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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5LmqSMD5PJxKTtw3xwWwZpg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004000071</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160108</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 3/2016 - 58 Year-Old Hypertensive Male with End-Stage Renal Disease, Aortic Dissection, Fever and Hemoptysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>71</fpage>
      <lpage>76</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Systemic Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>End-stage Renal Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Dissection</kwd>
        <kwd>Fever</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemoptysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The patient was a 58-year-old male, who sought medical care at InCor complaining of dyspnea and fever.</p>
    <p>He knew he had arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, renal failure (undergoing renal replacement therapy) and aortic dissection. He had myocardial infarction in January 1999, being referred to InCor.</p>
    <p>His electrocardiogram (May 31<sup>st</sup>, 1999) revealed: sinus rhythm; heart rate, 68 bpm; PR interval, 165 ms; QRS length, 87 ms; QT interval, 404 ms; S&#194;QRS -40&#176; parallel; inferodorsal electrically inactive region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG Sinus rhythm, electrically inactive inferodorsal region.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>His laboratory tests (May 31<sup>st</sup>, 1999) showed: total cholesterol, 242 mg/dL; triglycerides, 104 mg/dL; glucose, 92 mg/dL; and creatinine, 1 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>Three years later, in 2003, the patient had encephalic vascular accident, with full recovery of force in his limbs and no sequelae.</p>
    <p>On December 5<sup>th</sup>, 2005, the patient sought medical care at Hospital Mandaqui, complaining of dyspnea and chest pain.</p>
    <p>The investigation included coronary angiography (Jan 6<sup>th</sup>, 2006), which revealed right coronary occlusion, 70% lesion in the middle portion of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery, 70% lesion in the first diagonal branch and irregularities in the circumflex branch. Flapping in the descending aorta was observed.</p>
    <p>Abdominal ultrasonography (December 12<sup>th</sup>, 2005) showed neither liver, nor splenic or pancreatic changes. The kidneys had reduced size (right, 6x4x3 cm, and left, 7x4x3 cm), decreased corticomedullary ratio and increased echogenicity.</p>
    <p>Renal failure was detected, and renal replacement therapy via hemodialysis was indicated.</p>
    <p>The patient was discharged from that hospital on January 10<sup>th</sup>, 2006, and referred to InCor.</p>
    <p>On medical consultation (January 14<sup>th</sup>, 2006), he complained of dyspnea on minimal exertion, sharp chest pain, persistent hyperthermia (38.5&#176;C) and dry cough. His daily medication was as follows: isosorbide mononitrate (40 mg), acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg), atenolol (50 mg), amlodipine (5 mg) and simvastatin (20 mg).</p>
    <p>On physical examination, the patient was pale, with heart rate of 63 bpm and blood pressure of 126/82 mm Hg. His examination of lungs, heart and abdomen was within the normal range. His lower limbs had decreased pulses and mild edema.</p>
    <p>His electrocardiogram (January 13<sup>th</sup>, 2006) revealed: sinus rhythm; heart rate, 78 bpm; PR interval, 168 ms; QRS length, 111 ms; QT interval, 428 ms; low QRS complex voltage in the frontal plane; electrically inactive region in the inferodorsal wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG (Jan. 2006). Low QRS complex voltage in the frontal plane; electrically inactive region in the inferodorsal wall.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>His laboratory tests (January 14<sup>th</sup>, 2006) revealed: hemoglobin, 8.3 g/dL; red blood cell count, 27%; leukocytes, 10,900/mm<sup>3</sup> (79% neutrophils, 2% eosinophils, 11% lymphocytes, 8% monocytes); platelets, 438,000; urea, 76 mg/dL; creatinine, 5.6 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>His chest radiography (January 14<sup>th</sup>, 2006) revealed mediastinal enlargement, pulmonary opacification at the right base and marked pulmonary congestion.</p>
    <p>Ceftriaxon was introduced to treat tracheobronchitis, and the following were maintained: amlodipine (10 mg), simvastatin (20 mg), oral atenolol (50 mg), intravenous furosemide (20 mg) and erythropoietin (4,000 IU).</p>
    <p>Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic aorta (January 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2006) revealed aortic dissection right after the left subclavian artery emergence, extending to the abdominal aorta (Stanford type B dissection). The aorta diameter measures were as follows: root, 41 mm; ascending aorta, 34 mm; middle aortic arch, 25; descending aorta, 45 mm.</p>
