<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DDPtc48YfwyGmGD5zKmCJsy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004100147</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005019102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effect of Fetal Hypothyroidism on Cardiac Myosin Heavy Chain Expression in Male Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yousefzadeh</surname>
            <given-names>Nasibeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jeddi</surname>
            <given-names>Sajad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alipour</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Drug Applied Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tabriz</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mohammad Reza Alipour,</bold> Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Postal Codo 5166614766, Tabriz - Iran. E-mail: <email>alipourmr@tbzmed.ac.ir</email>, <email>alipourmr52@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Jeddi S, Yousefzadeh N, Alipour MR; Statistical analysis: Yousefzadeh N, Alipour MR; Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Alipour MR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>147</fpage>
      <lpage>153</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal life could affect the cardiac function in later life. The mechanism underlying this action in fetal hypothyroidism (FH) in rats has not been elucidated thus far.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> The aim of this study is to evaluation the effect of FH on cardiac function in male rats and to determine the contribution of &#945;-myosin heavy chain (MHC) and &#946;-MHC isoforms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods: </title>
          <p>Six pregnant female rats were randomly divided into two groups: The hypothyroid group received water containing 6-propyl-2-thiouracil during gestation and the controls consumed tap water. The offspring of the rats were tested in adulthood. Hearts from the FH and control rats were isolated and perfused with langendroff setup for measuring hemodynamic parameters; also, the heart mRNA expressions of &#945;- MHC and &#946;-MHC were measured by qPCR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results: </title>
          <p>Baseline LVDP (74.0 &#177; 3.1 vs. 92.5 &#177; 3.2 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05) and heart rate (217 &#177; 11 vs. 273 &#177; 6 beat/min, p &lt; 0.05) were lower in the FH rats than controls. Also, these results showed the same significance in &#177;dp/dt. In the FH rats, &#946;-MHC expression was higher (201%) and &#945;- MHC expression was lower (47%) than control.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion: </title>
          <p>Thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal life could attenuate normal cardiac functions in adult rats, an effect at least in part due to the increased expression of &#946;-MHC to &#945;- MHC ratio in the heart.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypothyroidism</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetus</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Myosins</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Contraction</kwd>
        <kwd>Thyroid Hormones</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Previous studies have shown that several of the diseases taking place in adulthood such as diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and cardiovascular diseases are the result of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> IUGR can result from a number of causes including malnutrition, stress, and endocrine disorder such as thyroid abnormality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thyroid hormones have an important role in the development and growth of various organs during life, especially in fetal and neonatal periods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> It has been reported that decrease of thyroid hormones levels during fetal life (fetal hypothyroidism) in rats causes IUGR and induces cardiac dysfunction in the later life of the offspring;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> however, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated yet.</p>
      <p>Myosin heavy chain (MHC) is the major contractile protein of the heart tissue and primary regulator of cardiac function and contractility, which represents two MHC isoforms: &#945;-MHC and &#946;-MHC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The proportion of &#945;-MHC and &#946;-MHC isoforms may differ according to development stage, and changes in this ratio hinder cardiac contractility<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>. Increased expression of heart &#946;-MHC, a common feature of heart failure, can be induced by mechanical stress and hypothyroidism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, there is no documented report addressing the mechanism of heart failure in fetal hypothyroidism (FH) rats; the aim of this study is therefore to determine whether changes in the expressions of &#945;-MHC and &#946;-MHC genes are involved in cardiac dysfunction in fetal hypothyroidism rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Male and female Wistar rats were housed in an animal room with a temperature of 22 &#177; 3&#176;C, relative humidity of 50 &#177; 6%, and had free access to standard rat chow and tap water during the study. The animals were adapted to an inverse 12:12 h light/dark cycle. All experimental procedures employed, as well as rat care and handling, were in accordance with guidelines provided by the local ethics committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fetal hypothyroidism induction</title>
        <p>Six virgin female Wistar rats (body weight = 200 &#177; 10 g) were housed overnight with male rats (body weight = 300 &#177; 20 g) (two female and one male rat per cage) in the proestrus phase determined by vaginal smears for mating. The pregnant females were randomly divided into: 1 - The 0.025% 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-consuming during pregnancy and 2-The control mother groups. After this division, they were then transferred to separate cages. The PTU-consuming mothers received PTU in drinking water during pregnancy (initiated on day 1 of pregnancy and discontinued after delivery) and the control mothers received only tap water. After weaning, the male offspring of the mothers were separated and divided into 2 as follows: FH (n = 8) and controls (n = 8), and were housed in groups of four per cage with free access to food and water. In this study, the rats in the control and FH groups were divided into two subgroups and, then, the functional study and molecular analysis were performed. After the birth, the weight of the offspring in all the groups was measured monthly from the first day of birth until the end of the month 3. In addition, weight gain until 3 months of age was measured in the control and FH groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Total T3 and T4 measurements</title>
        <p>To assess the thyroid function status, the blood samples were obtained - from the mothers after delivery and the from offspring at birth and 3 months old - centrifuged (3000 &#215; g, 10 min at 4&#176;C), and the sera were stored at -80&#176;C until the time of assay. Total triiodothyronine (TT3) and total thyroxine (TT4) levels were measured by ELISA kits (Pishtazteb Company, Iran). Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations were 3.6 and 4.7% for T3 and 5.8 and 6.3% for T4, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of hemodynamic parameters</title>
        <p>All the rats at 3 months of age were anesthetized by the intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine (60 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg). The hearts of the control and FH rats were rapidly excised and immersed in an ice-cold perfusion buffer; aortas were then cannulated and the hearts were fixed on the constant-pressure mode of the Langendorff perfusion apparatus and perfused through the aorta with a Krebs-Henseleit solution (pH = 7.4) containing (mmol/L): NaCl 118, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 25, KCl 4.7, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1.2, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 2.5, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1.2, and glucose 11; perfusion pressure of the solution was adjusted constantly at 75 mmHg and Krebs solution was gassed with the mixture of 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub> at 37&#176;C.</p>
