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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9c3tGFbPs9xzWFbgKX8JRwM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000600481</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005011102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160058</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Labdane Ent-3-Acetoxy-Labda-8(17), 13-Dien-15-Oic Decreases Blood Pressure In Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simplicio</surname>
            <given-names>Janaina A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ambrosio</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tirapelli</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Franca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisa em Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Franca</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisa em Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia - Universidade de Franca (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Franca</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermagem Psiqui&#225;trica e Ci&#234;ncias Humanas - Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia - Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Renato Tirapelli</bold>, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Postal Code 14040-902, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>crtirapelli@eerp.usp.br</email>, <email>crtlilo@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Simplicio JA, Tirapelli CR; Acquisition of data: Simplicio JA, Sim&#227;o MR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Simplicio JA, Sim&#227;o MR, Ambrosio SR, Tirapelli CR; Statistical analysis: Simplicio JA; Obtaining financing: Tirapelli CR; Writing of the manuscript: Simplicio JA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ambrosio SR, Tirapelli CR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>4</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>6</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>481</fpage>
      <lpage>490</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Labdane-type diterpenes induce lower blood pressure via relaxation of vascular smooth muscle; however, there are no studies describing the effects of labdanes in hypertensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The present study was designed to investigate the cardiovascular actions of the labdane-type diterpene ent-3-acetoxy-labda-8(17), 13-dien-15-oic acid (labda-15-oic acid) in two-kidney 1 clip (2K-1C) renal hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Vascular reactivity experiments were performed in aortic rings isolated from 2K-1C and normotensive (2K) male Wistar rats. Nitrate/nitrite (NOx) measurement was performed in aortas by colorimetric assay. Blood pressure measurements were performed in conscious rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Labda-15-oic acid (0.1-300 &#181;mol/l) and forskolin (0.1 nmol/l - 1 &#181;mol/l) relaxed endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortas from both 2K-1C and 2K rats. Labda-15-oic acid was more effective at inducing relaxation in endothelium-intact aortas from 2K pre-contracted with phenylephrine when compared to the endothelium-denuded ones. Forskolin was more potent than labda-15-oic acid at inducing vascular relaxation in arteries from both 2K and 2K-1C rats. Labda-15-oic acid-induced increase in NOx levels was lower in arteries from 2K-1C rats when compared to 2K rats. Intravenous administration of labda-15-oic acid (0.3-3 mg/kg) or forskolin (0.1-1 mg/kg) induced hypotension in conscious 2K-1C and 2K rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The present findings show that labda-15-oic acid induces vascular relaxation and hypotension in hypertensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Labdane</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Relaxation</kwd>
        <kwd>Diterpene</kwd>
        <kwd>Forskolin</kwd>
        <kwd>Renovascular Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2010/01009-3</award-id>
          <award-id>2011/13630-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The treatment of arterial hypertension with plant-derived products is well described in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A great number of medicinal plants with antihypertensive activity have been chemically investigated and diterpenoids are pointed out as their major constituents. For this reason, many studies have focused on the cardiovascular properties of these compounds. For example, the labdane-type diterpene forskolin (7 beta-acetoxy-8, 13-epoxy-1 alpha,6 beta,9 alpha-trihydroxy-labd-14-ene-11-one) lowers blood pressure by a mechanism that involves relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In the vasculature, forskolin activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which in turn increases the production of cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Calcium extrusion across the plasma membrane and vascular smooth muscle hyperpolarization are mechanisms also related to the vascular actions of forskolin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. In humans, intravenous administration of forskolin decreased vascular resistance and reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Other labdane-type diterpenes, such as labdane 8(17), 12E, 14-labdatrien-18-oic acid and labd-8 (17)-en-15-oic acid were also described to induce vascular relaxation and hypotension in normotensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> We have recently described that the labdane ent-3-acetoxy-labda-8(17),13-dien-15-oic acid (labda-15-oic acid) induced vascular relaxation via blockade of Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx, activation of the endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway and the opening of K<sup>+</sup> channels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Intravenous injection of labda-15-oic acid induced a decrease in blood pressure in normotensive rats and this response was partially attenuated by L-NAME, suggesting a role for NO in such response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> It is important to note that lower doses of labda-15-oic acid (0.3 - 3 mg/kg) were needed to induce hypotension when compared to other labdanes previously tested, such as 8 (17), 12E, 14-labdatrien-18-oic acid (5-30 mg/kg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and labd-8 (17)-en-15-oic acid (1-10 mg/kg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> On the basis of these initial results with labda-15-oic acid, we hypothesized that this compound would induce vascular relaxation and hypotension in hypertensive rats. In the present study we sought to evaluate the cardiovascular actions of labda-15-oic acid in hypertensive animals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolation of labda-15-oic acid</title>
