<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">756r7vvtBtYFwxGGnjDskht</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000600541</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160089</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Drug-Coated Balloon Treatment of Very Late Stent Thrombosis Due to Complicated Neoatherosclerosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alfonso</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastante</surname>
            <given-names>Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cuesta</surname>
            <given-names>Javier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benedicto</surname>
            <given-names>Amparo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivero</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitario de La Princesa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Madrid</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="ES">Spain</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid - Spain</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Alfonso</bold>, Cardiac Department. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa. Diego de Le&#243;n 62. Postal Code 28006, Madrid - Spain. E-mail: <email>falf@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Alfonso F; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Alfonso F, Bastante T; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Alfonso F, Cuesta J, Benedicto A, Rivero F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>541</fpage>
      <lpage>543</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>We describe the treatment of a patient presenting with very-late stent thrombosis with the use of a drug-coated balloon. In this patient, optical coherence tomography disclosed that ruptured and complicated neoatherosclerosis was the underlying substrate responsible for the episode of very-late stent thrombosis. The potential use of drug-coated balloons in this unique scenario is discussed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Restenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Thrombosis/complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In-stent restenosis (ISR) and stent thrombosis remain major causes of stent failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. ISR is usually a result of severe smooth muscle cell proliferation, but recent data suggest that neoatherosclerosis may also be the responsible pathological substrate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Treatment of patients with ISR usually involves the use of drug-eluting stents or drug-coated balloons (DCB)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Alternatively, stent thrombosis may occur as a result of sudden thrombotic occlusion of a previously patent stent or result from ruptured neoatherosclerosis with associated thrombosis. Treatment of stent thrombosis is very challenging and includes aggressive balloon angioplasty or repeat stent implantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, to the best of our knowledge, the use of DCB in patients presenting with stent thrombosis as a result of complicated neoatherosclerosis has not been previously reported.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 64-year-old man with hypercholesterolemia was admitted for a prolonged (3 hours) episode of chest pain at rest associated with nausea. Fourteen years before he had recieved a bare-metal stent for a severe lesion in the mid left anterior descending coronary artery. On admission, the ECG showed extensive T-wave inversion on the anterior leads. Urgent coronary angiography revealed a severe focal and eccentric lesion, with some haziness, at the mid segment of the stent, resulting in a TIMI 2 coronary flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) disclosed a well-expanded and apposed stent, nicely covered by a thin ring of bright homogeneous neointima at the proximal and distal stent segments. However, neoatherosclerosis (glistening neointima overlying large lipid pools [ + ] shadowing the underlying stent struts) was readily recognized in the mid part of the stent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>). In addition, a clear confined rupture of the fibrous cap was also identified (yellow arrows, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>) close to an occlusive lipid plaque associated with a large red thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2C</xref>). Thromboaspiration was successful in improving the angiographic image and coronary flow, but only obtained a limited amount of red thrombus. High-pressure (22 bar) dilation with a noncompliant balloon yielded a good angiographic result. Then, a DCB (3 mm in diameter) was inflated for 60 seconds at this site, with an excellent final angiographic result and no images of residual dissections (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). OCT confirmed a large lumen and thin residual neointima along the entire stent segment, but disclosed some minor intra-stent dissections (white arrows, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">F</xref>) and some small residual laden thrombi at sites with residual neoatherosclerosis. The patient had an uneventful clinical outcome (peak troponin T 427 ug/L) and was discharged two days later.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Coronary angiography with a cranial angulation showing a tight lesion (resulting in a luminal filling defect) in the mid part of the stent (arrow), on the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery that had a TIMI2 flow. B) Final result after DCB angioplasty.