        <p>A latex balloon was inserted in the left ventricle to allow for the measurement of the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), peak rates of positive (+dP/dt) and negative (-dp/dt), changes in the left ventricular pressure, and heart rate (HR). Hemodynamic parameters (HR, LVDP, and &#177;dp/dt) were digitalized by a Power Lab (AD instrument, Australia) system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and Real-time quantitative PCR</title>
        <p>Total RNA was extracted from the left ventricle of hearts using RNX-Plus solution kit (Fermentase, Cinagen Co. Iran) in accordance to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA quantity and purity were measured using the NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, and Mass). The &#945;-MHC and &#946;-MHC genes expression were quan titatively assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, primers' sequences for each gene were chosen using Gene-Runner Software, version 3.05 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). For synthesis of cDNA, total RNA was reverse transcribed by means of Revert Aid M-MuLV reverse transcriptase, dNTPS, random hexamer primers, DNase I, and RiboLock RNase-inhibitor, for 10 min at 25&#176;C, followed by 60 min at 42&#176;C in a final volume of 20 &#181;l. The reaction was terminated by heating at 70&#176;C for 5 min.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The primers sequences</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Genes</th>
                  <th>Primers Sequence<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#945;-MHC</td>
                  <td align="center">F: GCTGGAGCTGATGCACCTGT</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R: TCGGCATCTGCCAGGTTGTC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#946;-MHC</td>
                  <td align="center">F: TCGGGAAGCAGTGCCAGAAC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R:AGGAGCAGGAAGGGTCGGTT</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#946;-actin</td>
                  <td align="center">F: TACAGCTTCACCACCACAGC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R: ATGCCACAGGATTCCATACC</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Sequences were derived from NCBI (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</ext-link>).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A master mix containing 12.5 &#181;l SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Fermentase, Germany), 8.5 &#181;l water and 2 &#181;l forward primer and reverse primer in a final volume of 25 &#181;l was prepared to carry out real-time PCR. Two microliters of reverse transcribed cDNA were then added to the PCR master mix to achieve a final volume of 25 &#181;l. Reactions with no template were included as negative controls.</p>
        <p>The PCR protocol was used on the real-time PCR machine (Rotor-Gene 3000) in three steps including: 1 - initial denaturation (10 min at 95&#176;C); 2 - a three-step amplification program (15 s at 95&#176;C followed by 30 s at 60&#176;C for &#945;-MHC and &#946;-MHC genes; and 30s at 72&#176;C) repeated 40 times; and step 3-melting curve analysis (1 cycle: 72 to 95&#176;C with temperature transition rate 1&#176;C/sec for 5 sec). Real-time quantification was monitored by measuring the increase in fluorescence caused by binding of the SYBR Green dye to double-stranded DNA at the end of each amplification cycle. All runs were performed in duplicates. The relative amount of mRNA for each target gene was calculated based on its threshold cycle (Ct) compared to the Ct of the house keeping (reference) gene (&#946;-actin). The relative quantification was performed by 2<sup>(-)(&#8710; )(&#8710; Ct)</sup> method as follows:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>2-[(Ct target gene - Ct reference gene) experimental - (Ct target gene -Ct reference gene) Control]. The specificity of the PCR reactions was verified by generation of a melting curve analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All the values were expressed as means &#177; SEM. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA; version 20). Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the studied data and, then, parametric or non-parametric tests were used for the analysis of normal or non-normal data distribution, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Therefore, the <italic>Student's sample t-test</italic> was used to compare thyroid hormone levels, LVDP, HR, &#177; dp/dt, and body weight between the groups. Mann-Whitney U test was also used for comparing gene expression between the two groups. Two-sided p values of &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Effects of PTU administration on thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy (total T4 and T3), in serum from the mothers are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>. As shown, the mothers which consumed PTU during pregnancy had lower total T4 and T3 in serum compared with the control group (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Serum T 3 and T 4 concentrations in mother (A), neonate (B) and 3 month of age (C) in the fetal hypothyroid, and control rats. Values are mean &#177; SEM. *p &lt; 0.05, statistically significant differences between hypothyroid and control in mothers and fetal hypothyroid and control rats in offspring. (n = 8 rats). T<sub>4</sub>: Thyroxine; T<sub>3</sub>: triiodothyronine; FH: Fetal hypothyroidism.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0147-60099-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Total T4 and T3 in serum from the offspring after the administration of PTU in pregnant mothers are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1C</xref>. The offspring at birth had lower total T4 and T3 in serum compared with the control group (p &lt; 0.05) (Figure 1 B), whereas in adulthood (month 3), there was no significant difference between the two groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the effects of thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal life on body weight in the offspring (at birth until 3 months of age). As shown, body weight at birth was significantly lower in the FH rats than the controls. In addition, weight gain until 3 months of age was significantly less in the FH rats compared with the controls.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Body weight in the fetal hypothyroid and control rats. Values are mean &#177; SEM. *p &lt; 0.05, statistically significant differences between fetal hypothyroid and control rats. (n = 8 rat). FH: Fetal hypothyroidism.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0147-60099-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Hemodynamic parameters including LVDP, &#177;dp/dt and heart rate in the offspring (at 3 months of age) which had thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal life are demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>. The baseline level of LVDP in the FH rats was significantly lower than that of the controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>) (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the FH rats had lower baseline levels of the heart rate and +dp/dt and -dp/dt than the controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3B</xref>, 3C and 3D, respectively) (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic parameters in the fetal hypothyroid and control rats. A) Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP); B) Heart rate; C) Peak rates of positive changes in left ventricular pressure (+dp/dt); D) Peak rates of negative changes in left ventricular pressure (-dp/dt); Values are mean &#177; SEM; (n = 8 rats); *p &lt; 0.05, statistically significant differences between fetal hypothyroid and control rats. FH: Fetal hypothyroidism.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0147-60099-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal life on the expression of &#946;- and &#945;-MHC expressions in the offspring with 3 months of age are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>. In the FH rats, &#946;-MHC expression was higher (201%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref>) (p &lt; 0.05) and &#945;- MHC expression was lower (47%) compared with control rats (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4B</xref>) (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gene expression in hearts of the fetal hypothyroid and control rats. MHC; (myosin heavy chain) *p &lt; 0.05. Data were normalized to the calibrator (set to 1) and presented as mean &#177; SEM. FH: Fetal hypothyroidism.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0147-60099-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our results showed that thyroid hormones deficiency in fetal life could attenuate the normal cardiac functions including LVDP, HR, and &#177;dp/dt during adulthood. Cardiac dysfunction in FH rats is, at least in part, due to increased &#946;-MHC expression and decreased &#945;-MHC expression.</p>
