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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5F7Lr3gGFR3hTLCvq6XspZn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004000048</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005016104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160087</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reproducibility of Gadolinium Enhancement Patterns and Wall Thickness in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodriguez-Granillo</surname>
            <given-names>Gaston A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deviggiano</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capunay</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zan</surname>
            <given-names>Macarena C. De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrascosa</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Diagn&#243;stico Maip&#250;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiovascular Imaging</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Imaging - Diagn&#243;stico Maip&#250;, Buenos Aires - Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gaston A. Rodriguez-Granillo</bold>, Diagnostico Maipu. Av Maip&#250; 1668, Vicente L&#243;pez - B1602ABQ. Buenos Aires - Argentina. E-mail: <email>grodriguezgranillo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Rodriguez-Granillo GA; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rodriguez-Granillo GA, Deviggiano A, Capunay C, Zan MCD, Carrascosa P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>48</fpage>
      <lpage>54</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Reproducibility data of the extent and patterns of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To explore the reproducibility of regional wall thickness (WT), LGE extent, and LGE patterns in patients with HCM assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The extent of LGE was assessed by the number of segments with LGE, and by the total LV mass with LGE (% LGE); and the pattern of LGE-CMR was defined for each segment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 42 patients (672 segments) with HCM constituted the study population. The mean WT measurements showed a mean difference between observers of -0.62 &#177; 1.0 mm (6.1%), with limits of agreement of 1.36 mm; -2.60 mm and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.95 (95% CI 0.93-0.96). Maximum WT measurements showed a mean difference between observers of -0.19 &#177; 0.8 mm (0.9%), with limits of agreement of 1.32 mm; -1.70 mm, and an ICC of 0.95 (95% CI 0.91-0.98). The % LGE showed a mean difference between observers of -1.17 &#177; 1.2 % (21%), with limits of agreement of 1.16%; -3.49%, and an ICC of 0.94 (95% CI 0.88-0.97). The mean difference between observers regarding the number of segments with LGE was -0.40 &#177; 0.45 segments (11%), with limits of agreement of 0.50 segments; -1.31 segments, and an ICC of 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.99).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The number of segments with LGE might be more reproducible than the percent of the LV mass with LGE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Reproducibility of Results</kwd>
        <kwd>Gadolinium</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The extent of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) as an expression of underlying myocardial fibrosis has been consistently established as an independent predictor of ventricular dysfunction, complex arrhythmias, and death in diverse population settings, particularly in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Over the past decade, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) have demonstrated to be effective in the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with HCM. Notwithstanding, current risk stratification algorithms fail to identify a significant number of patients at risk of SCD deemed at low risk, possibly due to a large heterogeneity in the phenotypic expression and the myriad of genes involved in this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a recent large cohort of patients with HCM who underwent LGE-CMR, the extent of fibrosis was independently associated to an increase in SCD and to the development of end-stage HCM.<sup>3</sup> Maximum wall thickness (WT) and percent of left ventricle (LV) with LGE (% LGE) are, respectively, established and emerging risk factors for SCD. Indeed, the % LGE has emerged as a variable with a continuous relationship with the risk of SCD. Nevertheless, reproducibility data of % LGE in HCM is limited, and there is a lack of data in this population regarding reproducibility patterns of LGE and regional WT. Given the wide range of prevalence of LGE in HCM reported in the literature (ranging from 40 to 80%), these data are pivotal for the internal validation aimed at improving risk stratification strategies, and also to establish threshold levels above which longitudinal changes might be significant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>The objective of this observational study is to explore the reproducibility of regional wall thickness (WT), % LGE, and LGE patterns in patients with HCM. To that end, we retrospectively searched our CMR database from September 2013 to September 2014 and selected patients with confirmed or suspected HCM referred to our institution for LGE-CMR evaluation. Patients with moderate to severe valvular heart disease were excluded, as well as patients with known ischemic cardiomyopathy and those who had underwent septal myectomy or percutaneous septal alcohol ablation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CMR acquisition</title>
        <p>All CMR exams were performed using the same system (Achieva 1.5 Tesla, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, OH). A five-element cardiac phased-array coil was used for signal reception and cardiac synchronization was performed using a vector electrocardiogram. Cine-CMR images were acquired in 8-10 contiguous short-axis slices from the level of the mitral valve annulus through the LV apex using a commercially available steady-state free precession pulse sequence. Technical parameters were as follows: TR/TE (ms): 3.5/1.8; flip angle: 60&#176;; section thickness: 8 mm; matrix: 144 x 157; field of view: 320 mm; voxel size: 2.2 x 2.0 mm; and number of phases: 30. For detection of the presence, extent and location of fibrosis, a breath-hold, T1-weighted, contrast-enhanced inversion-recovery segmented gradient echo sequence (TR/TE (ms): 4.8/2.3; flip angle: 25&#176;; section thickness: 10 mm; matrix: 184 x 154; field of view: 320 mm; voxel size: 1.75 x 1.95 mm) was used. These LGE-CMR images were acquired 10 minutes after intravenous administration of 0.2 mmol/kg of a commercially available gadolinium chelate of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid bismethoxyethylamide (gadoversetamide, Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, USA), using identical long- and short-axis planes to the cine images, except for the most apical short-axis slice, which was excluded because it can be affected by partial-volume effects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Image analysis</title>
