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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HHLrLMbrxPwgjyjT5YQH7DH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004000033</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005015104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160083</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fractal Dimension in Quantifying Experimental-Pulmonary-Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacagnelli</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabela</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Kar&#234;nina Dias de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariano</surname>
            <given-names>Thaoan Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozaki</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Akio Tamura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castoldi</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Chacon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Edna Maria do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNOESTE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncia Animal, Curso de Fisioterapia, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Oeste Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FCT</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s Doutorado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Doutorado, FCT/UNESP, Presidente Prudente, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FCT</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, FCT/UNESP, Presidente Prudente, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNOESTE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Oeste Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Morfologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Morfologia, UNESP, Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, UNESP, Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Francis Lopes Pacagnelli</bold>, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572 - Bairro Limoeiro, Campus II. Postal Code 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>francispacagnelli@unoeste.br</email>, <email>francispacagnelli@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pacagnelli FL, Carvalho RF, Okoshi K, Vanderlei LCM. Acquisition of data: Pacagnelli FL, Sabela AKDA, Mariano TB, Ozaki GAT, Castoldi RC, Carmo EM, Tomasi LC, Okoshi K. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pacagnelli FL, Sabela AKDA, Mariano TB, Ozaki GAT, Castoldi RC, Carmo EM, Tomasi LC, Vanderlei LCM. Statistical analysis: Pacagnelli FL, Sabela AKDA, Vanderlei LCM. Writing of the manuscript: Pacagnelli FL, Carvalho RF, Vanderlei LCM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Carvalho RF, Okoshi K, Vanderlei LCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>33</fpage>
      <lpage>39</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Right-sided heart failure has high morbidity and mortality, and may be caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Fractal dimension is a differentiated and innovative method used in histological evaluations that allows the characterization of irregular and complex structures and the quantification of structural tissue changes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the use of fractal dimension in cardiomyocytes of rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension, in addition to providing histological and functional analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: control (C; n = 8) and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (M; n = 8). Five weeks after pulmonary arterial hypertension induction with monocrotaline, echocardiography was performed and the animals were euthanized. The heart was dissected, the ventricles weighed to assess anatomical parameters, and histological slides were prepared and stained with hematoxylin/eosin for fractal dimension analysis, performed using box-counting method. Data normality was tested (Shapiro-Wilk test), and the groups were compared with non-paired Student t test or Mann Whitney test (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Higher fractal dimension values were observed in group M as compared to group C (1.39 &#177; 0.05 vs. 1.37 &#177; 0.04; p &lt; 0.05). Echocardiography showed lower pulmonary artery flow velocity, pulmonary acceleration time and ejection time values in group M, suggesting function worsening in those animals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The changes observed confirm pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction, and point to fractal dimension as an effective method to evaluate cardiac morphological changes induced by ventricular dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocrotaline</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In experimental models, structural cardiac changes are usually identified by use of morphometric and/or histological analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Ventricular weight normalized to final body weight (FBW), obtained via morphometric analysis, has been used to characterize ventricular hypertrophy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> while histological analysis has been used to characterize cardiac changes qualitatively, for example, inflammatory process, or quantitatively, by measuring cardiomyocyte area, blood vessels and interstitium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another way to identify structural changes is fractal dimension, which allows the characterization of irregular structures in histological slides and the quantification of changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To determine fractal dimension with histological analysis, box-counting is one of the most used techniques.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> It consists in sliding an r-sided square box over an image in an overlapping pattern, the square side r being progressively smaller; Nr is the number of r-sided squares necessary to overlap the image, at each side size chosen. Fractal dimension is the inclination of the regression line for the log-values of the box size &#174; and the number of squares (Nr).