      <p>In this study, the FH rats had less weight gain until month 3 of age, a result in line with previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Previous reports have shown that low birth weight is a risk factor for later diseases in adulthood in humans and animals, including cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Previous reports have also demonstrated that the cardiovascular functions can be affected by IUGR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In the present study, PTU consumption during the pregnancy period in mothers induced IUGR in the offspring. It has been reported that thyroid hormones deficiency in fetal life causes IUGR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Results from this study demonstrated that hypothyroid mothers at the time of delivery and their offspring at birth had lower thyroid hormones levels (total T3 and T4 levels) compared with the corresponding controls. However, the levels of these hormones in the adult offspring were normal, indicating that the FH rats had thyroid hormones deficiency only during the fetal period. Previous studies have indicated that thyroid hormones are necessary for the development and normal cardiac function during life, especially fetal life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, the FH rats had lower baseline level of LVDP, &#177;dp/dt, and heart rate compared to controls. Decreases observed in LVDP, &#177;dp/dt, and also in the heart rate in this study were similar to those of the previous reports,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> findings which show that thyroid hormones deficiency in fetal life could influence normal cardiac function and induce cardiac dysfunction in their adult offspring. In addition, pervious reports have demonstrated that lower baseline hemodynamic parameters and cardiac failure are the common outcomes of adult hypothyroidism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The mechanisms of the effects of thyroid hormones deficiency in fetal life on cardiac development and function during adulthood have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we showed for the first time that thyroid hormones deficiency in fetal life is associated with increased &#946;-MHC expression [2.11 fold higher expression (201%) than control] and decreased &#945;-MHC expression [0.63 fold lower expression (47%) than control]. No report has however been documented regarding the changes in &#945;- and &#946;-MHC expression in FH rats; previous reports have represented that the induction of hypothyroidism during adult life leads to a shift from &#945;- to &#946;-MHC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Increased expression of &#946;-MHC in the heart tissue, a frequent aspect of cardiac failure, may decrease power output and lead to decreased systolic function in the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> &#945;-MHC had a fast ATPase activity and higher velocity of fiber shortening than &#946;-MHC, so &#945;-MHC: &#946;-MHC ratio in the heart can determine cardiac contractility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Hypothyroidism in adult rats leads to the increase expression of &#946;-MHC and decrease velocity of fiber shortening and, then, diminishes cardiac contractility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Chizzonite R.A. et al. reported that an increase in &#945;-MHC observed after birth was concurrent with a remarkable increase in the serum level of thyroid hormones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Of other possible molecular mechanisms involved in the effect of FH on cardiac function, Chizzonite et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> reported that fetal hypothyroidism delayed the shift of &#946;-MHC (embroyonic MHC in rats) to &#945;-MHC (adult MHC in rats) and caused cardiac disability. Wibo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> also reported that the maturation of dihydropyridine receptor (a voltage L type calcium channel) was postponed after the induction of hypothyroidism in fetal and neonate rats and induced ionic imbalance in the heart tissue. In addition, Meehan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> reported that thyroid hormone deficiency in fetal life decreased the level of energy in cardiac cells due to the reduction in the expression of cytochrome c oxidase isoforms and vital enzyme for the production of energy in the electron transport chain in the heart tissue during development period. According to the result from this study and previous reports, it is hence possible for the decrease of cardiac function in the FH rats to be related to the increased expression of &#946;- to &#945;- MHC ratio and deregulation in cytochrome c oxidase isoforms expression and dihydropyridine receptor, all of which could contribute to the power of cardiac function.</p>
      <p>Regarding the limitations of this study, our results were limited to male rats, and fetal hypothyroidisms could affect cardiac functions in both sexes. In addition, we used the Langendorff-perfused heart model for the measurement of cardiac function; it has been however reported that using in vivo model is clinically more relevant.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal life could attenuate the normal cardiac functions in adult rats, an effect at least in part due to the increased expression of &#946;- to &#945;- MHC ratio in the heart.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the PhD thesis submitted by Nasibeh Yousefzadeh, from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The Grant of this study was supported by Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Our data in this work were derived from the thesis of Ms. Nasibeh Yousefzadeh for a PhD degree in physiology (thesis serial number: 94/5-6/1).</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 De Boo HA, Harding JE. The developmental origins of adult disease (Barker) hypothesis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;46(1):4-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Boo</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harding</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The developmental origins of adult disease (Barker) hypothesis</article-title>
          <source>Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>4</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Fowden AL, Giussani DA, Forhead AJ. Intrauterine programming of physiological systems: causes and consequences. Physiology (Bethesda). 2006;21:29-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fowden</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giussani</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forhead</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intrauterine programming of physiological systems: causes and consequences</article-title>
          <source>Physiology (Bethesda)</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Bourguignon JP, Parent AS. Early homeostatic disturbances of human growth and maturation by endocrine disrupters. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010;22(4):470-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bourguignon</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parent</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early homeostatic disturbances of human growth and maturation by endocrine disrupters</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Pediatr</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>470</fpage>
