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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TxgX7VzbQYZdrGHyH3GzSPQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004000026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160092</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005018101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trends in Mortality from Cerebrovascular and Hypertensive Diseases in Brazil Between 1980 and 2012</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo Blanco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>. Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, n&#186; 255 / 8&#186; andar &#8211; Ilha do Fund&#227;o. CEP 21941&#8209;913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211;Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>; <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Statistical analysis; Obtaining financing; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Villela PB, Klein CH, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>26</fpage>
      <lpage>32</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cerebrovascular and hypertensive diseases are among the main causes of death worldwide. However, there are limited data about the trends of these diseases over the years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the temporal trends in mortality rates and proportional mortality from cerebrovascular and hypertensive diseases according to sex and age in Brazil between 1980 and 2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We evaluated the underlying causes of death between 1980 and 2012 in both sexes and by age groups for circulatory diseases (CD), cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD), and hypertensive diseases (HD). We also evaluated death due to all causes (AC), external causes (EC), and ill-defined causes of death (IDCD). Data on deaths and population were obtained from the Department of Information Technology of the Unified Health System (Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, DATASUS/MS). We estimated crude and standardized annual mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants and percentages of proportional mortality rates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>With the exception of EC, the mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants of all other diseases increased with age. The proportional mortality of CD, CBVD, and HD increased up to the age range of 60-69 years in men and 70-79 years in women, and reached a plateau in both sexes after that. The standardized rates of CD and CBVD declined in both sexes. However, the HD rates showed the opposite trend and increased mildly during the study period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Despite the decline in standardized mortality rates due to CD and CBVD, there was an increase in deaths due to HD, which could be related to factors associated with the completion of the death certificates, decline in IDCD rates, and increase in the prevalence of hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chronic noncommunicable diseases are the main causes of death worldwide. Only in 2010, they accounted for almost 35 million deaths, 30% more of those that occurred in 1990.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Among them, ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD), the main representatives of all circulatory diseases (CD), accounted in 2012 for 7.4 and 6.7 million deaths, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This global data is also observed in Brazil, where according to the Department of Information Technology of the Unified Health System (<italic>Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>, DATASUS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> 28.2% of the underlying causes of death in 2012 were attributed to CD (333.295). Among these deaths due to CD, 31.1% were due to IHD, 30.1% to CBVD, and 13.6% to hypertensive diseases (HD).</p>
      <p>In order to improve the treatment of a disease and reduce the number of deaths it is associated with, it is fundamental to understand the long-term trends of this disease. Trends in mortality from CBVD have been assessed in Europe and other regions of the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, there is limited information in Brazil on the distribution, trends, and mortality data of CBVD. In addition, data published about these diseases only show their trends in some states<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> or related to a period range below 10 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>These data are of such importance that similar information has allowed a project entitled Global Burden of Disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> to assess the impact of noncommunicable diseases in several countries between 1990 and 2013.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> With these data, Roth et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> evaluated the mortality from cardiovascular diseases and concluded that their main determinants were related to growth and aging of the population, with little association with the gross national product (GNP) <italic>per capita</italic>.</p>
      <p>Considering that there is a limited dissemination of available data on a national level regarding the long-term course of CBVD and HD, this study aimed at evaluating the temporal trends in mortality rates and proportional mortality associated with these diseases and according to sex and age in Brazil from 1980 to 2012.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was an ecological and descriptive study of historical series of death registries that occurred in Brazil between 1980 and 2012 and included all age ranges and both sexes.</p>
      <p>Data on the underlying causes of deaths were obtained from the DATASUS website.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The original files of death certificates are in a DBC format and were converted into the XLS format with the program Tabwin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The deaths were classified according to the following groups of causes: all causes (AC); external causes (EC; ICD-9 chapter XVII and ICD-10 chapter XX), ill-defined causes (IDCD; ICD-9 chapter XVI and ICD-10 chapter XVIII), CD (ICD-9 chapter VII and ICD-10 chapter IX), CBVD (ICD-9 codes 430-438 and ICD-10 codes I60-I69), and HD (ICD-9 codes 401-405 and ICD-10 codes I10-I15). ICD-9 codes were used between 1980 and 1995,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and ICD-10 codes were used from 1996 to 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Age was stratified into the following groups: up to 29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and 80 years or more. We created three periods of 10 years: 1980 to 1989, 1990 to 1999, and 2000 to 2009, in addition to a period of 3 years, from 2010 to 2012. We estimated crude and standardized annual mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants using the direct method,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and used the age distribution of the Brazilian population from 1980 to 2012 as a standard. We also estimated proportional mortality coefficients, which were reported in percentages.</p>
      <p>The population data were obtained from the DATASUS website,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> which shows the age distributions of the surveyed populations in the years 1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010. We also obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (<italic>Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica</italic>, IBGE) data related to the 1996 population count. The populations in the years between censuses were estimated by arithmetic progression in segments between each census or population count for each age group.</p>