        <p>All CMR studies were analyzed offline, independently, in a dedicated workstation (Viewforum; Philips Healthcare) by two similarly experienced observers (AD and GRG, both with more than six years of experience with LGE-CMR) blinded to the clinical history and patient's demographics. LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic chamber volume (ESV) were calculated using the Simpson method and LVEF was calculated as [EDV-ESV]/EDVx100. Basal image position was defined as the basal-most image encompassing at least 75% of the circumferential myocardium. Myocardial mass was obtained on the basis of end-diastolic endocardial and epicardial contours, and calculated as the product of myocardial volume and specific density of myocardial tissue (1.05 g/mL).</p>
        <p>Maximal LV WT was defined as the greatest thickness at any segment within the LV myocardium. At LGE-CMR imaging, LGE was defined as a significant increase in signal intensity compared to the remote myocardium. Such analysis is related a to a threshold &#8805; 6 standard deviations above the mean signal intensity of remote myocardium, and is generally used as the reference standard.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The extent of LGE was defined using the AHA 17-segment LV model, excluding the apex (AHA-segment 17) from the analysis. The extent of LGE was assessed both visually by the number of segments with LGE, and quantitatively by the total LV mass with LGE (% LGE). For this purpose, the LV endocardial and epicardial borders on LGE images were manually planimetered to define the myocardium, excluding papillary muscles and the intertrabecular blood pool (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). LGE-positive regions were manually determined adjusting a gray-scale threshold to define areas of visually identified LGE. These areas were then summed to generate a total volume of LGE and expressed as a proportion of total LV myocardium (% LGE). The pattern of LGE was defined for each segment as (predominantly) subendocardial, intramyocardial, subepicardial, or transmural (100% of WT). In case &#8805; 2 different LGE patterns were observed within a single segment, only the predominant pattern was registered.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Assessment of the extent of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in patients with different patterns of LGE. Short-axis end diastole cine (left), gray-scale LGE images (mid panels), and segmentation defining endocardial and epicardial borders (right) to establish the myocardial volume, excluding the papillary muscles and left ventricle blood pool. Subsequently, LGE-positive regions are manually determined adjusting a gray-scale threshold to define areas of visually identified LGE (right). These areas were then summed across the short axis stack to generate a total volume of LGE. Above: 28-year old male, maximum thickness 25.5 mm (observer 1) and 25.6 mm (observer 2); percent LGE and number of segments with LGE 11% and 5 segments (observer 1) and 11% and 5 segments (observer 2). Below: 63-year old female, maximum thickness 19.4 mm (observer 1) and 19.0 mm (observer 2); percent LGE and number of segments with LGE 6% and 5 segments (observer 1) and 10% and 6 segments (observer 2).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0048-60087-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables are presented as means &#177; standard deviations or median (interquartile range), as indicated. The interobserver and intraobserver (performed more than 5 months after the original analysis) agreements were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients, (ICC; using a two-way random effect model, absolute agreement, and average measurement) with 95% confidence intervals, and Bland-Altman plots for continuous variables, and Cohen's kappa coefficient for categorical variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Comparisons between groups regarding the patterns of LGE were performed using chi square tests. The Bland-Altman method was used to establish the limits of agreement. A two-sided p value of less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Statistical analyses were performed with use of SPSS software, version 22 (Chicago, Illinois, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 42 patients with HCM who completed LGE-CMR investigation between September 2013 and September 2014 constituted the study population. The mean age was 51.2 &#177; 17.7 years, and 28 (67 %) were male. Data regarding LV diastolic and systolic volumes, LV ejection fraction, and left atrium area are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographical characteristics, and left ventricular (LV) morphology and function (n = 42)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">51.2 &#177; 17.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (67%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV end diastolic volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">70.3 &#177; 13.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV end systolic volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">25.5 &#177; 10.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV mass (grams &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">158.1 &#177; 52.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV ejection fraction (% &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">64.5 &#177; 9.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac index (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left atrium area (cm<sup>2</sup>&#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">26.4 &#177; 7.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Six hundred and seventy two LV segments were independently evaluated by two observers, with a mean regional WT of 9.9 &#177; 5.4 mm measured by observer 1 and of 10.5 &#177; 5.2 mm measured by observer 2 (ICC 0.95; 95% CI 0.93-0.96). Detailed analyses of regional WT are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. An excellent agreement between observers was identified regarding the maximum WT (20.7 &#177; 4.2 mm vs. 20.9 &#177; 4.0 mm, ICC 0.95; 95% CI 0.91-0.98). Both observers identified the presence of LGE in more than 70% of cases and more than 20% of segments; with a concordant median 4 segments with LGE and 2.0% LGE identified by both observers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). There was good interobserver agreement regarding the presence of LGE, on both per patient (kappa 0.88, p &lt; 0.0001) and per segment basis (kappa 0.72, p &lt; 0.0001). Furthermore, good agreement was observed regarding the number of segments with LGE (ICC 0.97; 95% CI 0.94-0.99) and the % LGE (ICC 0.94; 95% CI 0.88-0.97).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regional wall thickness. Differences between observers</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th>
                <bold>Observer 1</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Observer 2</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Difference</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Relative dif.</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>ICC</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Wall thickness (n = 672), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.62 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Basal wall thickness (n = 42), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">10.6 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">11.1 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.46 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">4.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mid wall thickness (n = 42), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">11.0 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.54 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.8%</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apical wall thickness (n = 42), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">12.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8710;max/min wall thickness (n = 42), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.12 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Maximum thickness (n = 42), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">20.7 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">20.9 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Late gadolinium enhancement extension and patterns. Differences between observers</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th>
