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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">488PrTg9sPKPJpzDjK7XxHr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000600510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005012103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Smoking Consumption and Nicotine Dependence Degree in Cardiac Autonomic Modulation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Soares dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Dionei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Alice Soares dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Coelho Figueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ito</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Tiyaki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Peretti Prieto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Ercy Mara Cipulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Presidente Prudente</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Presidente Prudente</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Ana Paula Soares dos Santos, Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia - Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT/UNESP). Rua Roberto Simonsen, n&#186; 305 - Centro Educacional. Postal Code 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>anasoares_santos@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research: Santos APS, Ramos D, Ito JT, Vanderlei LCM, Ramos EMC; Acquisition of data: Santos APS, Oliveira GM, Santos AAS, Freire APCF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos APS, Santos AAS, Freire APCF; Statistical analysis: Santos APS; Obtaining financing: Ramos EMC; Writing of the manuscript: Santos APS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ramos D, Freire APCF, Ito JT, Fernandes RPP, Vanderlei LCM, Ramos EMC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>6</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>510</fpage>
      <lpage>518</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Smoking consumption alters cardiac autonomic function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Assess the influence of the intensity of smoking and the nicotine dependence degree in cardiac autonomic modulation evaluated through index of heart rate variability (HRV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>83 smokers, of both genders, between 50 and 70 years of age and with normal lung function were divided according to the intensity of smoking consumption (moderate and severe) and the nicotine dependency degree (mild, moderate and severe). The indexes of HRV were analyzed in rest condition, in linear methods in the time domain (TD), the frequency domain (FD) and through the Poincar&#233; plot. For the comparison of smoking consumption, unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney was employed. For the analysis between the nicotine dependency degrees, we used the One-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey's post test or Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's test. The significance level was p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Differences were only found when compared to the different intensities of smoking consumption in the indexes in the FD. LFun (62.89 &#177; 15.24 vs 75.45 &#177; 10.28), which corresponds to low frequency spectrum component in normalized units; HFun (37.11 &#177; 15.24 vs 24.55 &#177; 10.28), which corresponds to high frequency spectrum component in normalized units and in the LF/HF ratio (2.21 &#177; 1.47 vs 4.07 &#177; 2.94). However, in the evaluation of nicotine dependency, significant differences were not observed (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Only the intensity of smoking consumption had an influence over the cardiac autonomic modulation of the assessed tobacco smokers. Tobacco smokers with severe intensity of smoking consumption presented a lower autonomic modulation than those with moderate intensity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Smoking</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco Use / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco Use Disorders</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>It is known that smoking is considered a serious public health problem with high incidence worldwide. It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion tobacco smokers in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Therefore, the consequences of the use of tobacco have, in the last few years,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> aroused the attention of researchers. The chronic use of tobacco creates tobacco-related diseases, the most common of which being related to the respiratory system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, it is clear that smoking has an important extrapulmonary toxicity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> which could represent serious risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and their respective complications, such as the damage of cardiac autonomic modulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The changes that smoking causes in the cardiac autonomic modulation are thoroughly described in literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and can be evaluated through the heart rate variability (HRV),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a non-invasive method, which describes the fluctuations between consecutive heartbeats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Eryonucu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> found that smokers present lower rates of HRV, a result that is similar to those found by Barutcu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> when assessing the HRV during controlled breathing exercises and muscle strength tests.</p>
      <p>The intensity of smoking consumption, assessed by the number of cigarettes consumed per day, may influence the severity of the alterations observed in the autonomic modulation. Kupari et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> verified that individuals that smoked ten or more cigarettes per day presented greater impairment in cardiac autonomic modulation as compared to those who smoked less. Additionally, the risk of death for smokers increases according to the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the years of smoking.</p>
      <p>The intensity of smoking consumption is strongly associated with the level of nicotine dependency, often times seen as the main determinant of the frequent use of cigarettes to avoid withdrawal symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As a consequence of this more intense habit, the damages caused by smoking take bigger proportions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In spite of its importance, research in pertinent literature did not find studies that addressed the influence of nicotine dependency levels and smoking consumption in cardiac autonomic modulation. This represents a significant gap in the literature, considering that information of this nature could give smokers a more complete orientation on the importance of early cessation of this habit, as well as add elements of the exposed theme to the literature.</p>
      <p>In this context, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the intensity of smoking consumption and nicotine dependency degree on cardiac autonomic modulation through the index of HRV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>Observational, cross-sectional study, in which 83 smokers were evaluated, determined by sample size calculation, with the LF/HF ratio as its variable. The magnitude of assumed significant difference was 1,8, considering a standard deviation of 1,19, based on a pilot study conducted with 80% beta-risk. The sample size, per evaluated group, resulted in 16 individuals of both genders, between 50 and 70 years of age, with normal lung function evidenced by spirometry. These individuals participated in a cessation program called PROCAT (Program of Anti-Tobacco Orientation and Awareness) of the University of Science and Technology Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias - FCT/UNESP, whose objective is the treatment of smokers through cognitive-behavioral and drug therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>This study did not include individuals who used narcotics or medications that influenced cardiac autonomic activity, alcoholics, or individuals with known diseases such as infections, metabolic or cardiorespiratory diseases. The flowchart of study losses is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of study losses</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0510-60063-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The volunteers were properly informed of the procedures and objective of this study. After agreement, they signed an informed consent to be part of the possible sample. This research was submitted to the appreciation of the Ethics Committee <italic>FCT/UNESP</italic> and by approved them (process n&#176; 18/2011). All procedures were in accordance with Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Counsil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental Protocol</title>
        <p>The protocol was carried out in the morning in order to soften the influences of the circadian rhythm, in a room with a controlled temperature of 23&#176;C and relative air humidity between 50 and 60%. Before the evaluation, the individuals were asked to abstain from smoking, caffeine and physical activities for 12 hours prior to the execution of the protocol. The confirmation of the period of smoking abstinence was done through the uptake of carbon monoxide levels in exhaled air by using the Micro CO monoximeter (Micro Medical Limited, Rochester, England); values of under six parts per million (ppm) were considered to be abstinent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>On the first day of the protocol, the characterization of the population was initially carried out through interviews with the volunteers to gather personal information, smoking habits (cigarettes per day and years of smoking to calculate packs/years)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and degree of nicotine dependency. The characterization was concluded with the Fagerstr&#246;m questionnaire, which made it possible to separate the smokers into groups.</p>
        <p>To separate the smokers according to their smoking consumption, the rate of packs/year was calculated by dividing the number of cigarettes smoked daily by 20 (number of cigarettes in a pack) and then multiplying that number by the years of smoking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Smokers were considered moderate when their smoking habits were between 10 and 20 packs per years and severe when that number surpassed 20 packs/year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Within the same degree of nicotine dependency, however, smokers were divided according to their scores in the Fagerstr&#246;m questionnaire, which consists of six questions that address some of the smoking habits such as the time of the first cigarette of the day, number of cigarettes throughout the day, discomfort for not being able to smoke in places where it is prohibited, satisfaction from smoking, frequency of smoking in the morning and illness occurrences. Each of these alternatives receives a score which allows the rating of three degrees of dependency: mild (0 to 3 points), moderate (4 to 6 points) and severe (7 to 10 points).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Still on the first day of the protocol, anthropometric data was measured: weight (digital anthropometric scale W110 H - Welmy) and height (Stadiometer Standard Sanny) to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI), and finally the lung function was calculated by using a portable spirometer (MIR - Spirobank - Italy) connected to a microcomputer. The criteria for the selection and analysis of the curves were in accordance with American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The values of normality were relative to the Brazilian population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>On the second day of the protocol, the HRV was measured by capturing the heart rate (HR), beat by beat, using the cardiofrequencimeter Polar S810i. A chest strap for the capturing of HR was placed at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum and an HR receptor strap was placed on the wrist to record the received data. After being fit with the equipment, the volunteers were asked to stay seated for 20 minutes, resting, breathing spontaneously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the indexes of heart rate variability</title>
