitoK-ATP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Al&#233;m disso, tem-se que provar que o NO age nas duas janelas do fen&#244;meno de pr&#233;-condicionamento, e ainda qual isoenzima &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo aumento de sua produ&#231;&#227;o (eNOS ou iNOS).</p>
          <p>Por fim, as consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e o progn&#243;stico do resgate do mioc&#225;rdio resultantes do pr&#233;-condicionamento ainda precisam ser testados no longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Drs. Meaney e Ceballos s&#227;o co-autores deste estudo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