      <p>We constructed Cartesian graphs of mortality rates by groups of underlying cause of death by periods of time and according to sex. We used the program Microsoft Excel&#174;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> to analyze the data.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> present the annual mortality rate per 100,000 inhabitants, the proportional mortality, and the sex ratios according to groups of selected causes, including AC of death, according to age ranges from 1980 to 2012.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mortality rates per groups of selected causes and sex, per 100 thousand inhabitants, and rate ratios between sexes, according to age groups &#8211; Brazil, from 1980 to 2012.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="5%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cause</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">All causes</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">External Causes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Ill-defined Causes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">CD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">CBVD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">****</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">HD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*****</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100,000</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100,000</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100,000</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100,000</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100,000</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100,000</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Age group</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Up to 29 years</td>
              <td align="center">249.9</td>
              <td align="center">141.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">92.2</td>
              <td align="center">17.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">30.5</td>
              <td align="center">23.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30 to 39 years</td>
              <td align="center">370.5</td>
              <td align="center">142.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">171.2</td>
              <td align="center">22.4</td>
              <td align="center">7.6</td>
              <td align="center">36.2</td>
              <td align="center">16.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">42.2</td>
              <td align="center">28.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">12.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40 to 49 years</td>
              <td align="center">623.9</td>
              <td align="center">303.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">151.1</td>
              <td align="center">23.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.5</td>
              <td align="center">72.4</td>
              <td align="center">34.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">139.5</td>
              <td align="center">87.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">41.1</td>
              <td align="center">34.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">50 to 59 years</td>
              <td align="center">1224.2</td>
              <td align="center">660.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">138.1</td>
              <td align="center">25.8</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">142.4</td>
              <td align="center">72.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
              <td align="center">388.4</td>
              <td align="center">221.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">114.6</td>
              <td align="center">78.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">32.4</td>
              <td align="center">24.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60 to 69 years</td>
              <td align="center">2442.6</td>
              <td align="center">1458.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">131.3</td>
              <td align="center">34.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.8</td>
              <td align="center">297.8</td>
              <td align="center">169.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">895.6</td>
              <td align="center">546.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">276.4</td>
              <td align="center">177.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">73.2</td>
              <td align="center">58.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">70 to 79 years</td>
              <td align="center">5328.6</td>
              <td align="center">3674.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">163.9</td>
              <td align="center">69.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">773.2</td>
              <td align="center">504.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">2011.3</td>
              <td align="center">1473.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">677.9</td>
              <td align="center">496.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">164.6</td>
              <td align="center">149.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">80 years or more</td>
              <td align="center">12222.1</td>
              <td align="center">10542.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">289.1</td>
              <td align="center">213.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">2182.9</td>
              <td align="center">1700.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">4401.2</td>
              <td align="center">4232.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1479.6</td>
              <td align="center">1388.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">416.5</td>
              <td align="center">461.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Crude<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">******</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">683.6</td>
              <td align="center">477.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">117.8</td>
              <td align="center">23.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">89.5</td>
              <td align="center">66.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">172.5</td>
              <td align="center">148.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">54.5</td>
              <td align="center">50.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">14.5</td>
              <td align="center">15.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Standardized<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*******</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">724.4</td>
              <td align="center">447.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">118.7</td>
              <td align="center">23.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">96.0</td>
              <td align="center">62.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">188.0</td>
              <td align="center">136.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">59.6</td>
              <td align="center">46.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">15.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>External cause: ICD-9 chapter XVII and ICD-10 chapter XX;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Ill-defined cause: ICD-9 chapter XVI and ICD-10 chapter XVIII;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>Circulatory disease (CD): ICD-9 chapter VII and ICD-10 chapter IX;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>****</label>
            <p>Cerebrovascular disease (CBVD): ICD-9 codes 430&#8211;438 and ICD-10 codes I60&#8211;I69;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>*****</label>
            <p>Hypertensive disease (HD): ICD-9 codes 401&#8211;405 and ICD-10 codes I10&#8211;I15;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>******</label>
            <p>Overall rate (all ages);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <label>*******</label>
            <p>Standardized rate by age group (standard: overall Brazilian population between 1980 and 2012)</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Percentages of proportional mortality per groups of selected causes and sex, and sex ratios, according to age groups &#8211; Brazil, from 1980 to 2012.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="8%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cause</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">External Causes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Ill-defined Causes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">**</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">CD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">***</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">CBVD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">****</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">HD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*****</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Prop. Mort. (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Prop. Mort. (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Prop. Mort. (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Prop. Mort. (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Prop. Mort. (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Ratio</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Age group</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">M/F</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Up to 29 years</td>