        <p>The isolation of labda-15-oic acid was performed as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> One hundred grams of oleoresin was chromatographed over silica gel 60 H (Merck, art. 7736) using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) with increasing amounts of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) in n-hexane as eluent. This procedure furnished six fractions (2000 ml each) that were named F1 (34.7 g; n-hexane), F2 (13.5 g; 20% EtOAc), F3 (11.4 g; 40% EtOAc), F4 (9.7 g; 60% EtOAc), F5 (7.6 g; 80% EtOAc), and F6 (17.8 g; EtOAc) after solvent evaporation. Fraction F4 was initially chromatographed by VLC over silica gel 60 H (Merck, art. 7736) as described above, to give additional fractions (F4.1 to F4.5). Labda-15-oic acid (1132.0 mg) was obtained from F4.3 through medium pressure chromatography (flash chromatography) using silica gel 60 (Merck, art. 9385), isocratic n-hexane: EtOAc:CHCl<sub>3</sub> (5:2:3) as mobile phase, and a flow rate of 5 ml/min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The purity of (-)-acetoxycopalic acid (98%) was estimated by HPLC, mass spectrometric analysis and <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectral data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Renovascular hypertension</title>
        <p>Renovascular hypertension was induced in rats as previously described. Briefly, male Wistar rats weighting between 180 and 200 g (35 days old) were anaesthetised with tribromoethanol (250 mg/kg, i.p.) and after a midline laparotomy, a silver clip with an internal diameter of 0.2 mm was placed around the left renal artery. Normotensive two kidney (2K) rats were submitted to laparotomy only. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured before and after 6 weeks of midline laparotomy in non anaesthetized animals by pletysmography (tail-cuff) and rats were considered to be hypertensive when SBP was higher than 160 mmHg. At 6 weeks after surgery, rats were killed and the thoracic aortas were isolated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A total of 26 2K rats and 28 2K-1C rats were used in the present study. All protocols were approved by the Ethical Animal Committee of the Campus of Ribeir&#227;o Preto - University of S&#227;o Paulo (#09.1.1007.53.0).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vessel ring preparation</title>
        <p>The thoracic aorta was quickly removed, cleaned of adherent connective tissues and cut into rings (5-6 mm in length). Two stainless-steel stirrups were passed through the lumen of each ring. One stirrup was connected to an isometric force transducer (TRI201; Panlab, Spain) to measure tension in the vessels. The rings were placed in a 5 ml organ chamber that contained Krebs solution, gassed with 95% O<sub>2</sub> / 5% CO<sub>2</sub> maintained at 37&#176;C. The composition of Krebs solution was as follows (mmol/l): NaCl, 118.0; KCl, 4.7; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 1.2; MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 1.2; NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 15.0; Glucose, 5.5; CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2.5. The rings were stretched until they reached a basal tension of 1.5 g, which was determined by length-tension relationship experiments and were then allowed to equilibrate for 60 min; during this time, the bath fluid was changed every 15-20 min. For some rings, the endothelium was removed mechanically by gently rolling the lumen vessel on a thin wire. Endothelial integrity was assessed qualitatively by the degree of relaxation caused by acetylcholine (1 &#181;mol/l) in the presence of contractile tone induced by phenylephrine (0.1 &#181;mol/l). For studies of endothelium-intact vessels, a ring was discarded if relaxation with acetylcholine was not 50% or greater. For studies of endothelium-denuded vessels, a ring was discarded if there was any degree of relaxation. Agonist concentration-response curves were fitted using a nonlinear interactive fitting program (Graph Pad Prism 3.0; GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Agonist potencies and maximal responses were expressed as pD<sub>2</sub> (-logEC<sub>50</sub>) and Emax (maximum effect elicited by the agonist), respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of labda-15-oic acid on aortic rings contracted with phenylephrine or KCl</title>
        <p>Steady tension was evoked by phenylephrine (concentrations of 0.1 &#181;mol/l for endothelium-intact rings and 0.03 &#181;mol/l for endothelium-denuded rings were used to induce contractions of similar magnitude), and labda-15-oic acid was then added in a stepwise fashion (0.1-300 &#181;mol/l). The effect of labda-15-oic acid on KCl-induced sustained contraction (30 mmol/l) in intact or denuded rings was also examined. For comparison, the effect of forskolin (0.1 nmol/l - 1 &#181;mol/l) on the contractions induced by phenylephrine and KCl in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rings was evaluated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure experiments</title>
        <p>Blood pressure experiments were performed as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> One day before the experiments, the rats were anesthetised with tribromoethanol (250 mg/kg, i.p.), and a catheter (a 4 cm segment of PE-10 heat-bound to a 13 cm segment of PE-50 (Clay Adams, Parsippany, NJ, USA) was inserted into the abdominal aorta through the femoral artery for blood pressure and heart rate recording. A second catheter was implanted into the jugular vein for intravenous administration of drugs. Both catheters were implanted under the skin and exited at the animal's back. During the experiment, freely moving rats were kept in individual cages, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded using an HP-7754A amplifier (Hewlett Packard, USA) connected to a signal acquisition board (MP-100, BIOPAC, USA) and processed by a computer. Labda-15-oic acid (0.3 - 3 mg/kg) or forskolin (0.1 - 1 mg/kg) were administered by intravenous bolus injection. Both labda-15-oic acid (0.3-3 mg/kg) and forskolin (0.1 - 1 mg/kg) were administered in different animals. Blood pressure responses were calculated with base on the average mean blood pressure calculated at the response's plateau.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Nitrate/Nitrite (NOx) measurements</title>
        <p>NOx levels were measured in supernatants from endothelium-intact aorta homogenates from 2K-1C and 2K rats. The rings were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l) and then exposed to labda-15-oic acid (300 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l). Supernatants were centrifuged using ultra centrifugal filters (#UFC5010BK Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL 10 kDa, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Nitrate was measure colorimetrically following the instructions of a commercially available kit (#780,001, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Results were normalized for protein concentration and are expressed as nmol/mg protein. Protein concentrations in all experiments were determined ( with protein assay reagent (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drugs</title>
