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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qLvnWBcbFDXT9tTtx6WMTML</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004000020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005015101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160077</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trends in Mortality Rate from Cardiovascular Disease in Brazil, 1980-2012</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio de Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desid&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio de Padua Mansur</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC FMUSP - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pmansur@cardiol.br</email>, <email>apmansur@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mansur AP. Acquisition of data: Favarato D. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mansur AP, Favarato D. Statistical analysis: Mansur AP. Writing of the manuscript: Mansur AP. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mansur AP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>20</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Studies have questioned the downward trend in mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Brazil in recent years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to analyze recent trends in mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in the Brazilian population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Mortality and population data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Ministry of Health. Risk of death was adjusted by the direct method, using as reference the world population of 2000. We analyzed trends in mortality from CVD, IHD and stroke in women and men in the periods of 1980-2006 and 2007-2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>there was a decrease in CVD mortality and stroke in women and men for both periods (p &lt; 0.001). Annual mortality variations for periods 1980-2006 and 2007-2012 were, respectively: CVD (total): -1.5% and -0.8%; CVD men: -1.4% and -0.6%; CVD women: -1.7% and -1.0%; DIC (men): -1.1% and 0.1%; stroke (men): -1.7% and -1.4%; DIC (women): -1.5% and 0.4%; stroke (women): -2.0% and -1.9%. From 1980 to 2006, there was a decrease in IHD mortality in men and women (p &lt; 0.001), but from 2007 to 2012, changes in IHD mortality were not significant in men [y = 151 + 0.04 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.02; p = 0.779)] and women [y = 88-0.54 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.24; p = 0.320).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Trend in mortality from IHD stopped falling in Brazil from 2007 to 2012.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Brain Ischemia.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death in the Brazilian population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> CVDs are responsible for at least 20% of deaths in our population over 30 years old. In the South and Southeast regions of the country, the rate of mortality from CVD was even greater than in other regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Previous studies have shown consistent data about the downward trend in the mortality rate from CVD in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Deaths by cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) had greater reduction in mortality rate when compared to ischemic heart disease (IHD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A recent update in CVD mortality data in Brazil and in the metropolitan region of S&#227;o Paulo showed a downward trend in the rate of mortality from IHD and CBVD between 1990 and 2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In Brazil, starting in 1987, deaths from IHD were, in men, higher than deaths from CBVD. In women, however, this difference was only noticed as of 1999. Both causes of death showed a downward trend in the period of 1980 - 2009, but this trend was more evident in deaths from CBVD. However, in men, from 2007 to 2009, the mortality rate adjusted by age from IHD remained unaltered. Nevertheless, due to the period of only three years, it was not possible to establish a real trend in mortality. This study updated the rate of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Brazil until 2012. Trends in rate of mortality from CVD, IHD and CBVD in the period of 2007-2012 were also analysed and compared to previous years.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Rates of mortality from CVD, IHD and CBVD, in Brazil, from 1980 to 2012 and in the periods of 1980-2006 and 2007-2012 were analysed. The data about mortality were obtained on the Ministry of Health of Brazil's website www.datasus.gov.br. Population data, from the Brazilian institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), were obtained on the same website. Deaths from 1990 to 1995 were classified according to ICD-9, 9th Review Conference of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) of 1975, adopted by the 20th World Health Assembly. Starting in 1996, the mortality data were obtained in the 10<sup>th</sup> review of the International Classification of Diseases. Diseases of the circulatory system (CDs) were grouped in codes 390 to 459, IHDs in codes 410 to 414, and CBVDs in codes 430 to 438, in the 9<sup>th</sup> review of the ICD. Mortality data, starting in 1996, was classified by the 10<sup>th</sup> review of the ICD. CDs are grouped in codes 100-199, IHDs in codes 120 to 125, and CBVDs in codes 160 to 169. Mortality after 30 years of age, according to gender, per 100,000 inhabitants, was analysed in the following age groups: 30-39 years of age; 40-49 years of age; 50-59 years of age; 60-69 years of age; 70-79 years of age and &#8805; 80 years of age. For comparison, mortality was adjusted by direct method for the age according to standard world population of the year 2000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Simple linear regression was used to analyse the temporal evolution of mortality rate associated to CVD, IHD, and CBVD, followed by the comparison of slopes of regression lines. The level of significance was p &lt; 0.05. The statistical software used was Primer of Biostatistics, version 4.02.9.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From 1980 to 2012, there was a decrease in mortality from CVD, IHD and CBVD in men and women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The results of the linear regression for such period were: CVD total: y = 627.4-8.0 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98. p &lt; 0.001), CVD men: y = 684.4-8.6 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.94. p &lt; 0.001), CVD women: y = 593.9-7.6 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.95. p &lt; 0.001), IHD total: y = 181-2.0 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.23. p &lt; 0.001), IHD men: y = 219.2-2.3 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.93, p &lt; 0.001), IHD women: y = 144.9-1.8 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.95. p &lt; 0.001), CBVD total: y = 181.3-2.8 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.69, p &lt; 0.001), CBVD men: y = 231.6-2.9 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.91, p &lt; 0.001), CBVD women: y = 171.3-2.7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.94, p &lt; 0.001). The comparison of linear regressions between men and women showed a larger reduction in mortality from CVD (p = 0.031) and IHD (p &lt; 0.001) in men, but no significant reduction in CBVD (p = 0.228) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The percentage of reduction of death from CVD, IHD, and CBVD between 1980-2012, 1980-2006 and 2007-2012 are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risk of death<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD), per 100.000 inhabitants, and the total variation in the period of observation (1980-2012), in men (M) and women (W), in Brazil. </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Year</th>
              <th align="center">CVD</th>
              <th align="center">CVD men</th>
