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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6YHRm6TMZv8PwWXNMQrdRRL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000600491</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005014103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160076</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Spirituality and Adherence to Management in Outpatients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alvarez</surname>
            <given-names>Juglans Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Hoefel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zandavalli</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Cristina Brugalli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zandavalli</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Brugalli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belli</surname>
            <given-names>Karlyse Claudino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Neusa Sica da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fleck</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Pio de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Heart Failure Program, Division of Cardiology, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Psychiatry</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Nadine Clausell</bold>, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Division of Cardiology - room 2060. Postal Code 90035903, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>nclausell@hcpa.edu.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: : Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Rocha NS, Fleck MPA, Clausell N. Acquisition of data: Alvarez JS, Zandavalli MCB, Zandavalli RB, Belli KC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Rocha NS, Fleck MPA. Statistical analysis: Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Rocha NS. Obtaining financing: Alvarez JS. Writing of the manuscript: Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Clausell N. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Rocha NS, Fleck MPA, Clausell N. Supervision / as the major investigador: Alvarez JS, Clausell N. Formatting and translation: Zandavalli RB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>6</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>491</fpage>
      <lpage>501</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Spirituality may influence how patients cope with their illness.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We assessed whether spirituality may influence adherence to management of outpatients with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross sectional study enrolling consecutive ambulatory heart failure patients in whom adherence to multidisciplinary treatment was evaluated. Patients were assessed for quality of life, depression, religiosity and spirituality utilizing validated questionnaires. Correlations between adherence and psychosocial variables of interest were obtained. Logistic regression models explored independent predictors of adherence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>One hundred and thirty patients (age 60 &#177; 13 years; 67% male) were interviewed. Adequate adherence score was observed in 38.5% of the patients. Neither depression nor religiosity was correlated to adherence, when assessed separately. Interestingly, spirituality, when assessed by both total score sum (r = 0.26; p = 0.003) and by all specific domains, was positively correlated to adherence. Finally, the combination of spirituality, religiosity and personal beliefs was an independent predictor of adherence when adjusted for demographics, clinical characteristics and psychosocial instruments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Spirituality, religiosity and personal beliefs were the only variables consistently associated with compliance to medication in a cohort of outpatients with heart failure. Our data suggest that adequately addressing these aspects on patient&#8217;s care may lead to an improvement in adherence patterns in the complex heart failure management.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence / psychology</kwd>
        <kwd>Surveys and Questionnaires</kwd>
        <kwd>Outpatients</kwd>
        <kwd>Spirituality</kwd>
        <kwd>Religion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) continues to challenge multidisciplinary health care teams. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Its prevalence remains elevated and its management usually requires poly-pharmacy along with satisfactory self-awareness of the disease. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The course of HF, in its chronicity and frequently inexorable outcomes, shares similarities with many cancer diseases and resembles their impact on poor quality of life standards. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Patients face important limitations to adequately adhere to the complexity of HF management. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Adherence appears as an important aspect in the course of HF. It influences patients' pattern of decompensation and subsequent hospital re-admissions. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In addition, adequate adherence standards may help to improve quality of life. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Many factors are thought to influence patient adherence to HF management. Clinical aspects such as comorbidities commonly associated with HF have been addressed in this regard. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Socio-economic background, psychological aspects and patients' level of formal education have also been investigated as influential in adherence patterns in the HF population. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nonetheless, data addressing such issues on large cohorts being followed in specialized HF clinics remains scarce.</p>
      <p>Spirituality has recently been studied in the setting of chronic diseases with poor quality of life and predictable ominous outcomes. Spiritual wellbeing refers to one's spirituality as "the state of affairs".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This concept has been applied to unravel specifics on spiritual status in the palliative care setting, but very little data exists on spirituality associated to such a chronic and prevalent condition as HF. Spirituality has been shown to potentially influence how patients with HF cope with their syndrome, consequently having an impact on functional status, health status and quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Recent data indicates that spirituality could favorably influence mortality in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, how spirituality relates to adherence patterns in stable outpatients with HF remains relatively unexplored. Few reports with controversial results, partially limited by convenience sampling and instruments utilized, failed to demonstrate a positive association between spirituality and degree of compliance in HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Nevertheless, for many other chronic disorders there is sustained evidence that spirituality could improve compliance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, we examined associations between spirituality and adherence to management in outpatients with HF, independently of psychosocial and educational background.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study which enrolled HF outpatients followed at a tertiary care University Hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from August, 2012 to June, 2013. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Research and Ethics Committee and all enrolled participants signed a written informed consent prior to study entry.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>Consecutive ambulatory patients (mainly composed by patients with newly diagnosed left ventricular dysfunction, post HF hospital admission and/or refractory symptoms) being followed for a minimum of six months in the HF Clinic at the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre were invited to participate. Patients in any New York Heart Association functional class, regardless of HF etiology, were eligible. Exclusion criteria were inability to understand the study protocol and to answer the questions without assistance due to cognitive impairment or auditory deficit.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study end-points and procedures</title>
          <p>Patients were assessed for adherence to therapy, quality of life, depression, religiosity and spirituality utilizing validated questionnaires. All utilized instruments were previously validated to Brazilian Portuguese language.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Interviews were performed following the clinic appointment by research staff previously trained in questionnaire application. Time required for answering all the instruments ranged from 50 to 70 minutes. Patients answered questions orally and staff filled questionnaires as requested. Demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained from electronic chart review and clinical data were acquired during the clinic visit by a researcher who was unaware of questionnaire results. Definitions of psychosocial variables of interest are detailed below.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Adherence to therapy.</italic></bold> The adherence to pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapy was assessed according to the Repetitive Education and Monitoring For Adherence for Heart Failure (REMADHE) study protocol, which has been adapted and is currently used in clinical practice in our HF Clinic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The questionnaire is composed by ten-questions involving four domains: use of medications (one question); food and fluids (seven questions); alcohol consumption (one question); and medical appointments (one question). The score ranges between 0 and 26 points, with higher scores indicating better patient's adherence. A REMADHE score equal to or higher than 18 points indicates adequate level of adherence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p><bold>Quality of life:</bold> Two instruments were used to assess quality of life: generic and disease-specific questionnaires. Generic quality of life assessment was performed with the utilization of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQoL-Bref) while disease-specific was assessed by the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The WHOQoL-Bref is an abbreviated version of the WHOQOL-100 which is composed of 26 questions: a question about quality of life in general, a question about satisfaction with one's self health status, and 24 questions divided into four domains - physical, psychological, social relations and environment. The MLHFQ evaluates quality of life related to HF symptomatology within the previous month and correlates proportionally to functional class.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Higher WHOQoL-Bref scores indicate better quality of life in general, whereas lower MLHFQ represent better HF-related quality of life.</p>