                <bold>Observer 1</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Observer 2</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Difference</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Relative dif</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Kappa</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>ICC</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>LGE per patient (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30/42 (71%)</td>
              <td align="center">32 /42 (76%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LGE per segment (%)</td>
              <td align="center">141/672 (21%)</td>
              <td align="center">163/672 (24%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LGE (segments), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.41 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.2%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LGE (segments), median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">4.0 (0.0; 5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">4.0 (0.8; 6.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Percent LGE (%), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.2 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.17 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">20.6%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Percent LGE (%), median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (0.0; 7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (0.8; 9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>LGE pattern</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Subendocardial (%)</td>
              <td align="center">24/141 (17%)</td>
              <td align="center">52/163 (32 %)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Intramyocardial (%)</td>
              <td align="center">103/141 (73%)</td>
              <td align="center">70/163 (43 %)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Subepicardial (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10/141 (7%)</td>
              <td align="center">32/163 (20 %)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Transmural (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4/141 (3%)</td>
              <td align="center">9/163 (6 %)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean difference between observers and limits of agreement were as follows: 1) For WT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2a</xref>), the mean difference was -0.62 &#177; 1.0 mm (relative difference 6.1%), with limits of agreement of 1.36 mm; -2.60 mm; 2) for maximum WT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2b</xref>), the mean difference was -0.19 &#177; 0.8 mm (relative difference 0.9%), with limits of agreement of 1.32 mm; -1.70 mm; 3) for % LGE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2c</xref>), the mean difference was -1.17 &#177; 1.2% (relative difference 21%), with limits of agreement of 1.16%; -3.49%; and 4) for the number of segments with LGE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1d</xref>), the mean difference was -0.40 &#177; 0.45 segments (relative difference 11%), with limits of agreement of 0.50 segments; -1.31 segments. Conversely, there were significant differences in LGE patterns between observers, despite the fact that most patterns were judged intramyocardial by both (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Finally, there was good agreement between observations (observer 2) both regarding WT and LGE extension, whereas small differences were identified regarding the LGE patterns (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Bland&#8211;Altman plots depicting the interobserver agreement regarding mean wall thickness (panel A), maximum wall thickness (panel B), percent left ventricular mass with delayed enhancement (panel C), and number of segments with delayed enhancement (panel D). The green line represents the mean difference, and the dotted lines represent the upper (mean difference plus two standard deviations) e and lower (mean difference minus two standard deviations) limits of agreement.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0048-60087-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Intraobserver variability. Wall thickness and late gadolinium enhancement patterns and extension</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th>
                <bold>Observation 1</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Observation 2</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Difference</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Relative dif.</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>ICC</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Wall thickness (n = 672), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">10.7 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.22 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.6%</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Kappa</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LGE per patient (%)</td>
              <td align="center">32/42 (76%)</td>
              <td align="center">32/42 (76%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LGE per segment (%)</td>
              <td align="center">163/672 (24%)</td>
              <td align="center">168/672 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LGE (segments), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.17 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.6%</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Percent LGE (%), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">6.2 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LGE pattern</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Subendocardial (%)</td>
              <td align="center">52/163 (32%)</td>
              <td align="center">58/168 (35%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Intramyocardial (%)</td>
              <td align="center">70/163 (43%)</td>
              <td align="center">66/168 (39%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Subepicardial (%)</td>
              <td align="center">32/163 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">34/168 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Transmural (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9/163 (6%)</td>
