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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hbKssPgjKf8V5pjCpKwhG3L</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004100099</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005019104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Course After Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation: Chagasic Versus Ischemic Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Tatiana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo de Paula Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Neiberg de Alcantara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto Martins</given-names>
            <suffix>Sobrinho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto da Justa</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Setor de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Cardiologia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio - Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - UFC, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria - Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - UFC, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Francisca Tatiana Moreira Pereira</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio. Rua Capit&#227;o Francisco Pedro, 1290. Postal Code 60430-370, Rodolfo Te&#243;filo, Fortaleza - Brazil. Email: <email>tatianap@baydenet.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pereira FTM, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Pires Neto RJ; Acquisition of data: Pereira FTM, Rocha EA, Pires Neto RJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pereira FTM, Pires Neto RJ; Statistical analysis: Pereira FTM, Pires Neto RJ; Writing of the manuscript: Pereira FTM, Rocha EA, Monteiro MPM, Lima NA, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Pires Neto RJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira FTM, Rocha EA, Lima NA, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Pires Neto RJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>99</fpage>
      <lpage>100</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> The outcome of Chagas disease patients after receiving implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is still controversial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To compare clinical outcomes after ICD implantation in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) and ischemic heart disease (IHD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Prospective study of a population of 153 patients receiving ICD (65 with CCC and 88 with IHD). The devices were implanted between 2003 and 2011. Survival rates and event-free survival were compared.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The groups were similar regarding sex, functional class and ejection fraction. Ischemic patients were, on average, 10 years older than CCC patients (p &lt; 0.05). Patients with CCC had lower schooling and monthly income than IHD patients (p &lt; 0.05). The number of appropriate therapies was 2.07 higher in CCC patients, who had a greater incidence of appropriate shock (p &lt; 0.05). Annual mortality rate and electrical storm incidence were similar in both groups. There was no sudden death in CCC patients, and only one in IHD patients. Neither survival time (p = 0.720) nor event-free survival (p = 0.143) significantly differed between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> CCC doubles the risk of receiving appropriate therapies as compared to IHD, showing the greater complexity of arrhythmias in Chagas patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Defibrillators Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Evolution</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Sudden death is defined as of unexpected occurrence, usually less than one hour after symptom onset in an individual with no previous fatal condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac sudden death (CSD) is a severe public health problem worldwide. In North America, 250,000 to 300,000 CSD per year are estimated to occur. Coronary artery disease (CAD) accounts for 80% of the CSD cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The fatal event, ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF), often occurs as the first manifestation of CAD, accounting for approximately 50% of the deaths due to that disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Such estimates are only partially applicable to Brazil, which still has an expressive CSD rate due to chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Evidence on the efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to CSD prevention originates from large trials of secondary prevention (AVID,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> CASH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and CIDS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>))</sup> and primary prevention (MADIT I and II,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> MUSTT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and SCD-HEFT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Those studies show the superiority of ICD over drugs, especially in ischemic and idiopathic cardiomyopathies. Data about the efficacy of ICD in patients with CCC are controversial. There is evidence from two registries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and two retrospective studies of secondary prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The Brazilian Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices Guideline makes no specific mention of the indication of ICD in patients with CCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Prospective and retrospective studies assessing the clinical course of patients with CCC and ICD are scarce.</p>
      <p>The present study was aimed at comparing the clinical course after ICD implantation of patients with CCC and ischemic heart disease (IHD), and at assessing the survival and event-free survival curves (appropriate shocks, appropriate therapies and death).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The inclusion criterion was patients with CCC or IHD, ICD implanted for primary or secondary prevention of CSD, according to the Brazilian guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Patients receiving ICD for primary prevention were those with indication for cardiac resynchronization and who never had syncope, sustained ventricular tachycardia or aborted sudden death by VT or VF.</p>
      <p>This study patients had either CCC or IHD and received an ICD from January 2003 to November 2011, at the Walter Cant&#237;dio Hospital of the Federal University of Cear&#225; (HUWC), Brazil. The exclusion criteria were: age below 18 years or concomitance of both diseases.</p>