          <p><bold>Depression:</bold> Depression was evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), which is a screening tool for detection of depression, based on symptom occurrence within the previous two weeks. It comprehends nine questions based on the major criteria for the diagnosis of major depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Depression is classified, according to the score, as moderate depressive symptoms (total score between 10 and 14), moderate major depression (score between 15 and 19) and severe major depression (score equal or higher than 20).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p><bold>Religiosity, Spirituality and Personal Beliefs:</bold> Two instruments were used to evaluate these dimensions.</p>
          <p>1) The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) scale is a tool for assessment of spirituality that is focused on religious aspects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Its transcultural adaptation was developed and validated by Moreira-Almeida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The DUREL scale has five items that describe three dimensions of religiosity, known to best correlate with health-related outcomes: organizational (ORA); non-organizational (NORA); and intrinsic religiosity (IR). The score ranges from 1 to 30 points and higher scores indicate elevated levels of religiosity.</p>
          <p>2) The World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiosity and Personal Beliefs (WHOQoL-SRPB) instrument is an additional module of the WHOQOL to evaluate spirituality, religion and personal beliefs (SRPB) as a component of the quality of life construct. It is composed by 32 items distributed in eight factors (Spiritual Connection, Meaning of Life, Awe &amp; Wonder, Wholeness &amp; Integration, Spiritual Strength, Inner Peace, Hope &amp; Optimism and Faith) in a general index composed of 4 items (SRPB Global), originally of the SRPB domain of the WHOQOL-100.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Normally distributed (according to Shapiro-Wilks testing) continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, while non-normally distributed ones were expressed as median and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables were reported as absolute numbers and percentages. Normally distributed continuous variables were analyzed by unpaired <italic>t-</italic>test. Non-normally distributed continuous variables were analyzed using Mann Whitney U test. Chi-square test (or exact Fisher test when appropriate) was used to compare categorical variables. Spearman coefficients were used for evaluation of correlations between adherence and psychosocial variables of interest. Kruskal Wallis was used to compare scores of spirituality across REMADHE quartiles. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association of spirituality to an adequate level of adherence (REMADHE &#8805; 18 points). Adjusting covariates for multivariable models were tested for colinearity and selected among demographic, clinical and psychosocial variables of either clinical or statistical significance. The report by Black and co-workers, that correlated spirituality and adherence utilizing different instruments, was used to estimate a sample size of 130 subjects in the current study (&#945; = 5%, &#946; = 80%; effect size 25%). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> All analyses were performed using the SPSS 20.0 statistical package (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). A p value lower than 0.05 was considered of statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>One hundred and thirty patients were interviewed between August, 2012 and June, 2013. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the studied population are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. A description of the average scores obtained through the study instruments is provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Overall, there was a low level of adherence, according to REMADHE scores. Adequate adherence was observed in 38.5% of the population.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col width="60%"/>
            <col width="39%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">N</th>
              <th align="center">130</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Demographics</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Age, years</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Gender, male</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">88 (67.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Caucasian</td>
              <td align="center">113 (87%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">African-descendent</td>
              <td align="center">9 (7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Other</td>
              <td align="center">8 (6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Education</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Functionally illiterate</td>
              <td align="center">5 (4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Elementary, non-graduated</td>
              <td align="center">79 (61%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Elementary, graduated</td>
              <td align="center">26 (20%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">High school, non-graduated</td>
              <td align="center">6 (5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">High school, graduated</td>
              <td align="center">14 (11%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Marital status</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Single</td>
              <td align="center">31 (24%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Married</td>
              <td align="center">78 (60%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Divorced</td>
              <td align="center">15 (11.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Widowed</td>
              <td align="center">6 (4.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">Heart failure history</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Etiology</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">42 (32.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Idiopathic</td>
              <td align="center">28 (21.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">29 (22.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Valvular</td>
              <td align="center">14 (10%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Alcoholic</td>
              <td align="center">10 (7.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Other</td>
              <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Ejection fraction, %</td>
              <td align="center">36 &#177; 13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Functional class, NYHA</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">I-II</td>
              <td align="center">97 (74.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">III-IV</td>
              <td align="center">33 (25.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Cardiac devices (ICD or CRT-D)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (18%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Hospital admissions in the previous year</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">None</td>
              <td align="center">82 (63%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">One</td>
              <td align="center">26 (20%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">More than one</td>
              <td align="center">22 (17%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">75 (57.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">64 (49%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Previous myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">39 (30%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Previous cardiac surgery</td>
              <td align="center">24 (18.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">50 (38.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">10 (7.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Chronic kidney impairment</td>
              <td align="center">52 (40%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke</td>
              <td align="center">20 (15.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Collagen tissue disease</td>
              <td align="center">11 (9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Smoking, past or present</td>
              <td align="center">66 (50.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Alcoholism, past or present</td>
              <td align="center">29 (22.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
              <td align="center">18 (14%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; ICD: implantable cardiac defibrillator; CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Data expressed as mean &#177; SD and number (percentage). Ejection fraction assessed by bi-dimensional echocardiography (Simpson method).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Description of psychosocial instruments applied in the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="5%"/>
            <col width="75%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">N</th>
              <th align="center">130</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Adherence (REMADHE)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">16.2 &#177; 4.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Quality of life</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Generic (WHOQoL-Bref)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 &#177; 3.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Domains</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Physical</td>
              <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Psychological</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 2.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Social</td>
              <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 2.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Environmental</td>
              <td align="center">14.8 &#177; 1.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Disease-specific (MLHFQ)</td>
              <td align="center">50.5 &#177; 16.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Depression (PHQ-9)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 5.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Religiosity (DUREL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
              <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 4.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Intrinsic</td>
              <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 2.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Organizational</td>
              <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 1.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Non-organizational</td>
              <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 1.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Spirituality (WHOQoL-SRPB)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">Domains</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Connect</td>
              <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Meaning</td>
              <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 0.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Awe</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Whole</td>
