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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Vg75CqZ4YjpX8CgLMDFwJPC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004000055</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005016103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160086</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Paravalvular Regurgitation: Clinical Outcomes in Surgical and Percutaneous Treatments</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezek</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Edvagner Sergio Leite de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscoso</surname>
            <given-names>Freddy Antonio Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taborga</surname>
            <given-names>Percy Richard Chavez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jeronimo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Passos Pinheiro</bold>, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Rua Capote Valente, No 234. Postal Code 05409000, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cppinheiro@cardiol.br</email>; <email>cppinheiro@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB, Jeronimo AD, Ramos AIO; Acquisition of data: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB, Taborga PRC, Abizaid AAC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB, Jeronimo AD, Ramos AIO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>55</fpage>
      <lpage>62</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Paravalvular regurgitation (paravalvular leak) is a serious and rare complication associated with valve replacement surgery. Studies have shown a 3% to 6% incidence of paravalvular regurgitation with hemodynamic repercussion. Few studies have compared surgical and percutaneous approaches for repair.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare the surgical and percutaneous approaches for paravalvular regurgitation repair regarding clinical outcomes during hospitalization and one year after the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective, descriptive and observational study that included 35 patients with paravalvular leak, requiring repair, and followed up at the Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology between January 2011 and December 2013. Patients were divided into groups according to the established treatment and followed up for 1 year after the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The group submitted to percutaneous treatment was considered to be at higher risk for complications because of the older age of patients, higher prevalence of diabetes, greater number of previous valve surgeries and lower mean creatinine clearance value. During hospitalization, both groups had a large number of complications (74.3% of cases), with no statistical difference in the analyzed outcomes. After 1 year, the percutaneous group had a greater number of re-interventions (8.7% vs 20%, p = 0.57) and a higher mortality rate (0% vs. 20%, p = 0.08). A high incidence of residual mitral leak was observed after the percutaneous procedure (8.7% vs. 50%, p = 0.08).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Surgery is the treatment of choice for paravalvular regurgitation. The percutaneous approach can be an alternative for patients at high surgical risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Transesophageal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Paravalvular regurgitation or leak is a severe and uncommon complication associated with heart valvular prosthesis implantation. It consists in an abnormal communication between the implanted prosthesis structure and the cardiac tissue, generating a turbulent blood flow with varied clinical consequences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) after heart valve replacement surgery have reported an incidence of paravalvular leak with hemodynamic repercussion ranging from 3% to 6%, and with no hemodynamic repercussion of 20%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> more often found with mechanical mitral valve prosthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Major determinants of paravalvular leak are as follows: calcification or fragility of the valvular ring; infective endocarditis (IE); technical difficulties associated with suturing; prosthetic size and shape; previous mitral valve regurgitation; acute myocardial infarction; and Marfan's syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The leak can appear early when related to surgical technical aspects, or late, caused by suture dehiscence or infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Clinical presentation varies. Around 5% of patients are symptomatic, manifesting signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF), hemolytic anemia or IE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) often does not allow differentiating between periprosthetic leak and regurgitation secondary to degenerative changes of bioprostheses. Three-dimensional (3D) TEE is the most indicated method to assess in details the position, severity and hemodynamic repercussion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In addition, 3D TEE contributes to the strategic planning of percutaneous closure or of surgical treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Clinical treatment of paravalvular regurgitation is mainly a palliative measure to control symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Surgery is the procedure of choice in the presence of IE, significant dysfunction or mechanic instability of the prosthesis. However, the significant increase in mortality with subsequent surgeries is well known. When the indication for the new intervention is due to paravalvular leak, mortality of the first reoperation reaches 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Currently, for patients with prohibitive surgical risk or multiple previous surgeries, percutaneous closure with implantation of occlusion devices appears as a strategy of feasible, promising and less invasive treatment.</p>
      <p>Therefore, exploring that theme is important considering the small number of studies comparing between surgical and percutaneous approaches of paravalvular leaks and their long-term results.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at comparing the surgical and percutaneous approaches to correct paravalvular regurgitation regarding clinical outcome during hospitalization and 1 year after the procedure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a retrospective, descriptive, observational study including patients diagnosed with paravalvular regurgitation with clinical consequences (HF, hemolysis or IE), requiring repair (surgical or percutaneous), followed-up at the Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology from January 2011 to December 2013.</p>
      <p>During that period, 35 patients diagnosed with paravalvular leak and requiring repair were assessed at the Valvulopathy Medical Unit. All diagnoses were confirmed with TEE. The decision about the type of approach (surgical or percutaneous) was based on the patient's surgical risk, considering age, number of previous surgeries and associated comorbidities. The Valve Clinic of our hospital was responsible for the decision, and later the cases considered at high surgical risk were referred to the Heart Team, aiming at percutaneous closure of the leak. Patients with paravalvular defects affecting at least one third of the circumference of the prosthetic ring were considered ineligible for the percutaneous procedure.</p>
      <p>The percutaneous repair was performed under general anesthesia and guided by TEE and radioscopy. Mitral valve leak closure was performed via anterograde approach (access via femoral vein and transeptal puncture), retrograde approach (access via femoral artery) or transapical approach (direct puncture), depending on the patient's anatomy and defect location. Aortic regurgitation repair was performed via retrograde approach (through the aorta). In all cases, Amplatzer Vascular Plug III (AVP III) was the closure device used. Surgical repair was performed based on the surgical techniques described in the literature.<sup>28</sup></p>