      <p>This historical prospective cohort study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution in January 2010 (protocol: 061.06.10). A databank system was designed to include the patients' clinical and epidemiological characteristics, indication for ICD and the functional results of ICD at the time of implantation and during follow-up. Those data were collected from medical records and during clinical visits. The ICD programming included antitachycardia pacing (ATP) followed by shock for VT and VF. Ventricular tachycardia was considered in the presence of sustained tachycardia with a cycle interval ranging from 300 to 400 ms, not identified as supraventricular tachycardia by specific algorithms. Ventricular fibrillation was considered when the interval cycle was shorter than 300 ms. The ICD therapy was classified as appropriate for VT / VF if the intracardiac electrogram recorded for the intervention was compatible. The ICD therapy was considered inappropriate when shock was applied to supraventricular tachycardia, noise, myopotential oversensing, or R-wave double counting. The follow-up protocol included regular clinical visits and device assessment three times a year or at shorter intervals, when deemed necessary. Death circumstances were classified as having a cardiac or non-cardiac cause, and the Hinkle and Thaler classification was used to assess the suspected mechanism of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were entered into the EpiInfo software (3.5.1 version) and analyzed in the SPSS software, 17.0 version for Windows. Univariate analysis was performed to describe the study population.</p>
        <p>Categorical variables were compared by using chi-square and Fisher exact tests, and tables with absolute values (n) and their proportions (%). Continuous variables of normal distribution were compared between groups using ANOVA, while the others were compared by using Kruskall-Wallis test, and tables with median or mean and standard deviations.</p>
        <p>For bivariate analysis, log-ranks of the survival time differences for each variable concerning each outcome were calculated.</p>
        <p>Kaplan-Meier curves were built for the variables with p-value &lt; 0.05, compared by using two-tailed log-rank tests between strata.</p>
        <p>Cox regression model was applied to the variables associated with survival on bivariate analysis (p &lt; 0.20). Backward modeling with direct comparison of log likelihood, coefficients (&#946;) and Wald test was used after each modeling step.</p>
        <p>To assess proportional hazards associated with predictive factors, Schoenfeld test and graphic inspection of Cox-Snell residuals were performed.</p>
        <p>The statistical significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study included 153 patients submitted to ICD implantation from January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2003, to November 24<sup>th</sup>, 2011. Of the 153 patients, 65 (42.5%) had CCC and 88 (57.5%), IHD. Seven patients (4.6%) were lost to follow-up, five (5.7%) with IHD and two (3.1%) with CCC. Most of the study population consisted of men. Regarding the devices implanted, 101 patients (66.0%) received the dual-chamber device, 50 patients received the cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator, and 2 patients received the single-chamber device. Secondary prevention of sudden death accounted for 65.4% of the implantations. During follow-up, 29 (18.3%) patients died (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Chagasic (n = 63)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Ischemic (n = 83)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">56.4 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">67.1 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">43 (68.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (83.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker use (post)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (18.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Amlodarone use (post)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (20.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (36.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker and amiodarone use (post)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (69.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (31.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Functional class</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">13 (20.6)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">24 (38.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (43.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.521</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">18 (28.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (37.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.266</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">8 (12.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (15.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.613</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ejection fraction</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">12 (19.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (4.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mild</td>
              <td align="center">5 (7.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.239</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">14 (22.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (25.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.700</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe</td>
              <td align="center">32 (50.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (67.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Prevention level</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Primary</td>
              <td align="center">13 (20.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (45.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Secondary</td>
              <td align="center">50 (79.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (54.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death</td>
              <td align="center">13 (20.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (19.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Annual mortality rate</td>
              <td align="center">6.1%</td>
              <td align="center">6.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0.721</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incidence of sudden death</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (6.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.253</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incidence of electrical storm</td>
              <td align="center">8 (12.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (6.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.240</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incidence of appropriate shocks</td>
              <td align="center">23 (36.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (16.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incidence of appropriate therapies (ATP + appropriate shock)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (42.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (16.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median follow-up time (months)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (22.0 - 59.0)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (9.0 - 47.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.327</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Electrocardiogram</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right bundle-branch block</td>
              <td align="center">6 (9.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.175</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left bundle-branch block</td>
              <td align="center">10 (15.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (34.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.729</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right bundle-branch block + left anterior hemiblock + first-degreeatrioventricular block</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.652</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right bundle-branch block + left anterior hemiblock</td>