              <td align="center">36,9</td>
              <td align="center">12,2</td>
              <td align="center">3,0</td>
              <td align="center">12,2</td>
              <td align="center">16,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,7</td>
              <td align="center">2,5</td>
              <td align="center">3,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,2</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30 to 39 years</td>
              <td align="center">46,2</td>
              <td align="center">15,8</td>
              <td align="center">2,9</td>
              <td align="center">9,8</td>
              <td align="center">11,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">11,4</td>
              <td align="center">19,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
              <td align="center">3,2</td>
              <td align="center">7,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">2,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40 to 49 years</td>
              <td align="center">24,2</td>
              <td align="center">7,7</td>
              <td align="center">3,1</td>
              <td align="center">11,6</td>
              <td align="center">11,3</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">22,4</td>
              <td align="center">29,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
              <td align="center">6,6</td>
              <td align="center">11,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
              <td align="center">1,8</td>
              <td align="center">3,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">50 to 59 years</td>
              <td align="center">11,3</td>
              <td align="center">3,9</td>
              <td align="center">2,9</td>
              <td align="center">11,6</td>
              <td align="center">11,0</td>
              <td align="center">1,1</td>
              <td align="center">31,7</td>
              <td align="center">33,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">9,4</td>
              <td align="center">11,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
              <td align="center">2,6</td>
              <td align="center">3,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60 to 69 years</td>
              <td align="center">5,4</td>
              <td align="center">2,4</td>
              <td align="center">2,3</td>
              <td align="center">12,2</td>
              <td align="center">11,6</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">36,7</td>
              <td align="center">37,5</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">11,3</td>
              <td align="center">12,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">3,0</td>
              <td align="center">4,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">70 to 79 years</td>
              <td align="center">3,1</td>
              <td align="center">1,9</td>
              <td align="center">1,6</td>
              <td align="center">14,5</td>
              <td align="center">13,8</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">37,7</td>
              <td align="center">40,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">12,7</td>
              <td align="center">13,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">3,1</td>
              <td align="center">4,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">80 years or more</td>
              <td align="center">2,4</td>
              <td align="center">2,0</td>
              <td align="center">1,2</td>
              <td align="center">17,9</td>
              <td align="center">16,1</td>
              <td align="center">1,1</td>
              <td align="center">36,0</td>
              <td align="center">40,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">12,1</td>
              <td align="center">13,2</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">3,4</td>
              <td align="center">4,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Crude<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">******</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">17,2</td>
              <td align="center">5,0</td>
              <td align="center">3,5</td>
              <td align="center">13,1</td>
              <td align="center">13,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">25,2</td>
              <td align="center">31,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
              <td align="center">8,0</td>
              <td align="center">10,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
              <td align="center">2,1</td>
              <td align="center">3,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Standardized<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*******</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">16,4</td>
              <td align="center">5,2</td>
              <td align="center">3,1</td>
              <td align="center">13,3</td>
              <td align="center">13,9</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">26,0</td>
              <td align="center">30,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">8,2</td>
              <td align="center">10,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
              <td align="center">2,2</td>
              <td align="center">3,2</td>
              <td align="center">0,7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>External cause: ICD-9 chapter XVII and ICD-10 chapter XX;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Ill-defined cause: ICD-9 chapter XVI and ICD-10 chapter XVIII;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>Circulatory disease (CD): ICD-9 chapter VII and ICD-10 chapter IX;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>****</label>
            <p>Cerebrovascular disease (CBVD): ICD-9 codes 430&#8211;438 and ICD-10 codes I60&#8211;I69;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>*****</label>
            <p>Hypertensive disease (HD): ICD-9 codes 401&#8211;405 and ICD-10 codes I10&#8211;I15;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>******</label>
            <p>Overall proportional mortality (all ages);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>*******</label>
            <p>Ratio between the specific rate and all standardized causes (by age groups. Standard: overall Brazilian population from 1980 to 2012)</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>With the exception of the deaths from EC, the mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants for all other causes of death increased sharply with the advance of age. The more pronounced increases occurred in the rates of CD and its components, CBVD and HD in both sexes. The crude rates in men of any age group were almost always larger than those in women, especially regarding EC. An exception to that occurred with HD; however, in these as well as in all others causes, the standardized rates were higher in men than women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The mortality per 100,000 inhabitants for EC was higher in men than women, but the ratio of men to women decreased with the increase in age. The same occurred with IDCD, with the exception of the youngest group, in which the sex ratio was the same as that in the oldest group. In contrast, the sex ratio of the mortality rates for CD, CBVD, and HD increased up to the 50-59 years group, plateaued, and decreased from the 70-79 years group onwards (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows that the proportional mortality related to EC dropped sharply in both sexes across the age groups, decreasing from the youngest to the oldest groups. The IDCD rates were relatively stable across the age groups, showing a subtle predominance of older individuals among men and age extremes among women. The proportional mortality related to CD, CBVD, and HD increased up to the age group of 60-69 years in men and 70-79 years in women and then plateaued. An exception occurred with HD rates, which showed the highest proportional mortality in the oldest age group.</p>