          <lpage>477</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Patel J, Landers K, Li H, Mortimer RH, Richard K. Thyroid hormones and fetal neurological development. J Endocrinol. 2011;209(1):1-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Landers</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mortimer</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richard</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thyroid hormones and fetal neurological development</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>209</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Thornburg KL. Foetal programming reveals the dark side of AT(2)R. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;89(2):260-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thornburg</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Foetal programming reveals the dark side of AT(2)R</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>260</fpage>
          <lpage>261</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Ghanbari M, Jeddi S, Bagheripuor F, Ghasemi A. The effect of maternal hypothyroidism on cardiac function and tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in offspring male and female rats. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015;38(6):915-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghanbari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeddi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bagheripuor</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghasemi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of maternal hypothyroidism on cardiac function and tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in offspring male and female rats</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol Invest</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>915</fpage>
          <lpage>922</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 van Rooij E, Quiat D, Johnson BA, Sutherland LB, Qi X, Richardson JA, et al. A family of microRNAs encoded by myosin genes governs myosin expression and muscle performance. Dev Cell. 2009;17(5):662-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Rooij</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quiat</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sutherland</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qi</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richardson</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A family of microRNAs encoded by myosin genes governs myosin expression and muscle performance</article-title>
          <source>Dev Cell</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>662</fpage>
          <lpage>673</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Oliveira-Carvalho V, Carvalho VO, Bocchi EA. The emerging role of miR-208a in the heart. DNA Cell Biol. 2013;32(1):8-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira-Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>VO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The emerging role of miR-208a in the heart</article-title>
          <source>DNA Cell Biol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>8</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 van Rooij E, Sutherland LB, Qi X, Richardson JA, Hill J, Olson EN. Control of stress-dependent cardiac growth and gene expression by a microRNA. Science. 2007;316(5824):575-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Rooij</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sutherland</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qi</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richardson</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Control of stress-dependent cardiac growth and gene expression by a microRNA</article-title>
          <source>Science</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>316</volume>
          <issue>5824</issue>
          <fpage>575</fpage>
          <lpage>579</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Gupta MP. Factors controlling cardiac myosin-isoform shift during hypertrophy and heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2007;42(4):388-403.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors controlling cardiac myosin-isoform shift during hypertrophy and heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>388</fpage>
          <lpage>403</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Jeddi S, Zaman J, Ghasemi A. Effects of ischemic postconditioning on the hemodynamic parameters and heart nitric oxide levels of hypothyroid rats. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;104(2):136-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jeddi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghasemi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of ischemic postconditioning on the hemodynamic parameters and heart nitric oxide levels of hypothyroid rats</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <lpage>143</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Yousefzadeh N, Alipour MR, Soufi FG. Deregulation of NF-small ka, CyrillicB-miR-146a negative feedback loop may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. J Physiol Biochem. 2015;71(1):51-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yousefzadeh</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alipour</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soufi</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Deregulation of NF-small ka, CyrillicB-miR-146a negative feedback loop may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol Biochem</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>51</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Vincent MA, Rodd C, Dussault JH, Van Vliet G. Very low birth weight newborns do not need repeat screening for congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 2002;140(3):311-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vincent</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodd</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dussault</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Vliet</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Very low birth weight newborns do not need repeat screening for congenital hypothyroidism</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>311</fpage>
          <lpage>314</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Newsome CA, Shiell AW, Fall CH, Phillips DI, Shier R, Law CM. Is birth weight related to later glucose and insulin metabolism?--A systematic review. Diabet Med. 2003;20(5):339-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Newsome</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiell</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fall</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>DI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shier</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Law</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Is birth weight related to later glucose and insulin metabolismo?--A systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Diabet Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>339</fpage>
          <lpage>348</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Kuh D, Mishra GD, Black S, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Okell L, et al. Offspring birth weight, gestational age and maternal characteristics in relation to glucose status at age 53 years: evidence from a national birth cohort. Diabet Med. 2008;25(5):530-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuh</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mishra</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lawlor</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davey Smith</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okell</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Offspring birth weight, gestational age and maternal characteristics in relation to glucose status at age 53 years: evidence from a national birth cohort</article-title>
          <source>Diabet Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>530</fpage>