      <p>Epidemiological and clinical data and risk factors possibly involved in the pathophysiology of the leak were assessed in the entire study population. Later, the patients were divided according to the treatment established (surgical or percutaneous), aiming at comparing clinical outcomes.</p>
      <p>Both groups were compared regarding in-hospital outcome and outcome in the first year after the procedure. The in-hospital outcomes were: death, cardiovascular complications (cardiogenic shock, HF, stroke, arrhythmia, bleeding, reoperation), non-cardiac complications (acute renal failure - ARF and infection) and hospital length of stay in days. Bleeding was defined as the need for transfusion of at least two erythrocyte concentrates. Persistent creatinine increase higher than 0.5 mg/dL was considered ARF. Infection was considered based on clinical and laboratory parameters, and the sites reported were lungs, surgical wound, urine and blood stream. The following late outcomes (1 year after the procedure) were assessed: death, re-hospitalization, reoperation, and clinical and echocardiographic data.</p>
      <p>Data underwent statistical analysis. The results were considered statistically significant for p values below 0.05. Qualitative variables were assessed by using Fisher and chi-square tests, while quantitative variables were assessed by using non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Survival in the first year after the repair procedure was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier method and the <italic>log-rank</italic> test to compare between groups. All statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software (SPSS&#8482; 13.0 for Windows&#8482; , SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      <p>This study project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population characteristics</title>
        <p>The mean age of the 35 patients submitted to the intervention was 54 &#177; 14 years, and 71.4% of them were of the male sex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The highest incidence of regurgitation occurred with mitral prostheses (60% of the cases) and bioprostheses (51.4%). According to echocardiographic analysis, 60% of the leaks were classified as severe, 28.6% as moderate, and 11.4% as mild (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Surgical group n = 25 (71.4%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Percutaneous group n = 10 (28.6%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total n = 35</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male</td>
                <td align="center">17 (68%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (71.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female</td>
                <td align="center">8 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Antecedents</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI</td>
                <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">23.1 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">16 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (65.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (37.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF &lt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (22.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AF/Flutter</td>
                <td align="center">11 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine clearance</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">0.070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous valve surgeries</td>
                <td align="center">1.72 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">2.6 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">1.97 &#177; 0.92</td>
                <td align="center">0.041</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; EF: ejection fraction; AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and laboratory findings at presentation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Surgical group n = 25 (71.4%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Percutaneous group n = 10 (28.6%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total n = 35</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC I</td>
                <td align="center">8 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (25.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC II</td>
                <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (25.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC III</td>
                <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC IV</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemolysis</td>
                <td align="center">8 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IE / Abscess</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobin</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">9.7 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">11.44 &#177; 2.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDH</td>
                <td align="center">1327 &#177; 1665</td>
                <td align="center">1286 &#177; 849</td>
                <td align="center">1314 &#177; 1435</td>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IB</td>
                <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.68</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 &#177; 0.99</td>
                <td align="center">0.89 &#177; 0.78</td>
                <td align="center">0.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 1.46</td>
                <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.41</td>
                <td align="center">1.19 &#177; 1.25</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP</td>
                <td align="center">12566 &#177; 17872</td>
                <td align="center">1694 &#177; 1412</td>
                <td align="center">7130 &#177; 12807</td>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>HF: heart failure; FC: functional class; IE: infective endocarditis; LDH: lactic dehydrogenase; IB: indirect bilirubin; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic data</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Surgical group n = 25 (71.4%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Percutaneous group n = 10 (28.6%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total n = 35</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Echocardiographic measures</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LA</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVDD</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVSD</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASP</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Leak</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral</td>
                <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aortic</td>
                <td align="center">11 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (37%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral+Aortic</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Prosthesis type</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mechanical</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (48.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biological</td>
                <td align="center">15 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (51.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Leak severity</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mild</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severe</td>
                <td align="center">14 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>LA: left atrial diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Moderate to severe preoperative mitral regurgitation was diagnosed in 31.4% of the cases, followed by valve ring calcification in 25.7%. Previous IE was found in 14.3% of the patients, and acute myocardial infarction, in 8.6%. No patient had Marfan's syndrome or previous myocardial revascularization.</p>