              <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 0.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Strength</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Peace</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Hope</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Faith</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>REMADHE: Repetitive Education and Monitoring for Adherence for Heart Failure; WHOQoL-Bref: World Health Organization Quality of Life; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire 9; DUREL: Duke University Religion Index; WHOQoL-SRPB: World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiosity and Personal Beliefs; Data expressed as mean &#177; SD.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The correlations between the adherence score with clinical characteristics and psychosocial scores are demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. A description of associations of demographic and clinical variables with the adherence score is also described in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Supplemental Table</xref>. Among demographics, REMADHE score differed only according to marital status. Clinical characteristics associated to higher adherence scores were ischemic HF etiology, presence of an implantable cardiac defibrillator and chronic kidney impairment. Adherence was positively correlated to the generic quality-of-life measure, but not to the disease-specific HF score. Neither depression nor religiosity was correlated to adherence. Interestingly, spirituality, when assessed by both total WHOQoL-SRPB score sum and by many specific domains, was positively correlated to adherence. Although significantly correlated to adherence score, the magnitude of spirituality association was relatively weak (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Notably, there was a trend towards higher spirituality scores across quartiles of the adherence score (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations of clinical and psychosocial variables with adherence score (REMADHE)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="5%"/>
            <col width="65%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center">r</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Clinical characteristics</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction, %</td>
              <td align="center">-0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">NYHA functional class</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Quality of Life</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Generic (WHOQoL-Bref)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">Domains</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Physical</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Psychological</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Social</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Environmental</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Disease-specific (MLHFQ)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">-0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Depression (PHQ-9)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">-0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Religiosity (DUREL)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Intrinsic</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Organizational</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Non-organizational</td>
              <td align="center">-0.006</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Spirituality (WHOQoL-SRPB)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">Domains</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Connect</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Meaning</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Awe</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Whole</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Strength</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Peace</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Hope</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Faith</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>REMADHE: Repetitive Education and Monitoring for Adherence for Heart Failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; WHOQoL-Bref: World Health Organization Quality of Life; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire 9; DUREL: Duke University Religion Index; WHOQoL-SRPB: World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiosity and Personal Beliefs; r: indicates Spearman coefficients; p: for Spearman coefficients.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation plot between adherence (REMADHE) and spirituality (WHOQoL-SRPB) scores (Spearman coefficient = 0.26; p = 0.003)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0491-60076-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Score of spirituality (WHOQoL-SRPB) according to quartiles of adherence as per REMADHE score. p-value of 0.052 by Kruskal-Wallis test Error bars represent standard-deviation.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0491-60076-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Spirituality was also found to be significantly correlated to other psychosocial variables evaluated. WHOQoL-SRPB was moderately correlated to both generic (WHOQoL-Bref [r = 0.47; p = 0.0001]) and disease-specific (MLHFQ [r = -0.34; p = 0.0001]) measures of quality-of-life. There was an inverse correlation between WHOQoL-SRPB and depression classification by PHQ-9 (r = -0.49; p &lt; 0.0001). Of note, there was a positive correlation between WHOQoL-SRPB and religiosity assessed by DUREL (r= 0.55; p= 0.0001), which was also observed within domains of both instruments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations between spirituality and religiosity scores</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">DUREL</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">DUREL-ORA</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">DUREL-NORA</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">DUREL-IR</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">r</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">r</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">r</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">r</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>WHOQoL-SRPB</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Connect</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Meaning</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Awe</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Whole</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Strength</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Peace</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Hope</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Faith</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>DUREL: Duke University Religion Index; ORA: organizational religious activity; NORA: non-organizational religious activity; IR: intrinsic religiosity; WHOQoL-SRPB: World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiosity and Personal Beliefs; r: indicates Spearman coefficient; p: for Spearman coefficients.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Among multivariable models to identify clinical and psychosocial variables associated to the presence of adequate adherence, WHOQoL-SRPB was an independent predictor when adjusted for demographics, clinical characteristics and psychosocial instruments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). Aside from WHOQoL-SRBP, DUREL was the only additional psychosocial instrument to demonstrate borderline significance for association to adequate adherence.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Logistic regression models for association of spirituality (WHOQoL-SRPB) to adequate adherence to therapy (REMADHE &#8805; 18 points)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Model 1</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#946; coefficient</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OR (CI 95%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WHOQoL-SRPB, 1-point increase</td>
              <td align="center">1.01</td>
              <td align="center">2.76 (1.31 &#8211; 5.81)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, 1-year increase</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.95 &#8211; 1.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction, 1% increase</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.95 &#8211; 1.02)</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marital status, married</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
              <td align="center">1.75 (0.76 &#8211; 4.08)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Instruction, &#8805; elementary school graduation</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
              <td align="center">1.36 (0.59 &#8211; 3.11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Model 2</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#946; coefficient</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OR (CI 95%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WHOQoL-SRPB, 1-point increase</td>
              <td align="center">1.17</td>
              <td align="center">3.23 (1.49 &#8211; 7.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure of ischemic etiology</td>
              <td align="center">-0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 (0.32 &#8211; 1.67)</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Implantable cardiac defibrillator</td>
              <td align="center">-0.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.40 (0.15 &#8211; 1.05)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic kidney disease</td>
              <td align="center">-0.72</td>
              <td align="center">0.48 (0.21 &#8211; 1.08)</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marital status, married</td>
              <td align="center">-0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 (0.31 &#8211; 1.57)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Model 3</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#946; coefficient</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OR (CI 95%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WHOQoL-SRPB</td>
              <td align="center">-0.12</td>
              <td align="center">4.89 (1.64 &#8211; 14.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WHOQoL-Bref</td>
              <td align="center">1.59</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 (0.98 &#8211; 1.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MLHFQ</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (0.98 &#8211; 1.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PHQ-9</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 (0.92 &#8211; 1.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DUREL</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.79 &#8211; 1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>WHOQoL-SRPB: World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiosity and Personal Beliefs; REMADHE: Repetitive Education and Monitoring for Adherence for Heart Failure; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; WHOQoL-Bref: World Health Organization Quality of Life; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire 9; DUREL: Duke University Religion Index.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <p>Model 1 &#8211; adjusted for demographic and clinical variables selected by clinical significance;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <p>Model 2 &#8211; adjusted for demographic and clinical variables selected by significance in univariate analyses;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <p>Model 3 &#8211; adjusted for other psychosocial instruments of quality-of-life, depression and religiosity; Odds ratio represents the magnitude of association per 1-point increase in each score</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of the present study is that SRPB were consistently associated with adherence to treatment in a cohort of HF patients followed in a tertiary care clinic. Importantly, in our study, this association was independent of relevant demographic and clinical data known to influence adherence to HF management.</p>