    <p>Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdominal aorta (January 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2006) revealed dissection from the thoracic aorta to its bifurcation (beginning of the iliac arteries), with diameter ranging from 32 mm in the suprarenal region to 22 mm in the infrarenal region. The right renal artery emerged from the false lumen, while the left renal artery emerged from the true lumen, and both were occluded. In addition, the left common iliac was occluded, being filled through collateral circulation.</p>
    <p>The possibility of surgery was considered, but expectant management was chosen, because of type B aortic dissection and lack of lower limb ischemia.</p>
    <p>New laboratory tests (January 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2006) revealed: hemoglobin, 8.3 g/dL; red blood cell count, 27%; leukocytes, 8,000/mm<sup>3</sup> (71% neutrophils, 3% eosinophils, 20% lymphocytes, 6% monocytes); platelets, 483,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatinine, 4.5 mg/dL; urea, 60 mg/dL; potassium, 4 mEq/L; and sodium, 131 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>Hemodialysis sessions were performed, and the medication maintained. The fever disappeared, and the patient was discharged from the hospital on January 26<sup>th</sup>, 2006.</p>
    <p>Three and a half weeks later, the patient returned to InCor (February 19<sup>th</sup>, 2006) with dyspnea, fever and toxemia, in addition to passage of tarry stools suggestive of melena.</p>
    <p>His physical examination (February 19<sup>th</sup>, 2006) showed paleness, tachypnea, respiratory distress, heart rate of 60 bpm and blood pressure of 120/70 mm Hg. Lung auscultation revealed no respiratory sound in the lower 2/3 of the left hemithorax and diffuse rhonchi in both hemithoraces. The heart and abdomen examinations showed no abnormalities, and the lower limbs, no edema. The peripheral pulses were symmetric.</p>
    <p>The patient required orotracheal intubation for ventilation support. As infection of the dialysis catheter was suspected, it was withdrawn. A new dialysis catheter and double-lumen catheter were inserted, the later for the administration of intravenous drugs, such as the antibiotics vancomycin and ceftazidime.</p>
    <p>Blood cultures (February 21<sup>st</sup>, 2006) grew Gram-positive cocci (<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>), and ceftazidime was suspended.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiogram (February 21<sup>st</sup>, 2006) revealed: sinus rhythm; heart rate, 73 bpm; PR interval, 167 ms; QRS length, 109 ms; QT interval, 441 ms; low QRS voltage in the frontal plane; electrically inactive region in the inferodorsal wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG (Feb. 2006). Low QRS complex voltage in the frontal plane; electrically inactive region in the inferodorsal wall.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>His laboratory tests (February 21<sup>st</sup>, 2006) revealed: hemoglobin, 7.2 g/dL; red blood cell count, 23%; VCM, 96 &#181;m<sup>3</sup>; leukocytes 11,300/mm<sup>3</sup> (86% neutrophils, 11% lymphocytes, 3% monocytes); platelets, 448,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 126 mg/dL; creatinine, 5.6 mg/dL; sodium, 135 mEq/L; potassium, 5.4 mEq/L; arterial lactate, 17 mg/dL; ionized calcium, 1.33 mMol/L; TAP (INR), 1.42; TTPA (rel), 1.2.</p>
    <p>Two units of red blood cell concentrate were administered (February 21<sup>st</sup>, 2006), increasing hemoglobin to 9 g/dL. On February 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2006, dialysis was performed. A new angiotomography of the aorta (February 21<sup>st</sup>, 2006) revealed aortic dissection right after the left subclavian artery emergence, with extensive parietal thrombi, and extending beyond the renal arteries. The left renal artery emerged from the true lumen, and the right renal artery was not observed (thrombosed).</p>
    <p>His laboratory reassessment (February 24<sup>th</sup>, 2006) revealed: hemoglobin, 9.1 g/dL; red blood cell count, 28%; leukocytes, 9,300/mm<sup>3</sup> (86% neutrophils, 2% eosinophils, 6% lymphocytes, 6% monocytes); platelets, 240,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 85 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.6 mg/dL; sodium, 133 mEq/L; potassium, 3.9 mEq/L; ionized calcium, 1.29 mMol/L.</p>
    <p>The patient had back pain and massive hemoptysis, with cardiopulmonary arrest in asystole, did not respond to resuscitation maneuvers, and died (February 24<sup>th</sup>, 2006).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>The patient had a previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension and chronic renal disease, with renal failure, being on renal replacement therapy via hemodialysis. He had chest pain and dyspnea. His clinical and laboratory assessments revealed coronary artery disease and chronic aortic dissection.</p>