        <p>Based on the type of treatment chosen, the groups were as follows: percutaneous group, 10 patients (28.6%), and surgical group (valve replacement surgery), 25 patients (71.4%). In the percutaneous treatment group, patients were older (mean age of 63 &#177; 13 years versus (vs.) 50 &#177; 13 years), with statistical significance (p = 0.011).</p>
        <p>Both groups were similar regarding the following characteristics: history of systemic arterial hypertension (64% vs. 70%, p = 0.99); dyslipidemia (40% vs. 30%, p = 0.70); preoperative stroke (12% vs. 10%, p = 0.99); ejection fraction (EF) lower than 50% (24% vs. 20%, p = 0.99); and atrial fibrillation or flutter (44% vs. 30%, p = 0.70). Mean creatinine clearance (mL/min) was 90 &#177; 38 in the surgical group, and 72 &#177; 38 in the percutaneous group (p = 0.07). The only three patients who had diabetes, belonged in the percutaneous group (8.6%, p = 0.018) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The number of previous valve surgeries was higher in the percutaneous group (1.7 &#177; 0.7 vs. 2.6 &#177; 1), with statistically significant difference (p = 0.041).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical presentation at the time of diagnosis</title>
        <p>Most patients presented with dyspnea and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (FC) III (FC I: 25.7%, FC II: 25.7%, FC III: 40%, FC IV: 8.6%). Clinical and laboratory signs of hemolysis were evident in 42% of patients [32% of the surgical group, and 70% of the percutaneous group (p = 0.04)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Only two patients were diagnosed with IE or abscess, and belonged in the surgical group (8% vs. 0%, p = 0.99).</p>
        <p>Regarding laboratory data, both groups had hemolytic anemia, characterized by reduced hemoglobin and high bilirubin and lactic dehydrogenase. The percutaneous group had more severe anemia (mean hemoglobin of 9.7 &#177; 1.7 vs. 12 &#177; 2, p = 0.010) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>No difference was observed between groups regarding left atrial diameter (53 &#177; 14 vs. 54 &#177; 14 mm, p = 0.81) and left ventricular diastolic diameter (60 &#177; 10 vs. 62 &#177; 9 mm, p = 0.70), systolic diameter (41 &#177; 11 vs. 39 &#177; 11 mm, p = 0.67) and EF (58% &#177; 13 vs. 59% &#177; 16, p = 0.41). The percutaneous group had the highest mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure (56 &#177; 17 vs. 73 &#177; 13 mm Hg, p = 0.013) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>Considering the leaks identified in the percutaneous group, 70% affected mechanical prostheses, 80% affected mitral prostheses, and, on echocardiographic assessment, 70% were classified as severe leak, while 30%, as moderate leak.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>In-hospital outcome</title>
        <p>During hospitalization, both groups had several complications. No statistical difference was observed between them regarding the following composite outcomes: in-hospital complications (surgical vs. percutaneous group, 72% vs. 80%) and cardiac (52% vs. 50%) and non-cardiac (44% vs. 70%) complications. Two patients in the surgical group died, but none in the percutaneous group (8% vs. 0%, p = 0.99). The mean hospital length of stay was 31 days (30 &#177; 23 vs. 32 &#177; 34, p = 0.84). Comparing to previous laboratory tests, both groups showed a reduction in hemolysis during hospitalization after the procedure (reduction of 62% vs. 29%).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows in-hospital complications in both groups. Decompensated HF was more often in the percutaneous group (30% vs. 4%, p = 0.061).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>In-hospital outcome</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Surgical group n = 25 (71,4%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Percutaneous group n = 10 (28,6%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total n = 35</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>In-hospital complications</td>
                <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (74.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Death</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiac complications</td>
                <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (51.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiogenic shock</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.061</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arrhythmia</td>
                <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (42.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bleeding</td>
                <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (42.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valvular reoperation</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-cardiac complications</td>
                <td align="center">11 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (51.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ARF</td>
                <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (25.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infection</td>
                <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hospital length of stay (days)</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">31.06 &#177; 26.57</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Post-procedure hemolysis</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (22.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>HF: heart failure; ARF: acute renal failure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome 1 year after the procedure</title>
        <p>After a 1-year follow-up, the FC improved, 70.4% of the patients being in FC I. Percutaneous group patients required more reoperations (8.7% vs. 20%, p = 0.57) due to HF and prosthetic dysfunction. Two percutaneous group patients died. The 1-year survival curve was lower in the percutaneous group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) (p = 0.397).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Survival curve of patients undergoing regurgitation repair in the first year after the procedure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0055-60086-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Approximately 40% of all patients had residual paravalvular leak 1 year after the procedure. In the percutaneous group, 60% of the patients remained with residual leak as compared to 30% of the surgical group patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). However, most post-intervention leaks (46%) were considered mild and none had clinical consequences.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outcome 1 year after the procedure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Surgical group n = 23 (69.7%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Percutaneous group n = 10 (30.3%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total n = 33</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC I</td>
                <td align="center">16 (72.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (70.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC II</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC III</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC IV</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Re-hospitalization</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (15.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reoperation</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (12.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Death</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Echocardiographic measures</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LA</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVDD</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVSD</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASP</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">66.5 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Residual regurgitation</td>