              <th align="center">CVD women</th>
              <th align="center">IHD</th>
              <th align="center">CBVD</th>
              <th align="center">IHD men</th>
              <th align="center">CBVD men</th>
              <th align="center">IHD women</th>
              <th align="center">CBVD women</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1980</td>
              <td align="center">636</td>
              <td align="center">709</td>
              <td align="center">562</td>
              <td align="center">181</td>
              <td align="center">178</td>
              <td align="center">220</td>
              <td align="center">193</td>
              <td align="center">143</td>
              <td align="center">163</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1981</td>
              <td align="center">618</td>
              <td align="center">691</td>
              <td align="center">544</td>
              <td align="center">178</td>
              <td align="center">172</td>
              <td align="center">215</td>
              <td align="center">186</td>
              <td align="center">141</td>
              <td align="center">157</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1982</td>
              <td align="center">589</td>
              <td align="center">669</td>
              <td align="center">510</td>
              <td align="center">168</td>
              <td align="center">165</td>
              <td align="center">207</td>
              <td align="center">181</td>
              <td align="center">129</td>
              <td align="center">149</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1983</td>
              <td align="center">594</td>
              <td align="center">675</td>
              <td align="center">513</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">164</td>
              <td align="center">214</td>
              <td align="center">182</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">147</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1984</td>
              <td align="center">593</td>
              <td align="center">677</td>
              <td align="center">510</td>
              <td align="center">174</td>
              <td align="center">169</td>
              <td align="center">215</td>
              <td align="center">187</td>
              <td align="center">132</td>
              <td align="center">151</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1985</td>
              <td align="center">585</td>
              <td align="center">667</td>
              <td align="center">502</td>
              <td align="center">174</td>
              <td align="center">165</td>
              <td align="center">215</td>
              <td align="center">184</td>
              <td align="center">133</td>
              <td align="center">147</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1986</td>
              <td align="center">569</td>
              <td align="center">650</td>
              <td align="center">488</td>
              <td align="center">167</td>
              <td align="center">163</td>
              <td align="center">206</td>
              <td align="center">183</td>
              <td align="center">128</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1987</td>
              <td align="center">550</td>
              <td align="center">626</td>
              <td align="center">474</td>
              <td align="center">166</td>
              <td align="center">157</td>
              <td align="center">204</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">128</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1988</td>
              <td align="center">576</td>
              <td align="center">660</td>
              <td align="center">492</td>
              <td align="center">172</td>
              <td align="center">164</td>
              <td align="center">213</td>
              <td align="center">183</td>
              <td align="center">131</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1989</td>
              <td align="center">547</td>
              <td align="center">628</td>
              <td align="center">466</td>
              <td align="center">162</td>
              <td align="center">155</td>
              <td align="center">200</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1990</td>
              <td align="center">536</td>
              <td align="center">613</td>
              <td align="center">459</td>
              <td align="center">158</td>
              <td align="center">155</td>
              <td align="center">195</td>
              <td align="center">174</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">135</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1991</td>
              <td align="center">504</td>
              <td align="center">579</td>
              <td align="center">429</td>
              <td align="center">150</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
              <td align="center">185</td>
              <td align="center">163</td>
              <td align="center">115</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1992</td>
              <td align="center">497</td>
              <td align="center">573</td>
              <td align="center">421</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
              <td align="center">143</td>
              <td align="center">179</td>
              <td align="center">162</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">124</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1993</td>
              <td align="center">538</td>
              <td align="center">618</td>
              <td align="center">458</td>
              <td align="center">152</td>
              <td align="center">155</td>
              <td align="center">189</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">116</td>
              <td align="center">134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1994</td>
              <td align="center">532</td>
              <td align="center">609</td>
              <td align="center">455</td>
              <td align="center">151</td>
              <td align="center">151</td>
              <td align="center">187</td>
              <td align="center">170</td>
              <td align="center">116</td>
              <td align="center">132</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1995</td>
              <td align="center">524</td>
              <td align="center">591</td>
              <td align="center">457</td>
              <td align="center">152</td>
              <td align="center">147</td>
              <td align="center">184</td>
              <td align="center">165</td>
              <td align="center">119</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1996</td>
              <td align="center">477</td>
              <td align="center">543</td>
              <td align="center">411</td>
              <td align="center">143</td>
              <td align="center">129</td>
              <td align="center">176</td>
              <td align="center">145</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1997</td>
              <td align="center">472</td>
              <td align="center">538</td>
              <td align="center">407</td>
              <td align="center">141</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">173</td>
              <td align="center">147</td>
              <td align="center">109</td>
              <td align="center">113</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1998</td>
              <td align="center">481</td>
              <td align="center">550</td>
              <td align="center">411</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
              <td align="center">131</td>
              <td align="center">177</td>
              <td align="center">149</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">112</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1999</td>
              <td align="center">478</td>
              <td align="center">546</td>
