<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mDRNNKtHDWSXjv9Kh495xWj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004000002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160106</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hormone Therapy to Treat Cardiac Remodeling: Is There Any Evidence?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicchetto</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alexandre F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leonardo A. M. Zornoff,</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Distrito de Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>2</fpage>
      <lpage>3</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hormone Replacement Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Testosterone</kwd>
        <kwd>Thyroid Hormones</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiac remodeling can be defined as a set of molecular, cellular and interstitial cardiac variations, which manifest clinically as changes in heart size, mass, geometry and function in response to certain aggressions. That process has bad prognosis, because it is associated with ventricular dysfunction progression and malignant arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Different therapeutic strategies have been assessed to prevent, or at least attenuate, cardiac remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Some treatments, such as those using angiotensin-convert-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists, have been well established. Other treatments, despite their pathophysiological potential, are still being studied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Of those, hormone therapy stands out, particularly with testosterone, thyroid hormone, and growth hormone (GH).</p>
    <p>Testosterone has received great attention in recent years. From the pathophysiological viewpoint, in the presence of ventricular dysfunction, testosterone can modulate the cardiac remodeling process, strengthen skeletal musculature, enhance exercise capacity and reduce inflammatory activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It is worth noting that a significant number of patients with heart failure have reduced testosterone levels. In addition, low testosterone levels in patients with heart failure are an independent risk factor for hospital readmission within 90 days and for mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Thus, testosterone supplementation seems an attractive strategy to manage heart failure.</p>
    <p>In different clinical studies, testosterone supplementation improved the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure, regardless of their hormone levels. However, hormone treatment did not modify objective parameters of cardiac remodeling, such as left ventricular dimensions or ventricular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Thus, the so far available evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of testosterone supplementation could derive from its preferential action on skeletal musculature rather than on cardiac remodeling.</p>
    <p>Regarding thyroid hormone, different actions have been described, such as inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In addition, remodeling-related actions, such as antiapoptotic, antiinflammatory and antifibrotic properties, angiogenesis promotion, cardiac regeneration and induction of beneficial micro RNA profiles, have been reported. Thus, changes in thyroid function affect cardiac morphology and function, in addition to being risk factors for the appearance of heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Of the changes in thyroid function associated with cardiac remodeling, low T3 syndrome stands out, characterized mainly by an increase in the conversion of T4 to reverse T3, an inactive form of the thyroid hormone. That syndrome can be present in approximately 30% of patients with advanced heart failure, being an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality. In addition, experimental studies have shown that low cardiac T3 levels can occur in the presence of normal serum levels of thyroid hormones. It is worth noting that cardiac aggressions, such as myocardial infarction, arterial hypertension and diabetes, can reduce the cardiac tissue levels of T3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>That has supported the use of thyroid hormones to prevent or attenuate cardiac remodeling. In different experimental models of aggression, the administration of thyroid hormones was accompanied by an improvement in the cardiac cellular, morphological and functional variables. However, in humans, the scarce information available results from small studies assessing only inconsistent hemodynamic and functional effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Although GH has gained special attention in the past years because of its claimed effect of delaying aging process and potential increase in physical performance, it is considered a modulator of cardiac morphology and function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Both excess and deficiency of GH and its mediator (insulin-like growth factor I - IGF-1) are associated with cardiovascular disease.</p>
    <p>In different experimental models, GH administration was associated with a reduction in cardiac remodeling secondary to diverse stimuli.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Approximately 30% of patients with heart failure have GH deficiency, and low IGF-1 levels were predictors of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> All those considerations support GH supplementation to patients with cardiac dysfunction. Although the first clinical studies have claimed beneficial effects of GH, two placebo-controlled studies have shown neutral results in patients with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Thus, the role played by GH in cardiac remodeling situations remains to be determined.</p>
    <p>Despite the solid pathophysiological evidence and consistent experimental results, so far there is no evidence of the clinical benefit of the routine administration of testosterone, thyroid hormone and GH to patients with cardiac remodeling.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Azevedo PS, Polegato BF, Minicucci MF, Paiva SA, Zornoff LA. Cardiac remodeling: concepts, clinical impact, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacologic treatment. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;106(1):62-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polegato</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac remodeling: concepts, clinical impact, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacologic treatment</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>62</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Reis Filho JR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CM, Pereira-Barretto AC. reverse cardiac remodeling: a marker of better prognosis in heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;104(6):502-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reis</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>reverse cardiac remodeling: a marker of better prognosis in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>502</fpage>
          <lpage>506</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Tarone G, Balligand JL, Bauersachs J, Clerk A, De Windt L, Heymans S, et al. Targeting myocardial remodelling to develop novel therapies for heart failure: a position paper from the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16(5):494-508.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balligand</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersachs</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clerk</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Windt</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heymans</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Targeting myocardial remodelling to develop novel therapies for heart failure: a position paper from the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>494</fpage>
          <lpage>508</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Braunwald E. The war against heart failure: the Lancet lecture. Lancet. 2015;385(9970):812-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The war against heart failure: the Lancet lecture</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>385</volume>
          <issue>9970</issue>
          <fpage>812</fpage>
          <lpage>824</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Malkin CJ, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone and heart failure. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010;17(3):262-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malkin</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Channer</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone and heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>262</fpage>