                <td align="center">7 (30.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (39.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (53.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aortic</td>
                <td align="center">4 (17.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral-aortic</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Leak severity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mild</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severe</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (12.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.57</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>HF: heart failure; FC: functional class; LA: left atrial diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>It is worth noting the high incidence of residual mitral regurgitation after the percutaneous procedure as compared to the surgical one, although with no statistical significance (8.7% vs. 50%, p = 0.08).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Paravalvular regurgitation with clinical consequences is an uncommon complication, estimated to affect 3% to 6% of patients undergoing valve replacement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Epidemiological records on the theme are scarce.</p>
      <p>In this study, the diagnosis of periprosthetic leak was confirmed by use of TEE, the most appropriate method available to assess the position, severity and hemodynamic repercussion of the defect, and useful to strategically plan the repair.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, we observed a greater incidence of mitral leak, corresponding to 60% of the cases, similar to the 68% reported by Akins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Regarding the prosthesis type, we found 51.4% of leaks in biological valve prostheses, differently from that reported by Jindani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> (62.5% of leaks in mechanical valve prostheses). Nevertheless, among our patients the prevalence of bioprosthesis is higher, which could justify our finding.</p>
      <p>The major symptom was HF due to volume overload, present in 74% of the patients, with prevalence of dyspnea and FC III in 40% of the cases. Ruiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> have found similar results, reporting the presence of HF in 90% of their patients, most with FC III. Similarly, Genoni et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> have reported 38% of their sample with dyspnea and FC III or IV at the time of paravalvular regurgitation diagnosis. It is worth noting that 11% of the leaks, although mild, could cause symptoms, requiring intervention. The increase in BNP (mean value of 7130) reflects the cardiovascular decompensation state, being directly related to regurgitation volume, left chamber dilation and ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Until recently, surgery was the only therapeutic option available, despite the high mortality associated with reoperation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Regurgitation closure by use of hemodynamic procedure has gained importance in recent years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> When well-succeeded, clinical results are reasonable, without the significant operative mortality rates associated with reoperation. It is indicated as an alternative therapy for symptomatic patients at high risk for surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This study patients treated percutaneously were more critically ill, the reason why they were at higher risk for complications.</p>
      <p>The in-hospital outcome confirmed the high morbidity and mortality of both treatment types. There was a high number of cardiac (51.4%) and non-cardiac (51.4%) complications, with no statistical difference between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). An in-hospital mortality of 5.1% was found, all in-hospital deaths occurring in the surgical group. That figure differs from the high post-operative mortality of 12% reported by Genoni et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The mean hospital length of stay of 31 days reflects the critically ill population of this study.</p>
      <p>After 1-year follow-up, patients' symptoms improved, 70.4% of them being in FC I. High morbidity (15.2% were re-hospitalized and 12.1% underwent new re-intervention) and 6.1% mortality rate in the first year were observed, predominating in the percutaneous group.</p>
      <p>The mortality behavior suggests that the deaths in the surgical group are related to reoperation-related complications. In the percutaneous group, the deaths occurred after hospital discharge, and can be related to the severity of the patients' illness. The survival curves in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> show no statistical difference in the first year of follow-up; however, a trend towards higher mortality is observed among the patients treated with the percutaneous technique, probably because they were more critically ill.</p>
      <p> On routine echocardiography one year after intervention, residual leak was identified in approximately 40% of the cases. According to the literature, the failure rate of both therapeutic approaches ranges between 12% and 35%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Leak recurrence is uncommon, as long as the underlying pathological process remains unchanged.</p>
      <p>The present study had limitations, such as the small number of patients in each group, and the different clinical characteristics of the groups. In addition, the small sample size hindered the analysis of the diverse clinical situations involved in the paravalvular regurgitation diagnosis, such as hemolysis, HF and IE. The objective of this study was to show the characteristics of the groups and their evolution after the procedure. Our results allow us to point trends, raise hypotheses and suggest complementary studies on the subject.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Paravalvular regurgitation is rare and affects mainly mitral and biological prostheses. Surgical intervention is the current treatment of choice. In the present study, the strategy of percutaneous closure of the leak, still an initial experience, was effective to improve HF and hemolysis in the sample assessed. We believe that refining the percutaneous technique will allow its indication for patients at higher risk for surgery.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Paravalvar: An&#225;lise de Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos no Tratamento Cir&#250;rgico e Percut&#226;neo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezek</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Edvagner Sergio Leite de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscoso</surname>
            <given-names>Freddy Antonio Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taborga</surname>