      <p>Chronic renal disease significantly progresses as age and cardiovascular disease advance, culminating with renal function worsening. The ARIC Study reports an increase in cardiovascular disease prevalence from 18% to 40% before the age of 65 years, from normal renal function to a glomerular filtration rate drop of 15 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, while, over the age of 65 years, that prevalence increases from 20% to 50%, with progressive renal function worsening.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, with renal function deterioration, mortality due to cardiovascular disease increases, from 27.5% to 58%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Specifically in individuals undergoing dialysis, cardiovascular causes account for 36% of the deaths in the first six months of that therapy. In addition, in that subgroup of patients dying from cardiovascular disease, 64% do it suddenly, 16% die from heart failure, 10%, from acute myocardial infarction, 6%, from encephalic vascular accident, and 4%, from other causes. After six months of dialysis, cardiovascular diseases account for 44.1% of the deaths, maintaining the proportion between the cardiovascular causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>That association between atherosclerosis and renal disease is not random, resulting rather from the fact that those diseases share the same risk factors, with acceleration of atherosclerosis due to changes in the calcium and homocysteine metabolism in renal failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Those facts make coronary artery disease frequent in those patients, reaching almost 60% of the cases undergoing assessment for renal transplantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The pain of the patient in question might not have resulted from occlusion of the right coronary artery, because he already had myocardial infarction in the inferior wall seven years before the final event.</p>
      <p>The patient's dry cough and fever were attributed to an episode of pneumonia, supported by the finding of pulmonary opacification at the right base. However, hyperthermia not rarely accompanies aortic dissection, affecting, in some case series, up to 30% of the patients; therefore, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of aortic valve endocarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Usually, Stanford type B aortic dissection does not require surgery, except in the presence of ischemia of organs or limbs, because mortality of Stanford type B aortic dissection is far lower than that of ascending aorta dissection (close to 90% in the acute phase). In the case series by Parsa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, patients with type B aortic dissection without persistent chest pain or hypertension had mortality of 4%, and those with chest pain or hypertension, of 17%.</p>
      <p>The expectant management with drug treatment for Stanford type B aortic dissection adopted in the present case is in accordance with the recommendations of international guidelines for such cases.</p>
      <p>The endovascular treatment, which does not result in a mortality reduction, has potential complications inherent in the procedure, such as encephalic vascular accident, paraparesis and death, and those resulting from stent implantation, such as retrograde dissection and stent leak.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the Internacional Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD), 24% of type B dissections underwent emergency surgery in the first two weeks due to complications, such as poor perfusion, hemorrhagic pleural effusion, periaortic hematoma, refractory pain and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The complications of the chronic phase of type B dissection are: aneurysmal dilation over 5.5 cm; 4-mm annual increase in aortic diameter; symptom recurrence despite optimal drug therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In that same IRAD, 31% to 66% of the deaths after discharge were associated with dissection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (<bold>Desiderio Favarato, MD</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis:</bold> Aortic dissection with rupture to the pleural cavity, and sepsis due to infection related to venous access (positive blood cultures for <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>). (<bold>Desiderio Favarato, MD</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Postmortem examination</title>