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Fractal dimension has been used as a diagnostic tool for retinopathies, histopathological studies of neoplasms, morphometry of liver cells, liver fibrosis and cardiac studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In addition, it has been used to assess the left ventricle of patients submitted to cardiac transplantation, contributing to quantify myocardial cellular rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, to our knowledge, there is no study assessing fractal dimension in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a disease that can cause structural right ventricular (RV) modifications, inducing ventricular functional changes that affect the patients' functional capacity and quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Of the experimental models to induce PAH, the one with monocrotaline, described by Lalich and Merkow in 1961, stands out; it is used to cause ventricular hypertrophy, RV dysfunction and heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Monocrotaline is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid found in plants of the <italic>Crotalaria spectabilis</italic> species, which causes pulmonary endothelial injury, an increase in vasoconstrictors and thickening of vascular wall (mainly smooth muscle cells), leading to an increase in pulmonary resistance and RV overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Method studies that, alone or along with cardiac histological assessment, can contribute to increase the accuracy in diagnosing ventricular dysfunction caused by PAH are fundamental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Right ventricular assessment in PAH by using fractal dimension can be useful to evaluate the physiopathology, as well as the influence of therapeutic interventions in that condition.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at assessing the use of fractal dimension in the cardiomyocytes of rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH, associated with histological and functional analysis. The hypothesis is that PAH induces ventricular dysfunction, which can be identified by use of fractal dimension.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>This study used 16 adult male Wistar rats, aged 4 months, weighing 358.5 g (&#177;16.26 g), from the central vivarium of the Oeste Paulista University (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente city, S&#227;o Paulo. The animals were maintained in the Animal Experimentation Laboratory of the same institution, in plastic boxes measuring 41x34x16 cm (3 animals/box), at a temperature of 21&#176;C to 23&#176;C, and 50% to 60% relative humidity, with 12 hour light/dark cycles, light beginning at 7AM. The animals received water <italic>ad libitum</italic> and food preparation (Supralab, Alisul&#174;, Brazil) proportionally to the amount consumed in the group treated with monocrotaline.</p>
        <p>All experimental procedures used in this study abided by the principles of care for laboratory animals of the Brazilian College for Laboratory Animals (<italic>Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal</italic> - COBEA), in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the National Research Council.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the UNOESTE (Protocol 1838).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental design</title>
        <p>Initially the animals were randomly distributed into two groups with eight animals each: control (C) group and monocrotaline (M) group. Group M animals received one single intraperitoneal dose of monocrotaline (60 mg/kg - Sigma Chemical, St Louis, MO, USA), while group C animals received an intraperitoneal saline solution injection (0.9% NaCl).</p>
        <p>After 5 weeks, the rats underwent echocardiographic assessment, which identified PAH and RV dysfunction in group M. After that, the animals were weighed and euthanized with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg). The heart was removed, dissected and weighed. Then, histological slides were prepared for histological and fractal dimension assessment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Induction of pulmonary hypertension</title>
        <p>The protocol for PAH induction was performed in group M animals with injection of one single intraperitoneal dose of monocrotaline (Sigma Chemical, St Louis, MO, USA) at the proportion of 60 mg/kg in 1 mol/L in HClph buffer 7.0 with 1 mol/l of NaOH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>After receiving monocrotaline, the animals were separated into individual cages to measure their daily consumption of food preparation. Group M animals were fed <italic>ad libitum</italic>; however, their food preparation intake decreased because of RV dysfunction. Therefore, group C animals received the mean amount of food preparation consumed by group M animals.</p>
        <p>Group C animals underwent an intraperitoneal saline solution injection (0.9% NaCl), to ensure all study animals would undergo the same degree of stress.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic functional assessment</title>
        <p>The M mode echocardiography was performed with an echocardiographic device (Philips&#174;, model HDI 5000, Netherlands) equipped with a 12 MHz electronic transducer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and the animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal ketamine (60 mg/kg) and xylazine (1 mg/kg) hydrochloride.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the parameters assessed: pulmonary acceleration time (PAT), maximum pulmonary artery velocity (PAVm) and ejection time (EJT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Right ventricular echocardiographic parameters expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum values of the groups studied</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Group C</th>
                <th align="center">Group M</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAVm (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">88.50 &#177; 4.68 (87.50) [81.00&#8211; 97.00]</td>
                <td align="center">69.33 &#177; 18.17 (74.00) [36.00&#8211; 78.00]</td>
                <td align="center">0.0275</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">29.00 &#177; 3.16 (29.00) [26.00&#8211;33.00]</td>
                <td align="center">21.00 &#177; 3.80 (22.00) [15.00&#8211;26.00]</td>
                <td align="center">0.0005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EJT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">86.33 &#177; 3.26 (87.00) [81.00&#8211;89.00]</td>
                <td align="center">75.44 &#177; 9.81 (78.00) [63.00 &#8211;89.00]</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>C: control; M: monocrotaline; PAVm: maximum pulmonary artery velocity; PAT: pulmonary acceleration time; EJT: right ventricular ejection time; cm/s: centimeters per second; ms: milliseconds. (PAVm: non-paired t test; PAT and EJT: Mann-Whitney test)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of anatomic parameters</title>
        <p>To assess the anatomic parameters, the heart was removed and dissected, and the atria (ATs) and right and left ventricles were separated and weighed. Humid right and left atrial weights and right and left ventricular weights (RAW, LAW, RVW and LVW, respectively) were normalized to the animal's FBW (RAW/FBW, LAW/FBW, RVW/FBW and LVW/FBW, respectively) and used as ventricular hypertrophy indices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histology and histomorphometric analysis</title>