            <given-names>Percy Richard Chavez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jeronimo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Passos Pinheiro</bold>, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Rua Capote Valente, N&#176; 234. CEP 05409000, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cppinheiro@cardiol.br</email>; <email>cppinheiro@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB, Jeronimo AD, Ramos AIO; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB, Taborga PRC, Abizaid AAC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pinheiro CP, Rezek D, Costa EP, Carvalho ESL, Moscoso FAB, Jeronimo AD, Ramos AIO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o ou escape paravalvar &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave e incomum associada ao implante de pr&#243;tese valvar. Estudos mostram incid&#234;ncia de 3% a 6% com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Existem poucos estudos na literatura que comparam as abordagens cir&#250;rgica e percut&#226;nea para sua corre&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar as abordagens cir&#250;rgica e percut&#226;nea de corre&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar quanto a desfechos cl&#237;nicos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s 1 ano do procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e observacional, que incluiu 35 pacientes com escape paravalvar acompanhados no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2013 e que necessitaram de corre&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com o tratamento estabelecido e acompanhados por um per&#237;odo 1 ano ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O grupo submetido ao tratamento percut&#226;neo foi considerado como de maior risco para complica&#231;&#245;es por apresentar pacientes mais idosos, com maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes, maior quantidade de cirurgias valvares pr&#233;vias e menor valor m&#233;dio de <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina. Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar, observou-se grande n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es nos dois grupos (74,3% dos casos), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nos desfechos analisados. Ap&#243;s 1 ano, o grupo percut&#226;neo teve maior n&#250;mero de reinterven&#231;&#245;es (8,7% vs. 20%, p = 0,57) e mortalidade maior (0% vs. 20%, p = 0,08). Uma alta incid&#234;ncia de escape residual mitral foi verificada ap&#243;s procedimento percut&#226;neo (8,7% vs. 50%, p = 0,08).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A cirurgia &#233; o tratamento de escolha da regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar. A abordagem percut&#226;nea pode ser uma alternativa para os pacientes com risco cir&#250;rgico elevado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o ou escape paravalvar &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave e incomum associada ao implante de pr&#243;tese valvar. Consiste em uma comunica&#231;&#227;o anormal entre a estrutura da pr&#243;tese implantada e o tecido card&#237;aco, gerando um fluxo turbulento de sangue com repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas variadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em estudos com ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) ap&#243;s cirurgias de troca valvar, a incid&#234;ncia de refluxo paravalvar com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica variou de 3% a 6% e sem repercuss&#227;o foi cerca de 20%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> sendo mais verificado em pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os principais fatores determinantes de sua ocorr&#234;ncia s&#227;o: calcifica&#231;&#227;o ou fragilidade do anel valvar, endocardite infecciosa (EI), dificuldade t&#233;cnica na sutura, tamanho e forma da pr&#243;tese, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral pr&#233;via, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e s&#237;ndrome de Marfan.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O escape pode aparecer precocemente quando relacionado a aspectos t&#233;cnicos da cirurgia ou tardiamente, ocasionado por deisc&#234;ncia dos pontos de sutura ou infec&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; vari&#225;vel. Cerca de 5% dos pacientes s&#227;o sintom&#225;ticos, manifestando sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), anemia hemol&#237;tica ou EI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) muitas vezes n&#227;o consegue diferenciar escape paraprot&#233;tico da regurgita&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas da biopr&#243;tese. A ETE 3D &#233; o m&#233;todo mais indicado para avaliar detalhadamente a posi&#231;&#227;o, o grau e a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, contribui para o planejamento estrat&#233;gico da oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou do tratamento cir&#250;rgico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tratamento cl&#237;nico das regurgita&#231;&#245;es paravalvares constitui em grande parte medida paliativa para controle de sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; o procedimento de escolha na coexist&#234;ncia de EI, disfun&#231;&#227;o significativa, ou instabilidade mec&#226;nica da pr&#243;tese. Contudo, &#233; not&#243;rio o aumento significativo da mortalidade com cirurgias subsequentes. Quando a indica&#231;&#227;o para nova abordagem &#233; o escape paravalvar, a mortalidade da primeira re-opera&#231;&#227;o chega a 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> No contexto atual de exist&#234;ncia de pacientes com risco operat&#243;rio proibitivo ou com m&#250;ltiplas cirurgias pr&#233;vias, o fechamento percut&#226;neo com implante de dispositivos oclusivos surge como uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento fact&#237;vel, promissora e menos invasiva.</p>
        <p>Em frente ao exposto, explorar esse tema &#233; relevante tendo em vista o pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos que abordam comparativamente os tratamentos cir&#250;rgico e percut&#226;neo dos refluxos e seus resultados a longo prazo.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; comparar as abordagens cir&#250;rgica e percut&#226;nea de corre&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar quanto a desfechos cl&#237;nicos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s 1 ano do procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um trabalho retrospectivo, descritivo e observacional que incluiu pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar com repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica (IC, hem&#243;lise ou EI) e necessidade de corre&#231;&#227;o (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea), acompanhados no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013.</p>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo citado, 35 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de escape paraprot&#233;tico e necessidade de corre&#231;&#227;o foram avaliados na se&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica de Valvopatias. Todos os diagn&#243;sticos foram confirmados com ETE. A decis&#227;o sobre o tipo de abordagem (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea) foi baseada no risco cir&#250;rgico do paciente, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a idade, o n&#250;mero de cirurgias pr&#233;vias e as comorbidades associadas. O <italic>Valve Clinic</italic> do hospital foi respons&#225;vel pela decis&#227;o e, posteriormente, os casos considerados de alto risco cir&#250;rgico foram levados para o <italic>Heart Team</italic> objetivando a oclus&#227;o do refluxo por meio de corre&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. Pacientes com defeito paravalvar acometendo pelo menos um ter&#231;o da circunfer&#234;ncia do anel prot&#233;tico foram considerados ineleg&#237;veis para o procedimento percut&#226;neo.</p>
        <p>Os casos referenciados para corre&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea foram realizados sob anestesia geral e guiados por ETE e radioscopia. O fechamento do refluxo de posi&#231;&#227;o mitral se deu por via anter&#243;grada (acesso pela veia femoral e pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal), retr&#243;grada (acesso atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria femoral) ou transapical (pun&#231;&#227;o direta), a depender da anatomia do paciente e o local do defeito. A corre&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas foi realizada por abordagem retr&#243;grada (via aorta). Em todos os casos, o dispositivo de fechamento utilizado foi o Amplatzer Vascular Plug III (AVP III). Os casos referenciados para corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foram realizados com base nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas descritas na literatura.</p>