        <p>Labda-15-oic acid was prepared as stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The other drugs were dissolved in distilled water. The bath concentration of DMSO did not exceed 0.5%, which was shown to have no effect per se on the basal tonus of the preparations or on the agonist-mediated contraction or relaxation. For the in vivo experiments, labda-15-oic acid was diluted in 10% DMSO and then in saline. The concentration of DMSO in the final solution had no effects per se on basal cardiovascular parameters, as previously observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Results were expressed as means standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). Data followed a normal distribution. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or paired Student's t test. Post-hoc comparisons were performed after ANOVA analysis using Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test as indicated in the text and tables. For all analyses, p values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical analysis was carried out using the program Graph Pad Prism 3.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure values in 2K-1C and 2K rats</title>
        <p>MAP, DBP and SBP were significantly increased in 2K-1C when compared to 2K rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Blood pressure values (mmHg) in 2K and 2K-1C rats</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">2K</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">2K-1C</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Basal</th>
                <th align="center">After 6 weeks</th>
                <th align="center">Basal</th>
                <th align="center">After 6 weeks</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAP</td>
                <td align="center">104.3 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">100.9 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">105.7 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">161.3 &#177; 10.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP</td>
                <td align="center">92.5 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">89.8 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">96.3 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">138.4 &#177; 11.6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP</td>
                <td align="center">127.9 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">123.2 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">124.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">207.0 &#177; 9.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>Values are means &#177; S.E.M of n = 12 animals for each group.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Compared to respective basal values (p &lt; 0.05, paired Student's t test). MAP: mean arterial pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vasorelaxant action of labda-15-oic acid on aortic rings from 2K-1C and 2K rats</title>
        <p>Labda-15-oic acid (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) reduced the sustained contractions induced by phenylephrine and KCl in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortas from both 2K-1C and 2K rats (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The E<sub>max</sub> values (percentage of relaxation) for the relaxant effect of labda-15-oic acid in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine were not significantly different in aortas from 2K-1C and 2K rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). However, differences were found in the pD<sub>2</sub> values for labda-15-oic acid in endothelium-intact and denuded rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine in aortas from 2K, but not 2K-1C rats. In the arteries pre-contracted with KCl, there was no difference between the E<sub>max</sub> and pD<sub>2</sub> values for labda-15-oic acid in endothelium-intact or denuded rings from both 2K-1C and 2K rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The E<sub>max</sub> and pD<sub>2</sub> values for labda-15-oic acid in the rings pre-contracted with KCl were not different from those found in phenylephrine-pre-contracted rings from both 2K-1C and 2K rats.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Chemical structure of ent-3-acetoxy-labda-8(17),13-dien- 15-oic acid (labda-15-oic acid; top) and 7 beta-acetoxy-8, 13-epoxy-1 alpha,6 beta,9 alpha-trihydroxy-labd-14-ene-11-one (forskolin, bottom).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relaxation responses induced by labda-15-oic acid on rat aortic rings. The relaxation induced by the labdane was studied on endothelium-intact (E+) and endothelium-denuded (E-) rat aortic rings contracted with either phenylephrine (0.1 &#181;mol/l) or KCl (30 mmol/l). Steady tension was evoked by phenylephrine or KCl and then labda-15-oic acid (0.1 - 300 &#181;mol/l) was added cumulatively.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title> E<sub>max</sub> (% relaxation) and pD<sub>2</sub> values for labda-15-oic acid and forskolin in endothelium-intact (E+) and endothelium-denuded (E-) aortas from 2K and 2K-1C rats </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Pre-contractile agent</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">2K</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">2K-1C</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">E+ (E<sub>max</sub>)</th>
                <th align="center">E- (E<sub>max</sub>)</th>
                <th align="center">E+ (E<sub>max</sub>)</th>
                <th align="center">E- (E<sub>max</sub>)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Labda-15-oic acid</td>
                <td align="center">Phenylephrine</td>
                <td align="center">93.7 &#177; 6.8 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">79.2 &#177; 1.8 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">99.0 &#177; 7.4 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">88.8 &#177; 6.6 (6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">KCl</td>
                <td align="center">96.4 &#177; 4.4 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">83.6 &#177; 6.6 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">103.9 &#177; 3.8 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">87.3 &#177; 7.4 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Forskolin</td>
                <td align="center">Phenylephrine</td>
                <td align="center">110.7 &#177; 5.3 (7) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">104.0 &#177; 5.62a (6)</td>
                <td align="center">118.8 &#177; 5.2 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">107.7 &#177; 8.0 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">KCl</td>
                <td align="center">92.6 &#177; 3.9 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">87.8 &#177; 3.9 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">105.9 &#177; 3.3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">93.2 &#177; 7.1 (6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>E+ (pD<sub>2</sub>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>E- (pD<sub>2</sub>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>E+ (pD<sub>2</sub>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>E- (pD<sub>2</sub>)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Labda-15-oic acid</td>