              <td align="center">10/168 (6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>CMR has been established as the reference standard to evaluate (LV) morphology and function, offering advantages regarding spatial resolution and volumetric imaging, and without limitations common to other techniques such as restricted acoustic window or radiation. Furthermore, numerous studies have validated late gadolinium enhancement CMR (LGE-CMR) to identify the presence, extent, and distribution of myocardial fibrosis in patients with HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In particular, recent reports have found that the extent of fibrosis identified by LGE-CMR in patients with HCM is independently associated to an increase in SCD and to the development of end-stage HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main finding of the present study was that LGE-CMR measurements had acceptable reproducibility, with average differences close to zero, narrow limits of agreement, and a very high intraclass correlation coefficient between observers. As expected, excellent agreement was observed regarding the maximum WT. Furthermore, there was good agreement regarding the presence of LGE on both per patient and per segment basis, with the identification of LGE in more than 70% of cases and in more than 20% of the segments evaluated. These results are in line with previously reported data showing a wide range of LGE in patients with HCM, between 40 and 80%. It should be stressed, however, that the percent of the total LV mass with LGE is related to patient population, CRM system and acquisition parameters, and the employed quantification technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Such variability might be attributed not only to the aforementioned genetic heterogeneity that have been suggested to include more than 1400 mutations in at least 13 genes, but possibly to a previously deemed negligible interobserver variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Indeed, it is noteworthy that in our study, relative differences reached 11% and 21% for the number of segments with LGE and for the % LGE respectively, suggesting that reporting the number of segments with LGE might be more accurate than the percent of the LV mass with LGE. Such relative differences and the acknowledgement of the limits of agreement are of outmost importance not only due to the fact that LGE-CMR is increasingly uprising as a means to improve risk stratification in patients at risk of SCD, but also since the temporal change of such measurements might potentially become a surrogate imaging endpoint in longitudinal HCM studies.</p>
      <p>Of note, we identified significant differences between observers regarding the main LGE pattern identified in every segment. This is not very surprising considering that almost every pattern, distribution and location of LGE has been reported in HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Furthermore, a transmural pattern has been reported in up to 50 % of HCM patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In our study, the presence of LGE was assessed visually, since it has been shown that such analysis is highly correlated to that obtained from using a threshold of equal or more than six standard deviations above the mean signal intensity of normal myocardium, and is generally used as the reference standard.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has specifically addressed the reproducibility of LGE-CMR patterns in patients with HCM. Mikami et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> reported the interobserver variability of a number of semi-automated LGE quantification techniques in 15 patients with HCM. Furthermore, Harrigan et al. explored the reproducibility of different semiautomated gray-scale thresholding techniques for quantifying LGE in a relatively large cohort of patients with HCM. Nonetheless, neither LGE patterns nor the number of segments were assessed in their study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The number of segments with LGE has gained clinical relevance, since it has been reported as a variable associated to an increased incidence of adverse events in different scenarios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In turn, we evaluated in 42 patients with HCM the reproducibility not only of LGE extension (using two approaches), but also of other parameters related to risk stratification including regional WT and LGE patterns both on a per patient and per segment basis. Our results might therefore aid investigators to perform precise power calculations for longitudinal studies.</p>
      <p>A number of limitations should be acknowledged. We included a relatively small population of patients with HCM considering the large genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of this disease. Furthermore, the significant differences found between observers regarding LGE patterns, aside from confirming the considerable heterogeneity in the phenotypic expression of the disease, might be partly related to the fact that only the most predominant pattern was registered per segment. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study that specifically evaluated the reproducibility of LGE-CMR in HCM patients. We did not address the intraobserver variability since interobserver differences are usually larger and more clinically relevant for longitudinal studies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In this study, the assessment of the regional mean and maximum wall thickness using LGE-CMR in patients with HCM showed excellent reproducibility, whereas the extension of myocardial fibrosis was acceptably reproducible, and significant differences between observers were identified regarding LGE patterns. Importantly, relative differences reached 11% and 21% for the number of segments with LGE and for the percent LGE respectively, suggesting that reporting the number of segments with LGE might be more reproducible than the percent of the LV mass with LGE.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reprodutibilidade de Padr&#245;es de Realce pelo Gadol&#237;nio e Espessura Parietal em Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
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            <given-names>Gaston A.</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deviggiano</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capunay</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zan</surname>
            <given-names>Macarena C. De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Imaging - Diagn&#243;stico Maip&#250;, Buenos Aires - Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gaston A. Rodriguez-Granillo</bold>, Diagnostico Maipu. Av Maip&#250; 1668, Vicente L&#243;pez - B1602ABQ. Buenos Aires - Argentina. E-mail: <email>grodriguezgranillo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rodriguez-Granillo GA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rodriguez-Granillo GA, Deviggiano A, Capunay C, Zan MCD, Carrascosa P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os dados de reprodutibilidade da extens&#227;o e dos padr&#245;es de realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG) em cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) s&#227;o limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Explorar a reprodutibilidade da espessura parietal (EP) da regi&#227;o, extens&#227;o do RTG e padr&#245;es de RTG em pacientes com CMH avaliados com resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A extens&#227;o do RTG foi avaliada pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG e pela massa total do VE com RTG (%RTG) e foi definido o padr&#227;o RMC com RTG para cada segmento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por um total de 42 pacientes (672 segmentos) com CMH. As medi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de EP mostraram uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre observadores de -0,62 &#177; 1,0 mm (6,1%), com limites de concord&#226;ncia de 1,36 mm, -2,60 mm e um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) de 0,95 (95% IC 0,93-0,96). Medi&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas de EP mostraram uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre observadores de -0,19 &#177; 0,8 mm (0,9%), com limites de concord&#226;ncia de 1,32 mm, -1,70 mm e CCI de 0,95 (95% IC 0,91-0,98). O % RTG mostrou uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre observadores de -1,17 &#177; 1,2% (21%), com limites de concord&#226;ncia de 1,16%, -3,49% e CCI de 0,94 (95% IC 0,88-0,97). A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre observadores com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG foi de -0,40 &#177; 0,45 segmentos (11%) com limites de concord&#226;ncia de 0,50 segmentos, -1,31 segmentos e CCI de 0,97 (95% IC 0,94-0,99).