              <td align="center">11 (17.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low QRS amplitude</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.465</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ATP: antitachycardia pacing.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The median follow-up time of the IHD group was 27 months, and of the CCC group, 35 months, with no statistically significant difference between them.</p>
      <p>The mean age difference between the CCC and IHD groups was 10.2 years, a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05). On average, ischemic patients were 10.2 years older than CCC patients.</p>
      <p>Resuscitation from sudden death due to VF or VT was the indication for ICD implantation in 31 CCC patients and in 33 IHD patients. Syncope with induction of unstable VT on electrophysiological study was the reason for implantation in 20 CCC patients and in 16 IHD patients. Fourteen CCC patients and 39 IHD patients received ICD for primary prevention of sudden death (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Thus, secondary prevention was more prevalent in CCC than in IHD (p &lt; 0.05), and primary prevention was more prevalent in IHD than in CCC (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Appropriate and inappropriate shocks according to indication (primary or secondary)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Primary prevention</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Secondary prevention</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">146</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">34.9</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
              <td align="center">65.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Appropriate/inappropriate shock</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without shock</td>
              <td align="center">105</td>
              <td align="center">71.9</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">86.3</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">64.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With shock</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">28.1</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">13.7</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">35.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Appropriate shock</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without shock</td>
              <td align="center">109</td>
              <td align="center">74.7</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">88.2</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">67.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With shock</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">25.3</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">32.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Inappropriate shock</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without shock</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">95.9</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">98.0</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">94.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With shock</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Predisposing factors to appropriate therapies via ICD</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Factor</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic etiology</td>
              <td align="center">2.07</td>
              <td align="center">1.02</td>
              <td align="center">4.17</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction - mild</td>
              <td align="center">3.52</td>
              <td align="center">1.19</td>
              <td align="center">10.39</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No beta-blocker use</td>
              <td align="center">6.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
              <td align="center">47.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.072</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The annual mortality rate (p = 0.721) and the incidence of sudden death (p = 0.253) and of arrhythmic storm (p = 0.240) were similar in CCC and IHD patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). No surgical death occurred.</p>
      <p>Left bundle-branch block was more frequently found in IHD than in CCC (p &lt; 0.05), and right bundle-branch block associated with left anterior hemiblock was more frequently found in CCC (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>Patients with CCC more often used the association of beta-blockers and amiodarone than those with IHD (p &lt; 0.05). The use of beta-blocker alone (p &lt; 0.05) and of amiodarone alone (p &lt; 0.05) was more frequent in IHD patients than in CCC patients. Regarding functional class, CCC and IHD differed only in functional class I, whose incidence was higher in CCC (p &lt; 0.05). The incidence of normal ejection fraction was higher in CCC patients (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The incidence of appropriate therapies (p &lt; 0.05) and of appropriate shocks (p &lt; 0.05) was higher in patients with CCC than with IHD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was found in the incidence of appropriate shocks when assessing functional class (p = 0.375) and ejection fraction (p = 0.837). However, patients receiving ICD for secondary prevention had more appropriate shocks than those receiving ICD for primary prevention (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the final Cox multivariate model, using all ICD patients, chagasic etiology, ejection fraction with mild dysfunction and no use of beta-blockers were significantly associated with predisposition to receive appropriate therapies (appropriate shock and ATP) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Patients with ejection fraction with mild dysfunction had a 3.5-fold increased risk for the outcome 'appropriate therapy' when controlled by etiology and beta-blocker use. Patients with CCC had a twice-greater risk for appropriate therapy than those with IHD when controlled by ejection fraction with mild dysfunction and no beta-blocker use. No beta-blocker use is important in the model, although its significance is not at the 5% level (p &lt; 0.05): no beta-blocker use increases 6.3 times the risk for receiving appropriate therapy.</p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference in survival time and event-free survival time (appropriate shocks, appropriate therapies and death) was found between CCC and IHD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). During follow-up, no sudden death occurred in the CCC group, and only one in the IHD group. In Kaplan-Meier univariate analysis, moderate to severe ejection fraction (p &lt; 0.05) and functional class IV (p &lt; 0.05) were associated with higher mortality. In the final Cox multivariate model, using all ICD patients, age (&gt; 60 years) and functional class IV were significantly associated with higher mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Patients in functional class IV had a 2.9-fold increased risk for the outcome 'death' when controlled by age.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean survival time [chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) versus ischemic heart disease (IHD)]</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0099-60101-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Event-free survival time [chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) versus ischemic heart disease (IHD)]</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0099-60101-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4 </label>