      <p>The patient's main disease was chronic aortic dissection, DeBakey type III (Stanford type B), extending from the aortic arch to the iliac bifurcation. The entrance orifice had 2 cm of extension. There was aortic rupture to the left lung and pleural cavity, with massive pulmonary hemorrhage (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), which was the final factor triggering death.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic section of the left lung showing massive pulmonary hemorrhage, with alveolar spaces filled with red blood cells. Note the small area with anthracotic pigment. Hematoxylin-Eosin stain, x2.5.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In association with dissection, the patient had systemic arterial hypertension, morphologically represented by benign nephrosclerosis and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>The microscopic study of the aorta evidenced aspects commonly related to aortic dissections, such as wall delamination of tunica media (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5A</xref>) and areas with mucoid material accumulation, in addition to an intense acute inflammatory process, with a large number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5B</xref>) and numerous bacterial colonies of Gram-positive cocci (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5C</xref>). The other organs showed no infection.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: Microscopic section of the aorta, with elastic layers stained in black. Note their fragmentation and cleavage, characterizing aortic dissection. (Verhoeff stain, x10). B: Same aortic region showing intense inflammatory infiltrate with predominance of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. (Hematoxylin-Eosin stain, x10). C: Same aortic region showing colony of Gram-positive cocci. (Brown and Hopps stain, x10).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In addition to aortic dissection, the patient had atherosclerosis, affecting the abdominal aorta, the cerebral territory, with old infarctions in the cerebellum and right temporal lobe, and the coronary arteries, with healed infarction in the left ventricular posterior wall (inferior, diaphragmatic). In addition, there was superficial chronic gastritis, with hemorrhagic gastric content. (<bold>Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez, MD</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnosis:</bold> systemic arterial hypertension and chronic aortic dissection, DeBakey type III, with bacterial infection caused by Gram-positive cocci in the false lumen wall.</p>
      <p><bold>Cause of death:</bold> massive pulmonary hemorrhage due to aortic rupture. (<bold>Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez, MD</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>Neither the patient's disease - aortic dissection in a hypertensive patient - nor his cause of death - aortic rupture to the lung - is uncommon. The patient had a period of relative stability; because the dissection was restricted to the descending aorta, and there was no lower limb ischemia, expectant management was adopted. Aortic rupture, however, was unexpected.</p>
      <p>The postmortem examination evidenced an uncommon complication to be the cause of aortic rupture: bacterial colonization of the aortic wall, with numerous colonies of Gram-positive cocci and positive blood cultures for <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. That infection triggered intense acute inflammatory reaction, with inflammatory cells releasing lytic substances, which leads to tissue disintegration, including the extracellular matrix, and eventually caused aortic rupture.</p>
      <p>The contamination of the false lumen with infectious agents is rare: PubMed system shows only ten cases, some of which in patients with neoplasms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> (<bold>Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez, MD</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 3/2016 - Homem de 58 Anos com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Fal&#234;ncia Renal, Dissec&#231;&#227;o de Aorta, Febre e Hemoptise</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
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            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
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        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fal&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as da Aorta / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemoptise</kwd>
        <kwd>Febre</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Homem de 58 anos de idade procurou atendimento m&#233;dico no InCor em raz&#227;o de dispneia e febre.</p>
      <p>O paciente sabia ser portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e insufici&#234;ncia renal em terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal, al&#233;m de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta. Sofreu infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em janeiro de 1999 e foi encaminhado para o InCor.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (31 maio 1999) revelou: ritmo sinusal; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 68 bpm; intervalo PR, 165 ms; dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS, 87 ms; intervalo QT, 404 ms; S&#194;QRS -40&#176; paralelo; &#225;rea eletricamente inativa inferodorsal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG Ritmo sinusal, &#225;rea eletricamente inativa inferodorsal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (31 maio 1999) revelaram: colesterol total, 242 mg/dL; triglic&#233;rides, 104 mg/dL; glicose, 92 mg/dL; e creatinina, 1 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Tr&#234;s anos mais tarde, em 2003, sofreu acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, com recupera&#231;&#227;o total da for&#231;a em membros, ficando sem sequelas.</p>