        <p>To analyse the indexes of HRV, 256 RR intervals selected from the most stable part of the chart were used after digital filtering, completed by manual filtering to eliminate artifacts and ectopic beats; only series with over 95% of sinus beats were included in the study. The analysis was processed by the software Kubios (University of Kuopio, Finland).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In the time domain (TD), the duration of RR intervals and the indexes RMSSD (Root Mean Square of Successive Differences) and SDNN (Standard Deviation of Normal to Normal intervals) were used, both expressed in milliseconds (ms). In the frequency domain (FD), there was use of the low frequency spectrum component (LF, 0.04 - 0.15 Hz), which represents sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, with predominance of high frequency and sympathetic (HF, 0.15 - 0.40 Hz), this represents parasympathetic activity, in absolute values (ms<sup>2</sup>) and in normalized units (un), as well as the LF/HF ratio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The spectral analysis was calculated using the fast Fourier transform algorithm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The Poincar&#233; plot was also used for the analysis of the HRV. The plot represents, graphically, a correlation between consecutive RR intervals, in which each point is represented - on the horizontal axis X (abscissa) by the previous normal RR interval, and on the vertical axis Y (ordinate) by the following RR interval - and it may be analysed quantitatively and qualitatively through the assembly of an ellipse formed by the graphical representation of the RR intervals. The center of this ellipse is determined by the average of the RR intervals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>For the quantitative analysis of the plot, through the adjustment of the ellipse of the shape formed by the attractor, the following indexes were calculated: SD1 (standard deviation of the instantaneous beat to beat variability); SD2 (standard deviation of the long-term continuous R-R intervals); and the SD1/SD2 ratio, which shows the ratio between short and long-term variations of the RR intervals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The qualitative plot analysis was done through the analysis of the shapes formed by its attractor. The following patterns were considered: I) a shape in which an increase in the dispersion of RR intervals is observed with an increase in intervals was considered characteristic of a normal plot; II) a shape with little beat-to-beat global dispersion and without an increase in the dispersion of long-term RR intervals was considered characteristic of a plot with smaller variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>To analyse the data, the statistical program Graphpad Prism&#174; was used. The normal distribution of data was assessed through the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the description of the results was done as mean values &#177; standard deviation or median [interquartile intervals 25-75%]. To analyse the different intensities of smoking consumption, the unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney test was used, depending on the normality of the data. For the different degrees of nicotine dependency, the One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test or Kruskal-Wallis' test followed by Dunn's test were used, also depending on the normality of the data. Significance level used in the study: p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of individuals and lung funtion</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the personal, anthropometric and spirometric data of the smokers, separated according to intensity of smoking consumption. The groups were similar in relation to BMI and lung function. Statistically significant differences were found between moderate and severe smokers when the groups were compared by age, cigarettes smoked per day, years of smoking and packs/year.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characterization of smokers divided according to intensity of smoking consumption in relation to age, BMI, spirometric values and smoking habits, expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation and median [Interquartile interval 25 &#8211; 75%]</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables </th>
                <th>Moderate smokers</th>
                <th>Severe smokers</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Anthropometry</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender (M/F)</td>
                <td align="center">(7/27)</td>
                <td align="center">(29/20)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">53.76 &#177; 4.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">56.10 &#177; 4.74</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.0213</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">52.00 [50.00 &#8211; 56.25]</td>
                <td align="center">56.00 [52.00 &#8211; 59.00]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">BMI (kg/m<sup>(2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26.46 &#177; 4.84</td>
                <td align="center">26.12 &#177; 4.72</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.7673</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">26.54 [22.28 &#8211; 29.94]</td>
                <td align="center">26.00 [22.24 &#8211; 28.84]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Spirometric values</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FEV<sub>1</sub> (% Pred)</td>
                <td align="center">95.40 &#177; 11.33</td>
                <td align="center">95.68 &#177; 8.30</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.9112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">96.52 [86.00 &#8211; 104.30]</td>
                <td align="center">95.07 [90.58 &#8211; 99.89]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FVC (% Pred)</td>
                <td align="center">99.26 &#177; 12.47</td>
                <td align="center">97.81 &#177; 8.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.5851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">102.50 [87.14 &#8211; 108.80]</td>
                <td align="center">97.08 [91.14 &#8211; 103.20]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC</td>
                <td align="center">78.38 &#177; 4.60</td>
                <td align="center">78.46 &#177; 6.21</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.9560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">78.50 [75.35 &#8211; 82.15]</td>
                <td align="center">77.65 [73.85 &#8211; 83.28]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FEF<sub>25-75%</sub> (% Pred)</td>
                <td align="center">91.74 &#177; 22.93</td>
                <td align="center">96.97 &#177; 29.23</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.4571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">92,65 [78.20 &#8211; 105.00]</td>
                <td align="center">89.78 [77.81 &#8211; 116.30]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Smoking consumption history</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Time of smoking (years)</td>
                <td align="center">28.79 &#177; 7.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">38.31 &#177; 7.46</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">29.00 [20.00 &#8211; 35.50]</td>
                <td align="center">38.00 [33.00 &#8211; 42.50]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Cigarettes/day</td>
                <td align="center">12.82 &#177; 4.59<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">22.55 &#177; 6.77</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">10.00 [10.00 &#8211; 16.25]</td>
                <td align="center">20.00 [20.00 &#8211; 20.00]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Packs/year</td>
                <td align="center">17.05 &#177; 3.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">42.74 &#177; 13.34</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">18.63 [14.75 &#8211; 20.00]</td>
                <td align="center">40.00 [30.75 &#8211; 50.00]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>N: number of volunteers; M: male; F: female; BMI: body mass index; kg: kilogram; - m: meter; FEV<sub>1</sub>: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC: ratio between FEV<sub>1</sub> and FVC; FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>: forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Statistically significant difference in comparison to severe smokers.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents the personal, anthropometric and spirometric data of the smokers, separated according to nicotine dependency. The groups were similar as related to age, BMI and lung function. In the Fagerstr&#246;m questionnaire, according to the score obtained, there was statistically significant difference between the groups only in relation to nicotine dependency.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characterization of smokers devided according to nicotine dependency in relation to age, BMI, spirometric values and score in the Fagerstr&#246;m questionnaire, expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation and median [Interquartile interval 25 &#8211; 75%]</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mild smokers</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Moderate smokers</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Severe smokers</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Anthropometry</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender (M / F)</td>
                <td align="center">(5 / 13)</td>
                <td align="center">(15 / 18)</td>
                <td align="center">(16 / 16)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">56.06 &#177; 5.63</td>
                <td align="center">55.36 &#177; 3.75</td>
                <td align="center">54.41 &#177; 4.87</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.4043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">56.50 [50.00 &#8211; 60.25]</td>
                <td align="center">55.00 [52.00 &#8211; 59.00]</td>
                <td align="center">53.00 [50.25 &#8211; 57.00]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">BMI (kg/m<sup>(2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25.19 &#177; 5.03</td>
                <td align="center">26.90 &#177; 4.94</td>
                <td align="center">26.22 &#177; 4.38</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.4977</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">25.36 [21.94 &#8211; 26.99]</td>
                <td align="center">26.46 [22.31 &#8211; 30.68]</td>
                <td align="center">26.62 [22.46 &#8211; 28.63]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Spirometric values</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FEV<sub>1</sub> (% Pred)</td>
                <td align="center">94.05 &#177; 13.30</td>
                <td align="center">93.60 &#177; 8.06</td>