                <td align="center">Phenylephrine</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 0.06 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 0.04 (6)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 0.11 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 0.08(6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">KCl</td>
                <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.08 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.06 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 0.10 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.08 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Forskolin</td>
                <td align="center">Phenylephrine</td>
                <td align="center">7.5 &#177; 0.21 (7) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 0.17(6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 0.10 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 0.14(6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">b</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">KCl</td>
                <td align="center">7.0 &#177; 0.16 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">7.0 &#177; 0.15(5) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 0.20 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">7.0 &#177; 0.12 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>Numbers within parentheses indicate the number of isolated preparations. Values are means &#177; S.E.M.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Compared to labda-15-oic acid in aortas pre-contracted with phenylephrine from 2K and 2K-1C rats;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Compared to respective group in E+ aortas from 2K and 2K-1C rats;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Compared to labda-15-oic acid in aortas pre-contracted with phenylephrine or KCl from 2K and 2K-1C rats (p &lt; 0.05, ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Forskolin reduced the sustained contractions induced by phenylephrine and KCl in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortas from both 2K-1C and 2K rats (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The E<sub>max</sub> values for the relaxant effect of forskolin in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine were not significantly different in aortas from 2K-1C and 2K rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). However, differences were found in the pD<sub>2</sub> values for forskolin in endothelium-intact and denuded rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine in aortas from both 2K-1C and 2K rats. In the arteries pre-contracted with KCl, there was no difference between the E<sub>max</sub> or pD<sub>2</sub> values for forskolin in endothelium-intact or denuded rings from both 2K-1C and 2K rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relaxation responses induced by forskolin on rat aortic rings. The relaxation induced by the labdane was studied on endothelium-intact (E+) and endothelium&#8209;denuded (E-) rat aortic rings contracted with either phenylephrine (0.1 &#181;mol/l) or KCl (30 mmol/l). Steady tension was evoked by phenylephrine or KCl and then forskolin (0.1 nmol/l - 1 &#181;mol/l) was added cumulatively.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The E<sub>max</sub> values for forskolin in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine, but not KCl, were significantly different from those found for labda-15-oic acid in both 2K-1C and 2K rats. The pD<sub>2</sub> values for forskolin in endothelium-intact and denuded rings pre-contracted with either phenylephrine or KCl were significantly different from those found for labda-15-oic acid in both 2K-1C and 2K rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure experiments</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows representative tracings for the effect of labda-15-oic acid and forskolin on blood pressure of 2K and 2K-1C rats. The maximal variation in MAP induced by labda-15-oic acid and forskolin in conscious 2K-1C and 2K rats is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>. A bolus injection of labda-15-oic acid or forskolin produced a decrease in MAP in conscious 2K-1C and 2K rats. The MAP values returned to basal levels after injection of labda-15-oic acid. On the other hand, MAP values did not return to basal levels after administration of forskolin at 1 mg/kg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Labda-15-oic acid induced a more pronounced fall in blood pressure in 2K when compared to 2K-1C rats. On the other hand, forskolin was found to be more effective at inducing decrease in MAP in 2K-1C when compared to 2K rats (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Values of blood pressure before and after drug administration are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative traces of the hypotensive action displayed by labda-15-oic acid (0.3 &#8211; 3 mg/kg) and forskolin (0.1 &#8211; 1 mg/kg) on conscious 2K and 2K-1C rats. Traces represent the mean values of the maximal decrease in mean arterial pressure of 5 to 6 animals.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of labda-15-oic acid (0.3 &#8211; 3 mg/kg) and forskolin (0.1 &#8211; 1 mg/kg) on mean arterial pressure (MAP). Maximal variation in MAP (mmHg) induced by intravenous injection of the labdanes was evaluated in conscious 2K and 2K-1C rats. Each bar represents the mean &#177; S.E.M. of 5 to 6 experiments. *Compared with vehicle; #Compared with 2K rats (p &lt; 0.05, ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Blood pressure values (mmHg) in 2K and 2K-1C rats before and after drug administration (labda-15-oic acid or forskolin) and its respective values &#916;MAP and %&#916;MAP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">MAP (mmHg)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Before</th>
                <th align="center">After</th>
                <th align="center">&#916;MAP</th>
                <th align="center">%&#916;MAP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Labda-15-oic acid 2K</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vehicle</td>
                <td align="center">103.5 &#177; 6.7 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">98.9 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Labda-15-oic acid (0.3 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">100.5 &#177; 5.5 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">96.3 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.2 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 3.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Labda-15-oic acid (1 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">99.8 &#177; 6.2 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">70.6 &#177; 15.6</td>