        <caption>
          <title>Factors related to higher mortality</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Factor</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Functional class IV</td>
              <td align="center">2.95</td>
              <td align="center">1.30</td>
              <td align="center">6.71</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (&gt; 60 years)</td>
              <td align="center">1.03</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.06</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Sudden death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmia (VT or VF) is a well-known complication of Chagas cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> It occurs mainly between 30 years and 50 years of age, being rarer after the sixth decade of life, and predominates in the male sex. It usually occurs during routine activities, physical exertion or emotion, being instantaneous in half of the cases. In the other half, death is preceded by premonitory symptoms for seconds or, more rarely, minutes. Differently from IHD, whose sudden death frequency peaks in the morning, in CCC, deaths seem to predominate in the afternoon, between 12PM and 6PM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The therapeutic strategy to avoid sudden death in IHD is well established. In CCC, however, it is a great challenge.</p>
      <p>One of the major findings of this study was the high number of CCC patients receiving appropriate ICD shock (36.5%) and appropriate therapy (42.9%), with a significant difference from that found in IHD patients (p &lt; 0.05). Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy increased 2.07 times the risk of receiving appropriate therapy [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02 - 4.17]. That high percentage of appropriate shock and therapy triggered by ICD was similar to data of other studies, corroborating the concept relative to the severe arrhythmogenic nature of CCC, which is an inflammatory pancarditis with right injury to the electric system, and appearance of fibrosis, which feeds the reentry mechanism, the major responsible for the genesis of taquiarrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Barbosa et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> has shown an incidence of 62.7% of appropriate therapy in CCC patients and of 37.3% in non-chagasic patients during a median follow-up of 266 days, in addition to a 2.2-time increase in the risk of receiving appropriate therapy in CCC (95% CI: 1.2 - 4.3; p &lt; 0.05). Martinelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, following up 11 CCC patients and 42 patients with either ischemic or idiopathic heart diseases, have shown a likelihood of fatal ventricular arrhythmia non-occurrence of 0% in chagasic patients and of 40% in non-chagasic patients, during a mean follow-up of 660 days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Other authors, assessing 20 CCC patients and 35 IHD patients submitted to ICD implantation, have reported 85% of chagasic patients receiving appropriate therapy as compared to 51% of the IHD group, during a mean follow-up of 180 days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> There are only two studies with opposite findings, showing no difference regarding appropriate shock or therapy between chagasic and non-chagasic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The difference in results might be attributed to the small number of chagasic patients included in those two studies (10 and 18, respectively).</p>
      <p>Mild left ventricular dysfunction was shown to predict appropriate therapy. It is worth noting that the patients receiving ICD with mild left ventricular dysfunction were those undergoing ICD due to secondary prevention of sudden death; it is well known that patients receiving ICD due to secondary prevention are at higher risk of repeating the arrhythmic event.</p>
      <p>In our study, ventricular dysfunction and functional class IV were predictors of mortality. This has been well demonstrated in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, the incidence of appropriate shock and therapy in CCC patients was higher than that in IHD patients; mortality, however, was similar. No sudden death occurred during the follow-up of CCC patients receiving ICD, as well as no death related to the device implantation procedure. This suggests the efficacy and safety of ICD implantation in CCC.</p>
      <p>So far, no large randomized clinical trial, comparing the efficacy of ICD in CCC with that of active drug or placebo, has been published. Although Chagas disease was identified and described by the Brazilian researcher Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro Chagas more than 100 years ago, the best treatment for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death prevention remain a challenge.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>One limitation of this study was the lack of uniformity of the populations studied, such as the higher number of indication for secondary prevention in CCC.</p>
        <p>This is an initial study suggesting the beneficial effect of using ICD in CCC, with efficacy similar to that in IHD. However, further more robust, controlled and uniform studies are required.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy doubles the risk of receiving appropriate therapies as compared to IHD, thus showing the greater complexity of arrhythmias in chagasic patients, despite the similar mortality, suggesting the efficacy of using ICD in CCC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Francisca Tatiana Moreira Pereira, from Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica P&#243;s-Implante de Desfibrilador Card&#237;aco: Pacientes Chag&#225;sicos Versus Isqu&#234;micos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Tatiana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo de Paula Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Neiberg de Alcantara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto Martins</given-names>