      <p>This is the first study to show a clear association of spirituality and adherence to treatment in HF. However, our study cannot determine if there is a direct effect of spirituality in adherence or if spirituality is only a marker of broader and more complex effect. For example, someone who is spiritualized is probably more prone to follow recommendations coming from someone he has a close relationship with (e.g. , a physician). We identified three previous studies addressing the possible interactions between HF and spirituality. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Black et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> sent a package of instruments (Spiritual Assessment Scale and the Heart Compliance Questionnaire) by mail to a convenience sample of 213 patients with a return rate of 45%. The authors did not find a significant correlation between spirituality and compliance. The study by Thomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> using a convenience sample of 97 patients showed a positive result with moral-ethical-spiritual self which accounted for 10.8% of the variance in adherence. Dickson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> studying socio-cultural influences on HF self-care in an ethnic minority, black population, using a mixed-methods strategy, found that spirituality was linked to self-care. More recently, issues related to wellbeing were shown to impact positively in patients with stage B asymptomatic HF - spirituality apparently played a role in mediating these effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although religiosity and spirituality have been associated with better healthcare practices, such observations failed to translate into better cardiovascular disease outcome in an adequately-powered study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> The hypothesis that SRPB could affect compliance in chronic diseases and, particularly, in HF has also been raised by different authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> There are some possible models proposed to explain such relationship. Black et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> suggested that spiritual beliefs influence health beliefs which could lead to the practice of health-related activities such as the use of medications, control of weight, and diet compliance. Thomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> applied the Roy's Self Concept model to identify several potential predictors of medical compliance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In this model, any stimulus is perceived either as a threat or a challenge to one's self-concept of body image, body sensation, self-consistency and moral-ethical-spiritual self. Briefly, stimuli perceived as a threat are reacted to in a negative way and consequently avoided, while stimuli perceived as a challenge are reacted to in a positive way and consequently followed. Thomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> found that patients who perceived the HF regimen as a threat either to body image, self-consistency, body sensation or self-ideal were less likely to adhere to it. On the contrary, those to whom the regimen was perceived as a challenge to moral-ethical-spiritual self were most likely to adhere to medical therapy. Lastly, a recent survey conducted on HF patients showed that they would have welcomed spiritual care in their management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study has some limitations. First, as we used a cross-sectional design we can only conclude about association between spirituality and adherence, but not a causal relationship. Second, our sample was obtained in Brazil, a country where spirituality and religion are very notoriously important values. Additional studies are necessary to assess if these findings are replicable in different cultural and religious backgrounds. Finally, the effect of spirituality in adherence to different aspects of the HF management - pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy - was not individually assessed. The REMADHE tool used in our study does not discriminate between the various components of the HF management in depth. If available, such information could be useful to better allocate the role of multidisciplinary care, <italic>vis a vis</italic> the spirituality of patients, and be taken into consideration accordingly, to improve patients' adherence.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Our study highlights that spirituality could be an important variable associated with adherence to treatment in the setting of outpatients with HF, suggesting that physicians and health professionals should be aware of its importance to improve clinical practice outcomes and implement measures to address the spiritual needs of patients. Further studies are warranted to better determine whether pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic measures in the management of HF are equally influenced by spirituality-related behavior.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Sources of Funding This study was funded by Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juglans Souto Alvarez, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>Supplemental Table - Adherence score according to demographics and clinical characteristics.</title>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center">REMADHE, points</th>
                <th align="center">p (t test)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Demographics</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Age</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&lt; 60</td>
                <td align="center">15.9 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 60</td>
                <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 3.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">15.6 &#177; 4.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Caucasian</td>
                <td align="center">16.5 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Other</td>
                <td align="center">15.2 &#177; 3.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Education</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Elementary graduated or higher degree</td>
                <td align="center">16.0 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Other</td>
                <td align="center">16.5 &#177; 4.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Marital status</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Married</td>
                <td align="center">17.0 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Other</td>
                <td align="center">15.2 &#177; 3.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Heart failure history</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Etiology</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
                <td align="center">17.4 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Non-ischemic</td>
                <td align="center">15.8 &#177; 4.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Ejection fraction</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 35%</td>
                <td align="center">16.4 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&gt; 35%</td>
                <td align="center">16.2 &#177; 3.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Functional class, NYHA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">I-II</td>
                <td align="center">16.1 &#177; 4.0</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">III-IV</td>
                <td align="center">16.8 &#177; 3.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Cardiac Defibrillator</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">17.7&#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">16.0 &#177; 4.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Admissions in the previous year</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">16.1 &#177; 4.0</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Any</td>
                <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 3.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">15.9 &#177; 4.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Previous myocardial infarction</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">15.9 &#177; 4.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Previous cardiac surgery</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">16.5 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">16.3 &#177; 3.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">16.0 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">16.5 &#177; 4.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Chronic kidney impairment</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">15.8 &#177; 3.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Previous stroke</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">16.3 &#177; 4.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Smoking, past or present</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">14.3 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">15.8 &#177; 4.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Alcoholism, past or present</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">16.1 &#177; 4.0</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">16.9 &#177; 3.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Neoplasia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">15.6 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">16.4 &#177; 3.9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </app>
    </app-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Jaarsma T, van der Wal MH, Lesman-Leegte I, Luttik ML, Hogenhuis J, Veeger NJ, et al. Effect of moderate or intensive disease management program on outcome in patients with heart failure: Coordinating Study Evaluating Outcomes of Advising and Counseling in Heart Failure (COACH). Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(3):316-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Jaarsma</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Wal</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lesman-Leegte</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luttik</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hogenhuis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veeger</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of moderate or intensive disease management program on outcome in patients with heart failure Coordinating Study Evaluating Outcomes of Advising and Counseling in Heart Failure (COACH)</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