                <td align="center">98.57 &#177; 8.19</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.1629</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">93.21 [83.47 &#8211; 104.30]</td>
                <td align="center">94.10 [88.43 &#8211; 98.65]</td>
                <td align="center">98.12 [92.42 &#8211; 105.80]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FVC (% Pred)</td>
                <td align="center">98.30 &#177; 11.98</td>
                <td align="center">97.11 &#177; 10.67</td>
                <td align="center">99.86 &#177; 8.41</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.6472</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">98.18 [89.99 &#8211; 107.90]</td>
                <td align="center">97.42 [87.31 &#8211; 104.30]</td>
                <td align="center">100.20 [91.34 &#8211; 105.80]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC%</td>
                <td align="center">77.08 &#177; 5.27</td>
                <td align="center">77.82 &#177; 6.12</td>
                <td align="center">79.85 &#177; 4.99</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.2816</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">76.60 [73.75 &#8211; 80.60]</td>
                <td align="center">77.20 [73.45 &#8211; 82.75]</td>
                <td align="center">79.60 [77.00 &#8211; 83.60]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FEF<sub>25-75%</sub> (% Pred)</td>
                <td align="center">87.05 &#177; 28.98</td>
                <td align="center">89.20 &#177; 22.64</td>
                <td align="center">105.30 &#177; 27.33</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.0586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">90.15 [60.04 &#8211; 105.00]</td>
                <td align="center">87.58 [77.26 &#8211; 100.90]</td>
                <td align="center">95.08 [85.32 &#8211; 123.90]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Smoking Dependency</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Fagerstr&#246;m (SCORE)</td>
                <td align="center">2.66 &#177; 0.84<sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">5.48 &#177; 0.61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7.84 &#177; 1.01</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3.00 [3.00 &#8211; 3.00]</td>
                <td align="center">6.00 [5.00 &#8211; 6.00]</td>
                <td align="center">7.50 [7.00 &#8211; 8.75]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>N: number of volunteers; M: male; F: female; BMI: body mass index; kg: kilogram; m: meter; FEV<sub>1</sub>: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC: ratio between FEV<sub>1</sub> and FVC; FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>: forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Statistically significant difference in comparison to severe smokers. </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>Statistically significant difference in comparison to moderate and severe smokers.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indexes of HRV of smokers according to the intensity of smoking consumption and degree of nicotine dependency</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> depicts the indexes of HRV of the smokers, divided according to the intensity of smoking consumption. Statistically significant differences were found in the LF and HF indexes un, LF/HF ratio, and SD1/SD2 ratio</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>HRV indexes evaluated in the different groups of smokers according to the intensity of smoking consumption expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation and median [Interquartile interval 25 &#8211; 75%]</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>Moderate smokers</th>
                <th>Severe smokers</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">RR (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">819.40 &#177; 173.00</td>
                <td align="center">831.40 &#177;145.50</td>
                <td align="center">0.6467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">828.00 [743.50 &#8211; 885.80]</td>
                <td align="center">828.00 [743.50 &#8211; 885.80]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">SDNN (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">30.47 &#177; 12.77</td>
                <td align="center">31.20 &#177; 13.79</td>
                <td align="center">0.5943</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">29.00 [22.75 &#8211; 34.25]</td>
                <td align="center">31.00 [20.00 &#8211; 41.50]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">23.61 &#177; 9.54</td>
                <td align="center">21.01 &#177; 11.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.1538</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">22.45 [16.23 &#8211; 29.53]</td>
                <td align="center">18.70 [13.40 &#8211; 26.90]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">LFms<sup>(2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">77.82 &#177; 115.20</td>
                <td align="center">104.20 &#177; 138.40</td>
                <td align="center">0.3617</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">43.00 [25.00 &#8211; 86.25]</td>
                <td align="center">58.00 [23.50 &#8211; 128.00]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">HFms<sup>(2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">39.68 &#177; 49.93</td>
                <td align="center">32.69 &#177; 43.95</td>
                <td align="center">0.0776</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">23.50 [14.25 &#8211; 48.00]</td>
                <td align="center">16.00 [7.00 &#8211; 39.00]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">LFun</td>
                <td align="center">62.89 &#177; 15.24*</td>
                <td align="center">75.45 &#177; 10.28</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">64.85 [54.33 &#8211; 74.23]</td>
                <td align="center">77.30 [66.30 &#8211; 82.50]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">HFun</td>
                <td align="center">37.11 &#177; 15.24*</td>
                <td align="center">24.55 &#177; 10.28</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">35.15 [25.78 &#8211; 45.68]</td>
                <td align="center">22.70 [17.50 &#8211; 33.70]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">2.21 &#177; 1.47*</td>
                <td align="center">4.07 &#177; 2.94</td>
                <td align="center">0.0002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1.84 [1.19 &#8211; 2.89]</td>
                <td align="center">3.40 [1.96 &#8211; 4.72]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">SD1 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">16.99 &#177; 6.85</td>
                <td align="center">15.12 &#177; 7.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.1473</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">16.25 [11.65 &#8211; 21.08]</td>
                <td align="center">13.40 [9.55 &#8211; 19.30]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">SD2 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">47.03 &#177; 20.01</td>
                <td align="center">48.30 &#177; 21.41</td>
                <td align="center">0.7354</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">46.70 [32.85 &#8211; 53.43]</td>
                <td align="center">46.70 [31.10 &#8211; 58.50]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">SD1/SD2</td>
                <td align="center">0.38 &#177; 0.13*</td>
                <td align="center">0.31 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">0.0204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0.35 [0.27 &#8211; 0.45]</td>
                <td align="center">0.29 [0.23 &#8211; 0.36]</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>N : number of volunteers; ms: milliseconds; SDNN: Standard Deviation of Normal to Normal intervals; RMSSD: Root Mean Square of Successive Differences; LF: low frequency; un: normalized unit; HF: high frequency; SD1: standard deviation of the instantaneous beat to beat variability; SD2: standard deviation of the long-term continuous R-R intervals;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Statistically significant difference in comparison to severe smokers.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> depicts the HRV indexes of the smokers divided into groups, according to the degree of nicotine dependency. No significant differences were found in the analysed indexes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Indexes of HRV evaluated in the different groups of smokers according to the degree of nicotine dependency expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation and median [Interquartile interval 25 &#8211; 75%]</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables </th>
                <th align="center">Mild smokers</th>
                <th align="center">Moderate smokers</th>
                <th align="center">Severe smokers</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">RR (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">844.70 &#177; 82.51</td>
                <td align="center">840.5 &#177; 171.40</td>
                <td align="center">811.80 &#177; 179.10</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.6632</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">839.00 [788.00 &#8211; 937.00]</td>
                <td align="center">868.00 [782.00 &#8211; 888.00]</td>
                <td align="center">824.50[732.30 &#8211; 892.30]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">SDNN (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">29.78 &#177; 11.10</td>
                <td align="center">32.18 &#177; 14.16</td>
                <td align="center">30.69 &#177; 13.57</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.9287</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">30.00 [24.75 &#8211; 36.00]</td>
                <td align="center">31.00 [22.50 &#8211; 40.00]</td>
                <td align="center">29.00 [20.50 &#8211; 40.25]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">21.78 &#177; 7.44</td>
                <td align="center">23.68 &#177; 10.16</td>
                <td align="center">20.82 &#177; 12.10</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.3369</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">22.25 [17.23 &#8211; 26.98]</td>
                <td align="center">22.40 [15.40 &#8211; 30.45]</td>
                <td align="center">18.50 [13.53 &#8211; 26.15]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">LFms<sup>(2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">75.22 &#177; 56.72</td>
                <td align="center">108.20 &#177; 172.90</td>
                <td align="center">88.72 &#177; 105.20</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.9648</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">56.50 [21.75 &#8211; 131.00]</td>
                <td align="center">50.00 [24.00 &#8211; 101.50]</td>
                <td align="center">45.00 [24.25 &#8211; 118.80]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">HFms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28.11 &#177; 21.93</td>
                <td align="center">41.12 &#177; 43.32</td>
                <td align="center">34.31 &#177; 58.25</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.2748</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">22.00 [14.25 &#8211; 36.50]</td>
                <td align="center">24.00 [8.50 &#8211; 56.00]</td>
                <td align="center">15.50 [8.25 &#8211; 36.50]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">LFun</td>
                <td align="center">66.72 &#177; 11.07</td>
                <td align="center">68.81 &#177; 14.61</td>
                <td align="center">73.72 &#177; 14.35</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.0630</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">68.35 [60.13 &#8211; 75.80]</td>