              <td align="center">411</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">178</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
              <td align="center">111</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2000</td>
              <td align="center">423</td>
              <td align="center">491</td>
              <td align="center">356</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">111</td>
              <td align="center">162</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2001</td>
              <td align="center">423</td>
              <td align="center">492</td>
              <td align="center">354</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">113</td>
              <td align="center">162</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2002</td>
              <td align="center">426</td>
              <td align="center">491</td>
              <td align="center">360</td>
              <td align="center">132</td>
              <td align="center">113</td>
              <td align="center">164</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2003</td>
              <td align="center">433</td>
              <td align="center">503</td>
              <td align="center">362</td>
              <td align="center">133</td>
              <td align="center">113</td>
              <td align="center">167</td>
              <td align="center">131</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2004</td>
              <td align="center">447</td>
              <td align="center">519</td>
              <td align="center">375</td>
              <td align="center">138</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
              <td align="center">172</td>
              <td align="center">131</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2005</td>
              <td align="center">434</td>
              <td align="center">503</td>
              <td align="center">365</td>
              <td align="center">132</td>
              <td align="center">111</td>
              <td align="center">165</td>
              <td align="center">126</td>
              <td align="center">98</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2006</td>
              <td align="center">458</td>
              <td align="center">530</td>
              <td align="center">386</td>
              <td align="center">139</td>
              <td align="center">119</td>
              <td align="center">174</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2007</td>
              <td align="center">391</td>
              <td align="center">457</td>
              <td align="center">325</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
              <td align="center">151</td>
              <td align="center">115</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2008</td>
              <td align="center">391</td>
              <td align="center">458</td>
              <td align="center">324</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">98</td>
              <td align="center">153</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2009</td>
              <td align="center">380</td>
              <td align="center">446</td>
              <td align="center">315</td>
              <td align="center">117</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
              <td align="center">149</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2010</td>
              <td align="center">370</td>
              <td align="center">438</td>
              <td align="center">302</td>
              <td align="center">116</td>
              <td align="center">92</td>
              <td align="center">148</td>
              <td align="center">107</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2011</td>
              <td align="center">377</td>
              <td align="center">445</td>
              <td align="center">309</td>
              <td align="center">119</td>
              <td align="center">92</td>
              <td align="center">152</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2012</td>
              <td align="center">372</td>
              <td align="center">440</td>
              <td align="center">305</td>
              <td align="center">119</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">152</td>
              <td align="center">105</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">%var</td>
              <td align="center">-41</td>
              <td align="center">-38</td>
              <td align="center">-46</td>
              <td align="center">-34</td>
              <td align="center">-49</td>
              <td align="center">-31</td>
              <td align="center">-45</td>
              <td align="center">-40</td>
              <td align="center">-54</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>adjusted by direct method for the standard world population in 2000 , var(%) = percentage variation (2012/1980).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Analysis of the simple linear regression and comparison between the lines of regression of mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), ischemic heart diseases (IHD), and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) between men and women, in the period of 1980 to 2012.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0020-60077-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Percentage variation of the risk of death adjusted for the age of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) from 1980 to 2012, and for the periods of 1980 to 2006 and 2007 to 2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Periods</th>
              <th align="center">CVD</th>
              <th align="center">CVD men</th>
              <th align="center">CVD women</th>
              <th align="center">IHD</th>
              <th align="center">CBVD</th>
              <th align="center">IHD men</th>
              <th align="center">CBVD men</th>
              <th align="center">IHD men</th>
              <th align="center">CBVD women</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1980-2012</td>
              <td align="center">-59</td>
              <td align="center">-62</td>
              <td align="center">-54</td>
              <td align="center">-66</td>
              <td align="center">-51</td>
              <td align="center">-69</td>
              <td align="center">-55</td>
              <td align="center">-60</td>
              <td align="center">-46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1980-2006</td>
              <td align="center">-28</td>
              <td align="center">-25</td>
              <td align="center">-31</td>
              <td align="center">-23</td>
              <td align="center">-33</td>
              <td align="center">-21</td>
              <td align="center">-30</td>
              <td align="center">-28</td>
              <td align="center">-37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2007-2012</td>
              <td align="center">-5</td>
              <td align="center">-4</td>
              <td align="center">-6</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-10</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-8</td>
              <td align="center">-2</td>