                <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 12.7</td>
                <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 13.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Labda-15-oic acid (3 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">98.5 &#177; 6.4 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">48.6 &#177; 12.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">49.9 &#177; 8.5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">53.6 &#177; 10.9 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Labda-15-oic acid 2K-1C</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vehicle</td>
                <td align="center">163.7 &#177; 15.2 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">159.3 &#177; 16.2</td>
                <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 2.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Labda-15-oic acid (0.3 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">161.6 &#177; 15.8 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">154.0 &#177; 16.5</td>
                <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 2.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Labda-15-oic acid (1 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">160.0 &#177; 15.6 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">148.0 &#177; 15.7</td>
                <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 2.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Labda-15-oic acid (3 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">160.2 &#177; 15.8 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">109.7 &#177;19.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">50.5 &#177; 9.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">33.8 &#177; 8. 4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Forskolin 2K</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vehicle</td>
                <td align="center">113.9 &#177; 3.0 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">107.5 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 1.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Forskolin (0.1 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">104.9 &#177; 4.5 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">90.9 &#177; 5.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">14.0 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 2.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Forskolin (0.3 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">108.1 &#177; 5.0 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">75.8 &#177; 10.8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">32.3 &#177; 10.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 9.6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Forskolin (1 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">107.4 &#177; 4.0 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">77.0 &#177; 3.1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">30.4 &#177; 5.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 3.8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Forskolin 2k-1C</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vehicle</td>
                <td align="center">169.1 &#177; 12.8 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">163.3 &#177; 15.1</td>
                <td align="center">5.8 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 2.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Forskolin (0.1 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">170.4 &#177; 16.6 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">153.2 &#177; 12.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center">9.4 &#177; 3.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Forskolin (0.3 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">167.6 &#177; 16.3 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">130.9 &#177; 12.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 5.7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">21.7 &#177; 2.5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Forskolin (1 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">166.0 &#177; 16.9 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">97.1 &#177; 16.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">68.9 &#177; 8.5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">42.4 &#177; 6.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>Numbers within parentheses indicate the number of animals. Values are means &#177; S.E.M.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Significant difference compared to baseline, before drug infusion (p &lt; 0.05, paired Student&#8217;s t test).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Compared with vehicle (p &lt; 0.05, ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test). MAP: mean arterial pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>NOx measurements</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref> show that NOx basal levels in aortas from 2K-1C rats are lower than those found in aortas from 2K rats. Labda-15-oic acid induced nitrate generation in endothelium-intact aortas from both 2K-1C and 2K rats. Labda-15-oic acid-induced nitrate generation was lower in arteries from 2K-1C rats when compared to 2K rats (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of labda-15-oic acid on nitrate levels in endothelium-intact aortic rings from 2K and 2K-1C rats. Each bar represents the mean &#177; S.E.M. of 6 to 8 independent preparations. *Compared with basal values for 2K rats; #Compared with basal values for 2K-1C rats; <sup>&#402;</sup>Compared with stimulation with labda-15-oic acid in 2K-1C rats (p &lt; 0.05, ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present findings show that labda-15-oic acid was more effective at inducing vascular relaxation in endothelium-intact aortas from 2K rats pre-contracted with phenylephrine when compared to the endothelium-denuded ones. This result is in accordance with previous finding from our laboratory showing that the relaxation induced by labda-15-oic acid is partially dependent on the endothelial cGMP-NO pathway.