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG pode ser mais reprodut&#237;vel do que o percentual da massa do VE com RTG.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Reprodutibilidade dos Testes</kwd>
        <kwd>Gadol&#237;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A extens&#227;o de realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG) em resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) como express&#227;o de fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio subjacente tem sido regularmente reconhecida como preditora independente de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, arritmias complexas e morte em diversos contextos populacionais, especialmente em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDIs) mostraram-se eficazes na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) em pacientes com CMH. N&#227;o obstante, algoritmos atuais de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o identificam um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes com risco, considerado baixo, de MSC, possivelmente devido a uma grande heterogeneidade na express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica e &#224; mir&#237;ade de genes envolvidos nesta doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Numa recente coorte de pacientes com CMH submetidos a RMC com RTG, a extens&#227;o de fibrose estava independentemente associada a um aumento de MSC e ao desenvolvimento de CMH em fase terminal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Espessura parietal (EP) m&#225;xima e percentual de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) com RTG (%RTG) s&#227;o, respectivamente, fatores de risco estabelecidos e emergentes para MSC. De fato, a %RTG apareceu como vari&#225;vel com rela&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua com risco de MSC. Todavia, dados de reprodutibilidade de %RTG em CMH s&#227;o limitados, e h&#225; uma falta de dados desta popula&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o a padr&#245;es de reprodutibilidade de RTG e EP da regi&#227;o. Considerando-se a ampla gama de preval&#234;ncia de RTG em CMH relatada na literatura (entre 40 e 80%), esses dados s&#227;o fundamentais para valida&#231;&#227;o interna cujo objetivo &#233; aprimorar estrat&#233;gias de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e estabelecer n&#237;veis limiares que, quando ultrapassados, podem indicar altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais significativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo observacional tem como objetivo explorar a reprodutibilidade da EP da regi&#227;o, %RTG e padr&#245;es de RTG em pacientes com CMH. Para tanto, fez-se uma busca em nosso banco de dados de RMC de setembro de 2013 a setembro de 2014 e foram selecionados pacientes com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de CMH encaminhados &#224; nossa institui&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o via RMC com RTG. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;as valvulares card&#237;acas, cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica identificada e pacientes previamente submetidos a miectomia septal ou abla&#231;&#227;o septal percut&#226;nea com &#225;lcool.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o da RMC</title>
          <p>Todos os exames de RMC foram feitos com o mesmo sistema (Achieva 1.5 Tesla, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, OH). Uma bobina card&#237;aca do tipo phased-array de cinco elementos foi usada para recep&#231;&#227;o do sinal, e a sincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi feita por meio de eletrocardiograma de vetor. Imagens Cine-RMC foram obtidas em 8-10 cortes cont&#237;guos em eixo curto no n&#237;vel do anel da valva mitral atrav&#233;s do &#225;pice do VE por meio de uma sequ&#234;ncia de pulsos de precess&#227;o livre no estado estacion&#225;rio dispon&#237;vel no mercado. Par&#226;metro t&#233;cnicos foram: TR/TE (ms): 3,5/1,8, flip angle: 60&#176;, espessura de corte: 8 mm, matriz: 144 x 157, campo de vis&#227;o: 320 mm, tamanho do voxel: 2,2 x 2,0 mm e n&#250;mero de fases: 30. Para detec&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a, extens&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o de fibrose, foi usada uma sequ&#234;ncia gradiente de eco segmentada de alto contraste <italic>inversion-recovery</italic> (recupera&#231;&#227;o da invers&#227;o) com pondera&#231;&#227;o T1 em apneia (TR/TE (ms): 4,8/2,3, flip angle: 25&#176;, espessura de corte: 10 mm, matriz: 184 x 154, campo de vis&#227;o: 320 mm, tamanho do voxel: 1,75 x 1,95 mm). Essas imagens de RMC com RTG foram obtidas 10 minutos ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 0,2 mmol/kg de quelato de gadolinio no ionico de dietilentriaminopentaacetico dispon&#237;vel no mercado (gadoversetamide, Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, EUA), usando-se planos id&#234;nticos de eixo curto e longo nas imagens Cine, com exce&#231;&#227;o do corte de eixo curto mais apical, exclu&#237;do pela possibilidade de ser afetado por efeitos de volume parcial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de imagens</title>
          <p>Todos os estudos de RMC foram analisados off-line, independentemente, numa esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada (Viewforum, Philips Healthcare) por dois observadores experientes (AD e GRG, ambos com mais de seis anos de experi&#234;ncia em RMC com RTG) que desconheciam o hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico e os dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes. O volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDF) e o volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF) foram calculados pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson e a FEVE foi calculada como [VDF-VSF]/VDFx100. A posi&#231;&#227;o de imagem basal foi definida como a imagem mais basal que cont&#233;m pelo menos 75% do mioc&#225;rdio circunferencial. A massa do mioc&#225;rdio foi obtida com base no contorno do endoc&#225;rdio e do epic&#225;rdio na di&#225;stole final, e calculada como o produto do volume do mioc&#225;rdio e a densidade espec&#237;fica do tecido do mioc&#225;rdio (1,05 g/mL).</p>