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0541-60089-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Optical coherence tomography images after thromboaspiration. A) Neoatherosclerosis with a glistening bright neointima and a heterogeneous pattern caused by large lipid pools (+). Notice that attenuation prevents adequate visualization of the underlying metallic stent struts. B) Ruptured neoatherosclerotic plaque (arrows). C) Occlusive neoatherosclerosis with thrombus. D, E, F) Optical coherence tomography images after DCB treatment. A large lumen was visualized along the entire stent length with some residual neointima, small dissections and residual thrombi (arrows). Confined residual lipid zones (+) were still recognized within the stent. (* = denotes wire artefact)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0541-60089-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Very-late stent thrombosis remains a rare, but devastating complication in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>. Recent studies suggest that neoatherosclerosis plays a major role in selected patients presenting with this feared complication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Pathological studies suggest that neoatherosclerosis not only occurs more frequently but also earlier in patients treated with drug-eluting stents, as compared with those receiving conventional bare-metal stents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Currently, OCT, with its unique resolution (15 <italic>&#181;</italic>m), represents the technique of choice for the diagnosis of neoatherosclerosis. Multiple studies have confirmed the importance of OCT in the diagnosis of neoatherosclerosis resulting in either in-stent restenosis or stent thrombosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Likewise, the use of DCB in patients presenting with in-stent restenosis has been well established<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Although neoatherosclerosis constitutes the underlying substrate in some of these patients, particularly in those treated with drug-eluting stents, the role of DCB in this specific anatomic subset remains to be elucidated. Our findings strongly suggest that DCB might also provide an attractive therapeutic strategy for selected patients with very late stent thrombosis as a result of neoatherosclerosis. Prospective studies are warranted to further define the potential role of this novel therapy in this challenging scenario.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>DCB constitutes an attractive therapeutic strategy for selected patients with stent thrombosis as a result of complicated neoatherosclerosis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Alfonso F, Sandoval J. New insights on stent thrombosis: in praise of large nationwide registries for rare cardiovascular events. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5(2):141-4.</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New insights on stent thrombosis: in praise of large nationwide registries for rare cardiovascular events</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
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        <mixed-citation>2 Nakazawa G, Otsuka F, Nakano M, Vorpahl M, Yazdani SK, Ladich E, et al. The pathology of neoatherosclerosis in human coronary implants bare-metal and drug-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(11):1314-22.1.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Nakazawa</surname>
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              <surname>Otsuka</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vorpahl</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Yazdani</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Ladich</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The pathology of neoatherosclerosis in human coronary implants bare-metal and drug-eluting stents</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1314</fpage>
          <lpage>1322</lpage>
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      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Alfonso F, Byrne RA, Rivero F, Kastrati A. Current treatment of in-stent restenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(24):2659-73.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
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              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastrati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento por Bal&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gico de Trombose de <italic>Stent</italic> Muito Tardia Causada por Neoaterosclerose Complicada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alfonso</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastante</surname>
            <given-names>Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cuesta</surname>
            <given-names>Javier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benedicto</surname>
            <given-names>Amparo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivero</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid - Espanha</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Alfonso</bold>, Cardiac Department. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa. Diego de Le&#243;n 62. CEP 28006, Madrid - Espanha. E-mail: <email>falf@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Alfonso F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Alfonso F, Bastante T; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Alfonso F, Cuesta J, Benedicto A, Rivero F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Descrevemos o tratamento de um paciente apresentando trombose de <italic>stent</italic> muito tardia com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um bal&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico. Nesse paciente, a tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;tica revelou que a neoaterosclerose apresentava-se complicada e com ruptura, sendo portanto o substrato subjacente respons&#225;vel pelo epis&#243;dio de trombose de <italic>stent</italic> muito tardia. O uso potencial de bal&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicos nesse cen&#225;rio especial &#233; discutido.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Reestenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose Coron&#225;ria/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A reestenose intra-stent (RIS) e a trombose de <italic>stent</italic> permanecem as principais causas de falha do <italic>stent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></italic>. A RIS &#233; geralmente o resultado da grave prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculo liso, mas dados recentes sugerem que a neoaterosclerose tamb&#233;m pode ser o substrato patol&#243;gico respons&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. O tratamento de pacientes com RIS geralmente envolve o uso de <italic>stents</italic> ou bal&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicos (BF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Alternativamente, a trombose de <italic>stent</italic> pode ocorrer como resultado da oclus&#227;o tromb&#243;tica s&#250;bita de um <italic>stent</italic> anteriormente patente ou resultar de neoaterosclerose rompida com trombose associada. O tratamento de trombose de <italic>stent</italic> &#233; bastante desafiador e inclui tratamento agressivo com angioplastia por bal&#227;o ou reimplanta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></italic>.</p>