      <p>The proportional mortality of EC rates showed a sex ratio markedly unfavorable to men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), especially up to the age group of 60-69 years. The opposite occurred with IDCD rates, which showed a balance between men and women across almost all ages. In the CD, CBVD, and HD rates, the sex ratio was always unfavorable to women, especially up to the 40-49 years group.</p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, the graphs show temporal trends of crude and standardized mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants according to the causes of death. The crude mortality rates due to AC of death declined until the first decade of the 21st century and increased after that (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1-A</xref>). However, when we considered the age of the population, we observed that the decline in standardized rates was constant across the periods, even though it was slightly lower in recent years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1-B</xref>). All crude and standardized mortality rates were higher in men compared with women.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crude and standardized mortality rates from all causes (AC), circulatory diseases (CD), external causes (EC), Ill-defined causes (IDCD), cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) and hypertensive diseases (HD), per 100.000 inhabitants, according to sex and observation period - Brazil, 1980-2012.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0026-60092-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The mortality rates for EC were always higher in men, but showed a subtle trend to an increase in men, compared with relative stability in women. In contrast, the IDCD rates showed a sharp decline in both sexes. These trends were similar for crude and standardized rates by age (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1-C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1-D</xref>).</p>
      <p>The crude mortality rates due to CD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1-C</xref>) and two of its components, CBVD and HD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1-E</xref>), showed different trends over the study period. While the CD and CBVD rates decreased up to the first decade of the 21st century and subsequently increased, the crude mortality from HD increased throughout the period, particularly during the transition between the 20th and 21st centuries. After standardization of mortality rates by age, we observed that the rates of CD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1-D</xref>) and CBVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1-F</xref>) showed a similar decline, which did not occur with the HD rates (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1-F</xref>), which increased slightly after the 1990's decade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In women, the proportional mortality rates due to CD, CBVD, and HD in virtually all ages was higher than those in men, despite a male predominance in the mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants. This occurred because the EC were more important in men than women, especially among the youngest. The contribution of the IDCD rates to the same effect was more subtle across all age groups.</p>
      <p>The predominance of men in the mortality rates due to CD, CBVD, and HD may be associated with the hormonal protection attributed to women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This is relevant since the hormonal protection seems less sharp in the youngest group and also in the oldest group after the sixth decade of life. Nevertheless, it is necessary to consider other factors, such as environmental ones, especially factors related to working characteristics that distinguish men and women. Still, it is necessary to consider that women expose themselves to diagnostic attention more often making their causes of death easier to be established,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> which can explain the lower ratios between sexes in deaths due to HD.</p>
      <p>Mortality rates due to CBVD have been decreasing consistently in developed countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The same is occurring in Brazil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> both in men and women. However, this was not observed in the HD rates, as also encountered by Kung and Xu.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> These authors analyzed the deaths related to hypertension between 2000 and 2013 in the United States and observed a 23.1% increase in the standardized mortality rates for HD per 100,000 inhabitants.</p>
      <p>Many factors may explain this increase in deaths due to HD. It may reflect an increase in the prevalence of hypertension, from 24.3% in 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> to an estimated 20% in 2006.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> This increase may also be related to a larger coverage of the program Family Health Strategy (<italic>Estrat&#233;gia de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia</italic>), which included around 54 million Brazilians in 2006, allowing more frequent and earlier diagnosis of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In addition, the diagnostic criteria for hypertension changed across the observation period of this study, which led individuals with lower blood pressure levels to be diagnosed as new hypertension cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Changes may also have occurred in the way the death certificates are completed. When more attention is dedicated to underlying causes of death such as hypertension, the role of these causes when the underlying cause of death is coded in the death certificate cannot be ignored.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Finally, we must mention the growth of the population in terms of number and age, leading to increases in the number of individuals reaching more advanced ages and probabilities of death due to chronic diseases such as HD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the focus of this study was to evaluate the rates of CBVD and HD as causes of death, we also had to observe what occurred with the mortality from EC and IDCD. The reason is that the EC, comprising mostly accidents and violence, compete with the other causes of death by removing from the population individuals who could have died due to the former causes. Since these were clearly the most relevant causes in men aged less than 40 years, this group interferes with the analysis of the trends in other causes. This effect was not so relevant in women, who presented a balanced trend in the mortality rates for EC throughout the observation period.</p>
      <p>The IDCD are related to morbid states not disclosed in death certificates, often because the deaths occurred in emergency units or without appropriate medical monitoring.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Therefore, they may include undiagnosed cases of CBVD and HD, as observed by Oliveira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> However, even if it the IDCD rates include other causes of death this deleterious effect is expected to attenuate over time, since these rates showed a sharp temporal decline.</p>
      <p>We did not analyze multiple causes of death in this study since we only considered the underlying cause reported in death certificates. This became a limitation of the study since we are unaware of other causes associated with hypertension and other morbidities that may have also been contributed to the deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In the future, it will be necessary to evaluate how these diseases associated with HD and CBVD evolve over time.</p>
      <p>We must also highlight that since this is a study about underlying causes of death, failures in the completion of the death certificates could have interfered with the appropriate coding of the death cause. As observed by Mendon&#231;a et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, one of the main problems with completion of death certificates is that physicians are often unaware of the importance of reporting accurately the sequence of events that culminated with the death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> However, since this represents a generalized problem, potential flaws would affect AC of death and not only the CD or CBVD. We must emphasize the progressive improvement in the completion of death certificates that has been observed in several Brazilian regions, with an increase in the number of lines completed and reduced mortality rates due to IDCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This study described the trends in mortality rates due to CD, CBVD, and HD in Brazil over a recent period of 32 years, and shows the growing importance of HD as a cause of death, in contrast to CBVD and CD. It also shows that the proportional mortality rates due to CD and CBVD in women were higher than those in men, probably due to an unequal sex distribution of EC as causes of death, since these were much more relevant in men. Finally, we showed that there is a need for greater clarification about the participation of HD in deaths. This should stimulate a decrease in hypertension and prevent related deaths, considering that the increase in mortality rates related to this condition cannot be explained based on current knowledge.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Paolo Blanco Villela, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares e Hipertensivas no Brasil entre 1980 e 2012</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo Blanco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>. Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, n&#186; 255 / 8&#186; andar &#8211; Ilha do Fund&#227;o. CEP 21941&#8209;913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ&#8211;Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>; <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Villela PB, Klein CH, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o:</title>