          <p>A EP m&#225;xima do VE foi definida como a maior espessura em qualquer segmento do mioc&#225;rdio do VE. Nas imagens de RMC com RTG, o RTG foi definido com aumento significativo na intensidade do sinal comparado ao mioc&#225;rdio remoto. Tal an&#225;lise est&#225; relacionada a um limite &#8805; 6 desvio padr&#227;o acima da intensidade m&#233;dia do sinal do mioc&#225;rdio remoto, e geralmente &#233; utilizada como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A extens&#227;o do RTG foi definida usando-se o modelo de 17 segmentos da AHA (<italic>American Heart Association</italic>), excluindo-se o &#225;pice (AHA- segment 17) da an&#225;lise. A extens&#227;o do RTG foi avaliada tanto visualmente quanto pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG, e quantativamente pela massa total do VE com RTG (%RTG). Para tanto, as bordas endoc&#225;rdica e epic&#225;rdica do VE nas imagens de RTG foram planimetradas para definir o mioc&#225;rdio, excluindo m&#250;sculos papilares ac&#250;mulo de sangue intertrabecular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Regi&#227;o com RTG positivo foram determinadas manualmente ajustando-se um limite de escala cinza para definir-se &#225;reas de RTG visualmente identificadas. Essas &#225;reas foram ent&#227;o somadas para a gera&#231;&#227;o de um volume total de RTG e expressas como uma propor&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio total do VE (%RTG). O padr&#227;o do RTG foi definido para cada segmento como (predominantemente) subendoc&#225;rdica, intramioc&#225;rdica, subepic&#225;rdica ou transmural (100% da EP). Em casos onde &#8805; 2 padr&#245;es diferentes de RTG foram observados em um &#250;nico segmento, apenas o padr&#227;o predominante foi registrado.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o do realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG) em pacientes com diferentes padr&#245;es de RTG. Cine de eixo curto em di&#225;stole final (esquerda), imagens de RTG em escala cinza (pain&#233;is do meio), e segmenta&#231;&#227;o definindo bordas endocard&#237;acas e epicard&#237;acas (direita) para estabelecer o volume do mioc&#225;rdio, excluindo m&#250;sculos papilares e ac&#250;mulo de sangue no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Subsequentemente, regi&#245;es com RTG positivo foram determinadas manualmente ajustando-se um limite de escala cinza para definir &#225;rea de RTG visualmente identificada (direita). Essas &#225;reas foram ent&#227;o somadas ao stack de eixo curto para gerar um volume total de RTG. Acima: Homem, 28 anos, espessura m&#225;xima 25,5 mm (observador 1) e 25,6 mm (observador 2), percentual de RTG e n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG 11% e 5 segmentos (observador 1) e 11% e 5 segmentos (observador 2). Abaixo: Mulher, 63 anos, espessura m&#225;xima de 19,4 mm (observador 1) e 19,0 mm (observador 2), percentual de RTG e n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG 6% e 5 segmentos (observador 1) e 10% e 6 segmentos (observador 2).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0048-60087-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos realizados estavam de acordo com os padr&#245;es &#233;ticos do comit&#234; de pesquisa institucional e com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1964 e suas emendas posteriores. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes individuais inclu&#237;dos no estudo</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas est&#227;o apresentadas como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), conforme indicado. Os acordos inter e intraobservador (feitos mais de cinco meses ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise original) foram avaliados por meio do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI, usando-se um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de duas vias, concord&#226;ncia absoluta e medida m&#233;dia) com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e coeficiente kappa de Cohen para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o aos padr&#245;es de RTG foram feitas com o teste qui quadrado. O m&#233;todo Bland-Altman foi usado para estabelecer os limites de concord&#226;ncia. Valor de p bilateral menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 22 (Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por um total de 42 pacientes com CMH que completaram a investiga&#231;&#227;o por RMC com RTG entre setembro de 2013 e setembro de 2014. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes era 51,2 &#177; 17,7 anos de idade, e 28 deles (67%) eram homens. Os dados sobre os volumes diast&#243;licos e sist&#243;licos finais, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e &#225;rea do &#225;trio esquerdo est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) (n = 42)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">51,2 &#177; 17,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (67%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">70,3 &#177; 13,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">25,5 &#177; 10,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa do VE (gramas &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">158,1 &#177; 52,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (% &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">64,5 &#177; 9,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice card&#237;aco (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea do &#225;trio esquerdo (cm<sup>2</sup>&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">26,4 &#177; 7,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Seiscentos e setenta e dois segmentos do VE foram independentemente avaliados por dois observadores, com m&#233;dia de EP da regi&#227;o de 9,9 &#177; 5,4 mm medida pelo observador 1 e de 10,5 &#177; 5,2 mm medida pelo observador 2 (CCI 0,95, 95% IC 0,93-0,96). An&#225;lises detalhadas da EP da regi&#227;o est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. Foi identificada excelente concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#225;xima EP (20,7 &#177; 4,2 mm vs, 20,9 &#177; 4,0 mm, CCI 0,95, 95% IC 0,91-0,98). Ambos os observadores identificaram a presen&#231;a de RTG em mais de 70% dos casos, e em mais de 20% dos segmentos, com quatro segmentos de mediana concordante de RTG e 2,0% RTG identificados pelos dois observadores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Houve concord&#226;ncia interobservador satisfat&#243;ria com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de RTG tanto no quesito por paciente (kappa 0,88, p &lt; 0,0001) quanto no quesito por segmento (kappa 0,72, p &lt; 0,0001). Al&#233;m disso, foi observada boa concord&#226;ncia com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG (CCI 0,97, 95% IC 0,94-0,99) e com rela&#231;&#227;o ao %RTG (CCI 0,94, 95% IC 0,88-0,97).