        <p>Samples of the right ventricle were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution for 48 hours. After fixation, the tissue was embedded in paraffin blocks, and later two 4-micrometer coronal histological sections were obtained for each animal. The histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) solution and mounted on glass slides. The cross-sectional areas of cardiomyocytes were assessed by using a LEICA microscope (DM750 model, Germany) coupled to a video camera that sends digital images to a computer equipped with a program of image analysis (Image Pro-plus - Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>All images were captured at 40x magnification. The images to be captured and digitalized were visually selected. In the two RV sections from each animal, different fields were captured, chosen where the highest number of cells could be visualized on cross section. For each ventricle analyzed, 50 cells were measured.</p>
        <p>The cardiomyocytes selected were transversally sectioned. They were round with a central nucleus, located in the subendocardial layer of the RV muscle wall. This was to maximize the uniformity of the set of cardiomyocytes in the different groups. The mean sectional areas obtained for each group were used as an indicator of cell size.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fractal dimension</title>
        <p>To analyze the fractal dimension of the right ventricle, the photographed slides were binarized for reading, and the fractal dimension was estimated by using box-counting and the ImageJ image processing program (National Institutes of Health, USA), available free of charge at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/">http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/</ext-link>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>That program considers box-counting in two dimensions, allowing quantification of the distribution of pixels in the space, but does not consider image texture. Therefore, two images with the same distribution of pixels, one binarized and the other in shades of gray, will have the same fractal dimension. Thus, the analysis of the fractal histological slides is based on the relation between the resolution and the scale assessed, and the result can be quantitatively expressed as the fractal dimension of the object [FD = (Log Nr / log r-1), where Nr is the number of equal elements necessary to cover the original object, and r is the scale applied to the object (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Therefore, the fractal dimension calculated with ImageJ program will always be between 0 and 2, not distinguishing different textures.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Histological section of the right ventricle stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), 40x magnification. B) Binarization process. C) HE image after binarization. Cell nuclei are stained black, while cytoplasm, cell membrane and other cell elements are white. D) Linear regression: sliding an r-sided square box over an image in an overlapping pattern, the box side r being progressively smaller; Nr is the number of r-sided boxes necessary to overlap the image, at each side size chosen. Fractal dimension is the inclination of the regression line for the two log values. Mann-Whitney test was used.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0033-60083-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and median (minimum - maximum). To analyze data normality, Shapiro Wilk test was used. The groups were compared by using non-paired Student <italic>t</italic> test (PAVm, RVW/FBW, LVW/FBW and cardiomyocyte area) or Mann-Whitney test (PAT, EJT, RAW/FBW and fractal analysis), depending on data normality. The null hypothesis was rejected at 0.05 significance level. The analyses were performed with the GraphPad Prism&#174; statistical program, version 5.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic functional assessment</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the RV echocardiographic parameters of the groups assessed. Group M animals showed increased pulmonary arterial pressure and RV functional worsening.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of anatomical and histomorphometric parameters</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the anatomical and histomorphometric data of groups C and M. Group M had higher values of atrialW/FBW and RV/FBW indices than group C. A significant increase in the cross-sectional area of RV cardiomyocytes was also observed in group M animals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Anatomical and histomorphometric data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum values of the groups studied</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">VARIABLES</th>
                <th align="center">Group C</th>
                <th align="center">Group M</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AW/FBW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0.20 &#177; 0.03 (0.2) [0.18 - 0.28]</td>
                <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.16 (0.31) [0.20 - 0.70]</td>
                <td align="center">0.0030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVW/FBW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0.44 &#177; 0.05 (0.43) [0.37 - 0.53]</td>
                <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.30 (0.78) [0.47 - 1.18]</td>
                <td align="center">0.0040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVW/FBW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.07 (1.85) [1.73 - 1.95]</td>
                <td align="center">1.87 &#177; 0.11 (1.86) [1.72 - 2.00]</td>
                <td align="center">0.7072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Area (&#956;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">61.49 &#177; 7.47 (58.62) [54.91&#8211;75.11]</td>
                <td align="center">103.90 &#177; 20.82 (106.4) [78.20 &#8211; 129.50]</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>C: control; M: monocrotaline; AW: atrial weight; FBW: final body weight; RVW: right ventricular weight; LVW: left ventricular weight; g: grams. (AW/FBW: Mann-Whitney test; RVW/FBW, LVW/FBW and Area - non-paired t test)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>On postmortem examination, group M animals showed no signs of heart failure, such as ascitis, pleural effusion, and liver congestion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fractal dimension</title>
        <p>Group M had higher fractal dimension values than group C (1.43 &#177; 0.06 vs. 1.37 &#177; 0.045; p = 0.0012; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fractal dimension analysis. C: control; M: monocrotaline; * p &lt; 0.05. (Mann-Whitney test)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0033-60083-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of the present study show that monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats caused an increase in RV fractal dimension, in addition to RV hypertrophy and contractile function worsening.</p>