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> On the other hand, in aortas from 2K-1C rats, no difference on labda-15-oic acid-induced relaxation was observed between endothelium-intact and denuded rings. Altered vascular tone is a characteristic feature of most forms of experimental and human hypertension and has been associated with endothelial dysfunction with consequent impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and reduced NO signalling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Since endothelial-derived NO partially mediates the vasorelaxant effect of labda-15-oic acid, the decrease in potency for the relaxant action of the labdane in aortas from 2K-1C rats might be due to the decreased NO bioavailability described in hypertensive states. In fact, this hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that labda-15-oic acid-induced nitrate generation in arteries from 2K-1C was lower than that found in arteries from 2K rats. It is also important to note that we found lower basal NOx content in arteries from 2K-1C when compared to aortas from 2K rats, further corroborating previous observations showing decreased availability of basal NO in renovascular hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The activation of K<sup>+</sup> channels leads to hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle cells, decrease in voltage-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activity, and vasodilatation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The activation of voltage-dependent and ATP-sensitive K<sup>+</sup> channels, as well as large-conductance and low-conductance Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated K<sup>+</sup> channels was described to play a role in the vasorelaxant response induced by labda-15-oic acid<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. It is well established that endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and smooth muscle cell hyperpolarization are impaired in aortic segments from 2K-1C hypertensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Abnormal function of vascular smooth muscle large-conductance Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated K<sup>+</sup> channels and ATP-sensitive K<sup>+</sup> channels play a key role in the impaired relaxation of aortas from 2K-1C rats,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and may also contribute to the decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilatation induced by labda-15-oic acid in aortas from 2K-1C rats.</p>
      <p>In the present study, no differences were found in the inhibitory action displayed by labda-15-oic acid in arteries pre-contracted with KCl in both 2K and 2K-1C rats. The contraction induced by KCl on smooth muscle is mediated by cell membrane depolarisation and an increase in Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through voltage-operated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Thus, we can suggest that labda-15-oic acid blocks extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through interference with voltage-operated channels in 2K and 2K-1C rats.</p>
      <p>Forskolin relaxed endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortas pre-contracted with phenylephrine, but not KCl, to a greater extent than labda-15-oic acid in both 2K and 2K-1C rats. Moreover, forskolin was more potent than labda-15-oic acid at inducing vascular relaxation in arteries pre-contracted with phenylephrine or KCl in both 2K and 2K-1C rats. Possible explanations for these effects are related to the chemical structure of the labdanes and/or their mechanisms of action. Analyzing the chemical structure of labda-15-oic acid and forskolin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) we observe that, despite the fact that these two compounds are classified as labdane type-diterpenes, it is noteworthy the presence of great number of hydrogen-bond-donor groups (HBD; hydrophilic group), highlighting the hydroxyl moieties at C-1, C-6 and C-9, in the forskolin skeleton in comparison with the chemical structure of labda-15-oic acid, which contains only two hydrophilic groups at C-3 and C-16. Moreover, it is also possible to observe that these natural compounds differ from each other in their inverted configurations of the carbons C-5, C-9 and C-10. Previous studies have shown that chemical differences on diterpenes alter their cardiovascular properties,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and might be the source of discrepancy between the effects of labda-15-oic acid and forskolin here described.</p>
      <p>Labdanes exert their cardiovascular effects by acting at multiple sites,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and for this reason, several intracellular pathways were described to mediate the vascular relaxation induced by these compounds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> The increase in cAMP levels, due to activation of adenylyl cyclase and the subsequent activation of PKA is the main mechanism underlying the vascular relaxation induced by the labdane forskolin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, forskolin also increases endothelial production of NO via activation of eNOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> On the other hand, the mechanisms underlying the vasorelaxant action of labda-15-oic acid are not related to adenylyl cyclase activation and involve blockage of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx, increased endothelial NO production and the opening of K<sup>+</sup> channels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The differences in the mechanisms underlying the vascular responses of these two labdanes could also be responsible for the different cardiovascular responses displayed by labda-15-oic acid and forskolin.</p>
      <p>Improvements in the pharmacological treatment of hypertension contribute to a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Labdane-type diterpenes could be considered a promising source of new prototypes for the discovery and development of novel cardiovascular therapeutic agents. The hypotensive action of labdane-type diterpenes is related to their myorelaxant action.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Recently, we described that labda-15-oic acid induces vascular relaxation and hypotension in normotensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Since labda-15-oic acid relaxed aortas from 2K-1C rats, we hypothesized that the labdane could exert antihypertensive action in vivo. In the present study, intravenous administration of labda-15-oic acid induced a short-lasting hypotension in 2K and 2K-1C rats, further showing that labda-15-oic acid exert antihypertensive effect in vivo. Labda-15-oic acid induced a less pronounced decrease in blood pressure compared to forskolin, further strengthening the idea that chemical differences alters the hypotensive action displayed by labdane-type diterpenes. It is also important to note that labda-15-oic acid causes hypotension through peripheral vasodilatation, mediated in part by NO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> while forskolin effects are mainly mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase and the increase in cAMP levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This observation is relevant since, as mentioned before, endothelial dysfunction with consequent impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and reduced NO signalling is a characteristic feature of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> This characteristic of the hypertensive state could explain, at least in part, the reduced effect of labda-15-oic acid in comparison to forskolin.</p>