                <td align="center">71.10 [60.45 &#8211; 80.05]</td>
                <td align="center">78.30 [65.53 &#8211; 83.00]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">HFun</td>
                <td align="center">33.28 &#177; 11.07</td>
                <td align="center">31.19 &#177; 14.61</td>
                <td align="center">26.28 &#177; 14.35</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.0630</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">31.65 [24.20 &#8211; 39.88]</td>
                <td align="center">28.90 [19.95 &#8211; 39.55]</td>
                <td align="center">21.70 [17.00 &#8211; 34.48]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">2.34 &#177; 1.19</td>
                <td align="center">3.02 &#177; 2.15</td>
                <td align="center">4.14 &#177; 3.32</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.0628</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2.16 [1.50 &#8211; 3.13]</td>
                <td align="center">2.46 [1.53 &#8211; 4.04]</td>
                <td align="center">3.61 [1.90 &#8211; 4.88]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">SD1 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">15.71 &#177; 5.40</td>
                <td align="center">17.04 &#177; 7.27</td>
                <td align="center">14.98 &#177; 8.65</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.3330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">16.15 [12.33 &#8211; 19.65]</td>
                <td align="center">16.10 [11.05 &#8211; 21.80]</td>
                <td align="center">13.40 [9.65 &#8211; 18.83]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">SD2 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">47.24 &#177; 19.07</td>
                <td align="center">49.88 &#177; 20.89</td>
                <td align="center">46.64 &#177; 21.47</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.7365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">46.50 [37.48 &#8211; 53.28]</td>
                <td align="center">48.60 [32.10 &#8211; 60.45]</td>
                <td align="center">45.80 [30.60 &#8211; 54.48]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">SD1/SD2</td>
                <td align="center">0.34 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">0.32 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.3203</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0.34 [0.28 &#8211; 0.39]</td>
                <td align="center">0.33 [0.25 &#8211; 0.42]</td>
                <td align="center">0.29 [0.23 &#8211; 0.38]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>N: number of volunteers; ms: milliseconds; SDNN: Standard Deviation of Normal to Normal intervals; RMSSD: Root Mean Square of Successive Differences; LF: low frequency; un: normalized unit; HF: high frequency; SD1: standard deviation of the instantaneous beat to beat variability; SD2: standard deviation of the long-term continuous R-R intervals.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualitative analyses of the Poincar&#233; plot</title>
        <p>The qualitative analyses of the Poincar&#233; plot is expressed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>, which show standard examples of the plot in smokers that presented SD1 and SD2 index values close to the mean, according to the intensity of smoking consumption and the degree of nicotine dependency, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Qualitative analysis of the Poincar&#233; plot in the different intensities of smoking consumption: moderate (individual A - SD1: 16,9 and SD2: 47) and severe (individual B - SD1: 15,2 and SD2: 50,4).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0510-60063-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Qualitative analysis of the Poincar&#233; plot in the different degrees of nicotine dependency: mild (individual A - SD1: 16.9 and SD2: 47), moderate (individual B - SD1: 17.8 and SD2: 52.9) and severe (individual C - SD1: 13.4 and SD2: 46.7).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0510-60063-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study evaluated the influence of smoking consumption and degree of nicotine dependency over cardiac autonomic modulation of smokers by using HRV indexes. The main results showed that smoking consumption alone had influence over the cardiac autonomic modulation of the assessed smokers. In the indexes that describe the HRV in the FD, the LFun index and the LF/HF ratio were increased in severe smokers, as opposed to the HFun index, which was significantly smaller in this group. This characterizes a sympathetic predominance in severe smokers, in comparison to moderate smokers. Carcigi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> found an enlarged LF/HF ratio in smokers with a consumption of over 20 cigarettes/day in comparison to non-smokers. Baructu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> observed that the length of smoking consumption showed a positive correlation with the LF/HF ratio, which characterizes a smaller vagal modulation and larger sympathetic modulation the longer the length of smoking consumption.</p>
      <p>In the quantitative of the Poincar&#233; plot, the SD1/SD2 ratio, which represents the ratio between the long and short-term variations of records of RR intervals, was significantly larger in moderate smokers, who, when compared to severe smokers, had better HRV.</p>
      <p>The qualitative Plot analysis did not show differences in the dispersion of RR intervals. However, the analyses of the plot of the different degrees of nicotine dependency showed that mild and moderate smokers present larger RR intervals when compared to severe smokers, but without significant differences. Reduced RR intervals, like the ones found in severe smokers, suggest a higher HR in resting in these individuals, which may be more predisposed to the surging of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> The HR may have a direct effect on the cardiovascular system, because it increases myocardial consumption of oxygen and induces fatigue, in addition to being associated with higher pressure levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, the studied population is considered between adults and seniors, between 50 and 70 years old, which may justify, in part, the obtained results in the analysed HRV indexes. The results show that the participants in the severe smokers group, separated by the intensity of smoking consumption, were older than the ones in the moderate smokers group. Literature shows that there is an influence of age in the autonomic modulation, that is, the older the individual, the higher the sympathetic action that can be observed; so this factor may have influenced the observed results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Age is an important determinant in autonomic modulation, with aging being associated to a progressive cardiac vagal decline as age advances,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> which may be considered a limitation in the present study. Paschoal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> found a reduction of the indicative values of parasympathetic activity and an increase in cardiac sympathetic activity, as from the 5<sup>th</sup> decade of life, in healthy individuals, when compared to younger individuals. Hering et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> showed that the autonomic responses depend on age in smokers as well and may result from alterations in the responses of the adrenal medulla, reduced clearance of norepinephrine and/or inhibition of the process of norepinephrine reabsorption, caused by chronic exposure to smoking.</p>
      <p>The biggest chronicity of smoking was shown to be related to lower vagal activity and higher sympathetic activity, as verified in other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> which characterize the decrease of HRV indexes in smokers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The reduction of HRV may be associated to health damages, and is a concerning factor associated to the increase in mortality and morbidity in several conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No differences were found in the cardiac autonomic modulation of the evaluated smokers, when comparing different degrees of nicotine dependency. This non-difference may support the evidence that personality traits may be more strongly associated to the dependency than the smoking itself.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Some authors are investigating the association between nicotine dependency and psychiatric disturbances such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Such evidence may appear from the assumption that, in the Fagerstr&#246;m questionnaire, only one question addresses the quantity of cigarettes smoked, per day, by the individual, while the others are related to his/her behavior.</p>
      <p>As a limitation of the study, the lack of a control group consisting of non-smoking individuals, and of tests to detect asymptomatic heart diseases may be pointed out. These factors could have contributed to a better understanding of the obtained results.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Only the intensity of smoking consumption had influences over cardiac autonomic modulation of the evaluated smokers. Smokers with severe smoking consumption intensity presented worse autonomic modulation than moderate ones.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juliana Tiyaki Ito, from Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#249;lio de Mesquita Filho".</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>To the <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo -</italic> The Research Support Foundation of S&#227;o Paulo - (FAPESP) for financing this present study.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do Consumo Tabag&#237;stico e Grau de Depend&#234;ncia Nicot&#237;nica na Modula&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Soares dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Dionei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Alice Soares dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Coelho Figueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ito</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Tiyaki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Peretti Prieto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Ercy Mara Cipulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Paula Soares dos Santos,</bold> Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia - Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT/UNESP). Rua Roberto Simonsen, n&#186; 305 - Centro Educacional. CEP 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>anasoares_santos@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos APS, Ramos D, Ito JT, Vanderlei LCM, Ramos EMC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos APS, Oliveira GM, Santos AAS, Freire APCF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos APS, Santos AAS, Freire APCF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos APS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ramos EMC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos APS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ramos D, Freire APCF, Ito JT, Fernandes RPP, Vanderlei LCM, Ramos EMC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O tabagismo altera a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico e do grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca avaliada por meio de &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>83 tabagistas, de ambos os sexos, faixa et&#225;ria entre 50 e 70 anos de idade e com fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar normal foram divididos de acordo com a intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico (moderado e grave) e o grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica (leve, moderado e grave). Os &#237;ndices de VFC foram analisados em condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso, em m&#233;todos lineares no dom&#237;nio do tempo (DT), dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia (DF) e pelo plot de Poincar&#233;. Para compara&#231;&#227;o do consumo tabag&#237;stico, foi utilizado teste t n&#227;o pareado ou Mann-Whitney. Para an&#225;lise entre os graus de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica, foi utilizado teste One-way ANOVA seguido de p&#243;s-teste de Tukey ou Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste de Dunn. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Diferen&#231;as s&#243; foram encontradas quando comparadas &#224;s diferentes intensidades do consumo tabag&#237;stico nos &#237;ndices no DF: LFun (62,89 &#177; 15,24 vs 75,45 &#177; 10,28), que corresponde ao componente espectral de baixa frequ&#234;ncia em unidades normalizadas; HFun (37,11 &#177; 15,24 vs 24,55 &#177; 10,28), que corresponde ao componente espectral de alta frequ&#234;ncia em unidades normalizadas e na rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF (2,21 &#177; 1,47 vs 4,07 &#177; 2,94). No entanto, na avalia&#231;&#227;o da depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Apenas a intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico promoveu influ&#234;ncias sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca dos tabagistas avaliados. Tabagistas com intensidade de consumo tabag&#237;stico grave apresentaram menor modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do que tabagistas moderados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>H&#225;bito de Fumar</kwd>