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      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Psychiatry</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nadine Clausell</bold>, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - sala 2060. CEP 90035-903, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>nclausell@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Rocha NS, Fleck MPA, Clausell N. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Alvarez JS, Zandavalli MCB, Zandavalli RB, Belli KC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Rocha NS, Fleck MPA. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Rocha NS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Alvarez JS. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Clausell N. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Alvarez JS, Goldraich LA, Nunes AH, Rocha NS, Fleck MPA, Clausell N. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Alvarez JS, Clausell N. Formata&#231;&#227;o e tradu&#231;&#227;o: Zandavalli RB.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A espiritualidade pode influenciar a maneira com que os pacientes lidam com sua doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliamos a possibilidade de a espiritualidade influenciar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento de pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cuja ades&#227;o ao tratamento multidisciplinar foi avaliada. Os pacientes foram avaliados sobre qualidade de vida, depress&#227;o, religiosidade e espiritualidade, utilizando question&#225;rios validados. Foram obtidas correla&#231;&#245;es entre ades&#227;o e vari&#225;veis psicossociais de interesse. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica exploraram preditores independentes de ades&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Cento e trinta pacientes (idade 60 &#177; 13 anos; 67% masculinos) foram entrevistados. Observou-se adequado escore de ades&#227;o em 38,5% dos pacientes. Nem a depress&#227;o ou a religiosidade foram correlacionados &#224; ades&#227;o, quando avaliados separadamente. &#201; interessante notar que quando a espiritualidade foi avaliada por ambos, o somat&#243;rio total de score (r = 0,26; p = 0,003) e os dom&#237;nios espec&#237;ficos, ela estava positivamente correlacionada &#224; ades&#227;o. Por fim, a combina&#231;&#227;o de espiritualidade, religiosidade e cren&#231;as pessoais mostrou-se um preditor independente de ades&#227;o quando ajustado &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e a instrumentos psicossociais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Espiritualidade, religiosidade e cren&#231;as pessoais foram as &#250;nicas vari&#225;veis consistentemente associadas &#224; ades&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o em uma coorte de pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nossos dados sugerem que abordar adequadamente esses aspectos no cuidado com o paciente pode auxiliar a melhorar o padr&#227;o de ades&#227;o no complexo tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o Medica&#231;&#227;o / psicologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos e Question&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Ambulatoriais</kwd>
        <kwd>Espiritualidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Religi&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) continua a desafiar equipes de sa&#250;de multidisciplinares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Sua preval&#234;ncia permanece elevada e sua administra&#231;&#227;o geralmente requer polifarm&#225;cia e conhecimento satisfat&#243;rio da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O curso da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em sua cronicidade e consequ&#234;ncias, frequentemente inexor&#225;veis, compartilham similaridades com diversas doen&#231;as cancerosas, incluindo seu impacto em padr&#245;es de baixa qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os pacientes enfrentam limita&#231;&#245;es significativas para aderirem adequadamente &#224; complexidade do tratamento de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ades&#227;o &#233; um aspecto importante no curso de IC. Ela influencia o padr&#227;o de descompensa&#231;&#227;o do paciente e reinterna&#231;&#245;es subseq&#252;entes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, padr&#245;es de ades&#227;o adequados podem ajudar a melhorar a qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Acredita-se que muitos fatores influenciam a ades&#227;o do paciente ao tratamento de IC. Aspectos cl&#237;nicos como comorbidades normalmente associadas &#224; IC foram abordadas nesse sentido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Hist&#243;rico s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico, aspectos psicol&#243;gicos e grau de escolaridade s&#227;o outros fatores cuja influ&#234;ncia nos padr&#245;es de ades&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o com IC foi investigada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Todavia, os dados da abordagem dessas quest&#245;es em grandes coortes, acompanhados em cl&#237;nicas especializadas em IC continuam escassos.</p>
        <p>A espiritualidade foi recentemente estudada no contexto de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas com baixa qualidade de vida e finais sinistros e previs&#237;veis. O bem-estar espiritual se refere &#224; espiritualidade de algu&#233;m como o "estado das coisas". <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Esse conceito foi aplicado para desenredar especificidades do status spiritual no contexto de cuidado paliativo, mas h&#225; muito poucos dados dispon&#237;veis sobre a espiritualidade associada a uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e prevalente, como no caso de IC. A espiritualidade mostrou que pode influenciar a maneira com que pacientes com IC lidam com sua s&#237;ndrome, tendo impacto consequente no status funcional, de sa&#250;de e na qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Dados recentes indicam que a espiritualidade pode influenciar favoravelmente a mortalidade em paciente com IC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Por&#233;m, a maneira com que a espiritualidade est&#225; relacionada aos padr&#245;es de ades&#227;o em pacientes ambulatoriais est&#225;veis com IC ainda n&#227;o foi explorada. H&#225; poucos relat&#243;rios com resultados controversos, parcialmente limitados por amostragem de conveni&#234;ncia e instrumentos utilizados, que n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre espiritualidade e grau de cumprimento em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Todavia, para muitos outros dist&#250;rbios h&#225; evid&#234;ncia sustentada de que espiritualidade pode melhorar o cumprimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, examinamos associa&#231;&#245;es entre espiritualidade e ades&#227;o ao tratamento em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, independentemente do hist&#243;rico psicossocial e educacional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Formata&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal que envolveu pacientes ambulatoriais com IC em um Hospital Universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio em Porto Alegre, Brasil, de agosto de 2012 a junho de 2013. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa Institucional, e todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes da participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Foram convidados a participar pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos (principalmente pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda rec&#233;m-diagnosticada, p&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o por IC e/ou sintomas refrat&#225;rios) acompanhados durante um m&#237;nimo de seis meses na Cl&#237;nica de IC no Hospital das Clinicas em Porto Alegre. Pacientes em qualquer classe funcional da Classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), independentemente da etiologia da IC, foram considerados eleg&#237;veis. Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram a incapacidade de entender o protocolo do estudo e responder perguntas sem assist&#234;ncia devido a comprometimento cognitivo ou d&#233;ficit auditivo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros e Procedimentos do Estudo</title>
          <p>Pacientes foram avaliados em sua ades&#227;o ao tratamento, qualidade de vida, depress&#227;o, religiosidade e espiritualidade, por meio de question&#225;rios validados. Todos os instrumentos utilizados foram previamente validados no idioma portugu&#234;s do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Entrevistas foram feitas ap&#243;s consulta cl&#237;nica, por pesquisadores previamente treinados na aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio. O tempo necess&#225;rio para responder todos os instrumentos variou entre 50 e 70 minutos. Os pacientes responderam &#224;s perguntas oralmente e a equipe de pesquisadores preencheu os question&#225;rios conforme as respostas dadas. Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram obtidas da revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos, e dados cl&#237;nicos adquiridos durante a visita &#224; cl&#237;nica, por um pesquisador que n&#227;o tinha conhecimento dos resultados do question&#225;rio. As defini&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis psicossociais de interesse est&#227;o detalhadas abaixo.</p>
          <p><bold>Ades&#227;o ao tratamento:</bold> A ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico foi avaliada de acordo com o protocolo de estudo REMADHE (Educa&#231;&#227;o Repetitiva e Monitoramento para Ades&#227;o para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - <italic>Repetitive Education and Monitoring For Adherence for Heart Failure</italic>), adaptado e usado atualmente em nossa cl&#237;nica de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> O question&#225;rio &#233; composto de dez perguntas envolvendo quatro dom&#237;nios: uso de medicamentos (uma pergunta), alimentos e l&#237;quidos (sete perguntas), consumo de &#225;lcool (uma pergunta) e consultas m&#233;dicas (uma perguntas). Esse escore varia entre 0 e 26 pontos: escores mais altos indicam melhor ades&#227;o do paciente. Um escore REMADHE de 18 ou mais pontos indica n&#237;vel adequado de ades&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p><bold>Qualidade de vida:</bold> Dois instrumentos foram usados para avaliar a qualidade de vida: question&#225;rios gen&#233;ricos e espec&#237;ficos para a doen&#231;a. A avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;rica de qualidade de vida foi feita por meio do question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida WHOQoL-Bref da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de, ao passo que a avalia&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para a doen&#231;a foi feita com o question&#225;rio MLHFQ (<italic>Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O WHOQoL-Bref &#233; uma vers&#227;o abreviada do WHOQoL-100, composta por 26 perguntas: uma pergunta sobre qualidade de vida em geral, uma pergunta sobre a satisfa&#231;&#227;o com o pr&#243;prio estado de sa&#250;de, e 24 perguntas dividias em quatro dom&#237;nios - f&#237;sico, psicol&#243;gico, rela&#231;&#245;es sociais e ambiente. O MLHFQ avalia a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sintomatologia da IC no m&#234;s anterior e correlaciona-se proporcionalmente &#224; classe funcional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Escores altos de WHOQoL-Bref indicam melhor qualidade de vida em geral, enquanto escores baixos de MLHFQ representam melhor qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; IC.</p>