      <p>Experimental models of PAH are often used to assess and understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of that disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> The use of monocrotaline to induce PAH is a well-established model.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Monocrotaline induces injury to the pulmonary capillaries, with an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and ventricular afterload, causing progressive pathological RV remodeling with hypertrophy induction, increased interstitial fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction and heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Group M animals had RV hypertrophy and developed cardiac dysfunction with RV systolic function worsening, suggesting the development of PAH and confirming the role of monocrotaline in triggering that disease. In addition, other studies using the same experimental model in rats have reported RV hypertrophy and myocardial contractile function worsening.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The fractal dimension of the animals with PAH increased as compared to that of controls, suggesting that animals with RV hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction have higher fractal dimension. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing fractal dimension in RV dysfunction caused by monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats.</p>
      <p>Fractal dimension is a useful method to characterize irregular structures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> It counts the effective number of degrees of freedom in the dynamic system, quantifying, therefore, its complexity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> One can infer that images evidencing higher fractal dimension are, thus, more complex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Histological changes caused by RV overload alter the amount and distribution of the information contained in the histological slide. The most commonly used histological methods to analyze cardiac remodeling assess either the structures qualitatively or depend on the proper visualization of particular aspects, such as cross-sectional cardiomyocyte location.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In that context, fractal dimension would prevent that difficulty by adding a numerical value to the analysis, thus, allowing quantification of tissue structural changes. In addition, that method prevents possible errors of interobserver variations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Fractal dimension has been used in several medical areas, such as oncology, neurology, ophthalmology, radiology and cardiology,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> to characterize and identify irregular and complex structures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In addition, fractal concepts have been incorporated into models of biological processes, such as epithelial cell growth, detection of DNA encoding regions, blood vessel growth, periodontal disease and viral infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The results of this study indicate that fractal dimension analysis can be used to characterize cardiac ventricular changes in such a prevalent and disabling disease as PAH is.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, at an initial phase of cardiac remodeling without heart failure, which is the progression of PAH, fractal dimension analysis was sensitive to detect ventricular changes, showing its importance to the early identification of those changes.</p>
      <p>One limitation of this study is that fractal dimension quantifies the degree of complexity of the image, and, thus, that technique compares to neither Western-Blot nor RT-qPCR, which can quantify the total level of proteins and myocardial gene expression, but neither its distribution nor degree of complexity in the tissue.</p>
      <p>Further studies are necessary in human beings with PAH in the phase of ventricular dysfunction to validate and corroborate the results of this study, and, thus to widen the knowledge on that disease and on new clinical perspectives for its early treatment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results confirm the PAH-induced cardiac dysfunction and point to the fractal dimension increase in cardiomyocytes of rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH, fractal dimension being an effective method to assess cardiac morphological changes induced by ventricular dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the stage of Post Doctoral submitted by Francis Lopes Pacagnelli, from Faculty of Science and Technology / Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - FCT / Unesp - Presidente Prudente, Brazil.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dimens&#227;o Fractal na Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Induzida por Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Experimental em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacagnelli</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabela</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Kar&#234;nina Dias de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariano</surname>
            <given-names>Thaoan Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozaki</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Akio Tamura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castoldi</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Chacon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Edna Maria do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncia Animal, Curso de Fisioterapia, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Doutorado, FCT/UNESP, Presidente Prudente, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, FCT/UNESP, Presidente Prudente, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Morfologia, UNESP, Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, UNESP, Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Francis Lopes Pacagnelli</bold>, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572 - Bairro Limoeiro, Campus II. CEP 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>francispacagnelli@unoeste.br</email>, <email>francispacagnelli@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pacagnelli FL, Carvalho RF, Okoshi K, Vanderlei LCM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pacagnelli FL, Sabela AKDA, Mariano TB, Ozaki GAT, Castoldi RC, Carmo EM, Tomasi LC, Okoshi K. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pacagnelli FL, Sabela AKDA, Mariano TB, Ozaki GAT, Castoldi RC, Carmo EM, Tomasi LC, Vanderlei LCM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pacagnelli FL, Sabela AKDA, Vanderlei LCM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pacagnelli FL, Carvalho RF, Vanderlei LCM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Carvalho RF, Okoshi K, Vanderlei LCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita apresenta grande morbimortalidade e pode ser causada por hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar. Um m&#233;todo diferenciado e inovador utilizado em avalia&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas &#233; a dimens&#227;o fractal, que permite a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de estruturas irregulares e complexas e pode quantificar altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais dos tecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo da dimens&#227;o fractal nos cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar induzida por monocrotalina, associada com an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica e funcional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em 2 grupos: controle (C; n = 8) e hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar induzida por monocrotalina (M; n = 8). Ap&#243;s 5 semanas da indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar pela monocrotalina, foi realizado ecocardiograma. Os animais foram eutanasiados, o cora&#231;&#227;o dissecado e os ventr&#237;culos pesados para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos. L&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas foram confeccionadas, coradas com hematoxilina/eosina para an&#225;lise da dimens&#227;o fractal, realizada pelo m&#233;todo <italic>box-counting</italic> . Inicialmente foi testada a normalidade dos dados (teste Shapiro Wilk) e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado ou teste de Mann Whitney (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Maiores valores da dimens&#227;o fractal foram observados no grupo M em compara&#231;&#227;o ao C (1,43 &#177; 0,06 vs. 1,37 &#177; 0,04; p &lt; 0,05). O ecocardiograma apontou menores valores no grupo M para velocidade m&#225;xima pulmonar, tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo piora funcional nesses animais, que tamb&#233;m apresentaram hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es observadas comprovam a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida pela hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar e apontam que a dimens&#227;o fractal &#233; um m&#233;todo eficaz para avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas induzidas pela disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocrotalina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em modelos experimentais, as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas s&#227;o, em geral, identificadas por meio de an&#225;lises morfom&#233;tricas e/ou histol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O peso do ventr&#237;culo normalizado pelo peso corporal final (PCF), obtidos pela an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica, tem sido utilizado para caracterizar hipertrofia ventricular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> enquanto que, a an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica &#233; utilizada para caracterizar altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas de forma qualitativa, como por exemplo, processo inflamat&#243;rio, ou quantitativa, por meio de mensura&#231;&#245;es da &#225;rea do cardiomi&#243;cito, vasos sangu&#237;neos e interst&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o utilizada para identificar altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais &#233; a dimens&#227;o fractal, que permite caracterizar estruturas irregulares em l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas e quantificar as altera&#231;&#245;es existentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise em l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas, a t&#233;cnica do <italic>box-counting</italic> &#233; uma das mais utilizadas para determina&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o fractal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Nessa t&#233;cnica, utiliza-se a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o da imagem com quadrados de lados r progressivamente menores e, nesse caso, Nr &#233; a quantidade de quadrados de lado r necess&#225;rios para cobrir a imagem, a cada tamanho escolhido. A dimens&#227;o fractal ser&#225; a inclina&#231;&#227;o da linha de regress&#227;o dos log-valores do tamanho do lado r e da quantidade de quadrados Nr.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A dimens&#227;o fractal tem sido utilizada como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica de retinopatias, estudos histopatol&#243;gicos de neoplasias, morfometria de hepat&#243;citos, fibrose hep&#225;tica e estudos card&#237;acos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, ela j&#225; foi utilizada para avaliar o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) de humanos submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco e mostrou sua contribui&#231;&#227;o na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o &#233; de nosso conhecimento estudos que avaliem a dimens&#227;o fractal na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP), doen&#231;a que pode promover modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) induzindo altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que comprometem a capacidade funcional e a qualidade de vida desses indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Entre os modelos experimentais para induzir HAP, destaca-se a monocrotalina, descrita inicialmente por Lalich e Merkow em 1961,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> sendo bastante utilizada para promover hipertrofia ventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A monocrotalina &#233; um alcaloide pirrolizid&#237;nico encontrado em plantas da esp&#233;cie <italic>Crotalaria spectabilis</italic>, que ocasiona les&#227;o endotelial vascular pulmonar, com aumento de vasoconstritores, espessamento da parede do vaso (principalmente c&#233;lulas musculares lisas) e conduz a aumento da resist&#234;ncia pulmonar e sobrecarga ao VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos de m&#233;todo que, isoladamente ou em conjunto com a avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica card&#237;aca, possam contribuir para uma maior precis&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ocasionadas pela HAP s&#227;o fundamentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD na HAP por meio da dimens&#227;o fractal pode ser um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico &#250;til para avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica, bem como da influ&#234;ncia de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas nessa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo da dimens&#227;o fractal nos cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos com HAP induzida pela monocrotalina, associada com an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica e funcional. Hipotetiza-se que a HAP induza disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular que possa ser identificada pela dimens&#227;o fractal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, foram utilizados 16 ratos Wistar machos adultos, com 4 meses de idade, pesando 358,5 g (&#177;16,26 g) provenientes do Biot&#233;rio Central da Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE de Presidente Prudente - S&#227;o Paulo. Os animais foram mantidos no Laborat&#243;rio de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da mesma institui&#231;&#227;o, em caixas pl&#225;sticas com dimens&#227;o 41x34x16 cm (3 animais/caixa), &#224; temperatura de 21&#176;C a 23&#176;C e umidade relativa de 50% a 60%, com ciclos de luminosidade de 12h (claro/escuro) com in&#237;cio do ciclo claro &#224;s 7h. Os animais receberam ra&#231;&#227;o (Supralab, Alisul&#174;, Brasil) de forma proporcional ao que o grupo monocrotalina consumia e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos experimentais utilizados neste estudo est&#227;o em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios de cuidados com animais de laborat&#243;rio formulados pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA), conforme o <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic> publicado pelo <italic>National Research Council</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE (Protocolo 1838).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho experimental</title>
          <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo, inicialmente os animais foram distribu&#237;dos de forma aleat&#243;ria em 2 grupos com 8 animais cada, denominados de grupo controle (C) e grupo monocrotalina (M). Ap&#243;s a distribui&#231;&#227;o, os animais do grupo M receberam uma dose &#250;nica de monocrotalina (Sigma Chemical, St Louis, MO, EUA) intraperitoneal (60 mg/kg), enquanto os animais C receberam uma inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de solu&#231;&#227;o salina (NaCl 0,9%).</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 5 semanas, os ratos foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, que constatou a presen&#231;a da HAP e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita no grupo M. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, os animais foram pesados e eutanasiados com overdose de pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg). O cora&#231;&#227;o foi ent&#227;o removido, dissecado e pesado. Posteriormente, l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas foram preparadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica e da dimens&#227;o fractal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</title>
          <p>O protocolo para indu&#231;&#227;o da HAP foi realizado nos animais do grupo M com inje&#231;&#227;o de uma &#250;nica dose intraperitoneal da monocrotalina (Sigma Chemical, St Louis, MO, EUA) na propor&#231;&#227;o 60 mg/kg em 1 mol/l em tamp&#227;o HClph 7.0 com 1 mol/l de NaOH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da monocrotalina, os animais foram separados em gaiolas individuais para dosar o consumo de ra&#231;&#227;o di&#225;rio. O grupo M recebeu comida a vontade. Como os animais desse grupo v&#227;o diminuindo o consumo de ra&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, os animais do grupo C receberam a m&#233;dia de consumo de ra&#231;&#227;o dos animais do grupo M.</p>
          <p>Nos animais do grupo C, foi realizada administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de solu&#231;&#227;o salina (NaCl 0,9%), para que todos os animais fossem avaliados com o mesmo grau de estresse.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Para o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico em Modo M, foi utilizado um ecocardi&#243;grafo (Philips&#174;, modelo HDI 5000, Holanda) equipado com um transdutor eletr&#244;nico de 12 MHz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina (60 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilidina (1 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal.</p>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros avaliados foram o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (TAcPulm), velocidade m&#225;xima da art&#233;ria pulmonar (VM&#225;xPulm) e tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o (TEJ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do ventr&#237;culo direito expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo, dos grupos estudados.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo C</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo M</th>
                  <th align="center">p valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VM&#225;xPul (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,50 &#177; 4,68 (87,50) [81,00&#8211; 97,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">69,33 &#177; 18,17 (74,00) [36,00&#8211; 78,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0275</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TAcPul (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,00 &#177; 3,16 (29,00) [26,00&#8211;33,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">21,00 &#177; 3,80 (22,00) [15,00&#8211;26,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TEJ (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,33 &#177; 3,26 (87,00) [81,00&#8211;89,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">75,44 &#177; 9,81 (78,00) [63,00 &#8211;89,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN03">
                <p>C: controle; M: monocrotalina; VM&#225;xPul: velocidade m&#225;xima da art&#233;ria pulmonar; TAcPul: tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar; TEJ: tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito; cm/s: cent&#237;metros por segundo; ms: milissegundos. (VM&#225;xPul: teste t n&#227;o pareado; TAcPul e TEJ: teste de Mann-Whitney).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos</title>
          <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos, ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi retirado, dissecado, separado em &#225;trios (ATs), VD e VE e pesados. Os pesos &#250;midos dos ATs, VD e VE foram normalizados pelo PCF do animal, que foi utilizado como &#237;ndice de hipertrofia ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histologia e an&#225;lise histomorfom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>Amostras do VD foram fixadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol tamponado a 10% por um per&#237;odo de 48 horas. Ap&#243;s fixa&#231;&#227;o, o tecido foi incluso em blocos de parafina, obtendo-se a seguir dois cortes histol&#243;gicos coronais de 4 micr&#244;metros de cada animal. Os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram corados em l&#226;mina com solu&#231;&#227;o de Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) para aferi&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa dos cardiomi&#243;citos, empregando-se microsc&#243;pio LEICA (modelo DM750, Alemanha) acoplado a c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo, que envia imagens digitais a um computador dotado de programa de an&#225;lise de imagens Image Pro-plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, EUA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todas as imagens foram capturadas no aumento de 40x. A sele&#231;&#227;o das imagens para captura e digitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi feita visualmente. De cada um dos dois cortes obtidos do VD de cada animal foram realizadas capturas de campos diferentes, escolhidos de acordo com o local onde se pudessem visualizar mais c&#233;lulas em corte transversal. Foram mensuradas 50 c&#233;lulas por ventr&#237;culo analisado.</p>