        <kwd>Uso de Tabaco/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtorno por Uso de Tabaco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Sabe-se que o tabagismo &#233; considerado um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica com alta incid&#234;ncia mundial. Estima-se que exista 1,3 bilh&#245;es de tabagistas no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Dessa forma, as consequ&#234;ncias do uso do tabaco v&#234;m, nos &#250;ltimos anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> despertando a aten&#231;&#227;o de pesquisadores. O uso cr&#244;nico do tabaco d&#225; origem &#224;s doen&#231;as tabaco-relacionadas, sendo as mais comuns relacionadas ao sistema respirat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entretanto, &#233; evidente que o fumo tem uma importante toxidade extrapulmonar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> o que pode representar respeit&#225;veis fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, como os preju&#237;zos sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es que o tabagismo promove na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca est&#227;o bem descritas na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e podem ser avaliadas por meio da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, que descreve as oscila&#231;&#245;es entre batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Eryonucu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> constataram que tabagistas apresentam menores &#237;ndices de VFC, resultado semelhante aos encontrados por Barutcu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> ao avaliarem a VFC durante manobras de respira&#231;&#227;o controlada e teste de for&#231;a muscular.</p>
        <p>A intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico, avaliada pela quantidade de cigarros consumida por dia, pode influenciar na severidade das altera&#231;&#245;es observadas na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Kupari et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> verificaram que indiv&#237;duos que fumavam 10 ou mais cigarros por dia apresentavam maior comprometimento na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que fumavam cargas menores. Al&#233;m disso, o risco de morte em tabagistas aumenta de acordo com o n&#250;mero de cigarros fumados por dia e anos de tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A intensidade da carga tabag&#237;stica est&#225; fortemente associada ao n&#237;vel de depend&#234;ncia &#224; nicotina, muitas vezes vista como o principal determinante do uso frequente do cigarro a fim de evitar sintomas de abstin&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em consequ&#234;ncia desse h&#225;bito mais intenso, os danos causados pelo tabaco tomam maiores propor&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de sua import&#226;ncia, busca na literatura pertinente n&#227;o encontrou estudos que abordassem a influ&#234;ncia, na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, dos n&#237;veis de depend&#234;ncia &#224; nicotina e do consumo tabag&#237;stico. Isso representa uma lacuna importante na literatura, visto que informa&#231;&#245;es dessa natureza podem permitir uma orienta&#231;&#227;o mais completa, ao tabagista, da import&#226;ncia da cessa&#231;&#227;o precoce desse h&#225;bito, al&#233;m de acrescentar, &#224; literatura, elementos relacionados ao tema exposto.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, o presesnte estudo tem, como objetivo, avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico e do grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca por meio de &#237;ndices de VFC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, do tipo transversal, no qual foram avaliados 83 indiv&#237;duos tabagistas, determinados por c&#225;lculo amostral, realizado considerando-se como vari&#225;vel a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF. A magnitude de diferen&#231;a significante assumida foi de 1,8, considerando um desvio padr&#227;o de 1,19, baseado em estudo piloto realizado com risco beta de 80%. O tamanho amostral, por grupo avaliado, resultou em 16 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, entre 50 e 70 anos de idade, com fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar normal atestada por espirometria. Estes indiv&#237;duos participaram de um programa de cessa&#231;&#227;o tabag&#237;stica denominado Programa de Orienta&#231;&#227;o e Conscientiza&#231;&#227;o Antitabagismo (PROCAT) da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias - FCT/UNESP, o qual tem por objetivo o tratamento de tabagistas por meio da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e medicamentosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>No estudo, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos que faziam uso de narc&#243;ticos ou medicamentos que influenciassem a atividade auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, etilistas e indiv&#237;duos que apresentassem doen&#231;as conhecidas, tais como infec&#231;&#245;es, doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas ou do sistema cardiorrespirat&#243;rio. O fluxograma de perdas do estudo est&#225; ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma de perdas do estudo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0510-60063-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os volunt&#225;rios foram devidamente informados sobre os procedimentos e objetivos deste estudo, ap&#243;s concordarem, assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, para fazer parte da poss&#237;vel amostra. Esta pesquisa foi submetida &#224; aprecia&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica FCT/UNESP de Presidente Prudente e aprovada pelo mesmo (processo n&#186; 18/2011), e todos os procedimentos seguiram a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo experimental</title>
          <p>O protocolo foi realizado no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, a fim de amenizar as influ&#234;ncias do ritmo circadiano, em sala com temperatura controlada a 23&#176;C e umidade relativa do ar entre 50 e 60%. Previamente &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o, os indiv&#237;duos foram orientados a abster-se de cigarro, cafe&#237;na e atividades f&#237;sicas por 12 horas antecedentes &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o do protocolo. A confirma&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de abstin&#234;ncia do fumo foi realizada por meio da capta&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de mon&#243;xido de carbono no ar exalado, utilizando-se o aparelho monox&#237;metro Micro CO (Micro Medical Limited, Rochester, Inglaterra), valores abaixo de 6 partes por milh&#227;o (ppm) foram considerados como abstinentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>No primeiro dia do protocolo foi realizada inicialmente a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o, mediante entrevista dos volunt&#225;rios, para obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados pessoais, h&#225;bito tabag&#237;stico (cigarros fumados por dia e anos de tabagismo para obten&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lculo de ma&#231;os/ano)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica, avaliado por meio de question&#225;rio Fagerstr&#246;m, o que possibilitou dividir os tabagistas em grupos.</p>
          <p>Para a divis&#227;o dos tabagistas, segundo a intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico, foi calculado o &#237;ndice de ma&#231;os/ano, dividindo-se por 20 o n&#250;mero de cigarros consumidos diariamente (quantidade de cigarros por ma&#231;o) e, em seguida, multiplicando-se esse valor pelos anos de hist&#243;rico de tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os tabagistas foram considerados moderados quando tinham um h&#225;bito tabag&#237;stico entre 10 e 20 ma&#231;os/ano, e graves quando tal h&#225;bito era superior a 20 ma&#231;os/ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Segundo o grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica, no entanto, os tabagistas foram divididos de acordo com a pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida no question&#225;rio de Fagerstr&#246;m, o qual &#233; composto por seis perguntas que abordam alguns dos h&#225;bitos tabag&#237;sticos, como hor&#225;rio do primeiro cigarro e quantidade consumida ao longo do dia, dificuldade em n&#227;o poder fumar em lugares proibidos, satisfa&#231;&#227;o pelo cigarro, frequ&#234;ncia do fumo no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; e em casos de doen&#231;a. Cada uma dessas alternativas recebe uma pontua&#231;&#227;o, que permite a classifica&#231;&#227;o em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de depend&#234;ncia: leve (0 a 3 pontos), moderada (4 a 6 pontos) e grave (7 a 10 pontos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ainda no primeiro dia do protocolo, foi realizada a mensura&#231;&#227;o de dados antropom&#233;tricos: peso (Balan&#231;a Antropom&#233;trica Digital W110 H - Welmy) e altura (Estadi&#244;metro Standard Sanny), para c&#225;lculo do &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (IMC) e, por fim, a mensura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar por meio de um espir&#244;metro port&#225;til (MIR - Spirobank - It&#225;lia) acoplado a um microcomputador. Os crit&#233;rios para sele&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise das curvas estavam de acordo com a American Thoracic Society e European Respiratory Society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Os valores de normalidade foram relativos &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>No segundo dia do protocolo, foi realizada a mensura&#231;&#227;o da VFC por meio da capta&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), batimento a batimento, utilizando-se o cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar S810i. Para isso, foram colocados uma cinta de capta&#231;&#227;o da FC posicionada ao n&#237;vel do processo xif&#243;ide do esterno e, no punho, o receptor de FC, que grava os dados recebidos. Ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos, os volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a permanecer 20 minutos sentados, em repouso, com respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de VFC foram utilizados 256 intervalos RR, selecionados do trecho mais est&#225;vel do tra&#231;ado, ap&#243;s filtragem digital, completada por filtragem manual para elimina&#231;&#227;o de artefatos e batimentos ect&#243;picos, e apenas s&#233;ries com mais de 95% de batimentos sinusais foram inclu&#237;das no estudo. A an&#225;lise foi processada pelo software Kubios (University of Kuopio, Finl&#226;ndia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>No dom&#237;nio do tempo (DT), foram utilizados a dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR e os &#237;ndices RMSSD (raiz quadrada da soma das diferen&#231;as sucessivas entre RR ao quadrado) e SDNN (desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de todos os RR normais), ambos expressos em milissegundos (ms). No dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia (DF), foram utilizados os componentes espectrais de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF, 0,04 - 0,15 Hz), os quais representam atividade simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica, com predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico e de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF, 0,15 - 0,40 Hz), que representa atividade parassimp&#225;tica em valores absolutos (ms&#178;) e em unidades normalizadas (un), assim como a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A an&#225;lise espectral foi calculada usando o algoritmo da Transformada R&#225;pida de Fourier.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O plot de Poincar&#233; tamb&#233;m foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise da VFC. A plotagem, graficamente, representa uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre consecutivos intervalos RR, em que cada ponto &#233; representado, no eixo horizontal X (abscissa), pelo intervalo RR normal precedente, e no eixo vertical Y (ordenada) pelo intervalo RR seguinte, e pode ser analisado quantitativa e qualitativamente por meio da montagem de uma elipse formada pela representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica dos intervalos RR. O centro dessa elipse &#233; determinado pela m&#233;dia dos intervalos RR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise quantitativa do plot pelo ajuste da elipse da figura formada pelo atrator, foram calculados os seguintes &#237;ndices: SD1 (desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento), SD2 (desvio-padr&#227;o em longo prazo dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos) e a rela&#231;&#227;o SD1/SD2, que mostra a raz&#227;o entre as varia&#231;&#245;es curta e longa dos intervalos RR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise qualitativa do <italic>plot</italic> foi feita por meio da an&#225;lise das figuras formadas por seu atrator. Foram considerados os seguintes padr&#245;es: I) uma figura na qual um aumento na dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR &#233; observada com aumento nos intervalos, caracter&#237;stica de um plot normal; II) uma figura com pouca dispers&#227;o global batimento a batimento e sem aumento na dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR a longo prazo, caracter&#237;stica de um plot com menor variabilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise dos dados, utilizou-se o programa estat&#237;stico Graphpad Prism&#174;. A normalidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e a descri&#231;&#227;o dos resultados foi realizada como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana [intervalo interquart&#237;lico 25-75%]. Para a an&#225;lise entre as diferentes intensidades do consumo tabag&#237;stico, foi utilizado o teste t n&#227;o pareado ou teste de Mann-Whitney, dependendo da normalidade dos dados, e para an&#225;lise entre os diferentes graus de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica, foi utilizado o teste One-way ANOVA seguido pelo teste de Tukey ou o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste de Dunn, tamb&#233;m dependendo da normalidade dos dados. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado no estudo foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos e fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados pessoais, antropom&#233;tricos e espirom&#233;tricos dos tabagistas separados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico. Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto ao IMC e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas entre os tabagistas moderados e graves, quando comparados os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, cigarros fumados por dia, anos de tabagismo e ma&#231;os/ano.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos tabagistas divididos segundo a intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico quanto &#224; idade, IMC, valores espirom&#233;tricos e h&#225;bito tabag&#237;stico, expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana [intervalo interquart&#237;lico 25 &#8211; 75%]</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis </th>
                  <th>Tabagistas moderados</th>
                  <th>Tabagistas graves</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Antropometria</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (M/F)</td>
                  <td align="center">(7/27)</td>
                  <td align="center">(29/20)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,76 &#177; 4,14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">56,10 &#177; 4,74</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,0213</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">52,00 [50,00 &#8211; 56,25]</td>
                  <td align="center">56,00 [52,00 &#8211; 59,00]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">IMC (kg/m<sup>(2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,46 &#177; 4,84</td>
                  <td align="center">26,12 &#177; 4,72</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,7673</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">26,54 [22,28 &#8211; 29,94]</td>
                  <td align="center">26,00 [22,24 &#8211; 28,84]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Valores espirom&#233;tricos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VEF<sub>1</sub> (% Pred)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,40 &#177; 11,33</td>
                  <td align="center">95,68 &#177; 8,30</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,9112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">96,52 [86,00 &#8211; 104,30]</td>
                  <td align="center">95,07 [90,58 &#8211; 99,89]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">CVF (% Pred)</td>
                  <td align="center">99,26 &#177; 12,47</td>
                  <td align="center">97,81 &#177; 8,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5851</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">102,50 [87,14 &#8211; 108,80]</td>
                  <td align="center">97,08 [91,14 &#8211; 103,20]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF</td>
                  <td align="center">78,38 &#177; 4,60</td>
                  <td align="center">78,46 &#177; 6,21</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,9560</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">78,50 [75,35 &#8211; 82,15]</td>
                  <td align="center">77,65 [73,85 &#8211; 83,28]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">FEF<sub>25-75%</sub> (% Pred)</td>
                  <td align="center">91,74 &#177; 22,93</td>
                  <td align="center">96,97 &#177; 29,23</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,4571</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">92,65 [78,20 &#8211; 105,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">89,78 [77,81 &#8211; 116,30]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico tabag&#237;stico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Tempo de tabagismo (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,79 &#177; 7,85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">38,31 &#177; 7,46</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">29,00 [20,00 &#8211; 35,50]</td>
                  <td align="center">38,00 [33,00 &#8211; 42,50]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Cigarros/dia</td>
                  <td align="center">12,82 &#177; 4,59<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">22,55 &#177; 6,77</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">10,00 [10,00 &#8211; 16,25]</td>
                  <td align="center">20,00 [20,00 &#8211; 20,00]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Ma&#231;os/ano</td>
                  <td align="center">17,05 &#177; 3,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">42,74 &#177; 13,34</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">18,63 [14,75 &#8211; 20,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">40,00 [30,75 &#8211; 50,00]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>N: n&#250;mero de volunt&#225;rios; M: sexo masculino; F: sexo feminino; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; kg: quilograma; m: metro; VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF: rela&#231;&#227;o entre VEF<sub>1</sub> e CVF; FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>: fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado entre 25 e 75% da CVF;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em compara&#231;&#227;o aos tabagistas graves.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os dados pessoais, antropom&#233;tricos e espirom&#233;tricos dos tabagistas separados quanto &#224; depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica. Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto &#224; idade, IMC e fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. No question&#225;rio Fagerstr&#246;m, segundo a pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida, houve, entre os grupos, diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos tabagistas divididos segundo a depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica quanto &#224; idade, IMC, valores espirom&#233;tricos e pontua&#231;&#227;o no question&#225;rio de Fagerstr&#246;m, expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana [intervalo interquart&#237;lico 25 &#8211; 75%]</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Tabagistas leves</th>
                  <th>Tabagistas moderados</th>
                  <th>Tabagistas graves</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Antropometria</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (M / F)</td>
                  <td align="center">(5 / 13)</td>
                  <td align="center">(15 / 18)</td>
                  <td align="center">(16 / 16)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,06 &#177; 5,63</td>
                  <td align="center">55,36 &#177; 3,75</td>
                  <td align="center">54,41 &#177; 4,87</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,4043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">56,50 [50,00 &#8211; 60,25]</td>
                  <td align="center">55,00 [52,00 &#8211; 59,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">53,00 [50,25 &#8211; 57,00]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">IMC (kg/m<sup>(2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,19 &#177; 5,03</td>
                  <td align="center">26,90 &#177; 4,94</td>
                  <td align="center">26,22 &#177; 4,38</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,4977</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">25,36 [21,94 &#8211; 26,99]</td>
                  <td align="center">26,46 [22,31 &#8211; 30,68]</td>
                  <td align="center">26,62 [22,46 &#8211; 28,63]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Valores Espirom&#233;tricos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VEF<sub>1</sub> (% Pred</td>