          <p><bold>Depress&#227;o:</bold> A depress&#227;o foi avaliada pelo question&#225;rio da sa&#250;de do paciente PHQ9 (<italic>Patient Health Questionnaire</italic>); uma ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o para detec&#231;&#227;o de depress&#227;o com base em ocorr&#234;ncias de sintomas nas duas semanas anteriores. O PHQ9 abrange nove perguntas, baseadas nos principais crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de depress&#227;o maior, de acordo com o Manual Diagn&#243;stico e Estat&#237;stico de Transtornos Mentais, 4&#186; edi&#231;&#227;o (DSM-IV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>)</sup> A depress&#227;o &#233; classificada, de acordo com o escore, como sintomas depressivos moderados (escore total entre 10 e 14), depress&#227;o maior moderada (escore entre 15 e 19) e depress&#227;o maior grave (escore igual ou maior que 20).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p><bold>Religiosidade, Espiritualidade e Cren&#231;as Pessoais:</bold> Dois instrumentos foram usados para avaliar essas dimens&#245;es.</p>
          <p>1) A escala do &#205;ndice de Religiosidade de Duke (DUREL) &#233; uma ferramenta para avalia&#231;&#227;o de espiritualidade focada em aspectos religiosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Sua adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural foi desenvolvida e validada por Moreira-Almeida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A escala DUREL tem cinco itens que descrevem tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es de religiosidade, conhecidas por se correlacionarem com resultados em quest&#245;es de sa&#250;de: organizada (ARO), n&#227;o-organizada (ARNO) e religiosidade intr&#237;nseca (RI). O escore varia entre 1 e 30 pontos e escores altos indicam n&#237;veis elevados de religiosidade.</p>
          <p>2) O instrumento WHOQoL-SRPB (instrumento de medida de qualidade de vida, espiritualidade, religiosidade e cren&#231;as pessoais da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de) &#233; um m&#243;dulo adicional do WHOQOL para avaliar espiritualidade, religi&#227;o e cren&#231;as pessoais (SRPB - <italic>Spirituality, Religiosity and Personal Beliefs</italic>) como componentes da estrutura da qualidade de vida. Ele &#233; composto de 32 itens distribu&#237;dos em oito fatores (Conex&#227;o Espiritual, Sentido da Vida, Admira&#231;&#227;o, Totalidade &amp; Integra&#231;&#227;o, For&#231;a Espiritual, Paz Interior, Esperan&#231;a &amp; Otimismo e F&#233;) num &#237;ndice geral composto por quatro itens (SRPB Global) originalmente pertencentes ao dom&#237;nio SRPB do WHOQOL-100.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas normalmente distribu&#237;das (de acordo com o teste de Shapiro-Wilks) foram expressas como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o-normalmente distribu&#237;das foram expressas como medianas e intervalos interquartis. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram reportadas como n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagens. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas normalmente distribu&#237;das foram analisadas por meio de teste t n&#227;o pareado. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o-normalmente distribu&#237;das foram analisadas via Teste U Mann Whitney. O teste do qui-quadrado (ou teste exato de Fisher, quando apropriado) foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Coeficientes de Spearman foram usados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das correla&#231;&#245;es entre ades&#227;o e vari&#225;veis psicossociais de interesse. O Kruskal Wallis foi usado para comparar escores de espiritualidade em quartis de REMADHE. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram usados para explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre espiritualidade e n&#237;vel adequado de ades&#227;o (REMADHE &#8805; 18 points). Covari&#225;veis ajustadas para modelos multivariados foram testadas para colinearidade e selecionadas entre vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e psicossociais de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica ou estat&#237;stica. O relat&#243;rio de Black e colegas, que correlacionou espiritualidade e ades&#227;o usando diferentes instrumentos, foi usado para estimar um tamanho amostral de 130 indiv&#237;duos no atual estudo (&#945; = 5%, &#946; = 80%; tamanho do efeito 25%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas com o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, EUA). Valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Cento e trinta pacientes foram entrevistados entre agosto de 2012 e junho de 2013. Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>. Descri&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia de escores obtidos por meio dos instrumentos de estudo encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>. De forma geral, houve baixo n&#237;vel de ades&#227;o segundo escores de REMADHE. Ades&#227;o adequada foi observada em 38,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="39%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">N</th>
                <th align="center">130</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Sexo, masculino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">88 (67,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Etnia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Caucasiana</td>
                <td align="center">113 (87%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Afro-descendente</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Outro</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Educa&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Analfabeto funcional</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Prim&#225;rio, incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">79 (61%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Prim&#225;rio, completo</td>
                <td align="center">26 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ensino m&#233;dio, incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ensino m&#233;dio, completo</td>
                <td align="center">14 (11%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Estado civil</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Solteiro</td>
                <td align="center">31 (24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Casado</td>
                <td align="center">78 (60%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Divorciado</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Vi&#250;vo</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Etiologia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">42 (32,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">28 (21,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">29 (22,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Valvular</td>
                <td align="center">14 (10%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Alco&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Outra</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Classe funcional, NYHA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">I-II</td>
                <td align="center">97 (74,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">III-IV</td>
                <td align="center">33 (25,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Dispositivos card&#237;acos (DCI ou CRT-D)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23 (18%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Interna&#231;&#245;es no ano anterior</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">82 (63%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Uma</td>
                <td align="center">26 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Mais do que uma</td>
                <td align="center">22 (17%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">75 (57,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">64 (49%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">39 (30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">24 (18,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">50 (38,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Comprometimento renal cr&#244;nico</td>
                <td align="center">52 (40%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">20 (15,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a do tecido col&#225;geno</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, passado ou presente</td>
                <td align="center">66 (50,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Alcoolismo, passado ou presente</td>
                <td align="center">29 (22,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
                <td align="center">18 (14%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; DCI: desfibrilador card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel; CRT-D: desfibrilador para ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. Dados expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (porcentagem). Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o avaliada por ecocardiografia bidimensional (m&#233;todo de Simpson)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos instrumentos psicossociais aplicados na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="5%"/>
              <col width="75%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">N</th>
                <th align="center">130</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ades&#227;o (REMADHE)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16,2 &#177; 4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Qualidade de Vida</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>WHOQoL-Bref gen&#233;rico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Dom&#237;nios</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">F&#237;sico</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Psicol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 2,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Social</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 2,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ambiental</td>
                <td align="center">14,8 &#177; 1,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Espec&#237;fico para a Doen&#231;a (MLHFQ)</td>
                <td align="center">50,5 &#177; 16,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o (PHQ-9)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 5,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Religiosidade (DUREL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