      <p>Em 5 de dezembro de 2005 procurou atendimento m&#233;dico no Hospital Mandaqui com queixas de dispneia e dor precordial.</p>
      <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o realizada incluiu a cineangiocoronariografia (6 janeiro 2006) que revelou oclus&#227;o de coron&#225;ria direita, les&#227;o de 70% na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do ramo interventricular anterior da coron&#225;ria esquerda, les&#227;o de 70% no primeiro ramo diagonal e irregularidades no ramo circunflexo. Foi observado ainda flapping em aorta descendente.</p>
      <p>A ultrassonografia de abdome (12 dezembro 2005) n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas, espl&#234;nicas ou pancre&#225;ticas. Os rins eram de tamanho reduzido (rim direito, 6x4x3 cm, e rim esquerdo, 7x4x3 cm), com diminui&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o c&#243;rtico-medular e ecogenicidade aumentada.</p>
      <p>Foi detectada insufici&#234;ncia renal, sendo indicada terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal por hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>O paciente recebeu alta (10 janeiro 2006) e foi encaminhado a este hospital.</p>
      <p>Na consulta m&#233;dica (14 janeiro 2006), queixou-se de dispneia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, dores precordiais em pontada, hipertermia (38,5&#176;C) persistente e tosse seca. Estava em uso di&#225;rio de mononitrato de isossorbida (40 mg), &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (100 mg), atenolol (50 mg), anlodipino (5 mg) e sinvastatina (20 mg).</p>
      <p>O paciente apresentava-se descorado, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 63 bpm e press&#227;o arterial de 126/82 mmHg. O exame dos pulm&#245;es, cora&#231;&#227;o e abdome foi normal. Havia diminui&#231;&#227;o de pulsos em membros inferiores, que exibiam leve edema.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (13 janeiro 2006) revelou: ritmo sinusal; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 78 bpm; intervalo PR, 168 ms; dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS, 111 ms; intervalo QT, 428 ms; baixa voltagem no plano frontal; &#225;rea eletricamente inativa na parede inferodorsal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG (janeiro 2006). Baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS no plano frontal e &#225;rea eletricamente inativa inferodorsal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (14 janeiro 2006) revelaram: hemoglobina, 8,3 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 27%; leuc&#243;citos, 10.900/mm<sup>3</sup> (79% neutr&#243;filos, 2% eosin&#243;filos, 11% linf&#243;citos e 8% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 438.000; ureia, 76 mg/dL; creatinina, 5,6 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (14 janeiro 2006) revelou alargamento do mediastino, opacifica&#231;&#227;o de base direita e congest&#227;o pulmonar acentuada.</p>
      <p>Foi introduzida ceftriaxona para tratamento de traqueobronquite. Seguiu medicado com anlodipino (10 mg), sinvastatina (20 mg), atenolol (50 mg) por via oral, furosemida (20 mg) por via intravenosa e eritropoietina (4.000 UI).</p>
      <p>A angiorresson&#226;ncia de aorta tor&#225;cica (23 janeiro 2006) revelou dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta logo ap&#243;s a emerg&#234;ncia da subcl&#225;via esquerda, estendendo-se at&#233; a aorta abdominal (dissec&#231;&#227;o tipo B de Stanford). As medidas dos di&#226;metros da aorta foram: raiz, 41 mm; ascendente, 34 mm; arco m&#233;dio, 25; aorta descendente, 45 mm.</p>
      <p>A angiorresson&#226;ncia de aorta abdominal (23 janeiro 2006) revelou dissec&#231;&#227;o desde a aorta tor&#225;cica at&#233; sua bifurca&#231;&#227;o (in&#237;cio das il&#237;acas), tendo o di&#226;metro variado de 32 mm na regi&#227;o suprarrenal at&#233; 22 mm na regi&#227;o infrarrenal. A art&#233;ria renal direita emergia da falsa luz, enquanto a renal esquerda emergia da luz verdadeira, estando ambas oclu&#237;das. Havia, ainda, oclus&#227;o da il&#237;aca comum esquerda, que se enchia por colaterais.</p>
      <p>Examinada a possibilidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico, optou-se por conduta expectante, tendo em vista ser a dissec&#231;&#227;o do tipo B e n&#227;o haver isquemia em membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (23 janeiro 2006) revelou: hemoglobina, 8,3 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 27%; leuc&#243;citos, 8.000/mm<sup>3</sup> (71% neutr&#243;filos, 3% eosin&#243;filos, 20% linf&#243;citos e 6% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 483.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatinina, 4,5 mg/dL; ureia, 60 mg/dL; pot&#225;ssio, 4 mEq/L; e s&#243;dio, 131 mEq/L.</p>