              <td align="center">-11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1980-2012/year</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1980-2006/year</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2007-2012/year</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-2</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The annual alterations in mortality for the periods of 1980-2007 and 2007-2012 were respectively: CVD total: -1.5% e -0.8%, CVD men: -1.4% e -0.6%, CVD women: -1.7% e -1.0%, IHD total: -0.90% e -0.08%, IHD men: -1.1% e 0.1%, IHD women: -1.5% e -0.4%, CBVD total: -1.26% e -1.60%, CBVD men: -1.7% e -1.4% and CBVD women: -2.0% e -1.9%. From 1980 to 2006, there was a decrease in mortality from CVD, IHD, and CBVD in men and women (p &lt; 0.001 for all comparisons) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Results of the linear regression for the period of 1980-2006 were: CVD total: y = 625.9-7.8 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.40. p &lt; 0.001), CVD men: y = 707.5-8.4 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.91. p &lt; 0.001), CVD women: y = 544.2-7.3 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.92. p &lt; 0.001), IHC total: y = 180.1-2.0 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.16. p = 0.003), IHC men: y = 220.8-2.3 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.89. p &lt; 0.001), IHC women: y = 140.5-1.7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.91. p &lt; 0.0001), CBVD total: y = 180.1-2.7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.56. p &lt; 0.001), CBVD men: y = 198.1-2.7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.94. p &lt; 0.001), and CBVD women: y = 162.2-2.6 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.91. p &lt; 0.001). The comparison of the linear regression lines between men and women showed greater reduction in IHD (p = 0.002) in men, but no significant reduction for CVD (p = 0.120) and CBVD (p = 0.708) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Analysis of the simple linear regression and comparison between the lines of regression of the mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), ischemic heart diseases (IHD), and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) between men and women, for the periods of 1980 to 2006 and 2007 to 2012.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0020-60077-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>From 2007 to 2012, there was reduction in mortality from CVD and CBVD in men and women, and the results of the linear regressions for this period were: CVD total: y = 394.2-4.1 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.01. p =0.753), CVD men: y = 460.1-3.7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.66. p = 0.049), CVD women: y = 329-4.5 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.72. p = 0.033), CBVD total: y = 101.3-2.1 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.05. p =0.495), CBVD men: y = 116.4-1.9 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.90. p = 0.004), and CBVD women: y = 86.7-2.1 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.90. p = 0.003). However, no significant alterations in IHD mortality were observed: IHD total: y = 119.3-.25 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.02. p = 0.978), IHD men: y = 151 + 0.04 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.15. p = 0.779), IHD women: y = 87.7-.54 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.24. p = 0.320). The comparisons of linear regressions between men and women did not show differences in mortality trends for CVD (p = 0.713), IHD (p = 0.374) e CBVD (p = 0.591).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study showed a trend in the reduction of mortality from cardiovascular diseases from 1980 to 2012, but in the analysis of the period of 2007-2012 no reduction in mortality from IHD was observed in men or women.</p>
      <p>Studies showed a trend in the reduction of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in several countries, especially in the more developed countries of Western Europe, USA, and Canada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A recent update showed significant reduction in mortality from CVDs in all states of the USA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, only a small reduction in mortality from IHD was observed in young adults, especially women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Despite the significant discrepancies between death rates from CVD in Europe, many European countries also had an increase or small reduction in mortality from CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Control of the risk factor, and improvements in clinical and interventional treatments are the main justifications for the reduction in mortality in more developed countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Just as in our study, a reduction of mortality from such diseases was also observed in developing countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Even with population changes in these countries, such as increase and aging of the population, the trends in mortality from CVD have been maintained with the adjustment of the coefficient for age, gender and specific disease (IHD or CBVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Our study showed significant and constant reduction in the mortality from CBVD in the period of 1980 to 2012. This was, most likely, due to an increased facility in diagnosis and treatment of the main risk factor for such diseases - the systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). In 2013, the diagnosis of SAH was 21.2% for the population over 18 years old and &gt;50% for individuals over 65 years old. Almost 70% of these patients with SAH had some kind of medical assistance and 36% took at least one medication for hypertension in the Brazilian government program <italic>Programa Farm&#225;cia Popular</italic> (Popular Pharmacy Program).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the complexity of the factors involved in the pathophysiology of the atherosclerosis process largely increases the challenge of preventing IHDs. SAH control has great impact on the morbidity and mortality of CBVDs, while diagnosis and treatment of IHDs involve other risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, smoking, and diabetes, many times unknown until the first coronary event. Associated to the complexity of clinical treatment, there is the limited availability of interventional treatment, restricted to large urban centers. The result is the big heterogeneity of the risk of death from acute myocardial infarction in the different regions of Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, in the period between 2007 and 2012, the justifications for a halt in the downward trend in mortality from IHD are unknown. Socioeconomic aspects and decreased access to adequate healthcare system by the less privileged population for diagnosis and treatment of IHDs may be impacting on the change observed in the trend of mortality from such diseases. Baena et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have shown an increase in mortality from IHD in the North and Northeast regions, which are known to be underprivileged in Brazil. In mortality from CVD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> studies have also shown the significance of social inequalities and discrepancies in level of education of the population. Half of the causes of death from CVD, before 65 years of age, can be attributed to poverty. Likewise, low levels of education contribute to poverty, which further increases the rate of mortality from CVD. Malnourishment, little physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking are other important risk factors for CVD, and are more prevalent in less privileged layers of the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Therefore, the institution of public policies of prevention of CVD should be intensified to reinstate a downward trend in mortality from CVD. Environmental, occupational, behavioral and metabolic factors were responsible for almost 90% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths from CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The limitations of this study relate to the quality of the Brazilian data about mortality, such as errors related to diagnosis and precision of death certificates, deaths associated with unknown causes and data entry errors. The number of death certificates containing a diagnosis for the cause of death, such as poorly defined symptoms, signs and health conditions is an indirect indicator of the standard quality of data. These certificates, despite progressive improvement, are still significant in the Northeast, north and Midwest regions in Brazil, but not in the South or Southeast.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Validation studies for the data about mortality are not available in the majority of states and cities in Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>As opposed to CBVD, the trend in mortality from IHD stopped going down in Brazil in the last six years. It is necessary to intensify healthcare policies about the control of the main risk factors so as to reinstate the downward trend in mortality rate from IHD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality by heart failure and ischemic heart disease in Brazil from 1996 to 2011</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>557</fpage>