                <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 4,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Intr&#237;nseca</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 &#177; 2,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Organizada</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 1,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-organizada</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Espiritualidade (WHOQoL-SRPB)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">Dom&#237;nios</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Conex&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Sentido</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Admira&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Totalidade</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">For&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Paz</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Esperan&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">F&#233;</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>REMADHE: Educa&#231;&#227;o Repetitiva e Monitoramento para Ades&#227;o para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (Repetitive Education and Monitoring For Adherence for Heart Failure); WHOQoL-Bref: Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida da OMS; MLHFQ: Question&#225;rio Minnesota Living with Heart Failure; PHQ-9: 9&#176; Question&#225;rio Sobre a Sa&#250;de do Paciente; DUREL: &#205;ndice de Religiosidade de Duke; WHOQoL-SRPB: Instrumento de Medida de Qualidade de Vida, Espiritualidade, Religiosidade e Cren&#231;as Pessoais da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre o escore de ades&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e escores psicossociais est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>. Descri&#231;&#227;o de associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, e escore de ades&#227;o tamb&#233;m est&#227;o dispon&#237;vel na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela Suplementar</xref>. Entre os dados demogr&#225;ficos, o escore de REMADHE variou apenas de acordo com estado civil. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas associadas com altos escores de ades&#227;o foram etiologia da IC isqu&#234;mica, presen&#231;a de desfibrilador card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel e comprometimento renal cr&#244;nico. A ades&#227;o mostrou-se positivamente correlacionada &#224; medida gen&#233;rica de qualidade de vida, mas n&#227;o ao escore espec&#237;fico para IC. Depress&#227;o e religiosidade n&#227;o foram correlacionadas &#224; ades&#227;o. &#201; interessante notar que espiritualidade, quando avaliada pela soma total do escore de WHOQoL-SRPB e diversos dom&#237;nios espec&#237;ficos, mostrou-se positivamente correlacionada &#224; ades&#227;o. Embora significativamente correlacionada ao escore de ades&#227;o, a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o de espiritualidade mostrou-se relativamente fraca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Constatou-se uma tend&#234;ncia de escores de espiritualidade mais altos em quartis de escores de ades&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e psicol&#243;gicas com escores de ades&#227;o (REMADHE)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="5%"/>
              <col width="65%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, %</td>
                <td align="center">-0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional de NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Qualidade de vida</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>WHOQoL-Bref gen&#233;rico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">Dom&#237;nios</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">F&#237;sico</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Psicol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Social</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ambiental</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Espec&#237;fico para a doen&#231;a (MLHFQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o (PHQ-9)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Religiosidade (DUREL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Intr&#237;nseca</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Organizada</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-organizada</td>
                <td align="center">-0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Espiritualidade (WHOQoL-SRPB)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">Dom&#237;nios</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Conex&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Sentido</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Admira&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Totalidade</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">For&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Paz</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Esperan&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">F&#233;</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>REMADHE: Educa&#231;&#227;o Repetitiva e Monitoramento para Ades&#227;o para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (Repetitive Education and Monitoring For Adherence for Heart Failure); NYHA: New York Heart Association, WHOQoL-Bref: Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida da OMS; MLHFQ: Question&#225;rio Minnesota Living with Heart Failure, PHQ-9: 9&#176; Question&#225;rio Sobre a Sa&#250;de do Paciente; DUREL: &#205;ndice de Religiosidade de Duke, WHOQoL-SRPB: Instrumento de Medida de Qualidade de Vida, Espiritualidade, Religiosidade e Cren&#231;as Pessoais da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de; r: indica coeficiente de Spearman; p: para coeficientes de Spearman</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de correla&#231;&#227;o entre escores de ades&#227;o (REMADHE) e de espiritualidade (WHOQoL-SRPB) (coeficiente de Spearman = 0,26; p= 0,003)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0491-60076-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore de espiritualidade (WHOQoL-SRPB) de acordo com os quartis de ades&#227;o segundo o escore de REMADHE. Valor de p de 0,052 pelo teste Kruskal&#8209;Wallis Barras de erro representam desvio-padr&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0491-60076-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A espiritualidade tamb&#233;m mostrou-se significativamente correlacionada com outras viari&#225;veis psicossocias avaliadas. O WHOQoL-SRPB apareceu moderadamente correlacionado com medidas de qualidade de vida gen&#233;ricas (WHOQoL-Bref [r = 0,47; p = 0,0001]) e espec&#237;ficas para a doen&#231;a (MLHFQ [r = -0,34; p = 0,0001]). Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre WHOQoL-SRPB e a classifica&#231;&#227;o de depress&#227;o de PHQ-9 (9&#186; question&#225;rio sobre a sa&#250;de do paciente) (r = -0,49; p &lt; 0,0001). Vimos tamb&#233;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre WHOQoL-SRPB e religiosidade avaliada por DUREL (r = 0,55; p = 0,0001),o que tamb&#233;m foi observado dentro dos dom&#237;nios de ambos os instrumentos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre escores de religiosidade e espiritualidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">DUREL</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">DUREL-ARO</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">DUREL-ARNO</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">DUREL-RI</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>WHOQoL-SRPB</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Conex&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Sentido</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Admira&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Totalidade</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">For&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Paz</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Esperan&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">F&#233;</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>DUREL: &#205;ndice de Religiosidade de Duke; ARO: atividade religiosa organizada; ARNO: atividade religiosa n&#227;o-organizada; RI: religiosidade intr&#237;nseca; WHOQoL-SRPB: Instrumento de Medida de Qualidade de Vida, Espiritualidade, Religiosidade e Cren&#231;as Pessoais da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de; r: indica coeficiente de Spearman; p: para coeficientes de Spearman</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Entre os modelos multivari&#225;veis para identificar vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e psicossociais associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de ades&#227;o adequada, o WHOQoL-SRPB foi um preditor independente quando ajustado &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas e aos instrumentos psicossociais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>). Al&#233;m do WHOQoL-SRBP, DUREL foi o &#250;nico instrumento psicossocial adicional que demonstrou import&#226;ncia lim&#237;trofe para associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; ades&#227;o adequada.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para associa&#231;&#227;o de espiritualidade (WHOQoL-SRPB) &#224; ades&#227;o adequada ao tratamento (REMADHE &#8805; 18 points)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Modelo 1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#946; coeficiente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>RP (IC 95%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WHOQoL-SRPB, aumento de 1 ponto</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">2,76 (1,31 &#8211; 5,81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, aumento de 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,95 &#8211; 1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, aumento de 1%</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,95 &#8211; 1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado civil, casado</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 (0,76 &#8211; 4,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Instru&#231;&#227;o, &#8805; prim&#225;ria completa</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (0,59 &#8211; 3,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Modelo 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#946; coeficiente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>RP (CI 95%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WHOQoL-SRPB, aumento de 1 ponto</td>
                <td align="center">1,17</td>
                <td align="center">3,23 (1,49 &#8211; 7,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">-0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 (0,32 &#8211; 1,67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desfibrilador card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">-0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,40 (0,15 &#8211; 1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">-0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,48 (0,21 &#8211; 1,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado civil, casado</td>
                <td align="center">-0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 (0,31 &#8211; 1,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Modelo 3</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#946; coeficiente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>RP (CI 95%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WHOQoL-SRPB</td>
                <td align="center">-0,12</td>
                <td align="center">4,89 (1,64 &#8211; 14,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WHOQoL-Bref</td>