          <p> As doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares e hipertensivas est&#227;o entre as principais causas de &#243;bito no mundo. Por&#233;m, existem poucos dados sobre o comportamento destas doen&#231;as ao longo dos anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal das taxas de mortalidade e mortalidade proporcional por doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares e hipertensivas, de acordo com sexo e idade, no Brasil entre 1980 e 2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Foram avaliadas as causas b&#225;sicas de &#243;bito, entre 1980 e 2012, em ambos os sexos e por grupos et&#225;rios, para as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (DAC), doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV) e doen&#231;as hipertensivas (DHIP). Foram tamb&#233;m avaliadas todas as causas (TC), causas externas (CE) e causas mal definidas (CMD) de &#243;bito. Dados sobre &#243;bitos e popula&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS). Foram estimadas as taxas anuais brutas e padronizadas de mortalidade por 100.000 habitantes e os percentuais dos coeficientes de mortalidade proporcional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Com exce&#231;&#227;o das CE, nas demais ocorreu eleva&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil habitantes com o avan&#231;o da idade. Nas DAC, DCBV e DHIP, a mortalidade proporcional cresceu at&#233; a faixa dos 60-69 anos nos homens, e at&#233; 70-79 anos nas mulheres, com posterior estabiliza&#231;&#227;o em ambos os sexos. As taxas padronizadas de DAC e DCBV em ambos os sexos declinaram. Entretanto, as taxas de DHIP apresentaram comportamento oposto e aumentaram discretamente no per&#237;odo estudado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Apesar do decl&#237;nio nas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas para as DAC e DCBV, houve crescimento dos &#243;bitos por DHIP, o que pode estar relacionado a fatores ligados ao preenchimento das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito, decl&#237;nio das taxas de CMD e aumento na preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis s&#227;o as principais causas de morte no mundo. Somente em 2010, foram respons&#225;veis por quase 35 milh&#245;es de &#243;bitos, 30% a mais do ocorrido em 1990.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Dentre elas, as doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV), principais representantes das doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (DAC), foram respons&#225;veis em 2012 por 7,4 e 6,7 milh&#245;es de mortes, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Este comportamento global se observa tamb&#233;m no Brasil, onde de acordo com o Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> 28,2% de todos os &#243;bitos em 2012 tiveram sua causa b&#225;sica classificada como devida a DAC (333.295). Desses &#243;bitos por DAC, 31,1% ocorreram por DIC, 30,1% por DCBV e 13,6% por doen&#231;as hipertensivas (DHIP).</p>
        <p>Entender o comportamento de uma doen&#231;a a longo prazo &#233; fundamental para aprimorar seu tratamento e reduzir o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos por ela causados. As tend&#234;ncias na mortalidade por DCBV foram avaliadas na Europa e em outras regi&#245;es do mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Por&#233;m, h&#225; poucas informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis no Brasil sobre a distribui&#231;&#227;o, comportamento e tend&#234;ncias de mortalidade das DCBV. Al&#233;m disso, os dados publicados a respeito dessas doen&#231;as apenas apresentam a sua evolu&#231;&#227;o em alguns estados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ou se referem a intervalos de tempo inferiores a 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estes dados s&#227;o de tal import&#226;ncia que informa&#231;&#245;es semelhantes permitiram um projeto intitulado Carga Global de Doen&#231;a (<italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> avaliar o impacto das doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses entre 1990 e 2013.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Com estes dados, Roth et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> avaliaram a mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e conclu&#237;ram que seus principais determinantes estavam relacionados ao crescimento e ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, com pouca rela&#231;&#227;o com o produto interno bruto (PIB) <italic>per capita</italic>.</p>
        <p>Desta forma, visto que h&#225; pouca divulga&#231;&#227;o de dados de &#226;mbito nacional sobre o comportamento das DCBV e das DHIP em per&#237;odo mais longo a partir das informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis, este estudo pretendeu avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal das taxas de mortalidade e de mortalidade proporcional por estas doen&#231;as, de acordo com sexo e idade no Brasil, de 1980 a 2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo ecol&#243;gico e descritivo de s&#233;ries hist&#243;ricas de registro de &#243;bitos ocorridos no Brasil entre 1980 e 2012, em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e em ambos os sexos.</p>
        <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as causas b&#225;sicas dos &#243;bitos foram obtidas no <italic>site</italic> do DATASUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Os bancos originais de declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito est&#227;o em formato DBC e foram convertidos para o formato XLS com o programa Tabwin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os &#243;bitos foram classificados de acordo com os seguintes grupos de causas: todas as causas (TC), causas externas (CE; cap&#237;tulos XVII da CID-9 e XX da CID-10), causas mal definidas (CMD; cap&#237;tulos XVI da CID-9 e XVIII da CID-10), DAC (cap&#237;tulos VII da CID-9 e IX da CID-10), DCBV (c&#243;digos 430-438 da CID-9 e I60-I69 da CID-10) e DHIP (c&#243;digos 401-405 da CID-9 e I10-I15 da CID-10). Entre os anos de 1980 e 1995, foram utilizados c&#243;digos da CID-9<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e de 1996 a 2012, c&#243;digos da CID-10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A idade foi estratificada nos seguintes grupos: at&#233; 29 anos, 30-39 anos, 40-49 anos, 50-59 anos, 60-69 anos, 70-79 anos e 80 anos ou mais. Foram criados tr&#234;s per&#237;odos de 10 anos: 1980 a 1989, 1990 a 1999 e 2000 a 2009, al&#233;m de um per&#237;odo de 3 anos, de 2010 a 2012. Foram estimadas taxas anuais brutas e padronizadas de mortalidade por 100.000 habitantes pelo m&#233;todo direto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> utilizando-se como padr&#227;o a distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de 1980 a 2012. Foram estimados ainda coeficientes de mortalidade proporcional, relatados em percentuais.</p>