          <lpage>268</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Kloner RA, Carson C 3rd, Dobs A, Kopecky S, Mohler ER 3rd. Testosterone and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(5):545-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kloner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carson 3rd</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobs</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kopecky</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohler 3rd</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone and cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>545</fpage>
          <lpage>557</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Santos MR, Sayegh AL, Groehs RV, Fonseca G, Trombetta IC, Barretto AC, et al. Testosterone deficiency increases hospital readmission and mortality rates in male patients with heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(3):256-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sayegh</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groehs</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trombetta</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone deficiency increases hospital readmission and mortality rates in male patients with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>256</fpage>
          <lpage>264</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Arcopinto M, Salzano A, Isgaard J, Cittadini A. Hormone replacement therapy in heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2015;30(3):277-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arcopinto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salzano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isgaard</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cittadini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone replacement therapy in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>284</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Szkudlarek AC, Aldenucci B, Miyagui NI, Silva IK, Moraes RN, Ramos HE, et al. Short-term thyroid hormone excess affects the heart but does not affect adrenal activity in rats. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(3):270-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Szkudlarek</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aldenucci</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyagui</surname>
              <given-names>NI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>IK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-term thyroid hormone excess affects the heart but does not affect adrenal activity in rats</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>270</fpage>
          <lpage>278</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Souza FR, Resende ES, Lopes L, Gon&#231;alves A, Chagas R, Fidale T, et al. Hypertrophic response of the association of thyroid hormone and exercise in the heart of rats. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(2):187-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resende</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chagas</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fidale</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertrophic response of the association of thyroid hormone and exercise in the heart of rats</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>187</fpage>
          <lpage>190</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Martinez F. Thyroid hormones and heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2016 Apr 20. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thyroid hormones and heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Rajagopalan V, Gerdes AM. Role of thyroid hormones in ventricular remodeling. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2015;12(2):141-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rajagopalan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerdes</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of thyroid hormones in ventricular remodeling</article-title>
          <source>Curr Heart Fail Rep</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>141</fpage>
          <lpage>149</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Gerdes AM. Restoration of thyroid hormone balance: a game changer in the treatment of heart failure? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;308(1):H1-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gerdes</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Restoration of thyroid hormone balance: a game changer in the treatment of heart failure?</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>308</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>H1</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Pingitore A, Nicolini G, Kusmic C, Iervasi G, Grigolini P, Forini F. Cardioprotection and thyroid hormones. Heart Fail Rev. 2016 Mar 24. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pingitore</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kusmic</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iervasi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grigolini</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardioprotection and thyroid hormones</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Lombardi G, Di Somma C, Grasso LF, Savanelli MC, Colao A, Pivonello R. The cardiovascular system in growth hormone excess and growth hormone deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest. 2012;35(11):1021-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lombardi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Somma</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grasso</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savanelli</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colao</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pivonello</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The cardiovascular system in growth hormone excess and growth hormone deficiency</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol Invest</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1021</fpage>
          <lpage>1029</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Kanashiro-Takeuchi RM, Tziomalos K, Takeuchi LM, Treuer AV, Lamirault G, Dulce R, et al. Cardioprotective effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone agonist after myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(6):2604-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kanashiro-Takeuchi</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tziomalos</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takeuchi</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Treuer</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamirault</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dulce</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardioprotective effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone agonist after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2604</fpage>
          <lpage>2609</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Moreira VO, Pereira CA, Silva MO, Felisbino SL, Cicogna AC, Okoshi K, et al. Growth hormone attenuates myocardial fibrosis in rats with chronic pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009;36(3):325-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>VO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Felisbino</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicogna</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Growth hormone attenuates myocardial fibrosis in rats with chronic pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>325</fpage>
          <lpage>330</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Junqueira A, Cicogna AC, Engel LE, Ald&#225; MA, Tomasi LC, Giuffrida R, et al. Effects of growth hormone on cardiac remodeling during resistance training in rats. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;106(1):18-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Junqueira</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicogna</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engel</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ald&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomasi</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giuffrida</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of growth hormone on cardiac remodeling during resistance training in rats</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Osterziel KJ, Strohm O, Schuler J, Friedrich M, H&#228;nlein D, Willenbrock R, et al. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1998;351(9111):1233-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Osterziel</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strohm</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schuler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedrich</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#228;nlein</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willenbrock</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>351</volume>