      <p>Foram realizadas sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise e mantida a medica&#231;&#227;o. A febre desapareceu e o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar em 26 janeiro 2006.</p>
      <p>Tr&#234;s semanas e meia ap&#243;s, retornou ao hospital (19 fevereiro 2006) com quadro de dispneia, febre e toxemia e evacua&#231;&#245;es escuras sugestivas de melena.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (19 fevereiro 2006) revelou paciente muito descorado, taquipneico, com desconforto respirat&#243;rio, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 bpm e press&#227;o arterial de 120/70 mmHg. O exame dos pulm&#245;es revelou murm&#250;rio vesicular abolido nos 2/3 inferiores de hemit&#243;rax esquerdo e roncos difusos em ambos hemit&#243;races. A semiologia card&#237;aca n&#227;o revelou anormalidades. O exame do abdome foi normal e n&#227;o havia edema de membros inferiores. Os pulsos perif&#233;ricos eram sim&#233;tricos.</p>
      <p>O paciente necessitou de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio. Suspeitou-se de infec&#231;&#227;o de cateter de di&#225;lise, que foi retirado. Procedeu-se &#224; reposi&#231;&#227;o de novo cateter de di&#225;lise e outro de duplo l&#250;men para administra&#231;&#227;o de drogas endovenosas, entre elas os antibi&#243;ticos vancomicina e ceftazidima.</p>
      <p>As hemoculturas (21 fevereiro 2006) revelaram crescimento de cocos Gram-positivos (Staphylococcus aureus), sendo a ceftazidima suspensa.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (21 fevereiro 2006) revelou: ritmo sinusal; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 73 bpm; intervalo PR, 167 ms; dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS, 109 ms; intervalo QT, 441 ms; baixa voltagem do complexo QRS no plano frontal; &#225;rea eletricamente inativa em paredes inferior e dorsal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG (fevereiro 2006). Baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS no plano frontal e &#225;rea eletricamente inativa inferodorsal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (21 fevereiro 2006) revelaram: hemoglobina, 7,2 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 23%; VCM, 96 &#181;m<sup>3</sup>; leuc&#243;citos 11.300/mm<sup>3</sup> (86% neutr&#243;filos, 11% linf&#243;citos e 3% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 448.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 126 mg/dL; creatinina, 5,6 mg/dL; s&#243;dio, 135 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 5,4 mEq/L; lactato arterial, 17 mg/dL; c&#225;lcio ionizado, 1,33 mMol/L; TAP (INR), 1,42; TTPA (rel), 1,2.</p>
      <p>Foram administradas duas unidades de concentrado de hem&#225;cias (21 fevereiro 2006) e a hemoglobina elevou-se para 9 g/dl. Foi realizada di&#225;lise (23 fevereiro 2006). Nova angiotomografia de aorta (21 fevereiro 2006) revelou dissec&#231;&#227;o logo ap&#243;s a emerg&#234;ncia da subcl&#225;via esquerda, com extensos trombos parietais e extens&#227;o al&#233;m das renais. A art&#233;ria renal esquerda sa&#237;a da luz verdadeira e a renal direita n&#227;o foi observada (trombosada).</p>
      <p>A reavalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (24 fevereiro 2006) revelou: hemoglobina, 9,1 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 28%; leuc&#243;citos, 9.300/mm<sup>3</sup> (86% neutr&#243;filos, 2% eosin&#243;filos, 6% linf&#243;citos e 6% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 240.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 85 mg/dL; creatinina, 0,6 mg/dL; s&#243;dio, 133 mEq/L; pot&#225;ssio, 3,9 mEq/L; c&#225;lcio ionizado, 1,29 mMol/L.</p>
      <p>O paciente apresentou dor em dorso e hemoptise volumosa, com parada cardiorrespiratoria em assistolia, sem resposta &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e faleceu (24 fevereiro 2006).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de paciente com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, com fal&#234;ncia renal e em terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal por hemodi&#225;lise. O paciente apresentou dor tor&#225;cica e dispneia. Sua avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-laboratorial revelou doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e dissec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da aorta.