        <p>No entanto, que seja de nosso conhecimento, o uso do BF em pacientes com trombose de stent, como resultado de neoaterosclerose complicada, n&#227;o foi relatada at&#233; o momento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Um homem de 64 anos com hipercolesterolemia foi admitido devido a epis&#243;dio prolongado (3 horas) de dor tor&#225;cica em repouso associado a n&#225;useas. Quatorze anos antes, ele havia recebido um stent n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico (SNF) devido a uma les&#227;o grave na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda. Na admiss&#227;o, o ECG mostrou extensa invers&#227;o da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es anteriores. A angiografia coron&#225;ria de urg&#234;ncia revelou uma les&#227;o focal grave e exc&#234;ntrica, com certa opacidade, no segmento m&#233;dio do <italic>stent,</italic> causando um fluxo coron&#225;rio TIMI 2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref>). A tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica (TCO) revelou um <italic>stent</italic> bem expandido e aposto, adequadamente coberto por um fino anel de neo&#237;ntima homog&#234;nea e brilhante nos segmentos proximal e distal do <italic>stent.</italic> No entanto, a neoaterosclerose (neo&#237;ntima brilhante recobrindo grandes concentra&#231;&#245;es de lip&#237;dios [+] sombreando as hastes subjacentes do <italic>stent)</italic> foi prontamente reconhecida na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do <italic>stent</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2A</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, uma &#243;bvia ruptura confinada da capa fibrosa tamb&#233;m foi identificada (setas amarelas, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2B</xref>) nas proximidades de uma placa oclusiva de lip&#237;dios associada com um grande trombo vermelho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2C</xref>). A tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o foi bem sucedida em melhorar a imagem angiogr&#225;fica e o fluxo coron&#225;rio; no entanto, obteve apenas uma quantidade limitada de trombo vermelho. Dilata&#231;&#227;o de alta press&#227;o (22 bar) com um bal&#227;o n&#227;o complacente resultou em bom resultado angiogr&#225;fico. Em seguida, o BF (3 mm de di&#226;metro) foi inflado por 60 segundos nesse local, com excelente resultado angiogr&#225;fico final e sem imagens de dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1B</xref>). A TCO confirmou um grande l&#250;men e neo&#237;ntima residual fina ao longo de todo o segmento do <italic>stent,</italic> mas revelou algumas disseca&#231;&#245;es menores intra-stent (setas brancas, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">E</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">F</xref>) e alguns pequenos trombos repletos residuais em locais com neoaterosclerose residual. O paciente teve um desfecho cl&#237;nico sem intercorr&#234;ncias (pico de troponina T 427 ug/L) e recebeu alta dois dias depois.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Angiografia coron&#225;ria em proje&#231;&#227;o cranial mostrando uma les&#227;o cerrada (resultando em um defeito de enchimento luminal) na parte m&#233;dia do stent (seta) na por&#231;&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior que tinha um fluxo TIMI 2. B) Resultado final ap&#243;s angioplastia com BF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0541-60089-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica ap&#243;s tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o. A) neoaterosclerose com neointima brilhante e um padr&#227;o heterog&#234;neo causado por grandes concentra&#231;&#245;es de lip&#237;dios (+). Observe que a atenua&#231;&#227;o impede a visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada das hastes dos stents met&#225;licos subjacentes. B) Placa de neoaterosclerose rompida (setas). C) Neoaterosclerose oclusiva com trombo. D, E, F) Tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica ap&#243;s o tratamento com BF. Um grande l&#250;men foi visualizado ao longo de todo o comprimento do stent com neo&#237;ntima residual, pequenas dissec&#231;&#245;es e trombos residuais (setas). Zonas de lip&#237;dios residuais confinados (+) ainda foram reconhecidas dentro do stent. (* = Indica artefato fio).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0541-60089-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A trombose de <italic>stent</italic> muito tardia continua a ser uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara, mas devastadora em pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>. Estudos recentes sugerem que a neoaterosclerose desempenha um papel importante em pacientes selecionados que apresentam essa grave complica&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Estudos patol&#243;gicos sugerem que a neoaterosclerose n&#227;o s&#243; ocorre com mais frequ&#234;ncia, mas tamb&#233;m mais precocemente em pacientes tratados com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que receberam <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicos convencionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Hoje em dia a TCO, com a sua resolu&#231;&#227;o especial (15 <italic>&#181;</italic>m), representa a t&#233;cnica de escolha para o diagn&#243;stico de neoaterosclerose. V&#225;rios estudos confirmaram a import&#226;ncia da TCO no diagn&#243;stico de neoaterosclerose que resulta em reestenose intra-stent ou em trombose de <italic>stent</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Da mesma forma, o uso do BF em pacientes com reestenose intra-stent tem sido bem estabelecido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Embora a neoaterosclerose constitua o substrato subjacente em alguns desses pacientes, principalmente naqueles tratados com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, o papel do BF neste subconjunto anat&#243;mico espec&#237;fico ainda precisa ser elucidado. Nossos resultados fortemente sugerem que o BF tamb&#233;m pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica atraente para pacientes selecionados com trombose de <italic>stent</italic> muito tardia, como resultado da neoaterosclerose. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos para melhor definir o papel potencial dessa nova terapia nesse cen&#225;rio desafiador.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O BF constitui uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica atraente para pacientes selecionados com trombose de <italic>stent</italic> como resultado de neoaterosclerose complicada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