        <p>Foram estudados os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos, cl&#237;nicos e os fatores de risco possivelmente envolvidos na fisiopatologia do escape em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Posteriormente, os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com o tratamento estabelecido (cir&#250;rgico ou percut&#226;neo), objetivando a compara&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>Os dois grupos foram comparados quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar e &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o procedimento. Os desfechos intra-hospitalares elencados foram: &#243;bito, complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (choque cardiog&#234;nico, IC, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), arritmia, sangramento, reopera&#231;&#227;o), complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas (insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA) e infec&#231;&#227;o) e dias de interna&#231;&#227;o. Sangramento foi definido como necessidade de transfus&#227;o de dois ou mais concentrados de hem&#225;cias. Aumento persistente de creatinina maior que 0,5 mg/dl foi considerado IRA. Infec&#231;&#227;o foi considerada de acordo com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, cujos s&#237;tios relacionados foram pulmonar, ferida operat&#243;ria, urina e corrente sangu&#237;nea. Os desfechos tardios (ap&#243;s 1 ano do procedimento) elencados foram: &#243;bito, reinterna&#231;&#227;o, reopera&#231;&#227;o, dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Os resultados foram considerados com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica se o valor de p fosse menor que 0,05. Para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis qualitativas utilizou-se o teste de Fisher e o teste do qui-quadrado, e para as quantitativas foi usado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Para a an&#225;lise de sobrevida durante o 1&#186; ano do procedimento de corre&#231;&#227;o valeu-se da metodologia de Kaplan-Meier e do teste de <italic>log rank</italic> para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o programa SPSS (SPSS&#8482; 13.0 for Windows&#8482;. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
        <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos 35 pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o foi de 54 &#177; 14 anos, sendo 71,4% deles do sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). A maior incid&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em pr&#243;teses na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral (60% dos casos) e em pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas (51,4%). De acordo com a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica, observou-se que 60% dos escapes foram classificados como refluxos graves, 28,6% como moderados e 11,4% como leves (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo cir&#250;rgico n = 25 (71,4%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo percut&#226;neo n = 10 (28,6%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total n = 35</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">50 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (68%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (71,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Antecedentes</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">23,1 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (65,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (37,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE &lt; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA/Flutter</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clearance de creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">85 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,070</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgias valvares pr&#233;vias</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,97 &#177; 0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo Cir&#250;rgico n = 25 (71,4%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo percut&#226;neo n = 10 (28,6%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total n = 35</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF I</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF II</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF III</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF IV</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hem&#243;lise</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EI / Abscesso</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">11,44 &#177; 2,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DHL</td>
                  <td align="center">1327 &#177; 1665</td>
                  <td align="center">1286 &#177; 849</td>
                  <td align="center">1314 &#177; 1435</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BI</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 &#177; 0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89 &#177; 0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 1,46</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">12566 &#177; 17872</td>
                  <td align="center">1694 &#177; 1412</td>
                  <td align="center">7130 &#177; 12807</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; CF: classe funcional; DHL: desidrogenase l&#225;tica; BI: bilirrubina indireta; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo cir&#250;rgico n = 25 (71,4%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo percut&#226;neo n = 10 (28,6%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total n = 35</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Medidas do ecocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AE</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">39 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSAP</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escape</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A&#243;rtico</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (37%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral+A&#243;rtico</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de pr&#243;tese</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mec&#226;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (48,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Biol&#243;gica</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (51,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Grau do refluxo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Discreto</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p>AE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada a grave pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria foi diagnosticada em 31,4% dos casos, seguida da calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar em 25,7%. A EI pr&#233;via foi encontrada em 14,3% dos pacientes e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em 8,6%. N&#227;o tivemos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Marfan ou com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a divis&#227;o dos grupos de acordo com o tipo de tratamento escolhido, foram alocados 10 pacientes (28,6%) no grupo percut&#226;neo e 25 (71,4%) para cirurgia de troca valvar. No grupo submetido a tratamento percut&#226;neo, os pacientes eram mais idosos, com m&#233;dia de 63 &#177; 13 anos versus (vs.) 50 &#177; 13 anos, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,011).</p>