      <p>Some limitations for the present study should be considered. Despite the fact that labda-15-oic acid decreased blood pressure in an animal model of renovascular hypertension, it is not possible to guarantee that this labdane will be also effective on other animal models of hypertension or human hypertension. Another point that should be considered is that the vasorelaxant effect of the labdane should also be tested in resistance vessels since those are more important in the regulation of blood pressure. Finally, our findings show the effects of labda-15-oic acid after intravenous injection of the compound but we do not have information on the bioavailability and cardiovascular effects of this compound after oral administration.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Diterpenes likely fulfill the definition of a pharmacological preconditioning class of compounds and may have therapeutic use in cardiovascular diseases. Using a combined in vivo and in vitro approach, the present investigation shows for the first time that labda-15-oic acid induces vascular relaxation in arteries from 2K-1C hypertensive rats. Administration of the labdane in vivo induced a fall in blood pressure in hypertensive rats. The initial experimental studies on the cardiovascular effects of labdanes are important and needed, since such information is a prerequisite to any rational and safety use of these compounds in the treatment of hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is associated with the Post Graduate Program in Pharmacology - Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir&#227;o Preto, University of S&#227;o Paulo (USP).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank Drs. Evelin C. Carnio and Marcelo E. Batalh&#227;o for blood pressure measurements. This work was supported by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP - 2010/01009-3 and 2011/13630-7). J.A.S. is supported by a master fellowship from CAPES.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Labdano &#193;cido Ent-3-Acet&#243;xi-Labda-8(17),13-Dieno-15-&#211;ico Reduz Press&#227;o Arterial Em Ratos Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simplicio</surname>
            <given-names>Janaina A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ambrosio</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tirapelli</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisa em Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia - Universidade de Franca (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermagem Psiqui&#225;trica e Ci&#234;ncias Humanas - Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia - Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Renato Tirapelli</bold>, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040-902, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>crtirapelli@eerp.usp.br</email>, <email>crtlilo@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Simplicio JA, Tirapelli CR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Simplicio JA, Sim&#227;o MR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Simplicio JA, Sim&#227;o MR, Ambrosio SR, Tirapelli CR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Simplicio J&#193;; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Tirapelli CR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Simplicio J&#193;; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ambrosio SR, Tirapelli CR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Diterpenos do tipo labdano induzem uma queda da press&#227;o arterial por meio do relaxamento do m&#250;sculo liso vascular; todavia, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que descrevam os efeitos de labdanos em ratos hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para investigar as a&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares do labdano &#225;cido ent-3-acet&#243;xi-labda-8(17),13-dieno-15-&#243;ico (labda-15-&#243;ico) na hipertens&#227;o renal dois rins-1 clipe (2R-1C).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram feitos experimentos de reatividade vascular em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos isolados de ratos machos 2R-1C e normotensos (2R). A medi&#231;&#227;o de Nitrato/Nitrito (NOx) foi feita nas aortas por meio de ensaio colorim&#233;trico. As medidas de press&#227;o arterial foram feitas em ratos conscientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,1 - 300 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l) e a forscolina (0,1 nmol/l - 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l) relaxaram as aortas com endot&#233;lio intacto e as aortas sem endot&#233;lio dos ratos 2R-1C e 2R. O labda-15-&#243;ico mostrou-se mais eficaz na indu&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento em aortas com endot&#233;lio intacto de 2R pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas sem endot&#233;lio. A forscolina mostrou-se mais potente do que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico na indu&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento vascular nas art&#233;rias tanto de ratos 2R-1C quanto de ratos 2R. O aumento dos n&#237;veis de NOx induzido pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico foi menor nas art&#233;rias de ratos 2R-1C em compara&#231;&#227;o a ratos 2R. A administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,3-3 mg/kg) ou forscolina (0,1-1 mg/kg) induziu hipertens&#227;o em ratos 2R-1C e 2R conscientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os presentes resultados mostram que o labda-15-&#243;ico induz relaxamento vascular e hipotens&#227;o em ratos hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Labdano</kwd>
        <kwd>Relaxamento Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Diterpenos</kwd>
        <kwd>Forscolina</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Renovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2010/01009-3</award-id>
          <award-id>2011/13630-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O tratamento de hipertens&#227;o arterial com produtos derivados de plantas &#233; bem descrito na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Um grande n&#250;mero de plantas medicinais com atividade anti-hipertensiva foi quimicamente investigado e diterpenos s&#227;o apontados como seus principais constituintes. Por isso, muitos estudos focam nas propriedades cardiovasculares desses compostos. Por exemplo o diterpeno forscolina do tipo labdano (7 beta-acetoxi-8, 13-ep&#243;xi-1 alfa, 6 beta, 9 alfa-tri-hidr&#243;xi-labd-14-eno-11-um) diminui a press&#227;o arterial por meio de um mecanismo que envolve o relaxamento do m&#250;sculo liso vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Na vasculatura, a forscolina ativa a enzima adenilil ciclase, que por sua vez aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o de AMPc e a ativa&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na cinase dependente de AMPc (PKA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A extrus&#227;o de c&#225;lcio da membrana plasm&#225;tica e hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso vascular s&#227;o mecanismos tamb&#233;m relacionados &#224;s a&#231;&#245;es vasculares da forscolina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em humanos, a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de