          <lpage>535</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Forhead AJ, Fowden AL. Thyroid hormones in fetal growth and prepartum maturation. J Endocrinol. 2014;221(3):R87-R103.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Forhead</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowden</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thyroid hormones in fetal growth and prepartum maturation</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>221</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>R87</fpage>
          <lpage>R103</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Mourouzis I, Dimopoulos A, Saranteas T, Tsinarakis N, Livadarou E, Spanou D, et al. Ischemic preconditioning fails to confer additional protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the hypothyroid rat heart. Physiol Res. 2009;58(1):29-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mourouzis</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saranteas</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsinarakis</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Livadarou</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spanou</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ischemic preconditioning fails to confer additional protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the hypothyroid rat heart</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Res</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Chizzonite RA, Zak R. Regulation of myosin isoenzyme composition in fetal and neonatal rat ventricle by endogenous thyroid hormones. J Biol Chem. 1984;259(20):12628-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chizzonite</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zak</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regulation of myosin isoenzyme composition in fetal and neonatal rat ventricle by endogenous thyroid hormones</article-title>
          <source>J Biol Chem</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>259</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>12628</fpage>
          <lpage>12632</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Stelzer JE, Brickson SL, Locher MR, Moss RL. Role of myosin heavy chain composition in the stretch activation response of rat myocardium. J Physiol. 2007;579(Pt1):161-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stelzer</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brickson</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Locher</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moss</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of myosin heavy chain composition in the stretch activation response of rat myocardium</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>579</volume>
          <issue>Pt1</issue>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Patel M, Mishra V, Pawar V, Ranvir R, Sundar R, Dabhi R. Evaluation of acute physiological and molecular alterations in surgically developed hypothyroid Wistar rats. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2013; 4(2):110-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mishra</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pawar</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ranvir</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sundar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dabhi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of acute physiological and molecular alterations in surgically developed hypothyroid Wistar rats</article-title>
          <source>J Pharmacol Pharmacother</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>110</fpage>
          <lpage>115</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Dillmann WH. Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action in the heart. Am J Med. 1990;88(6):626-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dillmann</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action in the heart</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>626</fpage>
          <lpage>630</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Wibo M, Feron O, Zheng L, Maleki M, Kolar F, Godfraind T. Thyroid status and postnatal changes in subsarcolemmal distribution and isoform expression of rat cardiac dihydropyridine receptors. Cardiovasc Res.1998;37(1):151-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wibo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feron</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maleki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kolar</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godfraind</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thyroid status and postnatal changes in subsarcolemmal distribution and isoform expression of rat cardiac dihydropyridine receptors</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>159</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Meehan J, Kennedy JM. Influence of thyroid hormone on the tissue-specific expression of cytochrome c oxidase isoforms during cardiac development. Biochem J. 1997; 327 (Pt 1):!55-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meehan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kennedy</surname>
              <given-names>JM.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of thyroid hormone on the tissue-specific expression of cytochrome c oxidase isoforms during cardiac development</article-title>
          <source>Biochem J</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <comment>Pt 1</comment>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Efeito de Hipotireoidismo Fetal na Express&#227;o da Miosina Card&#237;aca de Cadeia Pesada em Ratos Macho</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yousefzadeh</surname>
            <given-names>Nasibeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jeddi</surname>
            <given-names>Sajad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alipour</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mohammad Reza Alipour,</bold> Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Postal Code: 5166614766, Tabriz - Iran. E-mail: alipourmr@tbzmed.ac.ir, alipourmr52@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jeddi S, Yousefzadeh N, Alipour MR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Yousefzadeh N, Alipour MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Alipour MR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nio da tireoide durante vida fetal pode afetar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no futuro. O mecanismo subjacente dessa a&#231;&#227;o em hipotireoidismo fetal (HF) em ratos ainda n&#227;o tem explica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo desse estudo &#233; avaliar o efeito de HF na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos macho e determinar a contribui&#231;&#227;o da &#945;-miosina de cadeia pesada (&#945;-MCP) e de isoformas &#946;-MCP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Seis ratos f&#234;mea gestantes foram aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos. O grupo do hipotireoidismo recebeu &#225;gua contendo 6-propil-2-tiouracil durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, e os ratos no grupo de controle receberam &#225;gua de torneira. Os filhotes dos ratos foram testados quando atingiram idade adulta. O cora&#231;&#227;o dos ratos HF e controle foram isolados e submetidos a perfus&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Langendorff para medi&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. Tamb&#233;m foram medidas as express&#245;es de mRNA do cora&#231;&#227;o de &#945;-MCP e &#946;-MCP por qPCR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>PVED de base (74,0 &#177; 3,1 vs. 92,5 &#177; 3,2 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05) e press&#227;o arterial (217 &#177; 11 vs. 273 &#177; 6 batidas/min, p &lt; 0,05) mostraram-se mais baixas em ratos HF do que em ratos controle. Al&#233;m disso, esses resultados mostraram a mesma signific&#226;ncia em &#177;dp/dt. Em ratos HF, a express&#227;o de &#946;-MCP foi mais alta (201%) e a de &#945;-MCP foi mais baixa (47%) do que em ratos controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nio da tireoide durante a vida fetal pode enfraquecer fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas normais em ratos adultos, efeito devido em parte &#224; express&#227;o aumentada de &#946;-MCP em rela&#231;&#227;o a &#945;-MCP no cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipotireoidismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Feto</kwd>