          <p>Os dois grupos foram semelhantes quanto aos antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (64% vs. 70%, p = 0,99), dislipidemia (40% vs. 30%, p = 0,70), AVC pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (12% vs. 10%, p = 0,99), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) menor que 50% (24% vs. 20%, p= 0,99), e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atriais (44% vs. 30%, p = 0,70). O <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina m&#233;dio (em ml/min) foi de 90 &#177; 38 no grupo cir&#250;rgico e 72 &#177; 38 no grupo percut&#226;neo (p = 0,07). Somente tr&#234;s pacientes eram diab&#233;ticos e todos pertenciam ao grupo percut&#226;neo (8,6%), com p de 0,018 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). A quantidade de cirurgias valvares pr&#233;vias foi maior nos pacientes indicados ao tratamento percut&#226;neo (1,7 &#177; 0,7 vs. 2,6 &#177; 1) com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (p = 0,041).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica no Diagn&#243;stico</title>
          <p>A maioria do pacientes apresentava dispneia e classe funcional (CF) III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) (CF I: 25,7%, CF II: 25,7%, CF III: 40%, CF IV: 8,6%). Sinais cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais de hem&#243;lise foram identificados em 42% dos pacientes, sendo 32% do grupo cir&#250;rgico e 70% do percut&#226;neo, com p de 0,04 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). Somente dois pacientes tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de EI ou abscesso e pertenciam ao grupo cir&#250;rgico (8% vs. 0%, p = 0,99).</p>
          <p>Quanto aos dados laboratoriais, ambos os grupos tinham algum grau de anemia hemol&#237;tica, caracterizada por queda da hemoglobina, eleva&#231;&#227;o das bilirrubinas e desidrogenase l&#225;tica (DHL). O grupo submetido ao tratamento percut&#226;neo apresentou maior grau de anemia (m&#233;dia de 9,7 &#177; 1,7 vs. 12 &#177; 2, p = 0,010) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto ao tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (53 &#177; 14 vs. 54 &#177; 14 mm, p = 0,81), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (60 &#177; 10 vs. 62 &#177; 9 mm, p = 0,70), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (41 &#177; 11 vs. 39 &#177; 11 mm, p = 0,67) e FE (58% &#177; 13 vs. 59% &#177; 16, p = 0,41) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Observou-se que os pacientes do grupo percut&#226;neo tinham a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar mais elevada (56 &#177; 17 vs. 73 &#177; 13 mmHg, p = 0,013) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>Considerando os escapes identificados no grupo percut&#226;neo, 70% acometeram pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas, 80% acometeram pr&#243;teses em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, 70% foram classificados como refluxo grave pela avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica e 30% como refluxo moderado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Intra-hospitalar</title>
          <p>Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar, observou-se um grande n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es em ambos os grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois grupos na an&#225;lise dos seguintes desfechos compostos: complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares (grupo cir&#250;rgico vs. percut&#226;neo, 72% vs. 80%), complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (52% vs. 50%) e n&#227;o card&#237;acas (44% vs. 70%). Ocorreram dois &#243;bitos nos pacientes operados e nenhum no grupo percut&#226;neo (8% vs. 0%, p= 0,99). O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio foi de 31 dias (30 &#177; 23 vs. 32 &#177; 34, p = 0,84). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exames laboratoriais pr&#233;vios, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da hem&#243;lise em ambos os grupos ap&#243;s procedimento no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar (62% vs. 29% de redu&#231;&#227;o).</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> detalha as complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares nos diferentes grupos. Os pacientes do grupo percut&#226;neo apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia de IC descompensada (30% vs. 4%, p= 0,061).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo cir&#250;rgico n = 25 (71,4%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo percut&#226;neo n = 10 (28,6%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total n = 35</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (74,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (51,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmia</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (42,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sangramento</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (42,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reopera&#231;&#227;o valvar</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (51,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IRA</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dias de interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 34</td>
                  <td align="center">31,06 &#177; 26,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hem&#243;lise ap&#243;s procedimento</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IRA: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o em 1 Ano</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 1 ano de seguimento, constatou-se melhora da CF da amostra estudada, com 70,4% dos pacientes apresentando-se em CF I. Os pacientes do grupo percut&#226;neo necessitaram de mais reopera&#231;&#245;es (8,7% vs. 20%, p = 0,57) devido a IC e a disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese. Dois pacientes do grupo percut&#226;neo morreram. A curva de sobrevida em 1 ano foi menor nos pacientes do grupo percut&#226;neo, como demonstrado no gr&#225;fico da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> (p = 0,397).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva de sobrevida dos pacientes submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o procedimento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0055-60086-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Aproximadamente 40% de todos os pacientes apresentaram refluxo paravalvar residual ap&#243;s 1 ano do procedimento. Dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento percut&#226;neo, 60% permaneceram com refluxo residual, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 30% do grupo cir&#250;rgico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). No entanto, a maioria dos escapes p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o foi considerada discreta (46%) e nenhum possu&#237;a repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o em 1 ano</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo cir&#250;rgico n = 23 (69,7%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo percut&#226;neo n = 10 (30,3%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total n = 33</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF I</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (72,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (70,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF II</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF III</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF IV</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reinterna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (15,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reopera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (12,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Medidas do ecocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AE</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE</td>