          <issue>9111</issue>
          <fpage>1233</fpage>
          <lpage>1237</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Isgaard J, Bergh CH, Caidahl K, Lomsky M, Hjalmarson A, Bengtsson BA. A placebo-controlled study of growth hormone in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1998;19(11):1704-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Isgaard</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergh</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caidahl</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lomsky</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hjalmarson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bengtsson</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A placebo-controlled study of growth hormone in patients with congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1704</fpage>
          <lpage>1711</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia Hormonal para Tratamento da Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca: Existem Evid&#234;ncias?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicchetto</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alexandre F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo A. M. Zornoff,</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Distrito de Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP - Brasil.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o Hormonal</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Testosterona</kwd>
        <kwd>Hormonios Tireoideos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pode ser definida como o conjunto de varia&#231;&#245;es moleculares, celulares e intersticiais card&#237;acas, que v&#227;o se manifestar clinicamente por altera&#231;&#245;es no tamanho, massa, geometria e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o em resposta a determinada agress&#227;o. Esse processo resulta em mau progn&#243;stico, pois est&#225; associado com progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e arritmias malignas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nesse sentido, diferentes estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas t&#234;m sido estudadas para a preven&#231;&#227;o ou, pelo menos, atenua&#231;&#227;o desse processo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Alguns tratamentos j&#225; est&#227;o consolidados como, por exemplo, os inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, os antagonistas dos receptores da angiotensina II, os betabloqueadores e os antagonistas da aldosterona. Outros tratamentos, apesar do potencial fisiopatol&#243;gico, ainda est&#227;o em fase de estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Entre eles, destaca-se a terapia hormonal, particularmente testosterona, horm&#244;nio tireoidiano e horm&#244;nio de crescimento (GH).</p>
      <p>A testosterona &#233; um dos horm&#244;nios que t&#234;m recebido maior aten&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos. Do ponto de vista fisiopatol&#243;gico, na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a testosterona pode modular o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, fortalecer a musculatura esquel&#233;tica, melhorar a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e diminuir a atividade inflamat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Devemos considerar que parcela significativa de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresenta n&#237;veis de testosterona reduzidos. Adicionalmente, baixos n&#237;veis de testosterona foram fator de risco independente para a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar dentro de 90 dias e para aumento de mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Assim, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia atraente no cen&#225;rio da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Em diferentes estudos cl&#237;nicos, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona melhorou a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, independentemente dos n&#237;veis hormonais. No entanto, o tratamento hormonal n&#227;o modificou par&#226;metros objetivos de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, como as dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Assim, as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis at&#233; o momento sugerem que os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona podem ser por a&#231;&#245;es preferencialmente na musculatura esquel&#233;tica, e n&#227;o na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao horm&#244;nio tireoidiano, diferentes a&#231;&#245;es foram descritas, incluindo atividade inotr&#243;pica, cronotr&#243;pica e lusitr&#243;pica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Adicionalmente, a&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m j&#225; foram documentadas, incluindo propriedades anti-apopt&#243;ticas, anti-inflamat&#243;rias e antifibr&#243;ticas, promo&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese, regenera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e indu&#231;&#227;o de perfil ben&#233;fico de micro RNAs. Assim, altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana afetam a morfologia e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e s&#227;o fatores de risco para o aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entre as altera&#231;&#245;es de fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana associadas ao processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, destaca-se a s&#237;ndrome do T3 baixo, caracterizada principalmente por aumento da convers&#227;o de T4 a T3 reverso, uma forma inativa de horm&#244;nio tireoidiano. Essa s&#237;ndrome pode estar presente em aproximadamente 30% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular. Adicionalmente, estudos experimentais mostram que baixos n&#237;veis de T3 card&#237;acos podem ser acompanhados por n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos normais de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos. Importante, agress&#245;es card&#237;acas, como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes, podem induzir a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis tissulares card&#237;acos de T3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os coment&#225;rios anteriores fundamentaram o uso de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos para preven&#231;&#227;o ou atenua&#231;&#227;o do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Nesse sentido, em diferentes modelos experimentais de agress&#227;o, a administra&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos foi acompanhada por melhora de vari&#225;veis celulares, morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais card&#237;acas. No entanto, em humanos, as poucas informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o resultado de estudos pequenos, que avaliaram apenas efeitos inconsistentes hemodin&#226;micos e funcionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Apesar de o GH ter recebido especial aten&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos pelo proclamado efeito de retardo de envelhecimento e potencial aumento do desempenho f&#237;sico, aceita-se que seja um modulador da morfologia e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nesse sentido, tanto o excesso como a defici&#234;ncia do GH e de seu mediador (fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina I - IGF-1) est&#227;o associados com a doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Em diferentes modelos experimentais, a administra&#231;&#227;o de GH foi associada com atenua&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria a diversos est&#237;mulos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Aproximadamente 30% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentam defici&#234;ncia de GH, sendo valores baixos de IGF-1 preditores de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Todas essas considera&#231;&#245;es fornecem embasamento para a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de GH em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Apesar de os primeiros estudos cl&#237;nicos suportarem efeitos ben&#233;ficos do GH, dois estudos controlados com placebo apresentaram resultados neutros em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Assim, o papel do GH em situa&#231;&#245;es de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca permanece por ser determinado.</p>
      <p>Pelo exposto, apesar das s&#243;lidas evid&#234;ncias fisiopatol&#243;gicas e dos resultados experimentais bastante consistentes, at&#233; o momento n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias do benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico da administra&#231;&#227;o de testosterona, horm&#244;nio tireoidiano e GH, de forma rotineira, para pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