          <lpage>565</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tend&#234;ncias da Taxa de Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares no Brasil, 1980-2012</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio de Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desid&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio de Padua Mansur</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC FMUSP - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pmansur@cardiol.br</email>, <email>apmansur@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mansur AP. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Favarato D. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mansur AP, Favarato D. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mansur AP. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mansur AP. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mansur AP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos questionaram a tend&#234;ncia de queda da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) no Brasil nos &#250;ltimos anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>analisar as tend&#234;ncias recentes na mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCbV) na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>dados de mortalidade e popula&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica e Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. O risco de morte foi ajustado pelo m&#233;todo direto, tendo como refer&#234;ncia a popula&#231;&#227;o mundial de 2000. Foram analisadas, nos per&#237;odos de 1980-2006 e 2007-2012, as tend&#234;ncias da mortalidade em mulheres e homens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCV e DCbV em mulheres e homens para ambos os per&#237;odos (p &lt; 0,001). As varia&#231;&#245;es anuais de mortalidade para os per&#237;odos de 1980-2006 e 2007-2012 foram, respectivamente: DCV total: -1,5% e -0,8%; DCV homens: -1,4% e -0,6%; DCV mulheres: -1,7% e -1,0%; DIC homens: -1,1% e 0,1%; DIC mulheres: -1,5% e 0,4%; DCbV homens: -1,7% e -1,4%; DCbV mulheres: -2,0% e -1,9%. De 1980 a 2006, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DIC em homens e mulheres (p &lt; 0,001), mas de 2007-2012, as mudan&#231;as na mortalidade por DIC n&#227;o foram significativas em homens [y = 151 + 0.04 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.02; p = 0,779)] e mulheres [y = 88-0.54 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,24; p = 0,320)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por DIC parou de cair no Brasil de 2007 a 2012.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Encef&#225;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o as principais causas de morte na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As DCV s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por pelo menos 20% das mortes em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o com mais de 30 anos de idade. Nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste do pa&#237;s, a taxa de mortalidade por DCV foi ainda maior do que em outras regi&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Estudos anteriores mostraram dados consistentes sobre tend&#234;ncia de queda na taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> As mortes por doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCbV) tiveram maior redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Recente atualiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados de mortalidade das DCV no Brasil e na regi&#227;o metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo mostrou tend&#234;ncia de queda na taxa de mortalidade por DIC e DCbV entre 1990 e 2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No Brasil, a partir de 1987, as mortes por DIC foram, em homens, maiores do que as mortes por DCbV; nas mulheres, no entanto, essa diferen&#231;a somente aparece a partir de 1999. Ambas as causas de morte mostraram tend&#234;ncia de queda no per&#237;odo de 1980 a 2009, mas essa tend&#234;ncia foi mais marcante nas mortes por DCbV. No entanto, em homens, de 2007 a 2009, a taxa de mortalidade por DIC ajustada por idade manteve-se inalterada. Por&#233;m, devido ao per&#237;odo de apenas 3 anos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma real tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade. Este estudo atualizou as tend&#234;ncias da taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil at&#233; 2012, e foram tamb&#233;m analisadas e comparadas com anos anteriores as tend&#234;ncias da taxa de mortalidade por DCV, DIC e DCbV para o per&#237;odo de 2007-2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram analisadas as taxas de mortalidade por DCV, DIC e DCbV, no Brasil, de 1980 a 2012 e nos per&#237;odos de 1980-2006 e 2007-2012. Os dados sobre a mortalidade foram obtidos no portal www.datasus.gov.br, do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil. Os dados populacionais, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE), foram obtidos no mesmo portal. Os &#243;bitos de 1990 a 1995 foram classificados de acordo com o CID-9, 9a Confer&#234;ncia de Revis&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID), de 1975, adotada pela 20&#170; Assembleia Mundial da Sa&#250;de. A partir do ano de 1996, os dados de mortalidade foram obtidos na 10&#170; revis&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as. As doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (DC) foram agrupadas nos c&#243;digos 390 a 459, as DIC, c&#243;digos 410 a 414, e as DCbV, c&#243;digos 430 a 438, da 9&#170; Revis&#227;o do CID. A mortalidade, a partir do ano de 1996, foi classificada pela 10&#170; revis&#227;o do CID. As DC est&#227;o agrupadas nos c&#243;digos I00 a I99, as DIC nos c&#243;digos I20 a I25 e as DCbV nos c&#243;digos I60 a I69. Foram analisadas as mortalidades a partir da idade de 30 anos, segundo o g&#234;nero, por 100.000 habitantes, nas seguintes faixas et&#225;rias: 30-39 anos, 40-49 anos, 50-59 anos, 60-69 anos, 70-79 anos e &#8805; 80 anos. Para fins de compara&#231;&#227;o, a mortalidade foi ajustada pelo m&#233;todo direto para a idade segundo a popula&#231;&#227;o mundial padr&#227;o do ano 2000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A regress&#227;o linear simples foi usada para analisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da taxa de mortalidade associada &#224;s DCV, DIC e DCbV, e ap&#243;s foi realizada a compara&#231;&#227;o das inclina&#231;&#245;es ("<italic>slopes</italic>") das linhas de regress&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de p &lt; 0,05. O software estat&#237;stico utilizado foi o Primer of Biostatistics, version 4.02.9.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De 1980 a 2012, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCV, DIC e DCbV em homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Os resultados de regress&#227;o linear para tal per&#237;odo foram: DCV total: y = 627,4-8,0 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,98, p &lt; 0,001); DCV homens: y = 684,4-8,6 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,94, p &lt; 0,001); DCV mulheres: y = 593,9-7,6 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,95, p &lt; 0,001); DIC total: y = 181-2,0 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,23, p &lt; 0,001); DIC homens: y = 219,2-2,3 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,93; p &lt; 0,001); DIC mulheres: y = 144,9-1,8 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,95, p &lt; 0,001); DCbV total: y = 181,3-2,8 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,69; p &lt; 0,001); DCbV homens: y = 231,6-2,9 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,91; p &lt; 0,001); DCbV mulheres: y = 171,3-2,7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,94; p &lt; 0,001). A compara&#231;&#227;o das regress&#245;es lineares entre homens e mulheres mostrou maior redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCV (p = 0,031) e DIC (p &lt; 0,001) nos homens, mas n&#227;o mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das DCbV (p = 0,228) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). A percentagem de redu&#231;&#227;o de morte por DCV, DIC e DCbV entre 1980-2012 e para os per&#237;odos de 1980-2006 e 2007-2012 est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Risco de morte<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>, por 100 mil habitantes, por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e cerebrovasculares (DCbV) e a varia&#231;&#227;o total no per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o (1980-2012), em homens (H) e mulheres (M), no Brasil </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Ano</th>