        <kwd>Miosinas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Contra&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Horm&#244;nios Tireoideos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos anteriores mostraram que muitas das doen&#231;as que ocorrem na idade adulta, como diabetes, hiperlipidemia e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, s&#227;o resultado de restri&#231;&#227;o de crescimento intra-uterino (RCIU).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A RCIU pode ser causada por diversos fatores, incluindo desnutri&#231;&#227;o, estresse e dist&#250;rbios end&#243;crinos como altera&#231;&#245;es na tireoide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Horm&#244;nios da tireoide t&#234;m um papel importante no desenvolvimento e crescimento de diversos &#243;rg&#227;os durante a vida, especialmente nos per&#237;odos fetal e pr&#233;-natal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> H&#225; relatos de que a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios da tireoide durante a vida fetal (hipotireoidismo fetal) em ratos &#233; causadora de RCIU e induz disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no futuro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por&#233;m, mecanismos subjacentes ainda n&#227;o foram compreendidos.</p>
        <p>A miosina de cadeia pesada (MCP) &#233; a principal prote&#237;na contr&#225;til do tecido card&#237;aco e principal reguladora da fun&#231;&#227;o e contratilidade card&#237;aca, o que representa duas isoformas MCP: &#945;-MCP e &#946;-MCP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A propor&#231;&#227;o das isoformas &#945;-MCP e &#946;-MCP pode variar de acordo com o est&#225;gio de desenvolvimento, e mudan&#231;as nesta rela&#231;&#227;o prejudicam a contratilidade card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O aumento da express&#227;o de &#946;-MCP no cora&#231;&#227;o, caracter&#237;stica comum de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pode ser induzido por estresse mec&#226;nico e hipotireoidismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; relatos documentados que abordem o mecanismo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em ratos com hipotireoidismo fetal (HF); o objetivo de nosso estudo &#233;, portanto, determinar se mudan&#231;as na express&#227;o de genes &#945;-MCP e &#946;-MCP est&#227;o envolvidas na disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos com hipotireoidismo fetal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar macho e f&#234;mea foram mantidos num biot&#233;rio com temperatura de 2 &#177; 3&#176;C, humidade relativa de 50 &#177; 6%, e tiveram acesso livre a ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o e &#225;gua de torneira durante o estudo. Os animais foram adaptados a um ciclo de claro/escuro a cada per&#237;odo de 12 horas. Todos os procedimentos empregados, bem como manuseio e cuidados com os ratos, estavam de acordo com diretrizes fornecidas pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o de hipotireoidismo fetal</title>
          <p>Seis ratos Wistar f&#234;meas virgens (pelo corp&#243;reo = 200 &#177; 10 g) foram mantidas durante a noite com ratos macho (peso corp&#243;reo = 300 &#177; 20 g) (duas f&#234;meas e um macho por gaiola) na fase de proestro determinada por esfrega&#231;os vaginais para o acasalamento. As f&#234;meas gestantes foram aleatoriamente dividas em: 1 - Consumo de 0,025% de 6-propil-2-tiouracil (PTU) durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o e 2 - O grupo de m&#227;es de controle. Ap&#243;s a divis&#227;o, as f&#234;meas foram transferidas para gaiolas separadas. As m&#227;es que consumiram o PTU, tiveram a subst&#226;ncia misturada na &#225;gua durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o (consumo iniciado no primeiro dia da gesta&#231;&#227;o e descontinuado ap&#243;s o parto) e as m&#227;es do grupo de controle receberam apenas &#225;gua de torneira. Ap&#243;s serem desmamados, os filhotes macho das m&#227;es foram separados e divididos em dois grupos: HF (n = 8) e controles (n = 8) e foram mantidos em grupos de quatro por gaiola com acesso livre a comida e &#225;gua. Nesse estudo, os ratos no grupo de controle e HF foram divididos em dois subgrupos, e em seguida foram feitos o estudo funcional e a an&#225;lise molecular. Ap&#243;s o nascimento, o peso dos filhotes em todos os grupos foi medido mensalmente, do primeiro dia de vida at&#233; o final do terceiro m&#234;s. Al&#233;m disso, o ganho de peso at&#233; 3 meses de idade foi medido nos grupos controle e HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es T3 e T4</title>
          <p>Para avaliar o status da fun&#231;&#227;o da tireoide, amostras de sangue foram obtidas - da m&#227;e ap&#243;s o parto e dos filhotes no dia do nascimento e aos 3 meses de idade - centrifugadas (3000 &#215; g, 10 min a 4&#176;C), e o soro foi armazenado a -80&#176;C at&#233; o momento do ensaio. Os n&#237;veis de triiodotironina total (TT3) e tiroxina total (TT4) foram medidos por kit ELISA (Pishtazteb Company, Ir&#227;). Coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o inter e intra- ensaios foram de 3,6 e 4,7% para T3 e 5,8 e 6,3% para T4, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos</title>
          <p>Todos os ratos aos 3 meses de idade foram anestesiados por inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de cetamina e xilazina (60 mg/kg e 10 mg/kg). O cora&#231;&#227;o dos ratos controle e HF foram rapidamente excisados e imerso num tamp&#227;o de perfus&#227;o gelada; aortas foram ent&#227;o canuladas e os cora&#231;&#245;es foram fixados no modo de press&#227;o constante do aparelho de perfus&#227;o de Langendorff e perfundidos atrav&#233;s da aorta com a solu&#231;&#227;o Krebs-Henseleit (pH = 7,4) contendo (mmol/L): NaCl 118, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 25, KCl 4,7, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1,2, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 2,5, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,2 e glicose 11; A press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o foi constantemente ajustada em 75 mmHg e a solu&#231;&#227;o Krebs foi gaseificada com a mistura de 95% O<sub>2</sub> e 5% CO<sub>2</sub> a 37&#176;C.</p>
          <p>Um bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex foi inserido no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para permitir a medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda desenvolvida (PVED), das taxas de pico de altera&#231;&#245;es positivas (+dP/dt) e negativas (-dp/dt) na press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC). Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos (FC, PVED e &#177;dp/dt) foram digitalizados por um sistema de Power Lab (AD instrument, Australia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento de RNA, s&#237;ntese de cDNA e PCR em tempo real quantitativo</title>
          <p>O RNA total foi extra&#237;do do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos cora&#231;&#245;es por meio de kit de solu&#231;&#227;o RNX-Plus (Fermentase, Cinagen Co. Ir&#227;) de acordo com instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. A quantidade e a pureza do RNA foram medidas por meio do NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, and Mass). A express&#227;o dos genes &#945;-MCP e &#946;-MCP foram avaliadas quantativamente por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real, sequ&#234;ncias de iniciadores para cada gene foram escolhidas com Gene-Runner Software, vers&#227;o 3.05 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Para s&#237;ntese de cDNA, o RNA total foi transcrito de forma inversa por meio de Revert Aid M-MuLV transcriptase reversa, dNTPs, iniciadores hex&#226;meros aleat&#243;rios, DNase I e inibidor de ribonuclease RiboLock, durante 10 min a 25&#176;C, seguido de 60 min a 42&#176;C num volume final de 20 &#181;l. A rea&#231;&#227;o foi terminada pelo aquecimento a 70&#176;C por 5 min.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Sequ&#234;ncias de iniciadores</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Genes</th>