                  <td align="center">94,05 &#177; 13,30</td>
                  <td align="center">93,60 &#177; 8,06</td>
                  <td align="center">98,57 &#177; 8,19</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,1629</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">93,21 [83,47 &#8211; 104,30]</td>
                  <td align="center">94,10 [88,43 &#8211; 98,65]</td>
                  <td align="center">98,12 [92,42 &#8211; 105,80]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">CVF (% Pred)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,30 &#177; 11,98</td>
                  <td align="center">97,11 &#177; 10,67</td>
                  <td align="center">99,86 &#177; 8,41</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,6472</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">98,18 [89,99 &#8211; 107,90]</td>
                  <td align="center">97,42 [87,31 &#8211; 104,30]</td>
                  <td align="center">100,20 [91,34 &#8211; 105,80]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF%</td>
                  <td align="center">77,08 &#177; 5,27</td>
                  <td align="center">77,82 &#177; 6,12</td>
                  <td align="center">79,85 &#177; 4,99</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,2816</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">76,60 [73,75 &#8211; 80,60]</td>
                  <td align="center">77,20 [73,45 &#8211; 82,75]</td>
                  <td align="center">79,60 [77,00 &#8211; 83,60]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">FEF<sub>25-75%</sub> (% Pred)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,05 &#177; 28,98</td>
                  <td align="center">89,20 &#177; 22,64</td>
                  <td align="center">105,30 &#177; 27,33</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,0586</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">90,15 [60,04 &#8211; 105,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">87,58 [77,26 &#8211; 100,90]</td>
                  <td align="center">95,08 [85,32 &#8211; 123,90]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Depend&#234;ncia Tabag&#237;stica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Fagerstr&#246;m (pontos)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,66 &#177; 0,84<sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,48 &#177; 0,61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">7,84 &#177; 1,01</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3,00 [3,00 &#8211; 3,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">6,00 [5,00 &#8211; 6,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">7,50 [7,00 &#8211; 8,75]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>N: n&#250;mero de volunt&#225;rios; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; kg: quilograma; m: metro; VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF: rela&#231;&#227;o entre VEF<sub>1</sub> e CVF; FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>: fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado entre 25 e 75% da CVF.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante quando comparada aos tabagistas graves.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>(&#8224;)</label>
                <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante quando comparada aos tabagistas moderados e graves.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#205;ndices de VFC dos tabagistas segundo a intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico e o grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>, est&#227;o apresentados os &#237;ndices de VFC dos tabagistas divididos segundo a intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico. Diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas nos &#237;ndices LF e HF em un, rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF e rela&#231;&#227;o SD1/SD2 entre tabagistas moderados e graves.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndices de VFC avaliados nos diferentes grupos de tabagistas segundo a intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana [intervalo interquart&#237;lico 25 &#8211; 75%]</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Tabagistas moderados</th>
                  <th>Tabagistas graves</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">RR (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">819,40 &#177; 173,00</td>
                  <td align="center">831,40 &#177;145,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6467</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">828,00 [743,50 &#8211; 885,80]</td>
                  <td align="center">828,00 [743,50 &#8211; 885,80]</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">SDNN (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,47 &#177; 12,77</td>
                  <td align="center">31,20 &#177; 13,79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5943</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">29,00 [22,75 &#8211; 34,25]</td>
                  <td align="center">31,00 [20,00 &#8211; 41,50]</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,61 &#177; 9,54</td>
                  <td align="center">21,01 &#177; 11,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1538</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">22,45 [16,23 &#8211; 29,53]</td>
                  <td align="center">18,70 [13,40 &#8211; 26,90]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">LFms<sup>(2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">77,82 &#177; 115,20</td>
                  <td align="center">104,20 &#177; 138,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3617</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">43,00 [25,00 &#8211; 86,25]</td>
                  <td align="center">58,00 [23,50 &#8211; 128,00]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">HFms<sup>(2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">39,68 &#177; 49,93</td>
                  <td align="center">32,69 &#177; 43,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0776</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">23,50 [14,25 &#8211; 48,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">16,00 [7,00 &#8211; 39,00]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">LFun</td>
                  <td align="center">62,89 &#177; 15,24*</td>
                  <td align="center">75,45 &#177; 10,28</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">64,85 [54,33 &#8211; 74,23]</td>
                  <td align="center">77,30 [66,30 &#8211; 82,50]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">HFun</td>
                  <td align="center">37,11 &#177; 15,24*</td>
                  <td align="center">24,55 &#177; 10,28</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">35,15 [25,78 &#8211; 45,68]</td>
                  <td align="center">22,70 [17,50 &#8211; 33,70]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">LF/HF</td>
                  <td align="center">2,21 &#177; 1,47*</td>
                  <td align="center">4,07 &#177; 2,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1,84 [1,19 &#8211; 2,89]</td>
                  <td align="center">3,40 [1,96 &#8211; 4,72]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">SD1 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,99 &#177; 6,85</td>
                  <td align="center">15,12 &#177; 7,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1473</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">16,25 [11,65 &#8211; 21,08]</td>
                  <td align="center">13,40 [9,55 &#8211; 19,30]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">SD2 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,03 &#177; 20,01</td>
                  <td align="center">48,30 &#177; 21,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7354</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">46,70 [32,85 &#8211; 53,43]</td>
                  <td align="center">46,70 [31,10 &#8211; 58,50]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">SD1/SD2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38 &#177; 0,13*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0204</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0,35 [0,27 &#8211; 0,45]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 [0,23 &#8211; 0,36]</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>N: n&#250;mero de volunt&#225;rios; ms: milissegundos; SDNN: desvio-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de todos os intervalos RR normais; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; un: unidade normalizada; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; SD1: desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento; SD2: desvio-padr&#227;o em longo prazo dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em compara&#231;&#227;o aos tabagistas graves.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta os &#237;ndices de VFC dos tabagistas divididos em grupos segundo o grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas nos &#237;ndices analisados.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndices de VFC avaliados nos diferentes grupos de tabagistas segundo o grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana [intervalo interquart&#237;lico 25 &#8211; 75%]</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis </th>
                  <th align="center">Tabagistas leves</th>
                  <th align="center">Tabagistas moderados</th>
                  <th align="center">Tabagistas graves</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">RR (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">844,70 &#177; 82,51</td>
                  <td align="center">840,5 &#177; 171,40</td>
                  <td align="center">811,80 &#177; 179,10</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,6632</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">839,00 [788,00 &#8211; 937,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">868,00 [782,00 &#8211; 888,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">824,50[732,30 &#8211; 892,30]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">SDNN (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,78 &#177; 11,10</td>
                  <td align="center">32,18 &#177; 14,16</td>
                  <td align="center">30,69 &#177; 13,57</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,9287</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">30,00 [24,75 &#8211; 36,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">31,00 [22,50 &#8211; 40,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">29,00 [20,50 &#8211; 40,25]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,78 &#177; 7,44</td>
                  <td align="center">23,68 &#177; 10,16</td>
                  <td align="center">20,82 &#177; 12,10</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,3369</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">22,25 [17,23 &#8211; 26,98]</td>
                  <td align="center">22,40 [15,40 &#8211; 30,45]</td>
                  <td align="center">18,50 [13,53 &#8211; 26,15]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">LFms<sup>(2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">75,22 &#177; 56,72</td>
                  <td align="center">108,20 &#177; 172,90</td>
                  <td align="center">88,72 &#177; 105,20</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,9648</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">56,50 [21,75 &#8211; 131,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">50,00 [24,00 &#8211; 101,50]</td>
                  <td align="center">45,00 [24,25 &#8211; 118,80]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">HFms<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28,11 &#177; 21,93</td>
                  <td align="center">41,12 &#177; 43,32</td>