                  <td align="center">55 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">55 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">55 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSAP</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">66,5 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o residual</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (30,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (39,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (53,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (38,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral-a&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (7,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Grau do refluxo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Discreto</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (12,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; CF: classe funcional; AE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Importante destacar a alta incid&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o residual na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ap&#243;s procedimento percut&#226;neo comparado ao grupo cir&#250;rgico, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (8,7% vs. 50%, p = 0,08).</p>
          <p>Discuss&#227;o</p>
          <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar com repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o pouco frequente estimada em 3% a 6% dos pacientes submetidos a troca valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Registros epidemiol&#243;gicos s&#227;o escassos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao assunto.</p>
          <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, o diagn&#243;stico do escape paraprot&#233;tico foi confirmado por meio da ETE, m&#233;todo dispon&#237;vel mais adequado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o, do grau e da repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica do defeito, e &#250;til para o planejamento estrat&#233;gico da corre&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os autores observaram uma maior incid&#234;ncia de refluxo em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, correspondendo a 60% dos casos, semelhante ao valor de 68% exposto por Akins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Quanto ao tipo da pr&#243;tese, 51,4% eram biol&#243;gicas, diferentemente do relatado por Jindani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> que encontraram 62,5% dos escapes em pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas. No entanto, em nosso meio h&#225; uma maior preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com biopr&#243;tese, o que justificaria o achado.</p>
          <p>O principal sintoma foi de IC decorrente de sobrecarga volum&#233;trica. Esteve presente em 74% dos pacientes, com predom&#237;nio de dispneia e CF III em 40% dos casos. Ruiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> obtiveram resultados equipar&#225;veis, verificando a presen&#231;a da IC em 90% de sua amostra, com maioria em CF III. Da mesma forma, Genomi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> demonstraram que 38% apresentavam-se com dispneia e CF III ou IV por ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar. &#201; importante notar que 11% dos escapes, apesar de discretos, foram capazes de causar sintomatologia, necessitando de interven&#231;&#227;o. O aumento do BNP (valor m&#233;dio encontrado de 7130) reflete o estado de descompensa&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, estando diretamente relacionando ao volume de regurgita&#231;&#227;o, &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras esquerdas e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
          <p>At&#233; recentemente, a cirurgia era a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica dispon&#237;vel, apesar da alta mortalidade associada com a reopera&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O fechamento da regurgita&#231;&#227;o por meio de procedimento hemodin&#226;mico vem ganhando espa&#231;o nos &#250;ltimos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Quando bem sucedido, os resultados cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o razo&#225;veis, sem as taxas significativas de mortalidade operat&#243;ria associada &#224; reopera&#231;&#227;o. &#201; indicada para pacientes sintom&#225;ticos de alto risco cir&#250;rgico como terapia alternativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Os pacientes do estudo tratados por via percut&#226;nea eram mais graves, motivo pelo qual possu&#237;am maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar confirma a grande morbimortalidade em ambos os tipos de tratamento. Ocorreu um grande n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (51,4%) e n&#227;o card&#237;acas (51,4%), sem diverg&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos, como detalhado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>. Uma mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 5,1% foi encontrada sendo que todos os &#243;bitos hospitalares pertenciam ao grupo cir&#250;rgico. Diferentemente de Genoni et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> que publicaram uma elevada mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de 12%. O tempo m&#233;dio de 31 dias de interna&#231;&#227;o reflete a gravidade da popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento, foi verificada melhora da sintomatologia dos pacientes, com 70,4% dos mesmos mantidos em CF I. Constatou-se alta morbidade (15,2% reinternaram e 12,1% foram submetidos a nova re-interven&#231;&#227;o) e uma taxa de mortalidade de 6,1% no primeiro ano, com predom&#237;nio do grupo percut&#226;neo.</p>
          <p>O comportamento da mortalidade sugere que os &#243;bitos do grupo cirurgia estejam relacionados &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a reopera&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; no grupo percut&#226;neo, os &#243;bitos ocorreram ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, podendo estar relacionados &#224; gravidade desses doentes. As curvas de sobrevida da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> n&#227;o evidenciam diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica durante o primeiro ano, por&#233;m nota-se uma tend&#234;ncia a maior mortalidade nos pacientes tratados com a t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea, provavelmente por serem pacientes mais graves.</p>
          <p>Na ecocardiografia de rotina do primeiro ano ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o, notou-se a presen&#231;a de escape residual em aproximadamente 40% dos casos. A taxa de insucesso, segundo a literatura, em ambas as possibilidades terap&#234;uticas varia entre 12% e 35%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A recorr&#234;ncia do refluxo &#233; comum, uma vez que o processo patol&#243;gico subjacente permanece inalterado.</p>
          <p>O presente estudo teve como limita&#231;&#227;o a pequena quantidade de pacientes em cada grupo, bem como a diferen&#231;a nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de cada grupo. A amostra diminuta tamb&#233;m prejudicou a an&#225;lise separada das diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas envolvidas com o diagn&#243;stico de regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar (hem&#243;lise, IC e endocardite). O objetivo do trabalho foi apresentar as caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o procedimento. Os resultados alcan&#231;ados permitem apontar tend&#234;ncias, gerar hip&#243;teses e sugerir estudos complementares futuros sobre o tema.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara que acomete principalmente pr&#243;teses mitrais e biol&#243;gicas. A interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; atualmente o tratamento de escolha. No presente estudo, a estrat&#233;gia de oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do refluxo, representando ainda uma experi&#234;ncia inicial, foi efetiva na melhora da CF e da hem&#243;lise na amostra estudada. Os autores acreditam que, com o aprimoramento da t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea, este procedimento poder&#225; ser indicado em pacientes com maior risco cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