                    <th>Sequ&#234;ncia de Iniciadores<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref>
										</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#945;-MCP</td>
                    <td align="center">F: GCTGGAGCTGATGCACCTGT</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">R: TCGGCATCTGCCAGGTTGTC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#946;-MCP</td>
                    <td align="center">F: TCGGGAAGCAGTGCCAGAAC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">R:AGGAGCAGGAAGGGTCGGTT</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#946;-actina</td>
                    <td align="center">F: TACAGCTTCACCACCACAGC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">R: ATGCCACAGGATTCCATACC</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2">
                  <p>Sequ&#234;ncias derivadas de NCBI (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</ext-link>). MCP: miosina de cadeia pesada.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Uma mistura principal contendo 12,5 &#181;l SYBR PCR verde Master Mix (Fermentase, Germany), 8,5 &#181;l de &#225;gua e 2 &#181;l de iniciador direto e iniciador reverso num volume final de 25 &#181;l foi preparado para realizar PCR em tempo real. Dois microlitros de cDNA transcrito de forma inversa foram ent&#227;o adicionados &#224; mistura principal PCR para chegar ao volume final de 25 &#181;l. Rea&#231;&#245;es sem padr&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das como controles negativos.</p>
          <p>O protocolo de PCR foi usado no aparelho de PCR em tempo real (Rotor-Gene 3000) em tr&#234;s etapas, incluindo: 1 - desnatura&#231;&#227;o inicial (10 min a 95&#176;C), 2 - programa de amplifica&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s passos (15 s a 95&#176;C seguido de 30 s a 60&#176;C para genes &#945;-MCP e &#946;-MCP, e 30 s a 72&#176;C) repetido 40 vezes, e 3 - an&#225;lise da curva de fus&#227;o (1 ciclo: 72 a 95&#176;C com taxa de transi&#231;&#227;o de temperatura a 1&#176;C/seg por 5 segs). Quantifica&#231;&#227;o em tempo real foi monitorada pela medi&#231;&#227;o do aumento em fluoresc&#234;ncia causado pela liga&#231;&#227;o do corante SYBR verde ao DNA de cadeia dupla ao final de cada ciclo de amplifica&#231;&#227;o. Todos os ensaios foram realizados em duplicado. A quantidade relativa de mRNA para cada gene alvo foi calculada com base ciclo limiar (Ct) comparado ao Ct do gene housekeeping (gene de refer&#234;ncia) (&#946;-actina). A quantifica&#231;&#227;o relativa foi feita pelo m&#233;todo 2<sup>(-&#8710; )(&#8710;)( Ct )</sup>conforme descrito a seguir:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
          <p>2-[( gene alvo Ct - gene de refer&#234;ncia Ct) experimental - (gene alvo Ct - gene de refer&#234;ncia Ct) controle]. A especificidade das rea&#231;&#245;es PCR foi verificada pela gera&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lise da curva de fus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os valores foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita por meio do software SPSS (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA; vers&#227;o 20). O teste Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para checar a normalidade dos dados estudados e, depois, os testes param&#233;trico ou n&#227;o param&#233;trico foram usados para a an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou n&#227;o-normal de dados, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Portanto, o teste de amostra t de Student foi usado para comparar n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nio de tireoide, PVED, FC, &#177;dp/dt e massa corp&#243;rea entre os grupos. O teste de Mann-Whitney tamb&#233;m foi usado para comparar a express&#227;o de genes entre os dois grupos. Valores bilaterais de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o de PTU nos n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nio da tireoide durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o (T3 e T4 total) no soro das m&#227;es est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1A</xref>. Conforme vemos, as m&#227;es que consumiram PTU durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o tiverem T3 e T4 total mais baixo no soro em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle (p &lt; 0,05). T3 e T4 total no soro dos filhotes ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de PTU em m&#227;es gestantes est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">1C</xref>. Na hora do nascimento, os filhotes tinham T3 e T4 total mais baixo no soro em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1B</xref>), ao passo que na vida adulta (terceiro m&#234;s), n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentra&#231;&#245;es de soro T3 e T4 na m&#227;e (A), neonatos (B) e 3 meses de idade (C) no hipotireoidismo fetal, e ratos controle. Valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. *p &lt; 0,05, diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre hipotireoidismo e controles em m&#227;es e hipotireoidismo e controles em filhotes (n = 8 ratos). T4: Tiroxina; T3: triiodotironina; HF: hipotireoidismo fetal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0147-60099-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref> mostra os efeitos da defici&#234;ncia do horm&#244;nio da tireoide durante a vida fetal no peso corporal (do nascimento aos tr&#234;s anos de idade). Conforme demonstrado, o peso corporal no nascimento estava significativamente mais baixo em ratos HF do que em ratos controle. Al&#233;m disso, o ganho de peso at&#233; 3 meses de idade foi significativamente menor em ratos HF do que em controles.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Peso corporal em ratos com hipotireoidismo fetal e controles. Valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. *p &lt; 0,05, diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre ratos com hipotireoidismo fetal e ratos controle (n = 8 ratos). HF: Hipotireoidismo fetal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0147-60099-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, incluindo PVED, &#177;dp/dt e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos filhotes (aos 3 meses de idade) que tinham defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nio da tireoide durante a vida fetal est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>. O n&#237;vel basal de PVED nos ratos HF estava significativamente mais baixo do que nos ratos controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3A</xref>) (p &lt; 0,05). Al&#233;m disso, ratos HF tiveram n&#237;veis basais de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de +dp/dt e -dp/dt mais baixos do que os controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 3B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3D</xref>, respectivamente) (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos no hipotireoidismo fetal e ratos controle. A) Press&#227;o ventricular esquerda desenvolvida (PVED), B) Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, C) Taxas de pico de mudan&#231;as positivas na press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (+dp/dt), D) Taxas de pico de mudan&#231;as negativas na press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (-dp/dt). Valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; EPM, (n = 8 ratos), *p &lt; 0,05, diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre ratos com hipotireoidismo fetal e ratos controle. HF: Hipotireoidismo fetal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0147-60099-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os efeitos defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nio da tireoide durante a vida fetal nas express&#245;es de &#946;-MCP e &#945;-MCP nos filhotes de 3 meses de idade est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>. Nos ratos HF, a express&#227;o de &#946;-MCP estava mais alta (201%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4A</xref>) (p &lt; 0,05) e a express&#227;o de &#945;-MCP estava mais baixa (47%) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ratos controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4B</xref>) (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Express&#227;o de genes em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos com hipotireoidismo fetal e ratos controle. MCP: miosina de cadeia pesada *p &lt; 0,05. Dados foram normalizados ao calibrador (definido em 1) e apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. HF: Hipotireoidismo fetal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0147-60099-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que a defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nios da tireoide na vida fetal poderia enfraquecer as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas normais, incluindo PVED, FC e &#177;dp/dt durante a idade adulta. A disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos HF &#233;, pelo menos em parte, causada pelo aumento da express&#227;o de &#946;-MCP e diminui&#231;&#227;o da-express&#227;o de &#945;-MCP.</p>