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Espessura parietal da regi&#227;o. Diferen&#231;as entre observadores</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Observador 1</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Observador 2</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Diferen&#231;a</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Dif. relativa</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CCI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura Parietal (n = 672), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,62 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura Parietal Basal (n = 42), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">10,6 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,1 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,46 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura Parietal Mediana (n = 42), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">11,0 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura Parietal Apical (n = 42), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8710;max/min da Espessura Parietal (n = 42), m&#233;dia&#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,12 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura M&#225;xima (n = 42), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">20,7 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">20,9 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Extens&#227;o e padr&#245;es do realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio. Diferen&#231;as entre observadores</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Observador 1</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Observador 2</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Diferen&#231;a</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Dif. Relativa</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Kappa</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CCI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RTG por paciente (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30/42 (71%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 /42 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RTG por segmento (%)</td>
                <td align="center">141/672 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">163/672 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RTG (segmentos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,2%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RTG (segmentos), mediana (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (0,0, 5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (0,8, 6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Percentual RTG (%),m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">20,6%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Percentual RTG (%), mediana (IQR) 2,0 (0,0, 7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (0,0, 7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (0,8, 9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Padr&#227;o RTG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Subendoc&#225;rdico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24/141 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">52/163 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intramioc&#225;rdico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">103/141 (73%)</td>
                <td align="center">70/163 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Subepic&#225;rdico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10/141 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">32/163 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transmural (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4/141 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">9/163 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; IQR: intervalo interquartil; RTG: realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre observadores e limites de concord&#226;ncia foram: 1) Em EP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2a</xref>), a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia foi de -0,62 &#177; 1,0 mm (diferen&#231;a relativa de 6,1%), com limites de concord&#226;ncia de 1,36 mm, -2,60 mm; 2) Em EP m&#225;xima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2b</xref>), a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia foi de -0,19 &#177; 0,8 mm (diferen&#231;a relativa de 0,9%), com limites de concord&#226;ncia de 1,32 mm, -1,70 mm; 3) Em %RTG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2c</xref>), a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia foi de -1,17&#177;1,2% (diferen&#231;a relativa de 21%), com limites de concord&#226;ncia de 1,16%, -3,49%; e 4) No n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1d</xref>), a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia foi de -0,40 &#177; 0,45 segmentos (diferen&#231;a relativa de 11%), com limites de concord&#226;ncia de 0,50 segmentos, -1,31 segmentos. Todavia, houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos padr&#245;es de RTG entre os observadores, apesar da maioria dos padr&#245;es terem sido considerados intramioc&#225;rdicos pelos dois observadores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Finalmente, houve boa concord&#226;ncia entre observa&#231;&#245;es (observador 2) tanto com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; EP e &#224; extens&#227;o do RTG, enquanto que foram identificadas pequenas diferen&#231;as nos padr&#245;es RTG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman mostrando a concord&#226;ncia interobservador com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia da espessura parietal (painel A), espessura parietal m&#225;xima (painel B), percentual da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com realce tardio (painel C) e n&#250;mero de segmentos com realce tardio (painel D). A linha verde representa a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia, e a linha pontilhada representa os limites de concord&#226;ncia superiores (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia mais dois desvios padr&#227;o) e inferiores (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia menos dois desvios padr&#227;o).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0048-60087-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variabilidade intraobservador. Espessura parietal e padr&#245;es e extens&#227;o do realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Observa&#231;&#227;o 1</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Observa&#231;&#227;o 2</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Diferen&#231;a</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Dif. relativa</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CCI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura Parietal (n = 672), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,22 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Kappa</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RTG por paciente (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32/42 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">32/42 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RTG por segmento (%)</td>