        <p>Os dados sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos no <italic>site</italic> do DATASUS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> que apresenta distribui&#231;&#245;es et&#225;rias das popula&#231;&#245;es recenseadas nos anos de 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010. Foram obtidos tamb&#233;m do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) dados relativos &#224; contagem populacional de 1996. As popula&#231;&#245;es dos anos intercensit&#225;rios foram estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de progress&#227;o aritm&#233;tica em segmentos entre cada censo ou contagem para cada faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Foram constru&#237;dos gr&#225;ficos cartesianos de taxas de mortalidade por grupos de causa b&#225;sica de &#243;bito segundo os per&#237;odos de tempo de acordo com sexo. Para an&#225;lise de dados foi utilizado o programa Microsoft Excel&#174;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref> apresentam as taxas de mortalidade anual por 100.000 habitantes e a mortalidade proporcional registradas no Brasil entre 1980 e 2012.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxas de mortalidade por grupos de causas selecionados e sexo, por 100 mil habitantes, e raz&#245;es de taxas entre sexos, segundo grupos et&#225;rios &#8211; Brasil de 1980 a 2012.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="5%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Causa</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Todas as Causas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Causas Externas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Causas Mal Definidas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">**</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">DAC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">***</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">DCBV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">****</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">DHIP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*****</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100 mil</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100 mil</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100 mil</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100 mil</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100 mil</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort./100 mil</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">G. Et&#225;rio</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">At&#233; 29 anos</td>
                <td align="center">249,9</td>
                <td align="center">141,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">92,2</td>
                <td align="center">17,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">30,5</td>
                <td align="center">23,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 a 39 anos</td>
                <td align="center">370,5</td>
                <td align="center">142,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">171,2</td>
                <td align="center">22,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">36,2</td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">42,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40 a 49 anos</td>
                <td align="center">623,9</td>
                <td align="center">303,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">151,1</td>
                <td align="center">23,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">72,4</td>
                <td align="center">34,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">139,5</td>
                <td align="center">87,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">41,1</td>
                <td align="center">34,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50 a 59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1224,2</td>
                <td align="center">660,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">138,1</td>
                <td align="center">25,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">142,4</td>
                <td align="center">72,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">388,4</td>
                <td align="center">221,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">114,6</td>
                <td align="center">78,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">32,4</td>
                <td align="center">24,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 a 69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">2442,6</td>
                <td align="center">1458,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">131,3</td>
                <td align="center">34,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td align="center">297,8</td>
                <td align="center">169,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">895,6</td>
                <td align="center">546,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">276,4</td>
                <td align="center">177,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">73,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70 a 79 anos</td>
                <td align="center">5328,6</td>
                <td align="center">3674,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">163,9</td>
                <td align="center">69,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">773,2</td>
                <td align="center">504,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">2011,3</td>
                <td align="center">1473,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">677,9</td>
                <td align="center">496,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">164,6</td>
                <td align="center">149,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">80 anos e mais</td>
                <td align="center">12222,1</td>
                <td align="center">10542,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">289,1</td>
                <td align="center">213,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">2182,9</td>
                <td align="center">1700,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">4401,2</td>
                <td align="center">4232,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1479,6</td>
                <td align="center">1388,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">416,5</td>
                <td align="center">461,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bruta<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">******</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">683,6</td>
                <td align="center">477,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">117,8</td>
                <td align="center">23,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">89,5</td>
                <td align="center">66,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">172,5</td>
                <td align="center">148,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">50,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">14,5</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Padronizada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*******</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">724,4</td>
                <td align="center">447,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">118,7</td>
                <td align="center">23,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">96,0</td>
                <td align="center">62,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">188,0</td>
                <td align="center">136,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">59,6</td>
                <td align="center">46,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Causa externa: cap&#237;tulo XVII da CID-9 e XX da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Causa mal definida: cap&#237;tulo XVI da CID-9 e XVIII da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>Doen&#231;a do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (DAC): cap&#237;tulo VII da CID-9 e IX da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>****</label>
              <p>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (DCBV): c&#243;digos 430&#8209;438 da CID-9 e 160-169 da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>*****</label>
              <p>Doen&#231;a hipertensiva (DHIP): c&#243;digos 401-405 da CID9 e I10-I15 da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>******</label>
              <p>Taxa total (todas as idades);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>*******</label>