                <th align="center">DCV</th>
                <th align="center">DCV homem</th>
                <th align="center">DCV mulher</th>
                <th align="center">DIC</th>
                <th align="center">DCbV</th>
                <th align="center">DIC homem</th>
                <th align="center">DCbV homem</th>
                <th align="center">DIC mulher</th>
                <th align="center">DCbV mulher</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1980</td>
                <td align="center">636</td>
                <td align="center">709</td>
                <td align="center">562</td>
                <td align="center">181</td>
                <td align="center">178</td>
                <td align="center">220</td>
                <td align="center">193</td>
                <td align="center">143</td>
                <td align="center">163</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1981</td>
                <td align="center">618</td>
                <td align="center">691</td>
                <td align="center">544</td>
                <td align="center">178</td>
                <td align="center">172</td>
                <td align="center">215</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1982</td>
                <td align="center">589</td>
                <td align="center">669</td>
                <td align="center">510</td>
                <td align="center">168</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">207</td>
                <td align="center">181</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1983</td>
                <td align="center">594</td>
                <td align="center">675</td>
                <td align="center">513</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
                <td align="center">214</td>
                <td align="center">182</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1984</td>
                <td align="center">593</td>
                <td align="center">677</td>
                <td align="center">510</td>
                <td align="center">174</td>
                <td align="center">169</td>
                <td align="center">215</td>
                <td align="center">187</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1985</td>
                <td align="center">585</td>
                <td align="center">667</td>
                <td align="center">502</td>
                <td align="center">174</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">215</td>
                <td align="center">184</td>
                <td align="center">133</td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1986</td>
                <td align="center">569</td>
                <td align="center">650</td>
                <td align="center">488</td>
                <td align="center">167</td>
                <td align="center">163</td>
                <td align="center">206</td>
                <td align="center">183</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1987</td>
                <td align="center">550</td>
                <td align="center">626</td>
                <td align="center">474</td>
                <td align="center">166</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
                <td align="center">204</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1988</td>
                <td align="center">576</td>
                <td align="center">660</td>
                <td align="center">492</td>
                <td align="center">172</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
                <td align="center">213</td>
                <td align="center">183</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1989</td>
                <td align="center">547</td>
                <td align="center">628</td>
                <td align="center">466</td>
                <td align="center">162</td>
                <td align="center">155</td>
                <td align="center">200</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1990</td>
                <td align="center">536</td>
                <td align="center">613</td>
                <td align="center">459</td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
                <td align="center">155</td>
                <td align="center">195</td>
                <td align="center">174</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1991</td>
                <td align="center">504</td>
                <td align="center">579</td>
                <td align="center">429</td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">185</td>
                <td align="center">163</td>
                <td align="center">115</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1992</td>
                <td align="center">497</td>
                <td align="center">573</td>
                <td align="center">421</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">143</td>
                <td align="center">179</td>
                <td align="center">162</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1993</td>
                <td align="center">538</td>
                <td align="center">618</td>
                <td align="center">458</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">155</td>
                <td align="center">189</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1994</td>
                <td align="center">532</td>
                <td align="center">609</td>
                <td align="center">455</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
                <td align="center">187</td>
                <td align="center">170</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1995</td>
                <td align="center">524</td>
                <td align="center">591</td>
                <td align="center">457</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
                <td align="center">184</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1996</td>
                <td align="center">477</td>
                <td align="center">543</td>
                <td align="center">411</td>
                <td align="center">143</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">176</td>
                <td align="center">145</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1997</td>
                <td align="center">472</td>
                <td align="center">538</td>
                <td align="center">407</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">173</td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
                <td align="center">109</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1998</td>
                <td align="center">481</td>
                <td align="center">550</td>
                <td align="center">411</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">177</td>
                <td align="center">149</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1999</td>
                <td align="center">478</td>
                <td align="center">546</td>