                <td align="center">163/672 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">168/672 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RTG (segmentos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Percentual RTG (%), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Padr&#227;o RTG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Subendoc&#225;rdico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52/163 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">58/168 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intramioc&#225;rdico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">70/163 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">66/168 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Subepic&#225;rdico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32/163 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">34/168 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transmural (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9/163 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">10/168 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; RTG: realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A RMC est&#225; estabelecida como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia do VE, oferecendo vantagens com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e imagem volum&#233;trica, e sem limita&#231;&#245;es comuns a outras t&#233;cnicas, como janela ac&#250;stica inadequada e radia&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, diversos estudos j&#225; validaram a RMC com RTG para identificar a presen&#231;a, extens&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o de fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes com CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em particular, relatos recentes mostram que a extens&#227;o da fibrose identificada pela RMC com RTG em pacientes com CMH est&#225; independentemente associada a um aumento de MSC e ao desenvolvimento de CMH em fase terminal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A principal descoberta do presente estudo foi a de que medi&#231;&#245;es de RMC com RTG t&#234;m reprodutibilidade aceit&#225;vel, com diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias pr&#243;ximas a zero, limites de concord&#226;ncia estreitos e alto coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse entre observadores. Conforme esperado, foi observada excelente concord&#226;ncia com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; EP m&#225;xima. Al&#233;m disso, houve boa concord&#226;ncia com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de RTG nos quesitos por paciente e por segmento, com identifica&#231;&#227;o de RTG em mais de 70% dos casos de pacientes e em mais de 20% dos segmentos avaliados. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os dados previamente reportados, que mostram grande presen&#231;a de RTG em pacientes com CMH, entre 40 e 80%. Todavia, &#233; importante ressaltar que o percentual da massa total do VE com RTG &#233; relativa &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, sistema de RMC e par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;cnica de quantifica&#231;&#227;o utilizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Tal variabilidade pode ser atribu&#237;da n&#227;o apenas a quest&#245;es anteriormente mencionadas, que podem incluir mais de 1400 muta&#231;&#245;es em pelo menos 13 genes, mas tamb&#233;m possivelmente a uma variabilidade interobservador, anteriormente considerada desprez&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De fato, &#233; not&#225;vel que em nosso estudo diferen&#231;as relativas chegaram a 11% e 21% para o n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG e para a % RTG respectivamente, sugerindo que o relato do n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG pode ser mais preciso do que o do percentual da massa do VE com RTG. Tal diferen&#231;a relativa e o reconhecimento dos limites de concord&#226;ncia s&#227;o de suma import&#226;ncia, n&#227;o apenas pelo fato do uso de RMC com RTG estar constantemente crescendo como meio de aprimorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com risco de MSC, mas tamb&#233;m pelo fato de que a mudan&#231;a temporal de tal medi&#231;&#227;o pode potencialmente se tornar um suplente em exames de imagem em estudos longitudinais de CMH.</p>
        <p>De nota, identificamos diferen&#231;as significativas entre observadores com rela&#231;&#227;o ao principal padr&#227;o de RTG identificado em todos os segmentos. N&#227;o houve surpresa com este fato, considerando-se que todos os tipos de padr&#227;o, distribui&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o de RTG j&#225; foram relatados em CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Al&#233;m disso, um padr&#227;o transmural foi reportado em at&#233; 50% dos pacientes com CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a de RTG foi avaliada visualmente, j&#225; que tal an&#225;lise est&#225; altamente correlacionada &#224; an&#225;lise obtida pelo uso de um limite de seis ou mais desvios padr&#227;o acima da m&#233;dia do sinal de intensidade do mioc&#225;rdio normal, e &#233; geralmente usada como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que abordou especificamente a reprodutibilidade de padr&#245;es de RMC com RTG em pacientes com CMH. Mikami et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> relataram a variabilidade interobservador de diversas t&#233;cnicas semi-automatizadas de quantifica&#231;&#227;o de RTG em 15 pacientes com CMH. Al&#233;m disso, Harrigan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> exploraram a reprodutibilidade de diferentes t&#233;cnicas de limiar de escala cinza semi-automatizadas para quantifica&#231;&#227;o de RTG numa coorte relativamente grande de pacientes com CMH. Mesmo assim, nenhum dos padr&#245;es de RTG, nem o n&#250;mero de segmentos foram avaliados em seu estudo. O n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG ganhou relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, uma vez que foi reportado como vari&#225;vel associada a um aumento da incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos em diferentes contextos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso caso, avaliamos, em 42 pacientes com CMH, a reprodutibilidade n&#227;o apenas da extens&#227;o de RTG (usando duas abordagens), mas tamb&#233;m de outros par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, incluindo a EP da regi&#227;o e padr&#245;es de RTG nos quesitos por paciente e por segmento. Nossos resultados podem, portanto, ajudar pesquisadores a fazer c&#225;lculos de energia precisos para estudos longitudinais.</p>
        <p>Diversas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser reconhecidas. Inclu&#237;mos uma popula&#231;&#227;o relativamente pequena de pacientes com CMH considerando-se a grande heterogeneidade gen&#233;tica e fenot&#237;pica da doen&#231;a. Ademais, as diferen&#231;as significativas identificadas entre observadores com rela&#231;&#227;o aos padr&#245;es de RTG, al&#233;m de confirmarem a consider&#225;vel heterogeneidade na express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da doen&#231;a, podem estar parcialmente relacionadas ao fato de que apenas o padr&#227;o mais predominante por segmento foi registrado. Contudo, at&#233; onde sabemos, este foi o maior estudo que avaliou especificamente a reprodutibilidade de RMC com RTG em pacientes com CMH. A variabilidade intraobservador n&#227;o foi abordada, considerando-se que diferen&#231;as interobservadores s&#227;o normalmente maiores e clinicamente mais relevantes para estudos longitudinais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da EP m&#233;dia e m&#225;xima da regi&#227;o via RMC com RTG em pacientes com CMH mostrou excelente reprodutibilidade, enquanto que a extens&#227;o da fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio mostrou-se aceitavelmente reprodut&#237;vel e diferen&#231;as significativas entre observadores foram identificadas com rela&#231;&#227;o a padr&#245;es de RTG. &#201; importante notar que diferen&#231;as relativas chegaram a 11% e 21% para o n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG e para o percentual de RTG respectivamente, sugerindo que o relato do n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG pode ser mais reprodut&#237;vel do que o percentual da massa do VE com RTG.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