              <p>Taxa padronizada pelos grupos et&#225;rios (padr&#227;o: popula&#231;&#227;o total do Brasil de 1980 a 2012)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentuais de mortalidade proporcional por grupos de causas selecionados e sexo e raz&#245;es entre sexos, segundo grupos et&#225;rios &#8211; Brasil de 1980 a 2012.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Causa</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Causas externas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Causas Mal Definidas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">**</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">DAC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">***</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">DCBV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">****</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">DHIP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*****</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort. Prop. (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort. Prop. (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort. Prop. (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort. Prop. (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mort. Prop. (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">G. Et&#225;rio</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
                <th align="center">Masc</th>
                <th align="center">Fem</th>
                <th align="center">M/F</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">At&#233; 29 anos</td>
                <td align="center">36,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">16,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 a 39 anos</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">19,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40 a 49 anos</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">22,4</td>
                <td align="center">29,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50 a 59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">31,7</td>
                <td align="center">33,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 a 69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">36,7</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70 a 79 anos</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">37,7</td>
                <td align="center">40,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">80 anos e mais</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
                <td align="center">16,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">36,0</td>
                <td align="center">40,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bruta<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">******</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">17,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">25,2</td>
                <td align="center">31,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Padronizada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">*******</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">16,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">26,0</td>
                <td align="center">30,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Causa externa: cap&#237;tulo XVII da CID-9 e XX da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Causa mal definida: cap&#237;tulo XVI da CID-9 e XVIII da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>Doen&#231;a do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (DAC): cap&#237;tulo VII da CID-9 e IX da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>****</label>
              <p>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (DCBV): c&#243;digos 430-438 da CID-9 e 160-169 da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>*****</label>
              <p>Doen&#231;a hipertensiva (DHIP): c&#243;digos 401-405 da CID9 e I10-I15 da CID-10;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>******</label>
              <p>Mortalidade Proporcional total (todas as idades);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <label>*******</label>
              <p>Raz&#227;o entre a taxa para a causa espec&#237;fica e as taxas padronizadas POR todas as causas por grupos et&#225;rios (padr&#227;o: popula&#231;&#227;o total 1980-2012.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos por CE, as taxas de mortalidade por 100.000 habitantes para as demais causas de &#243;bito aumentaram nitidamente com o avan&#231;o da idade. Os aumentos mais marcantes foram nas taxas de DAC e seus componentes, DCBV e DHIP em ambos os sexos. As taxas brutas dos homens em qualquer grupo et&#225;rio foram quase sempre maiores do que &#224;s das mulheres, especialmente nas CE. Uma exce&#231;&#227;o a isto foi observada nas DHIP, por&#233;m nestas causas, como nas demais, a taxa padronizada dos homens foi superior &#224; das mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>A mortalidade por 100.000 habitantes devido a CE foi mais elevada em homens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres. Por&#233;m, a raz&#227;o da mortalidade entre homens e mulheres diminuiu com o aumento da idade. O mesmo ocorreu com as CMD, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do grupo mais jovem, cuja raz&#227;o entre os sexos foi a mesma do grupo mais velho. J&#225; a raz&#227;o entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade nas DAC, DCBV e DHIP cresceu at&#233; o grupo de 50 a 59 anos, estabilizou e decresceu a partir do grupo de 70 a 79 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra que a mortalidade proporcional ao longo dos grupos et&#225;rios apresentou, em ambos os sexos, queda n&#237;tida dos mais jovens para os mais velhos. As taxas referentes &#224;s CMD mostraram relativa estabilidade ao longo dos grupos et&#225;rios, com discreto predom&#237;nio dos mais velhos nos homens e dos extremos de idade nas mulheres. A mortalidade proporcional relacionada &#224;s DAC, DCBV e DHIP cresceu at&#233; o grupo dos 60 a 69 anos nos homens e 70 a 79 anos nas mulheres e em seguida estabilizou. Uma exce&#231;&#227;o foram as taxas de DHIP que mostraram maior mortalidade proporcional no grupo et&#225;rio mais velho.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade proporcional relacionada &#224;s CE mostraram uma raz&#227;o entre os sexos marcadamente desfavor&#225;vel aos homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>), especialmente at&#233; o grupo de 60 a 69 anos. O oposto ocorreu com as CMD que mostraram equil&#237;brio entre homens e mulheres em quase todas as idades. Nas DAC, DCBV e DHIP, a raz&#227;o entre os sexos foi sempre desfavor&#225;vel &#224;s mulheres, especialmente at&#233; o grupo de 40 a 49 anos.</p>
        <p>Os gr&#225;ficos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> apresentam as tend&#234;ncias temporais das taxas de mortalidade brutas e padronizadas por 100.000 habitantes de acordo com a causa de &#243;bito. As taxas brutas de mortalidade por TC de &#243;bito declinaram at&#233; a primeira d&#233;cada do s&#233;culo XXI, mas aumentaram depois deste per&#237;odo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1-A</xref>). Por&#233;m, quando a estrutura et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada, nota-se que o decl&#237;nio das taxas padronizadas foi constante ao longo dos per&#237;odos, ainda que um pouco menor nos &#250;ltimos anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1-B</xref>). Todas as taxas de mortalidade brutas e padronizadas foram mais altas em homens do que mulheres.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de mortalidade por Todas as Causas (TC), Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio (DAC), Causas Externas (CE), Causas Mal Definidas (CMD), Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares (DCBV) e Doen&#231;as Hipertensivas (DHIP), por 100.000 habitantes, brutas e padronizadas, de acordo com o sexo e per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Brasil, 1980-2012</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0026-60092-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade por CE, apesar de sempre mais altas no sexo masculino, apresentaram discreta tend&#234;ncia &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o nos homens e relativa estabilidade nas mulheres. J&#225; as taxas relativas &#224;s CMD apresentaram decl&#237;nio acentuado em ambos os sexos. Estas tend&#234;ncias foram semelhantes tanto nas taxas brutas como nas padronizadas por idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1-C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1-D</xref>).</p>