                <td align="center">411</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">178</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2000</td>
                <td align="center">423</td>
                <td align="center">491</td>
                <td align="center">356</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
                <td align="center">162</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2001</td>
                <td align="center">423</td>
                <td align="center">492</td>
                <td align="center">354</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">162</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">426</td>
                <td align="center">491</td>
                <td align="center">360</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2003</td>
                <td align="center">433</td>
                <td align="center">503</td>
                <td align="center">362</td>
                <td align="center">133</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">167</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2004</td>
                <td align="center">447</td>
                <td align="center">519</td>
                <td align="center">375</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">172</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">434</td>
                <td align="center">503</td>
                <td align="center">365</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">458</td>
                <td align="center">530</td>
                <td align="center">386</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">174</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2007</td>
                <td align="center">391</td>
                <td align="center">457</td>
                <td align="center">325</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
                <td align="center">115</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2008</td>
                <td align="center">391</td>
                <td align="center">458</td>
                <td align="center">324</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">153</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2009</td>
                <td align="center">380</td>
                <td align="center">446</td>
                <td align="center">315</td>
                <td align="center">117</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">149</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2010</td>
                <td align="center">370</td>
                <td align="center">438</td>
                <td align="center">302</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">148</td>
                <td align="center">107</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2011</td>
                <td align="center">377</td>
                <td align="center">445</td>
                <td align="center">309</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2012</td>
                <td align="center">372</td>
                <td align="center">440</td>
                <td align="center">305</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">%var</td>
                <td align="center">-41</td>
                <td align="center">-38</td>
                <td align="center">-46</td>
                <td align="center">-34</td>
                <td align="center">-49</td>
                <td align="center">-31</td>
                <td align="center">-45</td>
                <td align="center">-40</td>
                <td align="center">-54</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ajustada pelo m&#233;todo direto para a popula&#231;&#227;o padronizada mundial de 2000; var(%) = varia&#231;&#227;o percentual (2012/1980).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear simples e compara&#231;&#227;o entre as linhas de regress&#227;o da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCbV) no per&#237;odo de 1980 a 2012.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0020-60077-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do risco de morte ajustada para idade das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCbV) de 1980 a 2012, e para os per&#237;odos de 1980 a 2006 e 2007 a 2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Per&#237;odos</th>
                <th align="center">DCV</th>
                <th align="center">DCV homem</th>
                <th align="center">DCV mulher</th>
                <th align="center">DIC</th>
                <th align="center">DCbV</th>
                <th align="center">DIC homem</th>
                <th align="center">DCbV homem</th>
                <th align="center">DIC mulher</th>
                <th align="center">DCbV mulher</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1980-2012</td>
                <td align="center">-59</td>
                <td align="center">-62</td>
                <td align="center">-54</td>
                <td align="center">-66</td>
                <td align="center">-51</td>
                <td align="center">-69</td>
                <td align="center">-55</td>
                <td align="center">-60</td>
                <td align="center">-46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1980-2006</td>
                <td align="center">-28</td>
                <td align="center">-25</td>
                <td align="center">-31</td>
                <td align="center">-23</td>
                <td align="center">-33</td>
                <td align="center">-21</td>
                <td align="center">-30</td>
                <td align="center">-28</td>
                <td align="center">-37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2007-2012</td>
                <td align="center">-5</td>
                <td align="center">-4</td>
                <td align="center">-6</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-10</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-8</td>
                <td align="center">-2</td>
                <td align="center">-11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1980-2012/ano</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1980-2006/ano</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2007-2012/ano</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es anuais na mortalidade para os per&#237;odos de 1980-2006 e 2007-2012 foram respectivamente: DCV total: -1,5% e -0,8%; DCV homens: -1,4% e -0,6%; DCV mulheres: -1,7% e -1,0%; DIC total: -0,90% e -0,08%; DIC (homens): -1,1% e 0,1%; DIC (mulheres): -1,5% e -0,4%; DCbV (total): -1,26% e -1,60%; DCbV (homens): -1,7% e -1,4%; DCbV (mulheres): -2,0% e -1,9%. De 1980 a 2006, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por DCV, DIC e DCbV em homens e mulheres (p &lt; 0,001 para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Resultados da regress&#227;o linear para o per&#237;odo de 1980-2006 foram: DCV total: y = 625,9-7,8 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,40; p &lt; 0,001); DCV homens: y = 707,5-8,4 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,91; p &lt; 0,001); DCV mulheres: y = 544,2-7,3 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,92; p &lt; 0,001); DIC total: y = 180,1-2,0 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,16; p = 0,003); DIC homens: y = 220,8-2,3 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,89; p &lt; 0,001); DIC mulheres: y = 140,5-1,7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,91; p &lt; 0,0001); DCbV total: y = 180,1-2,7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,56; p &lt; 0,001); DCbV homens: y = 198,1-2,7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,94; p &lt; 0,001); DCbV mulheres: y = 162,2-2,6 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,91; p &lt; 0,001). As compara&#231;&#245;es das regress&#245;es lineares entre homens e mulheres mostraram maior redu&#231;&#227;o de DIC (p = 0,002) nos homens, mas n&#227;o significativa para as DCV (p = 0,120) e DCbV (p = 0,708) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear simples e compara&#231;&#227;o entre as linhas de regress&#227;o, entre homens e mulheres, da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCbV) para os per&#237;odos de 1980 a 2006 e de 2007 a 2012.