          <p>Os cardiomi&#243;citos selecionados estavam seccionados transversalmente e apresentavam forma redonda, n&#250;cleo vis&#237;vel no centro da c&#233;lula e localizavam-se na camada subendoc&#225;rdica da parede muscular do VD. Esse cuidado visou uniformizar ao m&#225;ximo o conjunto de cardiomi&#243;citos dos diferentes grupos. As &#225;reas seccionais m&#233;dias obtidas para cada grupo foram utilizadas como indicador do tamanho celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dimens&#227;o fractal</title>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise da dimens&#227;o fractal do VD, as l&#226;minas fotografadas foram binarizadas para leitura e a dimens&#227;o fractal estimada pelo m&#233;todo <italic>box-counting</italic>, por meio do software Image J (Instituto Nacional de Sa&#250;de, Estados Unidos - NIH), dispon&#237;vel gratuitamente na Internet (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/">http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/</ext-link>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O <italic>software</italic> considera o <italic>box-counting</italic> em duas dimens&#245;es, permitindo a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de pixels nesse espa&#231;o, n&#227;o considerando, portanto, a textura da imagem. A influ&#234;ncia disso &#233; que duas imagens com a mesma distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pixels, uma binarizada e outra em n&#237;veis de cinza, possuir&#227;o a mesma dimens&#227;o fractal. Dessa forma, a an&#225;lise das l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas fractais baseia-se na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a resolu&#231;&#227;o e a escala avaliada, e o resultado pode ser quantitativamente expresso como a dimens&#227;o fractal do objeto que &#233; DF= (Log Nr / log r-1), sendo Nr a quantidade de elementos iguais necess&#225;rios para preencher o objeto original e r a escala aplicada ao objeto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Com isso, a dimens&#227;o fractal calculada com o <italic>software</italic> Image J ficar&#225; sempre entre 0 e 2, n&#227;o distinguindo texturas diferentes.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Corte histol&#243;gico do ventr&#237;culo direito corados em Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE), aumento 40x. B) Processo de binariza&#231;&#227;o. C) Imagem de HE ap&#243;s o processo de binariza&#231;&#227;o. Observam-se os n&#250;cleos celulares em preto e todo o restante da c&#233;lula (citoplasma, membrana plasm&#225;tica e outros elementos), em branco. D) Regress&#227;o linear pela sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de quadrados (N) de lados (r) progressivamente menores, sendo Nr a quantidade de quadrados de lado r necess&#225;rios para cobrir a imagem, a cada tamanho escolhido. A dimens&#227;o fractal &#233; a inclina&#231;&#227;o da linha de regress&#227;o dos valores dos dois log. Foi utilizado o teste de Mann Whitney.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0033-60083-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana (m&#237;nimo - m&#225;ximo). Para an&#225;lise da normalidade dos dados, foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro Wilk. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram feitas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado (VM&#225;xPulm, VD/PCF, VE/PCF e &#225;rea dos cardiomi&#243;citos) ou teste de Mann-Whitney (TAcPulm, TEJ, AD/PCF e an&#225;lise fractal), dependendo da normalidade dos dados. A hip&#243;tese zero foi rejeitada ao n&#237;vel de 5%. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no programa estat&#237;stico GraphPad Prism&#174; vers&#227;o 5.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o descritos os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD dos grupos analisados. Houve aumento da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar e piora funcional do VD nos animais que receberam monocrotalina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos e histomorfometria</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os dados anat&#244;micos e histomorfom&#233;tricos dos grupos C e M. Maiores valores para os &#237;ndices &#225;trio/PCF e VD/PCF foram observados no grupo M em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C. Aumento significativo da &#225;rea seccional dos cardiomi&#243;citos do VD foi tamb&#233;m observado nos animais do grupo M (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados anat&#244;micos e histomorfom&#233;tricos expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo dos grupos estudados.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo C</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo M</th>
                  <th align="center">p valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;TRIO/PCF (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,03 (0,2) [0,18 - 0,28]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,16 (0,31) [0,20 - 0,70]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VD/PCF (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44 &#177; 0,05 (0,43) [0,37 - 0,53]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,30 (0,78) [0,47 - 1,18]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE/PCF (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,07 (1,85) [1,73 - 1,95]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,87 &#177; 0,11 (1,86) [1,72 - 2,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea (&#956;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,49 &#177; 7,47 (58,62) [54,91&#8211;75,11]</td>
                  <td align="center">103,90 &#177; 20,82 (106,4) [78,20 &#8211; 129,50]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <p>C: controle; M: monocrotalina; PCF: peso corporal final; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; g: gramas. (&#193;TRIO/PCF: teste de Mann-Whitney; VD/PCF, VE/PCF e &#225;rea - teste t n&#227;o pareado)</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os animais que receberam a monocrotalina n&#227;o apresentaram sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como ascite, derrame pleural e congest&#227;o hep&#225;tica, no exame p&#243;s-morte.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dimens&#227;o fractal</title>
