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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4Yjr9bG6QbhTg69Ct7YXGpq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004100124</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005019101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160098</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Clinical and Doppler Echocardiographic Parameters with Sudden Death in Hemodialysis Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bucharles</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Gardano Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Ferreira Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pecoits-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardioeco - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Renal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Renal, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243;-Sangue Hemocentro de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR- Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Silvio Henrique Barberato</bold>, Rua Rezala Sim&#227;o, 1316/ Casa 28. Postal Code 80330-180, Santa Quit&#233;ria, Curitiba, PR- Brazil. E-mail: <email>silviohb@cardiol.br</email>; <email>shbarberato@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Barberato SH; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Barberato SH, Bucharles SGE; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Barberato SH; Obtaining financing: Barberato SH, Pecoits-Filho R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barberato SH, Bucharles SGE, Pecoits-Filho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>124</fpage>
      <lpage>130</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of death in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients, but there is little information about underlying risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Evaluate the association between clinical and echocardiographic variables with SCD on HD patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Retrospective nested case-control study on chronic HD patients who were prospectively followed. The primary endpoint was SCD. Variables were compared by Student t test, Mann-Whitney or Chi-Square, and independent predictors of SCD were evidenced by multivariate logistic regression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> We followed 153 patients (50 &#177; 15 years, 58% men) for 23 &#177; 14 months and observed 35 deaths, 17 of which were SCD events. When compared to the control group (matched for gender, age, and body mass index) there were no differences regarding time on dialysis, traditional biochemical parameters, blood pressure, smoking, use of cardiovascular protective drugs, ejection fraction, left ventricular dimensions, and diastolic function indices. On the other hand, in the SCD group, we found a higher prevalence of previous heart failure, acute myocardial infarction and diabetes, greater left ventricular mass index, greater left atrial size and lower global myocardial performance. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, diabetes (OR = 2.6; CI = 1.3-7.5; p = 0.023) and left ventricular mass index &#8805; 101 g/m<sup>2.7</sup> (OR = 1.04; CI = 1.01-1.08; p = 0.028) showed independent association with SCD events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> HD patients with diabetes mellitus and left ventricular hypertrophy appear to have the highest risk of SCD. Preventive and therapeutic strategies should be encouraged in addressing these risk factors to minimize the occurrence of SCD in HD patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Death Sudden, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in its more advanced stages, especially in patients undergoing dialysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most common cause of death in individuals undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD) - it occurs 30 times more than in the general population and is responsible for up to 25% of deaths in this group of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> SCD is characterized as unexpected death of cardiac origin that occurs within the first hour of the onset of symptoms in a patient that does not present with a known potentially fatal cardiac condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Among documented cases of cardiac arrest in patients under HD, the main cause is ventricular arrhythmia (fibrillation or tachycardia) and, even resisting the acute event, the percentage of survival in this group of individuals is approximately 15% at the end of one year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The high prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease on HD does not fully explain the excessive risk of SCD given that other potential pathological precipitants seem to be involved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In this clinical context, the identification of risk factors associated with the occurrence of SCD in a population of HD patients in the "real world" may aid in the prognostic assessment and selection of intervention strategies. Although several variables have been linked to the occurrence of SCD in terminal stages of CKD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> there is a lack of studies that simultaneously approach clinical and cardiac morphophysiological aspects. It is known that the discovery of Doppler echocardiographic alterations in the left ventricle (LV), such as hypertrophy, dilatation, systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction, is an important step to characterize individuals with higher risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It is believed that cardiac structural abnormalities, added to the regular stress of traditional HD sessions (electrolyte and blood volume changes), may trigger fatal cardiac arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between clinical and Doppler echocardiographic parameters and SCD occurrence in stable patients undergoing HD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>Retrospective case-control nested study on a cohort of HD patients, with parameters prospectively collected in two renal replacement therapy centers. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age &#8805; 18 years; maintenance HD therapy (time &#8805; 3 months, definitive vascular access, and four hour sessions, three times a week); and signed consent form. Exclusion criteria were: recent hospital admission (&lt; 30 days); malignancies; active infection; non sinus rhythm; significant valvular heart disease (any valvular stenosis &#8805; moderate; valve prosthesis); and pericardial effusion. All patients underwent HD with standard dialysate (3.0 meg/L calcium concentration and 2.0 meg/L potassium concentration), through equipment with polysulfone dialyzers regulated with minimal blood flow of 350 ml/minute and dialysate flow of 500 ml/minute. The estimate of dry weight (volume to be removed by ultrafiltration in each HD session) was done by clinical criteria of hydration, blood pressure behavior during the session, and electrical bioimpedance (when applicable), as determined by the assisting doctor in the HD room.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Body surface was calculated according to Dubois &amp; DuBois equation (0.20247 x weight<sup>0.425</sup> x height<sup>0.725</sup>). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated through the division of weight (kg) by the square of the height (m). Blood pressure, heart rate, weight, and height were measured at the time of the exam. The ethics committee for research of the institution approved the study protocol in accordance to resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council, and informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical Data and Outcome</title>