                  <td align="center">34,31 &#177; 58,25</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,2748</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">22,00 [14,25 &#8211; 36,50]</td>
                  <td align="center">24,00 [8,50 &#8211; 56,00]</td>
                  <td align="center">15,50 [8,25 &#8211; 36,50]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">LFun</td>
                  <td align="center">66,72 &#177; 11,07</td>
                  <td align="center">68,81 &#177; 14,61</td>
                  <td align="center">73,72 &#177; 14,35</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,0630</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">68,35 [60,13 &#8211; 75,80]</td>
                  <td align="center">71,10 [60,45 &#8211; 80,05]</td>
                  <td align="center">78,30 [65,53 &#8211; 83,00]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">HFun</td>
                  <td align="center">33,28 &#177; 11,07</td>
                  <td align="center">31,19 &#177; 14,61</td>
                  <td align="center">26,28 &#177; 14,35</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,0630</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">31,65 [24,20 &#8211; 39,88]</td>
                  <td align="center">28,90 [19,95 &#8211; 39,55]</td>
                  <td align="center">21,70 [17,00 &#8211; 34,48]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">LF/HF</td>
                  <td align="center">2,34 &#177; 1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">3,02 &#177; 2,15</td>
                  <td align="center">4,14 &#177; 3,32</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,0628</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2,16 [1,50 &#8211; 3,13]</td>
                  <td align="center">2,46 [1,53 &#8211; 4,04]</td>
                  <td align="center">3,61 [1,90 &#8211; 4,88]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">SD1 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,71 &#177; 5,40</td>
                  <td align="center">17,04 &#177; 7,27</td>
                  <td align="center">14,98 &#177; 8,65</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,3330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">16,15 [12,33 &#8211; 19,65]</td>
                  <td align="center">16,10 [11,05 &#8211; 21,80]</td>
                  <td align="center">13,40 [9,65 &#8211; 18,83]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">SD2 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,24 &#177; 19,07</td>
                  <td align="center">49,88 &#177; 20,89</td>
                  <td align="center">46,64 &#177; 21,47</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,7365</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">46,50 [37,48 &#8211; 53,28]</td>
                  <td align="center">48,60 [32,10 &#8211; 60,45]</td>
                  <td align="center">45,80 [30,60 &#8211; 54,48]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">SD1/SD2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,3203</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0,34 [0,28 &#8211; 0,39]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 [0,25 &#8211; 0,42]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 [0,23 &#8211; 0,38]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>N: n&#250;mero de volunt&#225;rios; ms: milissegundos; SDNN: desvio-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de todos os intervalos RR normais; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; un: unidade normalizada; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; SD1: desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento; SD2: desvio-padr&#227;o em longo prazo dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise qualitativa do plot de Poincar&#233;</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise qualitativa do plot de Poincar&#233; est&#225; expressa nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>, que mostram exemplos padr&#245;es do plot em tabagistas que apresentaram valores dos &#237;ndices SD1 e SD2 pr&#243;ximos aos da m&#233;dia, segundo a intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico e o grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise qualitativa do plot de Poincar&#233; nas diferentes intensidades do consumo tabag&#237;stico: moderada (indiv&#237;duo A - SD1: 16,9 e SD2: 47) e grave (indiv&#237;duo B - SD1: 15,2 e SD2: 50,4).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0510-60063-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise qualitativa do plot de Poincar&#233; nos diferentes graus de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica: leve (indiv&#237;duo A - SD1: 16,9 e SD2: 47), moderado (indiv&#237;duo B - SD1: 17,8 e SD2: 52,9) e grave (indiv&#237;duo C - SD1: 13,4 e S D2: 46,7).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0510-60063-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo avaliou, por meio de &#237;ndices de VFC, a influ&#234;ncia do consumo tabag&#237;stico e do grau de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca de tabagistas. Os principais resultados demonstraram que apenas o consumo tabag&#237;stico promoveu influ&#234;ncia sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca dos tabagistas avaliados.</p>
        <p>Nos &#237;ndices que descrevem a VFC no DF, o &#237;ndice LFun e a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF encontraram-se aumentados nos fumantes graves, oposto do que ocorreu com o &#237;ndice HFun, significativamente menor neste grupo, o que caracteriza um maior predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico nos tabagistas graves quando comparado ao dos moderados. Carcigi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF aumentada em tabagistas com consumo maior que 20 cigarros/dia comparado a dos n&#227;o fumantes. Baructu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> observaram que o tempo de tabagismo apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a raz&#227;o LF/HF, o que caracteriza menor modula&#231;&#227;o vagal e maior modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, quanto maior o tempo de tabagismo.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise quantitativa do plot de Poincar&#233;, a rela&#231;&#227;o SD1/SD2, que representa a raz&#227;o entre as varia&#231;&#245;es curta e longa de registro dos intervalos RR, mostrou-se significativamente maior nos tabagistas moderados, indicando melhor VFC nesses indiv&#237;duos, quando comparados aos tabagistas graves.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise qualitativa do plot de Poincar&#233; n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a na dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR. No entanto, ao se analisar o plot dos diferentes graus de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica, verifica-se que os tabagistas leves e moderados apresentam maiores intervalos RR quando comparados aos tabagistas graves, entretanto sem diferen&#231;as significativas. Intervalos RR reduzidos, assim como os encontrados nos tabagistas graves, sugerem uma maior FC em repouso nesses indiv&#237;duos, os quais podem estar mais predispostos ao surgimento de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A FC pode ter um efeito direto sobre o sistema cardiovascular, pois aumenta o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio e induz fadiga, al&#233;m de estar associada a maiores n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada &#233; considerada entre adultos e idosos, numa faixa et&#225;ria entre 50 e 70 anos de idade, o que pode justificar, em parte, os resultados obtidos nos &#237;ndices de VFC analisados. Os resultados mostram que os participantes do grupo de tabagistas graves, separados pela intensidade de consumo tabag&#237;stico, eram mais velhos que os do grupo de tabagistas moderados. A literatura aponta que existe influ&#234;ncia da idade na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, ou seja, quanto mais velho o indiv&#237;duo, maior atua&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica pode ser observada podendo, tal fator, ter influenciado os resultados observados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A idade &#233; um importante determinante da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, sendo que o envelhecimento &#233; associado a um decl&#237;nio vagal card&#237;aco de forma progressiva com o avan&#231;ar da idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> o que pode ser considerado uma limita&#231;&#227;o no presente estudo. Paschoal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> constataram redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores indicativos da atividade parassimp&#225;tica e aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, a partir da quinta d&#233;cada de vida, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos mais jovens. Hering et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> apontaram que as respostas auton&#244;micas s&#227;o dependentes da idade tamb&#233;m em tabagistas e podem resultar das altera&#231;&#245;es nas respostas da medula adrenal, da redu&#231;&#227;o na depura&#231;&#227;o de norepinefrina e/ou da inibi&#231;&#227;o do processo de reabsor&#231;&#227;o desta, decorrente da exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao tabagismo.</p>
        <p>A maior cronicidade do fumo mostrou estar relacionada com menor atividade vagal e maior atividade simp&#225;tica, assim como verificado em outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> que se caracterizam em diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de VFC em fumantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC pode estar associada a comprometimentos na sa&#250;de, e &#233; um fator preocupante, associado ao aumento da mortalidade e da morbidade em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca dos tabagistas avaliados, ao comparar os diferentes graus de depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica. Essa n&#227;o diferen&#231;a pode sustentar as evid&#234;ncias de que caracter&#237;sticas de personalidade podem ser mais fortemente associadas &#224; depend&#234;ncia do que o tabagismo em si.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Alguns autores v&#234;m investigando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre depend&#234;ncia nicot&#237;nica e perturba&#231;&#245;es psiqui&#225;tricas espec&#237;ficas como depress&#227;o, ansiedade, esquizofrenia, entre outras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Tais evid&#234;ncias podem surgir do pressuposto de que, no question&#225;rio de Fagerstr&#246;m, apenas uma quest&#227;o aborda a quantidade de cigarros fumados, por dia, pelo indiv&#237;duo, estando as demais relacionadas ao comportamento dele.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo podem ser apontadas a falta de um grupo de controle composto por indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tabagistas e da realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes para detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias assintom&#225;ticas. Esses fatores poderiam contribuir para melhor compreens&#227;o dos resultados obtidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apenas a intensidade do consumo tabag&#237;stico promoveu influ&#234;ncias sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca dos tabagistas avaliados. Tabagistas com intensidade de consumo tabag&#237;stico grave apresentaram pior modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do que os moderados</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Juliana Tiyaki Ito pela Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#249;lio de Mesquita Filho".</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>&#192; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) pelo financiamento do presente estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