        <p>Nesse estudo, ratos HF tiveram menor ganho de peso at&#233; os 3 meses de idade, resultado esse coerente com estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Relatos anteriores mostraram que baixo peso de nascimento &#233; um fator de risco para futuras doen&#231;as na idade adulta em humanos e animais, incluindo doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Relatos anteriores tamb&#233;m demonstraram que fun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares podem ser afetadas pela RCIU.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No presente estudo, o consumo de PTU pelas m&#227;es durante o per&#237;odo gesta&#231;&#227;o induziu RCIU nos filhotes. H&#225; relatos de que a defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nio da tireoide na vida fetal causa RCIU.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Resultados desse estudo demonstraram que m&#227;es com hipotireoidismo, no momento do parto, e seus filhotes, na hora do nascimento, tinham n&#237;veis mais baixos de horm&#244;nios da tireoide (n&#237;veis T3 e T4 total) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle correspondente. Por&#233;m, os n&#237;veis desses horm&#244;nios mostraram-se normais nos filhotes na vida adulta, indicando que os ratos HF apresentavam defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nios da tireoide apenas no per&#237;odo fetal. Estudos pr&#233;vios indicaram que horm&#244;nios da tireoide s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para o desenvolvimento e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal durante a vida, especialmente na vida fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,6</sup></p>
        <p>Nesse estudo, ratos HF apresentaram n&#237;veis basais mais baixos de PVED, &#177;dp/dt, e de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles. Diminui&#231;&#245;es observadas em PVED, &#177;dp/dt e tamb&#233;m na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nesse estudo foram similares &#224;quelas observadas em relatos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> descobertas que mostram que a defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nios da tireoide na vida fetal pode influenciar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal e induzir disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos filhotes adultos. Al&#233;m disso, relatos anteriores demonstraram que par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos basais mais baixos e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o desfechos comuns de hipotireoidismo adulto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos dos efeitos da defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nios da tireoide durante a vida fetal no desenvolvimento e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na vida adulta ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o claramente compreendidos. Neste estudo, mostramos pela primeira vez que a defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nios da tireoide na vida fetal est&#225; associada ao aumento da express&#227;o de &#946;-MCP [2,11 vezes mais alta (201%) do que no grupo controle]. N&#227;o h&#225;, contudo, relatos documentados sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es nas express&#245;es &#945;- e &#946;-MCP em ratos HF; relatos anteriores demonstraram que a indu&#231;&#227;o de hipotireoidismo durante a vida adulta leva a uma mudan&#231;a de &#945;- para &#946;-MCP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Express&#227;o elevada de &#946;-MCP no tecido card&#237;aco, aspecto frequente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pode diminuir a produ&#231;&#227;o de energia e levar a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A &#945;-MCP teve r&#225;pida atividade de ATPase e maior velocidade de encurtamento das fibras do que &#946;-MCP, portanto a rela&#231;&#227;o &#945;-MCP: &#946;-MCP no cora&#231;&#227;o pode determinar contratilidade card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O hipotireoidismo em ratos adultos leva ao aumento da express&#227;o da &#946;-MCP e velocidade diminu&#237;da de encurtamento de fibra e, depois, reduz a contratilidade card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Chizzonite e Zak<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relataram que um aumento na &#945;-MCP observado ap&#243;s o nascimento era concordante com aumento expressivo no n&#237;vel s&#233;rico dos horm&#244;nios da tireoide.</p>
        <p>Entre outros poss&#237;veis mecanismos moleculares envolvidos no efeito de HF na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, Chizzonite e Zak<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relataram que o hipotireoidismo fetal atrasa a mudan&#231;a de &#946;-MCP (MCP embrion&#225;ria em ratos) para &#945;-MCP (MCP adulta em ratos) e causa defici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Wibo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> tamb&#233;m relataram que a matura&#231;&#227;o do receptor de dihidropiridina (canal de c&#225;lcio tipo L voltagem) foi adiada ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o do hipotireoidismo em ratos em vida fetal e neonatal, e induziu desequil&#237;brio i&#244;nico no tecido card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, Meehan e Kennedy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> relataram que a defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nios da tireoide na vida fetal diminu&#237;a o n&#237;vel de energia nas c&#233;lulas devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de isoformas de citocromo c oxidase e enzimas vitais para a produ&#231;&#227;o de energia na cadeia de transporte de el&#233;trons no tecido card&#237;aco durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento. De acordo com resultados desse estudo e relatos pr&#233;vios, &#233; ent&#227;o poss&#237;vel que a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos HF esteja relacionada ao aumento da express&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o &#946;- para &#945;- MCP e &#224; desregula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de isoformas de citocromo c oxidase e receptor de dihidropiridina - todos esses fatores que poderiam contribuir com a pot&#234;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, os resultados foram limitados a ratos machos, e o hipotireoidismo fetal pode afetar fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em ambos os sexos. Al&#233;m disso, utilizou-se o modelo de cora&#231;&#227;o perfundido pelo m&#233;todo de Langendorff-para a medi&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; no entanto, j&#225; foi relatado que o uso de modelo in vivo &#233; clinicamente mais relevante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nio da tireoide durante a vida fetal pode enfraquecer fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas normais em ratos adultos, efeito pelo menos em parte devido ao aumento da express&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o de &#946;- para &#945;- MCP no cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-Doutorado de Nasibeh Yousefzadeh pela Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Esse estudo foi apoiado pelo Centro de Pesquisas Aplicadas a Medicamentos da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Tabriz, Ir&#227;. Nossos dados nesse trabalho foram derivados da tese de PhD em fisiologia de Ms. Nasibeh Yousefzadeh (n&#250;mero de s&#233;rie da tese: 94/5-6/1)</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