        <p>Demographics, traditional cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking), previous cardiovascular diseases (congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral arterial disease), intradialytic hypotension (2 or more episodes of symptomatic hypotension requiring HD interruption for &#8804; 6 months),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> use of cardiovascular medication and lab findings were obtained through record analyses. Cause of death was obtained through the analysis of death certificates as well as interviews with the responsible assisting physician when necessary. The outcome of the study was SCD, defined as unexpected death, less than 1 hour after appearance of symptoms. Other events, such as non-sudden cardiovascular death and non-cardiovascular death, were excluded from the analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Doppler echocardiogram</title>
        <p>The exams were performed on an interdialytic day, between 12 and 6 pm, except for Mondays, with the objective of minimizing the influence of afterload influence on the various Doppler echocardiographic indices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> All patients were examined with HD echocardiograph 7XE (Phillips Inc., Bothell, Washington, EUA) equipped with 2.5 MHz transducer, for the complete M-mode, bidimensional and Doppler (pulsatile, continuous, colored and tissue) studies. The following parameters were obtained by the M-mode: anteroposterior diameter of the left atrium; diastolic interventricular septum thickness; diastolic thickness of the lower lateral wall; end-diastolic and end systolic LV diameter. Left ventricular mass was estimated by the Devereux formula and indexed in two ways: by body surface in square meters and by the height to the power of 2.7.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Left ventricular hypertrophy was defined by the presence of mass/height<sup>2.7</sup> &#8805; 45 g/m<sup>2.7</sup> for women, and &#8805; 49 g/m<sup>2.7</sup> for men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Systolic function was assessed by calculating the ejection fraction through Simpson's method. Mitral transvalvular flow was recorded at apical 4-chamber view with a sample of the pulsatile Dopplers positioned between the extremities of the cusps of the mitral valve, measuring the velocities of early rapid filling (E wave), atrial contraction (A wave), E/A ratio, and deceleration time of the E wave (DT). Myocardial performance index (MPI, or Tei index), representing the global myocardial performance, was calculated by the equation a-b/b, where a = intermitral interval (time between the end of a mitral flow and the beginning of the next one); and b = aortic flow ejection time, obtained from LV outflow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Myocardial tissue Doppler velocities were recorded at apical 4-chamber view with a sample consecutively positioned in the junction of the lateral and septal walls of the LV and the mitral annulus. Early diastolic velocity (e'), diastolic velocity of atrial or late contraction (a'), systolic velocity (s') of the annulus were measured, and the ratios e'/a' and E/e' (average of both sides of the mitral annulus) were calculated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Left atrium volume was determined by the bidimensional through biplanar Simpson's and indexed in two ways: by body surface in square meters, and by the height to the power of 2.7.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The group that suffered SCD was retrospectively identified within the study population and matched for gender, age and BMI in the proportion: 1 case: 2 controls. The results were expressed as means and standard deviation (for continuous variables with parametric distribution), median (for continuous variables with non-parametric distributions) and percentage (for categorical variables). The groups were compared by unpaired Student's t test, Mann-Whitney or chi-squared test. Independent association between the various studied parameters and the occurrence of the outcome was tested by the multivariate conditional logistic analysis to derive odds ratios with 95% confidence interval. The significant univariate predictors were added to the multivariate model (entry and retention with significance of 0.1 and 0.05, respectively). For the definition of the partition value, we used a receiver-operator curve analysis (ROC). The level of statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. The statistical program "SPSS 13.0 for Windows" (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL USA) was used for all analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Basic characteristics of the general population</title>
        <p>Basic demographic, clinical, biochemical and Doppler echocardiograph characteristics of the individuals forming the study's general population are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The study followed 153 HD patients, with a mean age of 50 &#177; 15 years, 89 men (58%), and 64 women. At the beginning of the study, 45% presented with arterial hypertension, 23% had diabetes mellitus, 25% had dyslipidemia, 11% were smokers, and 9% were overweight. Previous history of heart failure was present in 31%, acute myocardial infarction in 5%, and stroke in approximately 3%. Most patients (80%) were on antihypertensive medication, especially converting enzyme inhibitors (47%), beta-blockers (16%), alpha-blockers (13%), calcium channel antagonists (12%), and angiotensin receptor blockers (12%), isolated or together. LV dilatation was present in 26% of patients, LV hypertrophy in 89%, systolic dysfunction in 18%, and diastolic dysfunction in 73% - these echocardiographic findings were either isolated or in association.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Main clinical characteristics and basal cardiovascular riskfactors in the general study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Total (n = 153)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Following (months)</td>
                <td align="center">23 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Males (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Time on HD (months)</td>
                <td align="center">22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arterial hypertension (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular hypertrophy (%)</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic dysfunction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic dysfunction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous AMI (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous HF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous stroke (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data presented as mean &#177; SD, median</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>or percentages. HD: hemodialysis; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HF: heart failure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>There were 35 deaths during the 23 &#177; 14 month period of the study. Among the events, there were 8 deaths of non-cardiovascular etiology, 10 non-sudden cardiovascular deaths, and 17 sudden cardiac deaths in the general study population. This group of 17 patients, characterized as "cases", was matched by gender, age, and BMI, with 34 controls who were alive when their respective "case" died.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Differences in patients with SD and controls</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> depicts the main clinical and biochemical differences between individuals who suffered SCD and those who did not. There were no significant differences in age, gender, BMI, period under HD, blood pressure and lab parameters such as hemoglobin, albumin, and calcium-phosphorus product. In addition, there was presence of similar proportions of history of arterial hypertension, smoking, and intradialytic hypotension, as well as the use of beta-blockers or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Patients who had SCD presented a higher prevalence of heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, and diabetes mellitus. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows a comparison of the main Doppler echocardiograph characteristics of SCD patients and controls. Similarities were found in LV dimensions, ejection fraction, and diastolic function parameters. On the other hand, SCD patients presented a larger left ventricular mass (indexed by both methods), lower global myocardial performance (assessed by MPI) and larger left atrium (assessed by the indexed volume divided by the height to the power of 2.7).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of clinical and biochemical characteristics between patients with sudden cardiac death and the control group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Sudden cardiac death (n = 17)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Control (n = 34)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Male (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BS (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.69 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Time on HD (months)</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic HR (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">141 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diastolic HR (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Arterial hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Use of beta-blockers (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Use of IACE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Previous HF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Previous AMI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hypotension ID (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Albumin (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ca x P Product</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>BS: body surface; BMI: body mass index; HD: hemodialysis; HR: heart rate; IACE: inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme; HF: heart failure; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ID: intradialytic; Ca x P: calcium x phosphorus.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>-Mann-Whitney test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison between Doppler echocardiographic characteristics between patients with sudden cardiac death and the control group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Sudden cardiac death (n = 17)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Control (n = 34)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LVEDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LVESD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">211 &#177; 66</td>
                  <td align="center">171 &#177; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LVMI (g/m<sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 43</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EF percentage</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVRT (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center">198 &#177; 57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MPI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DLA (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LAVI (ml/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LAVI (ml/m alt <sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">9 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">a&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">s&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e&#8217;/ a&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/e&#8217; media</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valvular calcification (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LV); LVESD: LV end-systolic diameter; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; EF: ejection fraction; E: early rapid filling velocity; A: atrial contraction velocity; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; DT: deceleration time; MPI: myocardial performance index; DLA: anteroposterior diameter of the left atrium; LAVI: left atrial volume index; e&#8217;: early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus; a&#8217;: late diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus; s&#8217;: systolic velocity of the mitral annulus.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Independent Association to SD</title>
        <p>Significant variables in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model, corrected by gender, age, and BMI. To avoid statistical collinearity and diminish the influence of weight/volume, we decided to include the indexed left ventricular mass divided by the height to the power of 2.7, instead of the indexed mass divided by body surface. There was no independent association between the occurrence of SCD and history of heart failure or myocardial infarction, left atrium size and global myocardial performance by MPI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). On the other hand, history of diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.6; CI = 1.3-7.5; p = 0.023), and indexed left ventricular mass (RC = 1.04; CI = 1.01-1.08; p = 0.028) appeared as parameters independently associated to SCD. In particular, individuals with left ventricular mass &#8805; 101 g/m<sup>2.7</sup> (ROC curve, p = 0.02) showed higher risk of the outcome.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the association between clinical and Doppler echocardiographic parameters with sudden death</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Sudden cardiac death</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>CI 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.3-7.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMI</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MPI</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LAVI (ml/m alt<sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVMI (por g/m<sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.04</td>
                <td align="center">1.01-1.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; CI 95%: confidence interval; HF: heart failure; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; MPI: myocardial performance index; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of this study was to point out the independent association between the presence of diabetes mellitus and left ventricular hypertrophy with higher risk of SCD in patients on HD. SCD is the main cause of death in patients under chronic dialytic treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Recent estimates show that approximately 25% of deaths in patients on dialysis is due to SCD, especially after severe arrhythmias and/or unexpected heart arrest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Despite the high incidence of the phenomenon, understanding of risk factors and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remains limited, which restricts the outlining of preventive therapeutic strategies. It is noteworthy that the incidence of SCD is similar in prospective studies with populations of patients on HD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> or peritoneal dialysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Pathophysiology of SCD is complex and uncertain, but it is believed that there needs to be an interaction between a transitory event (sudden change in volume and/or electrolyte concentration, as a trigger) and a pathological substrate (such as "uremic cardiomyopathy"). The combination of these alterations would be responsible for triggering complex arrhythmias and hemodynamic instability, followed by circulatory collapse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CKD induces several structural modifications in the cardiovascular system, the most frequent of which is left ventricular hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The pathophysiology of LV hypertrophy in CKD is multifactor and depends on the interaction of numerous factors, such as preload increase (by volume overload, anemia, and high flows in the arteriovenous fistula), afterload increase (arterial hypertension and vascular calcification), and other particular consequences of uremia (oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperphosphatemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Myocardial hypertrophy brought on by the uremic environment shows distinct characteristics, especially intermyocardial fibrosis and arteriolar thickening, which promote a decrease of ventricular compliance and electrical instability, predisposing the development of advanced diastolic dysfunction and potentially fatal arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Our findings corroborate the notion that left ventricular mass, known predictor of general mortality and cardiovascular events,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> is also linked to the specific occurrence of SCD in HD patients. In parallel, it has been shown that the increase of left ventricular hypertrophy throughout time during dialysis is related to a higher chance of SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, several Doppler echocardiographic variables, indicative of cardiovascular risk in different clinical contexts, do not show independent association to the risk of SCD in the HD population. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, represented by a reduced ejection fraction, is a classic predictor of SCD in patients with heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Contrastingly, a reduced ejection fraction does not necessarily operate as an independent risk factor for SCD in HD patients, as evidenced in literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and in the present study. The same behavior has been observed with other Doppler echocardiographic markers of cardiovascular risk, such as MPI and left atrium volume, which did not reach statistical significance in the multivariate analysis. Importantly, a previous study suggested that pro-BNP serum biomarkers and troponin are able to substitute the importance of Doppler echocardiographic data in the prediction of SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, the analysed population differed from that of the present study because it constituted exclusively of patients on peritoneal dialysis and with smaller mean left ventricular mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The dosage of such biomarkers was not done in our sample.</p>
      <p>Among clinical parameters, only diabetes mellitus was independently associated to the SCD phenomenon, after correction by gender, age, and BMI. Diabetes mellitus is, in medical literature, a known independent risk factor for SCD. Several pathophysiological mechanisms for the genesis of SCD in diabetic patients have been suggested, such as long QT interval secondary to nocturnal hypoglycemia (proarrhythmic environment),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> obstructive coronary artery disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and autonomic neuropathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Additionally, there seems to be a parallelism between inadequate glycemic control and increased risk of SCD. Diabetics on HD with glycated hemoglobin &#8805; 8% present increased risk of SCD when compared to patients with tight glycemic control (&lt; 6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obstructive coronary artery disease, although frequently observed in patients with advanced CKD, does not seem to have a clear association with the occurrence of SCD in patients on HD. A prospective study evaluating risk factors for SCD in an HD cohort did not point to coronary artery disease as a variable that was significantly associated to the outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Accordingly, a study investigating the cause of SCD through autopsies in patients who were on HD found acute myocardial infarction in only 5.7% of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In the present study, we did not exclude the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease through functional or anatomic tests; however, history of myocardial infarction did not have independent prognostic significance for an outcome of SCD, as observed in a previous report.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is known that hyperkalemia may determine a higher risk of ventricular arrhythmias, and a pre-dialysis potassium serum level &gt; 6.0 meq/L is associated to a higher risk of SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> One of the limitations of our study, during the research observation period, is that it was not possible to retrieve potassium serum levels from all patients. However, the group of patients received dialysis treatment with potassium concentration in the dialysate of 2.0 meq/L, which offers greater protection against serum variations when compared to potassium concentrations in the dialysate of under 2.0 meq/L.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Finally, bone and mineral metabolism disorders, often observed in HD patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> may be related to the phenomenon of SCD. It has been shown that patients with hyperphosphatemia on HD seem to be more at cardiovascular risk and risk of SCD than patients with normal parathormone and phosphorus levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> However, in our analysis, calcium and phosphorus levels were similar among those who suffered SCD and those in the control group. Our study has, besides the aforementioned, other limitations: retrospective design, relative low number of events (except for the multivariate analysis), rigour of exclusion criteria, and the absence of the dosage of serum biomarkers (such as proBNP and troponin).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>We concluded that, in clinically stable patients, the occurrence of SCD, during regular maintenance HD treatment, was independently associated to the history of diabetes mellitus and to the left ventricular mass. Preventive and therapeutic strategies must be encouraged in the approach of these risk factors to decrease the occurrence of SCD. It will be necessary to have new, more comprehensive, and more prospective studies, capable of corroborating our findings, showing other variables that are potentially related to SCD in CKD environment and investigating the adoption of interventions that minimize the risk of the event in this group of individuals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Par&#226;metros Cl&#237;nicos e Ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos com Morte S&#250;bita em Pacientes de Hemodi&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bucharles</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Gardano Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Ferreira Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pecoits-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardioeco - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Renal, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvio Henrique Barberato</bold>, Rua Rezala Sim&#227;o, 1316/ Casa 28. CEP 80330-180, Santa Quit&#233;ria, Curitiba, PR- Brasil. E-mail: <email>silviohb@cardiol.br</email>; <email>shbarberato@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barberato SH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barberato SH, Bucharles SGE; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Barberato SH, Barberato MFA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Barberato SH, Pecoits-Filho R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barberato SH, Bucharles SGE, Barberato MFA, Pecoits-Filho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con" id="fn1">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Morte s&#250;bita cardiovascular (MSC) &#233; a principal causa de &#243;bito nos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise (HD) de manuten&#231;&#227;o, mas h&#225; escassa informa&#231;&#227;o sobre os fatores de risco associados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos com MSC em pacientes em HD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo retrospectivo de caso-controle aninhado em pacientes em HD prospectivamente acompanhados. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi MSC. As vari&#225;veis foram comparadas por teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, Mann-Whitney ou qui-quadrado, e preditores independentes foram evidenciados por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Foram acompanhados 153 indiv&#237;duos (idade 50 &#177; 15 anos, 58% homens) por 23 &#177; 14 meses, per&#237;odo em que ocorreram 35 mortes, das quais 17 MSC. Comparados ao grupo controle (pareado para sexo, idade e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea) n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as no tempo de tratamento por HD, par&#226;metros laboratoriais usuais, press&#227;o arterial, tabagismo, uso de drogas cardioprotetoras, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Por outro lado, encontrou-se no grupo MSC maior preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e diabetes; maior massa ventricular esquerda indexada, tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo e menor desempenho mioc&#225;rdico global. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, diabetes (OR = 2,6; IC = 1,3-7,5; p = 0,023) e massa ventricular esquerda indexada (OR = 1,04; IC = 1,01-1,08; p = 0,028) mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com a ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> Pacientes em HD com diabetes mellitus e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda parecem ter o maior risco de MSC. Estrat&#233;gias preventivas e terap&#234;uticas devem ser estimuladas na abordagem desses fatores de risco para diminuir a ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade nos portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) em seus est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados, sobretudo nos pacientes em tratamento por di&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Morte s&#250;bita cardiovascular (MSC) &#233; a causa mais comum de &#243;bito nos indiv&#237;duos em hemodi&#225;lise (HD) de manuten&#231;&#227;o, ocorrendo 30 vezes mais do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e sendo respons&#225;vel por at&#233; 25% das mortes nesse grupo de indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Conceitua-se MSC como morte inesperada de origem card&#237;aca que ocorra dentro da primeira hora do in&#237;cio dos sintomas em um paciente que n&#227;o apresenta uma condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular potencialmente fatal conhecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entre os casos documentados de parada card&#237;aca nos pacientes em HD, a principal causa &#233; arritmia ventricular (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou taquicardia) e, mesmo resistindo ao evento agudo, o porcentual de sobrevida, nesse grupo de indiv&#237;duos, &#233; de aproximadamente 15% ao final de um ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A alta preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva nos pacientes de HD n&#227;o &#233; capaz de explicar inteiramente o risco excessivo de MSC, uma vez que outros precipitantes patol&#243;gicos potenciais parecem estar envolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em tal contexto cl&#237;nico, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia do evento MSC em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de HD no "mundo real" pode auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e no emprego de estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o. Embora diversas vari&#225;veis tenham sido ligadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC na vig&#234;ncia da DRC terminal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> h&#225; escassez de estudos abordando simultaneamente aspectos cl&#237;nicos e morfofisiol&#243;gicos card&#237;acos. Sabe-se que o achado de altera&#231;&#245;es ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), tais como hipertrofia, dilata&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, &#233; um passo importante para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com maior risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Postula-se que as anormalidades estruturais card&#237;acas aliadas ao estresse regular das sess&#245;es de HD tradicionais (altera&#231;&#245;es hidroeletrol&#237;ticas e vol&#234;micas) possam propiciar o desencadeamento de arritmias card&#237;acas fatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos com o desfecho MSC em pacientes est&#225;veis recebendo tratamento por HD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, tipo caso-controle aninhado, analisando coorte de pacientes em HD, com par&#226;metros prospectivamente coletados em dois centros de terapia renal substitutiva. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade &#8805; 18 anos, terapia hemodial&#237;tica de manuten&#231;&#227;o (tempo &#8805; 3 meses, acesso vascular definitivo e sess&#245;es com dura&#231;&#227;o de quatro horas, tr&#234;s vezes por semana) e assinatura do termo de consentimento. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recente (&lt; 30 dias), malignidades, infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, ritmo card&#237;aco n&#227;o sinusal, valvopatia significativa (qualquer estenose valvar, insufici&#234;ncia valvar &#8805; moderada, pr&#243;tese valvar) e derrame peric&#225;rdico. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; HD com dialisato padr&#227;o (3,0 meq/L de concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio e 2,0 meq/L de concentra&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio), por meio de m&#225;quinas com dialisadores de polisulfona regulados com fluxo de sangue m&#237;nimo de 350 ml/minuto e fluxo do dialisato de 500 ml/minuto. A estimativa do "peso seco" (volume a ser retirado por ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o em cada sess&#227;o de HD) foi realizada por meio de crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos de hidrata&#231;&#227;o, comportamento da press&#227;o arterial durante a sess&#227;o e bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (quando aplic&#225;vel), como determinado pelo m&#233;dico assistente em sala de HD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea foi calculada de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o de Dubois e DuBois (0,20247 x peso<sup>0,425</sup> x altura <sup>0,725</sup>). O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi calculado pela divis&#227;o do peso (kg) pelo quadrado da altura (m). Foram medidas, no momento do exame, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, peso e altura. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou o protocolo do estudo, em consoante &#224; resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, e consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos e desfecho</title>
          <p>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais (diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, tabagismo), afec&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares pr&#233;vias (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral ou insufici&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica), hipotens&#227;o intradial&#237;tica (2 ou mais epis&#243;dios de hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica requerendo interrup&#231;&#227;o da HD em per&#237;odo &#8804; 6 meses),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> medica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em uso e achados laboratoriais rotineiros foram obtidos por meio de an&#225;lise dos prontu&#225;rios. A causa do &#243;bito foi obtida pela an&#225;lise do atestado de &#243;bito, al&#233;m de entrevista com o m&#233;dico assistente respons&#225;vel, quando necess&#225;rio. O desfecho do estudo foi MSC, definida como &#243;bito inesperado, menos de 1 hora ap&#243;s in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Outros eventos, como morte cardiovascular n&#227;o s&#250;bita e morte n&#227;o cardiovascular, foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecodopplercardiograma</title>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados em dia interdial&#237;tico, com hor&#225;rio entre 12 e 18 horas, exceto nas segundas-feiras, com o intuito de minimizar a influ&#234;ncia da p&#243;s-carga nos diversos &#237;ndices ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Todos os pacientes foram examinados empregando-se o ecocardi&#243;grafo HD 7XE (Phillips Inc., Bothell, Washington, EUA) equipado com transdutor de 2,5 MHz, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de completo estudo aos modos M, bidimensional e Doppler (puls&#225;til, cont&#237;nuo, colorido e tecidual). Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram obtidos ao modo M: di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular, espessura diast&#243;lica da parede &#237;nfero-lateral, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do VE. A massa ventricular esquerda foi estimada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Devereux e indexada de duas formas: pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea em metros quadrados e pela altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 2,7.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Definiu-se como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda a presen&#231;a de massa/altura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#8805; 45 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> para mulheres e &#8805; 49 g/m<sup>2,7</sup> para homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi avaliada pelo c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson. O fluxo transvalvar mitral foi registrado no corte apical 4 c&#226;maras com a amostra do Doppler puls&#225;til posicionada entre as extremidades das c&#250;spides da valva mitral, medindo-se as velocidades de enchimento r&#225;pido precoce (onda E), de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A), a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TD). O &#237;ndice de <italic>performance</italic> mioc&#225;rdica (IPM, ou &#237;ndice de Tei), representando o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico global, foi calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o a-b/b, na qual a = intervalo intermitral (tempo entre o final de um fluxo mitral e o in&#237;cio do subsequente); e b = tempo do fluxo de eje&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtico, obtido em via de sa&#237;da de VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As velocidades do Doppler tecidual mioc&#225;rdico foram registradas no corte apical 4 c&#226;maras com amostra posicionada consecutivamente na jun&#231;&#227;o das paredes lateral e septal do VE com o anel mitral. Foram medidas velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce (e'), velocidade diast&#243;lica de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial ou tardia (a'), velocidade sist&#243;lica (s') do anel, e calculadas as rela&#231;&#245;es e'/a' e E/e' (m&#233;dia dos dois lados do anel mitral).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo foi determinado ao bidimensional pela t&#233;cnica biplanar de Simpson e indexado de duas formas: pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea em metros quadrados e pela altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 2,7.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O grupo que sofreu MSC foi retrospectivamente identificado dentro da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e pareado por g&#234;nero, idade e IMC, na propor&#231;&#227;o 1 caso: 2 controles. Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o (para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica), mediana (para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica) e porcentual (para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas). Os grupos foram comparados por meio dos testes <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado, Mann-Whitney ou qui-quadrado. A associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre os diversos par&#226;metros estudados e a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho foi testada pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condicional multivariada, com o objetivo de derivar raz&#245;es de chance (<italic>odds ratio</italic>) com 95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a. Os preditores univariados significativos foram adicionados ao modelo multivariado (entrada e reten&#231;&#227;o com signific&#226;ncia de 0,1 e 0,05, respectivamente). Para defini&#231;&#227;o de valor de parti&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de curva receptor-operador (sigla "ROC" em ingl&#234;s). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definido como p &lt; 0,05. Empregou-se o programa estat&#237;stico "SPSS 13.0 for Windows" (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL EUA) para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o geral</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, bioqu&#237;micas e ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas basais dos indiv&#237;duos que formaram a popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo est&#227;o expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref>. Foram acompanhados 153 pacientes de HD, com idade m&#233;dia 50 &#177; 15 anos, 89 homens (58%) e 64 mulheres. Ao ingressar no estudo, 45% tinham hipertens&#227;o arterial, 23% diabetes mellitus, 25% dislipidemia, 11% eram tabagistas e 9% obesos. Referiam hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 31%, de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio 5% e de acidente vascular cerebral, aproximadamente 3%. A maioria dos pacientes (80%) estava em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, em especial os inibidores da enzima conversora (47%), betabloqueadores (16%), alfabloqueadores (13%), antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio (12%) e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (12%), isolados ou em combina&#231;&#227;o. Dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE estava presente em 26% dos pacientes, hipertrofia de VE em 89%, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em 18% e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em 73% - achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos isolados ou em associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e fatores de risco cardiovascular basais na popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Total (n = 153)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 &#177; 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Seguimento (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo em HD (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IC pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mediana</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>ou porcentagens. HD: hemodi&#225;lise; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>Houve 35 mortes durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 23 &#177; 14 meses. Entre os eventos, na popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo, ocorreram 8 mortes de etiologia n&#227;o cardiovascular, 10 mortes cardiovasculares n&#227;o s&#250;bitas e 17 mortes s&#250;bitas de causa card&#237;aca. Este grupo de 17 pacientes, caracterizados como "casos", foi pareado por g&#234;nero, idade e IMC com 34 controles que estavam vivos quando seu respectivo caso faleceu.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diferen&#231;as em pacientes com MS e controles</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 2</xref> demonstra as principais diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais entre indiv&#237;duos que sofreram, ou n&#227;o, MSC. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em idade, g&#234;nero, IMC, per&#237;odo de tempo sob HD, press&#227;o arterial e par&#226;metros laboratoriais, como hemoglobina, albumina e produto c&#225;lcio-f&#243;sforo. Da mesma forma, foram encontradas propor&#231;&#245;es similares de hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo e hipotens&#227;o intradial&#237;tica, bem como uso de betabloqueadores ou inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina. Nos pacientes que tiveram MSC encontrou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e diabetes mellitus. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref>, est&#227;o comparadas as principais caracter&#237;sticas ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com MSC e daqueles do grupo controle. Foram similares as dimens&#245;es do VE, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Por outro lado, o grupo MSC mostrou maior massa ventricular esquerda (indexada por ambos os m&#233;todos), menor desempenho mioc&#225;rdico global (avaliado pelo IPM) e maior tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (avaliado pelo volume indexado dividido pela altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia 2,7).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais entre os pacientes com morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e o grupo controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (n = 17)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Controle (n = 34)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,73 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo sob HD (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">141 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso de betabloqueador (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso de IECA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IC pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipotens&#227;o ID (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Albumina (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Produto Ca x P</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>SC: superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; HD: hemodi&#225;lise; PA: press&#227;o arterial; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdico; ID: intradial&#237;tica; Ca x P: c&#225;lcio x f&#243;sforo.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste Mann-Whitney.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas entre os pacientes com morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e o grupo controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Morte s&#250;bita cardiaca (n = 17)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Controle (n = 34)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMVE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">211 &#177; 66</td>
                  <td align="center">171 &#177; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMVE (g/m<sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 43</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Porcentual da FE</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TRIV (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center">198 &#177; 57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IPM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVAE (ml/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVAE (ml/m alt <sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">9 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">a&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">s&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e&#8217;/ a&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/e&#8217; media</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE); DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do VE; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; E: velocidade de enchimento r&#225;pido precoce; A: velocidade de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o de E; IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica; DAE: di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo; IVAE: &#237;ndice do volume de &#225;trio esquerdo; e&#8217;: velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral; a&#8217; : velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do anel mitral; s&#8217;: velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o independente com MS</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, corrigido para g&#234;nero, idade e IMC. Para evitar colinearidade estat&#237;stica e diminuir a influ&#234;ncia das varia&#231;&#245;es de peso/volemia, optou-se por incluir a massa ventricular esquerda indexada pela altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia 2,7 e n&#227;o a massa indexada pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC e hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo e desempenho mioc&#225;rdico global pelo IPM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Por outro lado, hist&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus (RC = 2,6; IC = 1,3-7,5; p = 0,023) e massa ventricular esquerda indexada (RC = 1,04; IC = 1,01-1,08; p = 0,028) emergiram como par&#226;metros associados de forma independente com MSC. Em particular, indiv&#237;duos com massa ventricular esquerda &#8805; 101 g/m<sup>2,7</sup> (curva ROC, p = 0,02) evidenciaram maior risco do desfecho.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada da associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos com morte s&#250;bita</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Morte s&#250;bita cardiaca</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>RC</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3-7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IC</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IPM</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVAE (ml/m alt<sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMVE (por g/m<sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01-1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>RC: raz&#227;o de chance; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica; IVAE: &#237;ndice do volume de &#225;trio esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi apontar a associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda com maior risco de MSC em pacientes em HD. MSC &#233; a principal causa de morte em pacientes recebendo tratamento dial&#237;tico cr&#244;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Estimativas recentes apontam que aproximadamente um quarto dos &#243;bitos de pacientes em di&#225;lise deve-se &#224; MSC, essencialmente ap&#243;s arritmias graves e/ou parada card&#237;aca inesperada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Apesar da elevada incid&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno, persiste limitada compreens&#227;o dos fatores de risco e mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes, o que restringe o delineamento de estrat&#233;gias preventivas e terap&#234;uticas. Interessante ressaltar que a incid&#234;ncia de MSC &#233; semelhante em estudos prospectivos com popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes em HD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> ou di&#225;lise peritoneal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A fisiopatologia da MSC &#233; complexa e incerta, mas acredita-se que deva ser necess&#225;ria a intera&#231;&#227;o entre um evento transit&#243;rio (mudan&#231;a brusca na volemia e/ou concentra&#231;&#227;o eletrol&#237;tica, exercendo o papel de "gatilho") e um substrato anatomopatol&#243;gico (como a "miocardiopatia ur&#234;mica"). A combina&#231;&#227;o dessas altera&#231;&#245;es seria respons&#225;vel por desencadear arritmias complexas e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, seguidas de colapso circulat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A DRC induz diversas modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais no sistema cardiovascular, entre as quais a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda &#233; a mais frequente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A fisiopatologia da hipertrofia do VE na DRC &#233; multifatorial e depende da intera&#231;&#227;o entre diversos fatores, como o aumento da pr&#233;-carga (por sobrecarga de volume, anemia e fluxos elevados na f&#237;stula arteriovenosa), aumento da p&#243;s-carga (hipertens&#227;o arterial e calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular) e outras consequ&#234;ncias peculiares da uremia (estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, hiperparatireoidismo secund&#225;rio, hipovitaminose D e hiperfosfatemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica resultante do ambiente ur&#234;mico exibe caracter&#237;sticas distintas, em especial fibrose biochemical traditional parameters intermioc&#225;rdica e espessamento arteriolar, que promovem diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia ventricular e instabilidade el&#233;trica, predispondo ao desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica avan&#231;ada e arritmias potencialmente fatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Nossos achados corroboram a no&#231;&#227;o de que a massa ventricular esquerda, reconhecido preditor de mortalidade geral e eventos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> est&#225; ligada, tamb&#233;m, &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica de MSC nos pacientes de HD. Em paralelo, j&#225; se demonstrou que , o aumento da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ao longo do tempo durante a terapia dial&#237;tica, est&#225; relacionado com maior chance de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, diversas vari&#225;veis ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas, indicadoras de risco cardiovascular em distintos contextos cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com o risco de MSC na popula&#231;&#227;o em HD. A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, representada por reduzida fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, &#233; um cl&#225;ssico preditor de MSC em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cardiomiopatia dilatada e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em contraste, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida n&#227;o, necessariamente, opera como fator de risco independente para MSC em pacientes de HD, como j&#225; evidenciado na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e tamb&#233;m no presente estudo. O mesmo comportamento foi observado com outros marcadores ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos de risco cardiovascular, como o IPM e o volume de &#225;trio esquerdo, os quais n&#227;o atingiram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise multivariada. Ressalta-se que um estudo pr&#233;vio sugeriu que os biomarcadores s&#233;ricos pro-BNP e troponina s&#227;o capazes de substituir a import&#226;ncia dos dados ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos na predi&#231;&#227;o da MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Entretanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o analisada difere do presente estudo, pois foi constitu&#237;da exclusivamente de pacientes em di&#225;lise peritoneal e com menor massa ventricular esquerda m&#233;dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A dosagem de tais biomarcadores n&#227;o foi realizada em nossa amostra.</p>
        <p>Entre os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, apenas o diabetes mellitus associou-se de forma independente com o fen&#244;meno da MSC, ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o para g&#234;nero, idade e IMC. O diabetes mellitus &#233;, na literatura m&#233;dica, um conhecido fator de risco independente para MSC. Diversos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos para a g&#234;nese da MSC foram aventados em diab&#233;ticos, tais como intervalo QT longo secund&#225;rio &#224; hipoglicemia noturna (ambiente pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmico),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> coronariopatia obstrutiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e neuropatia auton&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Adicionalmente, parece existir paralelismo entre controle glic&#234;mico inadequado e risco aumentado de MSC. Diab&#233;ticos em HD com hemoglobina glicada &#8805; 8% apresentaram incremento no risco de MSC quando comparados aos pacientes com controle glic&#234;mico rigoroso (&lt; 6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva, embora frequentemente observada nos pacientes com DRC avan&#231;ada, n&#227;o parece ter clara associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC nos pacientes em HD. Estudo prospectivo avaliando fatores de risco para MSC em coorte de HD n&#227;o apontou a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana como vari&#225;vel significativamente associada ao desfecho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em concord&#226;ncia, estudo que investigou a causa da MSC por meio de aut&#243;psia em pacientes em HD evidenciou o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em apenas 5,7% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> No presente estudo, n&#227;o exclu&#237;mos a presen&#231;a de coronariopatia obstrutiva subcl&#237;nica por meio de testes funcionais ou anat&#244;micos, por&#233;m, a hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o teve significado progn&#243;stico independente para o desfecho MSC, assim como observado em relato pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que a hipercalemia pode determinar maior risco de arritmias ventriculares, sendo que n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de pot&#225;ssio pr&#233;-hemodi&#225;lise &gt; 6,0 meq/L associou-se a maior risco de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo, durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa, &#233; o fato de n&#227;o ter sido poss&#237;vel resgatar os valores de pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico de todos os pacientes. Entretanto, o grupo de pacientes acompanhado recebeu tratamento dial&#237;tico com concentra&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio no dialisato de 2,0 meq/L, que confere mais prote&#231;&#227;o contra varia&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas se comparado &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es de pot&#225;ssio no dialisato abaixo de 2,0 meq/L.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Finalmente, dist&#250;rbios do metabolismo mineral e &#243;sseo, frequentemente observados em pacientes de HD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> podem estar relacionados ao fen&#244;meno da MSC. Demonstrou-se que pacientes em HD com hiperfosfatemia parecem correr maior risco cardiovascular e de MSC do que pacientes com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos normais de f&#243;sforo e paratorm&#244;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Entretanto, na nossa an&#225;lise, os n&#237;veis de c&#225;lcio e f&#243;sforo foram semelhantes entre os que sofreram MSC e os controles. Nosso estudo tem, al&#233;m das acima citadas, outras limita&#231;&#245;es: desenho retrospectivo, baixo n&#250;mero relativo de eventos (restringindo a an&#225;lise multivariada), rigor dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia da dosagem dos biomarcadores s&#233;ricos (como pro-BNP e troponina).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Conclu&#237;mos que, em pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis, a ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC, durante tratamento regular por HD de manuten&#231;&#227;o, foi independentemente associada &#224; hist&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus e &#224; massa ventricular esquerda. Estrat&#233;gias preventivas e terap&#234;uticas devem ser estimuladas na abordagem desses fatores de risco para diminuir a ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC. Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos, amplos e prospectivos, capazes de corroborar nossos achados, apontar outras vari&#225;veis potencialmente relacionadas &#224; MSC no ambiente da DRC e investigar a ado&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es que minimizem o risco do evento nesse grupo de indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