                <td align="center">1,59</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,98 &#8211; 1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MLHFQ</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,98 &#8211; 1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PHQ-9</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,92 &#8211; 1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DUREL</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,79 &#8211; 1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>WHOQoL-SRPB: Instrumento de Medida de Qualidade de Vida, Espiritualidade, Religiosidade e Cren&#231;as Pessoais da OMS; REMADHE: Educa&#231;&#227;o Repetitiva e Monitoramento para Ades&#227;o para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (Repetitive Education and Monitoring For Adherence for Heart Failure); RP: raz&#227;o de probabilidade; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; WHOQoL-Bref: Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida da OMS; MLHFQ: Question&#225;rio Minnesota Living with Heart Failure; PHQ-9: 9&#176; Question&#225;rio Sobre a Sa&#250;de do Paciente; DUREL: &#205;ndice de Religiosidade de Duke.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>Modelo 1 &#8211; ajustado para vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas selecionadas por signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Modelo 2 &#8211; ajustado para vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas selecionadas por signific&#226;ncia em an&#225;lise univariada,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>Modelo 3 &#8211; ajustado para outros instrumentos psicossociais de qualidade de vida, depress&#227;o e religiosidade; Raz&#227;o de probabilidade representa a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o por aumento de 1 ponto em cada escore.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A principal descoberta do presente estudo foi a de que SRPB foram consistentemente associados &#224; ades&#227;o ao tratamento em um coorte de pacientes com IC acompanhados em cl&#237;nica terci&#225;ria. &#201; importante notar que, em nosso estudo, essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi independente de dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos que influenciam ades&#227;o ao tratamento de IC.</p>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que mostra uma clara associa&#231;&#227;o entre espiritualidade e ades&#227;o ao tratamento do IC. Por&#233;m, nosso estudo n&#227;o pode determinar se h&#225; um efeito direto da espiritualidade na ades&#227;o, ou se a espiritualidade &#233; apenas causadora de um efeito mais amplo e complexo. Por exemplo, um indiv&#237;duo espiritualizado provavelmente tem maior tend&#234;ncia a seguir recomenda&#231;&#245;es vindas de uma pessoa com quem tem um relacionamento pr&#243;ximo (ex. , m&#233;dico). Identificamos tr&#234;s estudos pr&#233;vios que abordaram as poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es entre IC e espiritualidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Black et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> enviaram um pacote de instrumentos (Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Espiritual e um question&#225;rio de ades&#227;o a tratamentos card&#237;acos), via correio, a uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 213 pacientes com uma taxa de retorno de 45%. Os autores n&#227;o encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre espiritualidade e ades&#227;o. O estudo feito por Thomas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> usando uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 97 pacientes, mostrou resultado positivo com o ser moral-&#233;tico-espiritual, que representou 10,8% da vari&#226;ncia na ades&#227;o. Dickson et al. ,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> em estudos sobre as influ&#234;ncias s&#243;cio-culturais em autocuidados para IC numa minoria &#233;tnica de descend&#234;ncia africana, com o uso de uma estrat&#233;gia de m&#233;todos mistos, descobriram que a espiritualidade estava relacionada ao autocuidado. Mais recentemente, viu-se que quest&#245;es relacionadas ao bem-estar tiveram impacto positivo em pacientes com IC assintom&#225;tica (est&#225;gio B) - a espiritualidade aparentemente agiu como mediadora desses efeitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora religiosidade e espiritualidade estejam associadas a melhores pr&#225;ticas de sa&#250;de, essas observa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o conseguiram transformar-se em melhores resultados em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, num estudo com pot&#234;ncia adequada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>)</sup> A hip&#243;tese de que SRPB pode afetar o cumprimento de orienta&#231;&#245;es em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e, particularmente, em IC tamb&#233;m foi levantada por diferentes autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> H&#225; alguns poss&#237;veis modelos propostos para explicar tal rela&#231;&#227;o. Black et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> sugeriram que cren&#231;as espirituais t&#234;m influ&#234;ncia sobre cren&#231;as de sa&#250;de, o que pode levar &#224; pratica de atividades relacionadas &#224; sa&#250;de, como o uso de medicamentos, controle de peso e cumprimento de dieta. Thomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> aplicou o modelo de Auto Conceito de Roy para identificar diversos preditores potenciais de cumprimento de orienta&#231;&#245;es medicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Nesse modelo, qualquer est&#237;mulo &#233; percebido como amea&#231;a ou desafio ao conceito de um indiv&#237;duo sobre imagem corporal, sensa&#231;&#227;o corporal, auto consist&#234;ncia e o ser moral-&#233;tico-espiritual. Resumindo, est&#237;mulos percebidos como amea&#231;as s&#227;o recebidos de forma negativa e consequentemente evitados, enquanto est&#237;mulos percebidos como desafios s&#227;o encarados de forma positiva e consequentemente seguidos. Thomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> descobriu que pacientes que perceberam o regime de IC como amea&#231;a &#224; imagem corporal, auto consist&#234;ncia, sensa&#231;&#227;o corporal ou auto ideal mostraram menor probabilidade de ades&#227;o. Ao contr&#225;rio, aqueles que perceberam o regime como um desafio ao ser moral-&#233;tico-espiritual mostraram maior probabilidade de aderir ao tratamento. Por fim, uma pesquisa recente conduzida com pacientes com IC mostrou que eles teriam visto como positiva a inclus&#227;o de cuidado espiritual em seu tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, como usamos um modelo transversal, podemos apenas ter conclus&#245;es sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre espiritualidade e ades&#227;o, por&#233;m n&#227;o uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal. Em segundo lugar, nossa amostra foi obtida no Brasil, um pa&#237;s em que espiritualidade e religi&#227;o s&#227;o valores notadamente importantes. Estudos adicionais se fazem necess&#225;rios para avaliar se essas descobertas s&#227;o replic&#225;veis em diferentes contextos culturais e religiosos. Finalmente, o efeito da espiritualidade na ades&#227;o a diferentes aspectos do tratamento de IC - farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico - n&#227;o foi avaliado individualmente. A ferramenta REMADHE usada em nosso estudo n&#227;o discrimina os v&#225;rios componentes do tratamento de IC de forma profunda. Caso dispon&#237;vel, essa informa&#231;&#227;o seria &#250;til para melhor direcionar o papel dos cuidados multidisciplinares, vis-&#224;-vis a espiritualidade dos pacientes, e para serem levadas em conta, de acordo com cada caso, para melhorar a ades&#227;o do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo ressalta que a espiritualidade pode ser uma importante vari&#225;vel associada &#224; ades&#227;o ao tratamento para pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, o que sugere que m&#233;dicos e profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de devem estar cientes de sua import&#226;ncia na melhora dos resultados de pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas e implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas para abordar necessidades espirituais dos pacientes. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor determinar se medidas farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas no tratamento de IC s&#227;o igualmente influenciadas por comportamentos relacionados &#224; espiritualidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Juglans Souto Alvarez pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>Tabela suplementar - Escore de ades&#227;o de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas.</title>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">REMADHE, escore</th>
                  <th align="center">p (teste t)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Demografia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 3,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">15,6 &#177; 4,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Etnia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Caucasiana</td>
                  <td align="center">16,5 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Outra</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2 &#177; 3,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Elementar completo ao m&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Outro</td>
                  <td align="center">16,5 &#177; 4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Estado civil</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Casado</td>
                  <td align="center">17,0 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Outro</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2 &#177; 3,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Etiologia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8 &#177; 4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">&#8804; 35%</td>
                  <td align="center">16,4 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 35%</td>
                  <td align="center">16,2 &#177; 3,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional, NYHA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">I-II</td>
                  <td align="center">16,1 &#177; 4,0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">III-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">16,8 &#177; 3,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Portador de cardioversor-desfibrilador</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7&#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0 &#177; 4,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Interna&#231;&#245;es no ultimo ano</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">16,1 &#177; 4,0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Uma ou mais</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 3,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9 &#177; 4,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9 &#177; 4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">16,5 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16,3 &#177; 3,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16,5 &#177; 4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8 &#177; 3,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16,3 &#177; 4,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tabagismo, passado ou presente</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8 &#177; 4,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Alcoolismo, passado ou presente</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">16,1 &#177; 4,0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16,9 &#177; 3,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Neoplasia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">15,6 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16,4 &#177; 3,9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