            <suffix>Sobrinho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto da Justa</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Cardiologia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio - Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - UFC, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria - Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - UFC, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisca Tatiana Moreira Pereira</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio. Rua Capit&#227;o Francisco Pedro, 1290. CEP 60430-370, Rodolfo Te&#243;filo, Fortaleza - Brasil. Email: <email>tatianap@baydenet.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pereira FTM, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Pires Neto RJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pereira FTM, Rocha EA, Pires Neto RJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pereira FTM, Pires Neto RJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pereira FTM, Pires Neto RJ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pereira FTM, Rocha EA, Monteiro MPM, Lima NA, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Pires Neto RJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira FTM, Rocha EA, Lima NA, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Pires Neto RJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente chag&#225;sico ap&#243;s implante de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) &#233; tema ainda controverso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-implante do CDI em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) e cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (CI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo hist&#243;rico de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 153 pacientes portadores de CDI, sendo 65 com CCC e 88 com CI. Os dispositivos foram implantados entre janeiro de 2003 e novembro de 2011, tendo-se comparado a taxa de sobrevida e a sobrevida livre de eventos entre essas popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os grupos foram similares na predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino, classe funcional e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes isqu&#234;micos s&#227;o em m&#233;dia 10 anos mais velhos que os chag&#225;sicos (p &lt; 0,05). Os pacientes chag&#225;sicos apresentavam escolaridade e renda mensal mais baixa do que os isqu&#234;micos (p &lt; 0,05). Foi demonstrado que o n&#250;mero de terapias apropriadas nos pacientes com CCC &#233; 2,07 vezes maior do que naqueles com CI. A incid&#234;ncia de choque apropriado &#233; maior na CCC (p &lt; 0,05). As taxas de mortalidade anual nos dois grupos foram similares, assim como a incid&#234;ncia de tempestade el&#233;trica. N&#227;o houve nenhuma morte s&#250;bita nos pacientes com CCC e apenas uma nos pacientes com CI. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no tempo de sobrevida entre os dois grupos (p = 0,720) nem na sobrevida livre de eventos (p = 0,143).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A CCC duplica o risco de receber terapias apropriadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CI, mostrando assim maior complexidade das arritmias nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Morte s&#250;bita &#233; definida como de ocorr&#234;ncia inesperada, geralmente menos de uma hora ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas em indiv&#237;duo sem uma condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via fatal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em todo o mundo. As estimativas norte-americanas s&#227;o de 250.000 a 300.000 casos anuais de MSC. Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; respons&#225;vel por 80% dos casos de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O evento fatal, taquicardia/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (TV e FV, respectivamente), ocorre com frequ&#234;ncia como primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da DAC, sendo respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 50% das mortes decorrentes dessa enfermidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Essas estimativas s&#227;o apenas parcialmente aplic&#225;veis ao Brasil, que ainda apresenta expressiva taxa de MSC por cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias da efic&#225;cia do cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) para preven&#231;&#227;o de MSC baseiam-se em megaensaios de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria (AVID,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> CASH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e CIDS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (MADIT I e II,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> MUSTT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e SCD-HEFT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Esses estudos demonstraram a superioridade do CDI sobre os f&#225;rmacos, em especial nas cardiomiopatias isqu&#234;micas e idiop&#225;ticas. Os dados s&#227;o conflitantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; efic&#225;cia do CDI em pacientes com CCC. A evid&#234;ncia baseia-se nos resultados de dois registros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e de dois estudos retrospectivos de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A Diretriz Brasileira de Dispositivos Card&#237;acos Eletr&#244;nicos n&#227;o faz qualquer men&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI em pacientes com CCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existe car&#234;ncia de estudos prospectivos e retrospectivos avaliando o comportamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes portadores de CCC e CDI.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivos comparar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-implante do CDI em pacientes com CCC e cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (CI), avaliar as curvas de sobrevida e sobrevida livre de eventos (choques apropriados, terapias apropriadas e &#243;bito).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes com CCC ou CI, com CDI implantados por preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria de MSC, de acordo com as diretrizes brasileiras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os pacientes que receberam o CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria eram os com indica&#231;&#227;o para ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e nunca tinham apresentado s&#237;ncope, taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou morte s&#250;bita abortada por TV ou FV.</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: todos os pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica ou CI que receberam um CDI durante o per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2003 a novembro de 2011, no Hospital Walter Cant&#237;dio da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (HUWC), no Brasil. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: idade abaixo de 18 anos ou concomit&#226;ncia das duas doen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Foi um estudo de coorte prospectivo hist&#243;rico aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o em janeiro de 2010 (protocolo: 061.06.10). Um sistema de banco de dados foi projetado para incluir as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes, a indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI e os resultados funcionais do CDI no momento do implante e durante o acompanhamento. Esses dados foram coletados a partir dos prontu&#225;rios e durante as consultas cl&#237;nicas. A programa&#231;&#227;o do CDI inclu&#237;a estimula&#231;&#227;o antitaquicardia (ATP, do ingl&#234;s, <italic>antitachycardia pacing</italic>) seguida de choque para TV e para FV. Considerou-se TV na presen&#231;a de taquicardia sustentada com um intervalo de ciclo variando 300-400 ms, n&#227;o discriminado como taquicardia supraventricular por algoritmos espec&#237;ficos. Considerou-se FV quando o ciclo do intervalo foi inferior a 300 ms. A terapia com CDI foi classificada apropriada para TV / FV se o eletrograma intracard&#237;aco gravado para a interven&#231;&#227;o era compat&#237;vel. A terapia de choque foi considerada inapropriada quando a terapia com CDI foi aplicada &#224; taquicardia supraventricular, a ru&#237;do, <italic>oversensing</italic> de miopotencial, ou dupla contagem da onda-R. O protocolo de acompanhamento incluiu consultas cl&#237;nicas regulares e avalia&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo tr&#234;s vezes ao ano ou com prazos menores quando julgado necess&#225;rio. As circunst&#226;ncias de morte foram classificadas a partir de uma causa card&#237;aca e n&#227;o card&#237;aca, e a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hinkle e Thaler foi utilizada para avaliar a suspeita do mecanismo de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram inseridos no programa EpiInfo (vers&#227;o 3.5.1) e analisados no <italic>software</italic> SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.0. para Windows. Foi realizada an&#225;lise univariada com o objetivo de descrever a popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo.</p>