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica aumenta significativamente com o avan&#231;ar da idade e da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, com piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. No estudo ARIC, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular aumenta de 18% para 40% em indiv&#237;duos abaixo de 65 anos, a partir de fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal at&#233; queda do ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o para 15 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>, enquanto que, acima de 65 anos, se eleva de 20% para 50%, com a progressiva piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, com a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, h&#225; eleva&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular, passando de 27,5% para 58%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Especificamente em pessoas em di&#225;lise, as causas cardiovasculares respondem por 36% das mortes nos primeiros seis meses de in&#237;cio dessa terap&#234;utica. E nesse subgrupo especial de pacientes falecidos por doen&#231;a cardiovascular, 64% morrem subitamente, 16% por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 10% por infarto agudo, 6% por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e 4% por outras causas. Ap&#243;s seis meses daquela terap&#234;utica, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 44,1% das mortes, sendo mantida a propor&#231;&#227;o entre as causas de origem cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Essa associa&#231;&#227;o entre aterosclerose e doen&#231;a renal n&#227;o &#233; fortuita, devendo-se ao fato de que essas doen&#231;as compartilham os mesmos fatores de risco, havendo acelera&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose por altera&#231;&#227;o no metabolismo do c&#225;lcio e da homociste&#237;na na insufici&#234;ncia renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Esses fatos tornam frequente o achado de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria nesses pacientes, chegando a cerca de 60% dos casos em avalia&#231;&#227;o para transplante renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A dor do paciente em quest&#227;o provavelmente n&#227;o se deveu &#224; oclus&#227;o da coron&#225;ria direita, pois ele j&#225; havia apresentado infarto pregresso em parede inferior sete anos antes do evento final.</p>
        <p>O quadro do paciente incluiu tosse seca e febre, ambas atribu&#237;das a epis&#243;dio de pneumonia, pois havia opacifica&#231;&#227;o em base pulmonar direita. Contudo, a hipertermia n&#227;o infrequentemente acompanha os quadros de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta, chegando, em algumas casu&#237;sticas, a acometer 30% dos pacientes, devendo ser inclu&#237;da no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de endocardite de valva a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em geral, a dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B de Stanford n&#227;o necessita interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, exceto se houver evid&#234;ncia de isquemia de &#243;rg&#227;os ou de membros, pois a mortalidade &#233; bem menor que aquela que acomete a por&#231;&#227;o ascendente da aorta, cuja mortalidade na fase aguda &#233; pr&#243;xima de 90%. Na casu&#237;stica de Parsa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> em pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o tipo B sem dor tor&#225;cica persistente ou hipertens&#227;o, a mortalidade foi de 4%, e naqueles com dor e hipertens&#227;o, de 17%.</p>
        <p>A conduta de tratamento medicamentoso na dissec&#231;&#227;o tipo B de Stanford adotada no presente caso est&#225; em conformidade com as diretrizes internacionais de manejo desses casos.</p>
        <p>O tratamento endovascular tem como potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es aquelas inerentes ao pr&#243;prio procedimento, como o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, paraparesia e morte, bem como aquelas decorrentes do implante de stent, como dissec&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada e vazamento pelo stent, e n&#227;o foi acompanhado de redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Registro Internacional de Dissec&#231;&#227;o de Aorta (IRAD), 24% das dissec&#231;&#245;es tipo B foram submetidas a cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia nas duas primeiras semanas por complica&#231;&#245;es, como m&#225; perfus&#227;o, derrame pleural hemorr&#225;gico, hematoma peria&#243;rtico, dor refrat&#225;ria e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es na fase cr&#244;nica da dissec&#231;&#227;o tipo B s&#227;o: dilata&#231;&#227;o do aneurisma acima de 5,5 cm, aumento anual do di&#226;metro da aorta de 4 mm ou recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas a despeito de terap&#234;utica medicamentosa &#243;tima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesse mesmo registro (IRAD), 31% a 66% das mortes ap&#243;s a alta estiveram associadas &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