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-01-0020-60077-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>De 2007 a 2012, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCV e DCbV em homens e mulheres, e os resultados da regress&#227;o linear para esse per&#237;odo foram: DCV total: y = 394,2-4,1 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,01; p = 0,753); DCV homens: y = 460,1-3,7 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,66; p = 0,049); DCV mulheres: y = 329-4,5 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,72; p = 0,033); DCbV total: y = 101,3-2,1 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,05; p =0,495); DCbV homens: y = 116,4-1,9 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,90; p = 0,004); DCbV mulheres: y = 86,7-2,1 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,90; p = 0,003). No entanto, n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na mortalidade para o DIC total: y = 119,3-,25 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,02; p = 0,978); DIC homens: y = 151 + 0,04 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,15; p = 0,779); DIC mulheres: y = 87,7-,54 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,24; p = 0,320). As compara&#231;&#245;es das regress&#245;es lineares entre homens e mulheres n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as nas tend&#234;ncias de mortalidade para DCV (p = 0,713), DIC (p = 0,374) e DCbV (p = 0,591).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostrou tend&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares de 1980 a 2012, mas na an&#225;lise dos anos de 2007 a 2012 n&#227;o se observou, em homens e mulheres, redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DIC.</p>
        <p>Estudos mostraram tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, principalmente naqueles mais desenvolvidos da Europa Ocidental, EUA e Canad&#225;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Atualiza&#231;&#227;o recente mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade por DCV em todos os estados dos EUA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Contudo, observou-se apenas uma discreta redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DIC nos adultos jovens, especialmente mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Apesar de importantes discrep&#226;ncias entre as taxas de morte por DCV na Europa, muitos pa&#237;ses europeus tamb&#233;m tiveram aumento ou discreta redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O controle dos fatores de risco, melhorias nos tratamentos cl&#237;nicos e intervencionistas s&#227;o as principais justificativas para a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade nos pa&#237;ses mais desenvolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Assim como em nosso estudo, observou-se tamb&#233;m, em muitos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, uma redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por tais doen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Mesmo com a mudan&#231;a populacional nesses pa&#237;ses, tais como aumento e envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, as tend&#234;ncias de redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCV se mantiveram com o ajuste do coeficiente para idade, sexo e doen&#231;a espec&#237;fica (DIC ou DCbV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O nosso estudo mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e constante da mortalidade por DCbV no per&#237;odo de 1980 a 2012. Isso ocorreu, muito provavelmente, devido a maior facilidade no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento do principal fator de risco para tais doen&#231;as - a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Em 2013, o diagn&#243;stico de HAS foi de 21,2% para a popula&#231;&#227;o com idade acima de 18 anos e de &gt; 50% para indiv&#237;duos com mais de 65 anos de idade. Quase 70% desses pacientes com HAS tiveram algum tipo de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e 36% obtiveram pelo menos um medicamento para hipertens&#227;o no Programa Farm&#225;cia Popular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a complexidade dos fatores envolvidos na fisiopatologia do processo da aterosclerose faz com que seja muito maior o desafio na preven&#231;&#227;o das DIC. O controle da HAS tem grande impacto na morbi-mortalidade das DCbV, enquanto diagn&#243;stico e tratamento das DIC envolvem outros fatores de risco, tais como dislipidemia, tabagismo, diabetes, muitas vezes desconhecidos at&#233; o momento do primeiro evento coronariano. Associado &#224; complexidade do tratamento cl&#237;nico, observa-se tamb&#233;m a limitada disponibilidade do tratamento intervencionista restrito aos grandes centros urbanos. O resultado &#233; a grande heterogeneidade do risco de morte por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nas diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Por&#233;m, no per&#237;odo entre 2007 e 2012, as justificativas para a parada na tend&#234;ncia de queda da mortalidade por DIC s&#227;o desconhecidas. Aspectos socioecon&#244;micos e menor acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o menos favorecida a um adequado sistema de sa&#250;de para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento das DIC podem estar impactando a mudan&#231;a observada na tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por tais doen&#231;as. Baena et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mostraram aumento da mortalidade por DIC nas regi&#245;es nordeste e norte e inalterada na regi&#227;o centro-oeste, sabidamente regi&#245;es menos favorecidas do Brasil. Na mortalidade por DCV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> estudos mostraram, tamb&#233;m, a import&#226;ncia das desigualdades sociais e da escolaridade da popula&#231;&#227;o. A metade das causas de morte por DCV, antes do 65 anos, pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; pobreza. Da mesma forma, baixa escolaridade contribui para pobreza, aumentando o &#237;ndice de mortalidade por DCV. Alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada, baixa atividade f&#237;sica, consumo de &#225;lcool e tabagismo s&#227;o outros importantes fatores de risco para as DCV, e &#233; mais prevalente nas classes sociais menos favorecidas da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Portanto, a institui&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de preven&#231;&#227;o das DCV deve ser intensificada com o objetivo de restituir a tend&#234;ncia de queda da mortalidade por DIC. Isto porque os fatores ambientais, ocupacionais, comportamentais e metab&#243;licos foram respons&#225;veis por quase 90% dos anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade e de mortes por DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; qualidade dos dados brasileiros de mortalidade, tais como erros relacionados ao diagn&#243;stico e precis&#227;o dos atestados de &#243;bito, as mortes associadas a causas desconhecidas e erros de entrada de dados. O n&#250;mero de certid&#245;es de &#243;bito que tem diagn&#243;stico para a causa da morte, como sintomas, sinais e as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de mal definidos &#233; indicador indireto da qualidade padr&#227;o dos dados. Tais certificados, apesar da melhora progressiva, s&#227;o ainda significativos nas regi&#245;es nordeste, norte e centro-oeste, mas n&#227;o nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o para os dados de taxa de mortalidade n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na maioria dos estados ou cidades no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ao contr&#225;rio das DCbV, a tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por DIC parou de cair no Brasil nos &#250;ltimos 6 anos. Intensifica&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no controle dos principais fatores de risco faz-se necess&#225;ria para retorno da tend&#234;ncia de queda na mortalidade por DIC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