          <p>Nas compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foram utilizados os testes &#967;2 (qui-quadrado) e exato de Fisher, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o em tabelas com valor absoluto (n) e sua propor&#231;&#227;o (%) para compara&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas entre os grupos pelo teste ANOVA, enquanto para as demais foi utilizado o teste Kruskall-Wallis, sendo tabuladas com sua mediana ou m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise bivariada, foram calculados os <italic>log-ranks</italic> para as diferen&#231;as em tempo de sobrevida por vari&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o a cada desfecho.</p>
          <p>Foram constru&#237;das curvas de Kaplan-Meier para as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p &lt; 0,05 com compara&#231;&#227;o pelo teste <italic>log-rank</italic> bicaudado entre os estratos.</p>
          <p>O modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox foi constru&#237;do com as vari&#225;veis que tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o com a sobrevida na an&#225;lise bivariada (p &lt; 0,20). O m&#233;todo utilizado foi o de modelagem <italic>backward</italic>, com compara&#231;&#227;o direta do <italic>log likelihood</italic>, coeficientes (&#946;) e teste de Wald ap&#243;s cada etapa da modelagem.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a proporcionalidade dos riscos associados com os fatores preditores, foram utilizados o teste de res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld e a inspe&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica dos res&#237;duos de Cox-Snell.</p>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica &#233; de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram selecionados, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o, 153 pacientes que se submeteram ao implante de CDI no per&#237;odo de 01 janeiro de 2003 a 24 de novembro de 2011. Desses, 65 (42,5%) eram portadores de CCC e 88 (57,5%), de CI. Houve perda de seguimento em 4,6% (7) dos casos, sendo 5,7% (5) para os com CI e 3,1% (2) para os com CCC. A maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o era de homens. Os dispositivos implantados foram, em sua maioria, do tipo dupla-c&#226;mara (DR) 66,0% (101 pacientes). Cinquenta pacientes receberam o dispositivo do tipo ressincronizador com desfibrilador (CDI/BV) e dois pacientes receberam o do tipo unicameral l (SR). Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita foi respons&#225;vel por 65,4% dos implantes. Durante o seguimento, 29 (18,3%) pacientes morreram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Chag&#225;sico (n = 63)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Isqu&#234;mico (n = 83)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">56,4 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">67,1 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">43 (68,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (83,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de betabloqueador isolado (p&#243;s)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (18,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso amiodarona isolada (p&#243;s)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (20,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (36,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de betabloqueador e amiodarona (p&#243;s)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (69,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (31,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe funcional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">13 (20,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">24 (38,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (43,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,521</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">18 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (37,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,266</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">8 (12,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (15,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,613</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leve</td>
                <td align="center">5 (7,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderado</td>
                <td align="center">14 (22,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (25,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,700</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grave</td>
                <td align="center">32 (50,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (67,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de preven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prim&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">13 (20,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (45,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Secund&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">50 (79,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (54,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">13 (20,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (19,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taxa de mortalidade anual</td>
                <td align="center">6,1%</td>
                <td align="center">6,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,721</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incid&#234;ncia de tempestade el&#233;trica</td>
                <td align="center">8 (12,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incid&#234;ncia de choques apropriados</td>
                <td align="center">23 (36,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (16,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incid&#234;ncia de terapias apropriadas (ATP+choque apropriado)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (16,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana do tempo de seguimento (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (22,0 - 59,0)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (9,0 - 47,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,327</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio de ramo direito</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">10 (15,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (34,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,729</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio de ramo direito + hemibloqueio divisional anterossuperior +bloqueio atrioventricular de 1<sup>o</sup> grau</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,652</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio de ramo direito + hemibloqueio divisional anterossuperior</td>