        <p>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica: Dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta com ruptura para pleura e sepse por infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao acesso venoso. (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a principal do paciente era dissec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da aorta, tipo III pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de DeBakey (Tipo B pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Stanford), estendendo-se da cro&#231;a at&#233; a bifurca&#231;&#227;o das il&#237;acas. Havia um orif&#237;cio de entrada com 2 cm de extens&#227;o. Houve ruptura da aorta para o pulm&#227;o e a cavidade pleural esquerdos, sendo a hemorragia pulmonar maci&#231;a (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>) o fator final desencadeante do &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico do pulm&#227;o esquerdo, mostrando hemorragia pulmonar maci&#231;a, com os espa&#231;os alveolares preenchidos por hem&#225;cias. Nota-se pequena &#225;rea de pigmento antrac&#243;tico. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina, aumento da objetiva 2,5x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Como estado associado &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentava hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, morfologicamente representada por nefroesclerose benigna e hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>O estudo microsc&#243;pico da aorta evidenciou os aspectos comumente relacionados &#224;s dissec&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas, como a delamina&#231;&#227;o da parede na t&#250;nica m&#233;dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5A</xref>) e presen&#231;a de &#225;reas com ac&#250;mulo de material muc&#243;ide. Havia ainda intenso processo inflamat&#243;rio agudo, com grande quantidade de polimorfonucleares neutr&#243;filos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5B</xref>) e presen&#231;a de numerosas col&#244;nias bacterianas de cocos Gram-positivos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5C</xref>). N&#227;o havia infec&#231;&#227;o em outros &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A: Corte histol&#243;gico da aorta, com as l&#226;minas el&#225;sticas coradas em negro. Notam-se fragmenta&#231;&#227;o e clivagem das mesmas, caracterizando dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. (Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Verhoeff, aumento da objetiva 10x). B: Mesma regi&#227;o da aorta, mostrando intenso infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio com predom&#237;nio de polimorfonucleares neutr&#243;filos. (Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina, aumento da objetiva 10x). C: Mesma regi&#227;o da aorta, mostrando col&#244;nia de cocos Gram&#8209;positivos. (Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Brown e Hopps, aumento da objetiva 10x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0071-60108-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, o paciente apresentava aterosclerose, comprometendo a aorta abdominal, o territ&#243;rio cerebral, com infartos antigos no cerebelo e no lobo temporal direito, e as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, com infarto cicatrizado na parede posterior (inferior, diafragm&#225;tica) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Havia ainda gastrite cr&#244;nica superficial, com conte&#250;do hemorr&#225;gico no est&#244;mago. (<bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico an&#225;tomo-patol&#243;gico:</bold> hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dissec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da aorta, tipo III pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de DeBakey, com infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana por cocos Gram-positivos na parede da falsa luz.</p>
        <p><bold>Causa mortis:</bold> hemorragia pulmonar maci&#231;a decorrente de ruptura da aorta. (<bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
        <p>&#192; primeira vista, tanto a doen&#231;a deste paciente - dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica em paciente hipertenso - quanto a causa mortis - ruptura para pulm&#227;o - n&#227;o s&#227;o incomuns. No entanto, o paciente teve um per&#237;odo de relativa estabilidade; por ser a dissec&#231;&#227;o restrita &#224; aorta descendente, e por n&#227;o haver isquemia de membros inferiores, foi adotada conduta expectante. Nesse sentido, a ruptura foi inesperada.</p>
        <p>A necropsia mostrou que a explica&#231;&#227;o da ruptura est&#225; em complica&#231;&#227;o incomum: a coloniza&#231;&#227;o bacteriana na parede da aorta, com a presen&#231;a de numerosas col&#244;nias de cocos Gram-positivos e hemoculturas positivas para Staphylococcus aureus. Essa infec&#231;&#227;o desencadeou intensa rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria aguda. As c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias liberam subst&#226;ncias l&#237;ticas, que destroem o tecido, inclusive a matriz extracelular, causando assim a ruptura.</p>
        <p>A contamina&#231;&#227;o da falsa luz por agentes infecciosos &#233; bastante rara: atrav&#233;s de pesquisa pelo sistema PubMed, s&#227;o contados cerca de dez casos, alguns dos quais em pacientes portadores tamb&#233;m de neoplasias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> (<bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (ajmansur@incor.usp.br)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