          <p>Maiores valores da dimens&#227;o fractal foram observados no grupo M em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C (1,43 &#177; 0,06 vs. 1,37 &#177; 0,045; <italic>P</italic>= 0,0012; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise da dimens&#227;o fractal. C: controle; M: monocrotalina; * p &lt; 0,05. (teste de Mann Whitney)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0033-60083-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo demonstram que a HAP induzida por monocrotalina em ratos promoveu aumento da dimens&#227;o fractal no VD, juntamente com a hipertrofia e piora da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do VD.</p>
        <p>Modelos experimentais de HAP s&#227;o muito utilizados para o estudo e compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos dessa doen&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e o uso da monocrotalina para sua indu&#231;&#227;o &#233; um modelo bem estabelecido e utilizado na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> A monocrotalina induz les&#227;o dos capilares pulmonares com aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e da p&#243;s-carga ventricular, ocasionando, progressivamente, a remodela&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica do VD com indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia, aumento da fibrose intersticial, disfun&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os animais desse estudo que receberam monocrotalina apresentaram hipertrofia do VD e desenvolveram disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com piora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, o que sugere o desenvolvimento de HAP e confirmam a a&#231;&#227;o da monocrotalina em desenvolver essa doen&#231;a. Outros estudos utilizando o mesmo modelo experimental em ratos tamb&#233;m observaram hipertrofia do VD e piora da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da dimens&#227;o fractal demonstrou que os animais com HAP apresentaram aumento da dimens&#227;o fractal em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais controle, sugerindo que animais que apresentam hipertrofia do VD e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca possuem maior dimens&#227;o fractal. Pelo nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que avaliou a dimens&#227;o fractal na disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ocasionada por HAP induzida por monocrotalina em ratos.</p>
        <p>A dimens&#227;o fractal &#233; um m&#233;todo &#250;til para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de estruturas irregulares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> que conta o n&#250;mero efetivo de graus de liberdade no sistema din&#226;mico e, portanto, quantifica a sua complexidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Assim, infere-se que imagens evidenciando maior dimens&#227;o fractal sejam, consequentemente, mais complexas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas provocadas por sobrecarga do VD alteram a quantidade e distribui&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#227;o contida na l&#226;mina histol&#243;gica. Os m&#233;todos histol&#243;gicos mais comumente utilizados para an&#225;lise da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca avaliam as estruturas qualitativamente ou dependem da adequada visualiza&#231;&#227;o de aspectos particulares, como a localiza&#231;&#227;o transversal do cardiomi&#243;cito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Nesse contexto, a dimens&#227;o fractal evitaria essa dificuldade ao adicionar um valor num&#233;rico &#224; an&#225;lise e, portanto, permitiria a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais teciduais. Al&#233;m disso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo permite evitar poss&#237;veis erros de varia&#231;&#245;es entre observadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A dimens&#227;o fractal j&#225; foi utilizada em v&#225;rias &#225;reas da medicina, como oncologia, neurologia, oftalmologia, radiologia e cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> sendo &#250;til na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o e identifica&#231;&#227;o de estruturas irregulares e complexas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Conceitos fractais tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido incorporados em modelos de processos biol&#243;gicos, incluindo o crescimento de c&#233;lulas epiteliais, detec&#231;&#227;o de regi&#245;es de codifica&#231;&#227;o de DNA, crescimento de vasos sangu&#237;neos, doen&#231;a periodontal e infec&#231;&#245;es virais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo apontam que a an&#225;lise da dimens&#227;o fractal tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizada para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es ventriculares card&#237;acas em uma doen&#231;a t&#227;o prevalente e incapacitante como a HAP.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante salientar que mesmo em uma fase inicial da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sem a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que &#233; a progress&#227;o da HAP, a an&#225;lise da dimens&#227;o fractal foi sens&#237;vel para detectar as altera&#231;&#245;es ventriculares, o que demonstra tamb&#233;m a sua import&#226;ncia na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de altera&#231;&#245;es ventriculares.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo pode-se apontar que a dimens&#227;o fractal quantifica o grau de complexidade da imagem, assim, essa t&#233;cnica n&#227;o &#233; compar&#225;vel com o Western-Blot ou RT-qPCR, j&#225; que essas podem quantificar o valor total das prote&#237;nas e express&#227;o g&#234;nica mioc&#225;rdica e n&#227;o sua distribui&#231;&#227;o ou seu grau de complexidade no tecido.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios em humanos com HAP na fase de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular para validar e refor&#231;ar os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa e assim ampliar o conhecimento nesta doen&#231;a e novas perspectivas cl&#237;nicas para seu tratamento precoce.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados comprovam a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida pela HAP e apontam aumento da dimens&#227;o fractal nos cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos com HAP induzida pela monocrotalina, sendo a dimens&#227;o fractal um m&#233;todo eficaz para avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas induzidas pela disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do est&#225;gio de P&#243;s Doutorado de Francis Lopes Pacagnelli pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia/Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - FCT/Unesp - Presidente Prudente.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