                <td align="center">11 (17,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QRS amplitude baixa</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>ATP: estimula&#231;&#227;o antitaquicardia (do ingl&#234;s, antitachycardia pacing).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A mediana do tempo de seguimento no grupo com CI foi de 27 meses e a do CCC, de 35 meses. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na mediana do tempo de seguimento entre os dois grupos estudados.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de diferen&#231;a de idade entre pacientes chag&#225;sicos e isqu&#234;micos foi de 10,2 anos, sendo essa diferen&#231;a significante (p &lt; 0,05), ou seja, os pacientes isqu&#234;micos foram em m&#233;dia 10,2 anos mais velhos que os chag&#225;sicos.</p>
        <p>Ressuscitados de morte s&#250;bita por FV ou TV foi a indica&#231;&#227;o do implante do CDI em 31 pacientes chag&#225;sicos e 33 pacientes isqu&#234;micos. S&#237;ncope com indu&#231;&#227;o de TV inst&#225;vel ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico foi o motivo do implante em 20 pacientes chag&#225;sicos e 16 pacientes isqu&#234;micos. Quatorze pacientes com CCC e 39 com CI receberam o CDI por preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>). Logo, a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria foi mais prevalente na CCC do que na CI (p &lt; 0,05), e a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria na CI do que na CCC (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Choques apropriados e inapropriados baseados no tipo de indica&#231;&#227;o (prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">146</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">34,9</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">65,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Choque apropriado/inapropriado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem choque</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">71,9</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">86,3</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">64,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com choque</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">28,1</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">35,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Choque apropriado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem choque</td>
                <td align="center">109</td>
                <td align="center">74,7</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">88,2</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">67,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com choque</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">25,3</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">32,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Choque inapropriado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem choque</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">95,9</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">98,0</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">94,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com choque</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores predisponentes para receber terapias apropriadas pelo CDI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Fator</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chag&#225;sico</td>
                <td align="center">2,07</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">4,17</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o - leve</td>
                <td align="center">3,52</td>
                <td align="center">1,19</td>
                <td align="center">10,39</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o uso de betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">6,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">47,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A taxa de mortalidade anual (p = 0,721), a incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita (p = 0,253) e a incid&#234;ncia de tempestade arr&#237;tmica (p = 0,240) foram similares nos pacientes com CCC e com CI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). N&#227;o houve nenhum &#243;bito cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        <p>O bloqueio de ramo esquerdo foi mais frequente na CI do que na CCC (p &lt; 0,05) e o bloqueio do ramo direito associado ao bloqueio divisional anterossuperior esquerdo foi mais frequente na CCC (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com CCC usavam mais betabloqueador associado &#224; amiodarona do que os pacientes com CI (p &lt; 0,05). O uso de betabloqueador isolado (p &lt; 0,05) e o uso de amiodarona isolada (p &lt; 0,05) foram mais frequentes nos portadores de CI do que naqueles com CCC. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe funcional, a CCC e a CI foram diferentes apenas na classe I, sendo essa mais incidente na CCC (p &lt; 0,05). A incid&#234;ncia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal foi maior nos pacientes com CCC (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de terapias apropriadas (p &lt; 0,05) e de choques apropriados (p &lt; 0,05) foi maior nos pacientes com CCC do que nos com CI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre a incid&#234;ncia de choques apropriados quando avaliados pela classe funcional (p = 0,375) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,837). Entretanto, os pacientes que receberam CDI por preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria apresentaram mais choques apropriados do que os de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>No modelo final multivariado de Cox, utilizando todos os pacientes portadores de CDI, patologia chag&#225;sica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com disfun&#231;&#227;o leve e n&#227;o uso de betabloqueador foram associados de forma significativa com predisposi&#231;&#227;o para receber terapias apropriadas (choque apropriado e ATP) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com disfun&#231;&#227;o leve apresentaram um risco 3,5 vezes maior de atingir o desfecho terapia apropriada quando controlados por patologia e uso de betabloqueador. Os portadores de CCC apresentaram um risco 2 vezes maior de receber terapia apropriada que os portadores de CI quando controlados por fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com disfun&#231;&#227;o leve e o n&#227;o uso de betabloqueador. O n&#227;o uso de betabloqueador &#233; importante no modelo, embora sua signific&#226;ncia n&#227;o seja ao n&#237;vel de 5% (p &lt; 0,05); entende-se que n&#227;o usar betabloqueador oferece 6,3 mais risco de receber terapia apropriada.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no tempo de sobrevida e no tempo de sobrevida livre de eventos (choques apropriados, terapias apropriadas e &#243;bito) entre as duas patologias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>). Durante o seguimento, nenhuma morte s&#250;bita ocorreu entre os pacientes com CCC e apenas uma entre aqueles com CI. Na an&#225;lise univariada por Kaplan-Meier, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o moderada a grave (p &lt; 0,05) e a classe funcional IV (p &lt; 0,05) foram associadas a maior mortalidade. No modelo multivariado final de Cox, utilizando todos os pacientes portadores de CDI, idade (&gt; 60 anos) e classe funcional IV foram associadas de forma significativa com maior mortalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Os pacientes com classe funcional IV apresentaram um risco 2,9 vezes maior de atingir o desfecho &#243;bito quando controlado por idade.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tempo de sobrevida m&#233;dia (chag&#225;sicos versus isqu&#234;micos). CCC: cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; CI: cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0099-60101-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tempo livre de eventos (chag&#225;sicos versus isqu&#234;micos). CCC: cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; CI: cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-02-0099-60101-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores relacionados a maior mortalidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Fator</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional IV</td>