        <p>As taxas brutas de mortalidade por DAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1-C</xref>) e dois de seus componentes, as DCBV e as DHIP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1-E</xref>), apresentaram comportamento diverso ao longo do per&#237;odo de estudo. Enquanto as taxas das DAC e DCBV declinaram at&#233; a primeira d&#233;cada do s&#233;culo XXI e apresentaram posterior eleva&#231;&#227;o, a mortalidade bruta por DHIP apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o em todo per&#237;odo, especialmente na transi&#231;&#227;o entre os s&#233;culos XX e XXI. Ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o por idade das taxas de mortalidade, nota-se que as taxas das DAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1-D</xref>) e DCBV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1-F</xref>) apresentaram decl&#237;nio similar, o que n&#227;o ocorreu com as DHIP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1-F</xref>), que at&#233; mesmo apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta a partir da d&#233;cada de 1990.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nas mulheres, a mortalidade proporcional por DAC, DCBV e DHIP em praticamente todas as idades foi superior &#224; dos homens, apesar do predom&#237;nio masculino nas taxas de mortalidade por 100.000 habitantes. Isto ocorreu pois as CE foram mais importantes nos homens do que nas mulheres, especialmente nos mais jovens. A contribui&#231;&#227;o das taxas das CMD para o mesmo efeito foi mais discreta em todos os grupos et&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>A predomin&#226;ncia masculina nas taxas de mortalidade por DAC, DCBV e DHIP pode estar relacionada com a prote&#231;&#227;o hormonal proporcionada &#224;s mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Isto se destaca uma vez que essa prote&#231;&#227;o parece menos n&#237;tida justamente no grupo mais jovem e no grupo mais velho a partir da sexta d&#233;cada de vida. Entretanto, &#233; preciso considerar outros fatores, como por exemplo fatores ambientais, especialmente aqueles relacionados &#224; vida laborativa que distinguem homens e mulheres. Ainda, &#233; preciso considerar que as mulheres se oferecem mais &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica tornando suas causas de &#243;bito mais f&#225;ceis de serem estabelecidas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> o que pode explicar o porqu&#234; das menores raz&#245;es entre os sexos terem ocorrido nas mortes por DHIP.</p>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade por DCBV v&#234;m decaindo de forma consistente nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e o mesmo se observa no Brasil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> tanto em homens quanto mulheres. Entretanto, o mesmo n&#227;o foi observado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s DHIP, como tamb&#233;m encontrado por Kung e Xu.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Estes autores analisaram os &#243;bitos relacionados &#224; hipertens&#227;o entre 2000 e 2013 nos Estados Unidos e observaram aumento de 23,1% na taxa de mortalidade padronizada por DHIP por 100.000 habitantes.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios s&#227;o os fatores que podem explicar este aumento encontrado nos &#243;bitos por DHIP. Ele pode representar um reflexo da eleva&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, que em 2012 foi de 24,3%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e em 2006 foi estimada em 20%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Esse aumento pode ainda estar relacionado com a maior &#225;rea de cobertura do programa Estrat&#233;gia de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia, que ao contemplar cerca de 54 milh&#245;es de brasileiros em 2006, permitiu diagn&#243;stico mais frequente e precoce de hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Aliado a isso, houve mudan&#231;as nos crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o ao longo do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, fazendo com que indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis tensionais mais baixos fossem diagnosticados como novos casos de hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, podem ter ocorrido modifica&#231;&#245;es na forma de preenchimento dos atestados de &#243;bito. A partir do instante em que se despende cada vez mais aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s causas prim&#225;rias de &#243;bito, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial, a influ&#234;ncia destas causas na codifica&#231;&#227;o da causa b&#225;sica de &#243;bito das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito n&#227;o pode ser ignorada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Por fim, destaca-se crescimento populacional em n&#250;mero e em idade, fazendo com que mais indiv&#237;duos alcancem idades mais avan&#231;adas, aumentando a probabilidade de &#243;bito por doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como as DHIP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar do foco principal deste estudo ter sido analisar as taxas de DCBV e DHIP como causas de &#243;bito, foi necess&#225;rio observar tamb&#233;m o que ocorreu com a mortalidade por CE e CMD. Isto porque as CE, das quais a quase totalidade compreende acidentes e viol&#234;ncias, competem com as demais causas de &#243;bito, retirando da popula&#231;&#227;o indiv&#237;duos que poderiam vir a falecer por estas &#250;ltimas. Como as CE foram nitidamente as causas mais relevantes nos homens com menos de 40 anos, este grupo perturba a an&#225;lise das tend&#234;ncias das demais causas, efeito este n&#227;o t&#227;o relevante nas mulheres, que apresentaram tend&#234;ncia de equil&#237;brio das taxas de mortalidade por CE ao longo do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>J&#225; as CMD est&#227;o relacionadas a estados m&#243;rbidos cuja natureza n&#227;o &#233; revelada nos atestados de &#243;bito, muitas vezes porque as mortes ocorrem em emerg&#234;ncias ou n&#227;o h&#225; acompanhamento m&#233;dico adequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Portanto, este grupo de causas pode conter casos n&#227;o diagnosticados de DCBV e DHIP, como observado por Oliveira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Entretanto, ainda que as taxas de CMD possam ter incluindo as demais causas de &#243;bito, pode-se esperar que este efeito delet&#233;rio seja atenuado ao longo do tempo, uma vez que as taxas foram nitidamente declinantes.</p>
        <p>As causas m&#250;ltiplas de &#243;bito n&#227;o foram analisadas neste estudo, que considerou apenas a causa b&#225;sica registrada nas declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito. Isto se tornou uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, por n&#227;o se ter conhecimento de causas associadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial e outros estados m&#243;rbidos que possam ter tamb&#233;m se relacionado aos &#243;bitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> No futuro ser&#225; necess&#225;rio avaliar como estas doen&#231;as associadas &#224;s DHIP e DCBV evoluem ao longo do tempo.</p>
        <p>Destaca-se tamb&#233;m, que por tratar-se de um estudo sobre a causa b&#225;sica de &#243;bito, as falhas no preenchimento das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito podem ter interferido na codifica&#231;&#227;o adequada da causa de &#243;bito. Como observado por Mendon&#231;a et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, um dos principais problemas encontrados no preenchimento das declara&#231;&#245;es &#233; justamente o desconhecimento do m&#233;dico declarante sobre a import&#226;ncia do correto preenchimento da cadeia de eventos que culminam no &#243;bito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Entretanto, por representar um problema generalizado de preenchimento, poss&#237;veis falhas afetariam TC de &#243;bito, e n&#227;o apenas as DAC ou DCBV. Deve-se ressaltar que a redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade por CMD pode representar melhora evolutiva no preenchimento das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito no pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo descreve a evolu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DAC, DCBV e DHIP no Brasil ao longo de um per&#237;odo recente de 32 anos, e mostra o crescimento da import&#226;ncia das DHIP como causas de &#243;bito, ao contr&#225;rio do que ocorre com a DCBV e at&#233; mesmo do conjunto maior, as DAC. Tamb&#233;m evidencia que a mortalidade proporcional por DAC e DCBV nas mulheres foi maior do que nos homens, provavelmente devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual entre os sexos das CE como causas de &#243;bito, j&#225; que estas foram muito mais relevantes nos homens. Por fim, mostramos a necessidade de maior esclarecimento sobre a participa&#231;&#227;o das DHIP nos &#243;bitos para que se possa estimular redu&#231;&#245;es nas taxas de hipertens&#227;o arterial com a finalidade de evitar mortes a ela relacionadas, uma vez que a eleva&#231;&#227;o em sua taxa de mortalidade n&#227;o pode ser explicada em sua totalidade &#224; luz dos conhecimentos atuais.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Paolo Blanco Villela pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