                <td align="center">2,95</td>
                <td align="center">1,30</td>
                <td align="center">6,71</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (&gt; 60 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A morte s&#250;bita por arritmia ventricular maligna (TV ou FV) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o conhecida da doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Ocorre principalmente entre 30 e 50 anos de idade, &#233; mais rara ap&#243;s a sexta d&#233;cada de vida e predomina no sexo masculino. Em geral surge durante atividades rotineiras, esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou emo&#231;&#227;o, sendo do tipo instant&#226;nea em cerca de metade dos casos. Na outra metade, o &#243;bito &#233; precedido de sintomas premonit&#243;rios durante segundos e, raramente, minutos. Ao contr&#225;rio da CI, cuja morte s&#250;bita tem pico de frequ&#234;ncia no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica parece haver predom&#237;nio de &#243;bitos no per&#237;odo vespertino, de 12 &#224;s 18 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica para evitar a morte s&#250;bita na CI j&#225; &#233; bem estabelecida. Na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, ainda constitui um grande desafio.</p>
        <p>Um dos principais achados deste trabalho foi o elevado n&#250;mero de pacientes chag&#225;sicos que recebeu choque apropriado (36,5%) e terapia apropriada (42,9%), com significante diferen&#231;a do que foi encontrado entre os pacientes com CI (p &lt; 0,05). A cardiopatia chag&#225;sica aumentou 2,07 vezes o risco de receber terapia apropriada (IC 95%: 1,02 a 4,17). Esse alto percentual de choque e terapia apropriada deflagrada pelo CDI foi semelhante a dados de outras s&#233;ries j&#225; relatadas, refor&#231;ando o conceito relativo &#224; natureza arritmog&#234;nica grave da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica por tratar-se de pancardite inflamat&#243;ria com les&#227;o direta do sistema el&#233;trico e surgimento de fibrose, que alimenta o mecanismo de reentrada, que &#233; o principal respons&#225;vel pela g&#234;nese das taquiarritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Barbosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> demonstraram uma incid&#234;ncia de 62,7% de terapia apropriada em pacientes chag&#225;sicos e 37,3% em pacientes n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos durante um seguimento mediano de 266 dias, e que a CCC aumentou 2,2 vezes o risco de receber terapia apropriada (IC 95%: 1,2 a 4,3; p &lt; 0,05). Martinelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> acompanharam 11 pacientes chag&#225;sicos e 42 com cardiopatias isqu&#234;mica e idiop&#225;tica, e demonstraram que a probabilidade de n&#227;o ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia ventricular fatal foi de 0% nos chag&#225;sicos e de 40% nos n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos, durante seguimento m&#233;dio de 660 dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Outros autores acompanharam 20 pacientes com CCC e 35 com CI submetidos a implante de CDI e observaram que 85% dos chag&#225;sicos receberam terapia apropriada contra 51% do grupo isqu&#234;mico, durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 180 dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Existem dois &#250;nicos estudos divergentes que demonstraram n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a choque ou terapia apropriada entre pacientes chag&#225;sicos e n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> &#201; prov&#225;vel que a diferen&#231;a nos resultados possa ser atribu&#237;da ao baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes chag&#225;sicos inclu&#237;dos nessas duas avalia&#231;&#245;es (10 e 18, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>Foi demonstrado que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda leve foi preditora de terapia apropriada. Lembrar que os pacientes que foram para CDI com disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo leve s&#227;o os mesmos que foram para CDI por preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita, e &#233; sabido que pacientes que v&#227;o para CDI por preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria t&#234;m maior risco de repetirem o evento arr&#237;tmico.</p>
        <p>No nosso estudo, a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e classe funcional IV foram preditoras de mortalidade. Isso j&#225; foi bem demonstrado em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de choque e terapia apropriada nos pacientes com CCC foi maior que nos pacientes com CI, por&#233;m, a mortalidade foi semelhante. N&#227;o houve nenhuma morte s&#250;bita durante o seguimento dos portadores de CCC e CDI e nenhuma morte relacionada ao procedimento de implante do dispositivo. Isso sugere a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do CDI tamb&#233;m na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        <p>At&#233; hoje, nenhum estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado em larga escala, comparando a efic&#225;cia do CDI na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica com f&#225;rmaco ativo ou placebo, foi publicado. Infelizmente, apesar de a doen&#231;a de Chagas ter sido reconhecida e descrita pelo pesquisador brasileiro Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro Chagas h&#225; mais de 100 anos, o melhor tratamento para as arritmias ventriculares e preven&#231;&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita permanece ainda um grande enigma.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
          <p>Apesar dos resultados encontrados, uma limita&#231;&#227;o foi o fato de as popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas n&#227;o serem completamente uniformes, como, por exemplo, ter havido um n&#250;mero maior de indica&#231;&#227;o de profilaxia secund&#225;ria na CCC. </p>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo inicial que sugere o benef&#237;cio do uso de CDI na CCC com efic&#225;cia semelhante ao uso na CI; por&#233;m, h&#225; a necessidade de estudos mais robustos, controlados e uniformes no futuro.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A CCC duplica o risco de receber terapias apropriadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CI, demostrando assim maior complexidade das arritmias nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos, mas mortalidade semelhante, sugerindo a efic&#225;cia do CDI tamb&#233;m na CCC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Francisca Tatiana Moreira Pereira pela Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