forscolina diminuiu a resist&#234;ncia vascular e reduziu a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outros diterpenos do tipo labdano, como labdano &#225;cido 8(17), 12E, 14-labda trien-18-&#243;ico e labd-8 (17)-en -15 &#243;ico tamb&#233;m foram descritos como indutores do relaxamento vascular e da hipotens&#227;o em ratos normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Descrevemos recentemente que o labdano &#225;cido ent-3-acet&#243;xi-labda-8(17), 13-dien-15 &#243;ico (labda-15-&#243;ico) induziu relaxamento vascular por meio do bloqueio do influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup>, ativa&#231;&#227;o da via do &#243;xido n&#237;trico endotelial (NO)-GMPc e abertura dos canais para K<sup>+</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A adminitra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de labda-15-&#243;ico induziu diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial em ratos normotensos; essa resposta foi parcialmente atenuada pelo L-NAME, sugerindo a participa&#231;&#227;o do NO nesta resposta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> &#201; importante notar que doses mais baixas de &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,3-3 mg/kg) foram necess&#225;rias para induzir hipotens&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros labdanos previamente testados, como &#225;cido 8 (17), 12E, 14-labdatrien-18-&#243;ico (5-30 mg/kg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e &#225;cido labd-8 (17)-eno-15-&#243;ico (1-10 mg/kg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Com base nesses resultados iniciais com &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico, temos a hip&#243;tese de que este composto induziria relaxamento vascular e hipotens&#227;o em ratos hipertensos. No presente estudo, procuramos avaliar as a&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em animais hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico</title>
          <p>O isolamento do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico foi feito como previamente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Cem gramas de &#243;leo-resina foram cromatografados sobre gel de s&#237;lica 60 H (Merck, art. 7736), usando cromatografia l&#237;quida sob v&#225;cuo 9 (CLV) com quantidades cada vez maiores de acetato de etilo (EtOAc) em n-hexano como eluente. Esse procedimento resultou em seis fra&#231;&#245;es (2000 ml cada), chamadas de F1 (34,7 g; <italic>n</italic>-hexano), F2 (13,5 g; 20% EtOAc), F3 (11,4 g; 40% EtOAc), F4 (9,7 g; 60% EtOAc), F5 (7,6 g; 80% EtOAc), e F6 (17,8 g; EtOAc) ap&#243;s evapora&#231;&#227;o do solvente. A fra&#231;&#227;o F4 foi inicialmente cromatografada via CLV sobre gel de s&#237;lica 60 H (Merck, art. 7736) conforme descrito acima, para criar fra&#231;&#245;es adicionais (F4.1 a F4.5). O &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (1132,0 mg) foi obtido do F4,3 por meio de cromatografia de m&#233;dia press&#227;o (flash) com uso de gel de s&#237;lica 60 (Merck, art. 9385), isocr&#225;tico n-hexano: EtOAc:CHCl<sub>3</sub> (5:2:3) como fase m&#243;vel, e quociente de vaz&#227;o de 5 ml/min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A pureza do (-) -&#225;cido acetoxicop&#225;lico (98%) foi estimada por cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta efici&#234;ncia, an&#225;lise por espectrometria de massa e dados espectrais de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear de hidrog&#234;nio-1 e carbono-13.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hipertens&#227;o renovascular</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o renovascular foi induzida em ratos conforme previamente descrito. Ratos Wistar macho com peso entre 180 e 200 gramas (35 dias de vida) foram anestesiados com tribromoetanol (250 mg/kg, i.p.) e ap&#243;s uma laparotomia mediana, um clipe de prata com di&#226;metro interno de 0,2 mm foi colocado em volta da art&#233;ria renal esquerda. Ratos normotensos 2 rins (2R) foram submetidos apenas &#224; laparotomia. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) foi medida antes e depois de seis semanas da laparotomia mediana em animais n&#227;o anestesiados, por meio de pletismografia de cauda; os ratos considerados hipertensos foram aqueles cuja PAS estava acima de 160 mmHg. Seis semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os ratos foram sacrificados e as aortas tor&#225;cicas foram isoladas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Um total de 26 ratos 2R e 28 ratos 2R-1C foram usados neste presente estudo. Todos os protocolos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Animal do Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (#09.1.1007.53.0).</p>
          <p>Prepara&#231;&#227;o do anel vascular</p>
          <p>A aorta tor&#225;cica foi removida rapidamente, tecidos conectivos aderentes foram removidos, e a aorta foi cortada em an&#233;is (5-6 mm de comprimento). Dois ganchos de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel foram passados atrav&#233;s do l&#250;men de cada anel. Um gancho foi conectado a um transdutor de for&#231;a isom&#233;trica (TRI201; Panlab, Espanha) para medir a tens&#227;o nos vasos. Os an&#233;is foram colocados em c&#226;mara para &#243;rg&#227;o isolado contendo 5 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs, gaseificada com 95% O<sub>2</sub> / 5% CO<sub>2</sub> e mantida a 37&#176;C. A composi&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o Krebs era (mmol/l): NaCl, 118,0; KCl, 4,7; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 1,2; MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 1,2; NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 15,0; Glicose, 5,5; CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2,5. Os an&#233;is foram esticados at&#233; chegarem &#224; tens&#227;o basal de 1,5 g, o que foi determinado por experimentos de rela&#231;&#227;o comprimento-tens&#227;o; foram ent&#227;o deixadas por 60 min para se equilibrarem. Durante esse tempo, o flu&#237;do do banho foi trocado a cada 15-20 min. Em alguns an&#233;is, o endot&#233;lio foi removido mecanicamente, enrolando cuidadosamente o l&#250;men do vaso num fio met&#225;lico. A integridade endotelial foi avaliada qualitativamente pelo grau de relaxamento causado pela acetilcolina (1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l), na presen&#231;a de uma contra&#231;&#227;o mantida induzida por fenilefrina (0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l). Para estudos de vasos com endot&#233;lio intacto, um anel era descartado se o relaxamento com acetilcolina n&#227;o fosse de 50% ou mais. Para estudos de vasos sem endot&#233;lio, um anel era descartado se houvesse qualquer grau de relaxamento. As curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta ao agonista foram obtidas por meio de um programa de ajuste de regress&#227;o n&#227;o-linear. (Graph Pad Prism 3.0; GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, EUA). A pot&#234;ncia e a resposta m&#225;xima do agonista foram expressas como pD<sub>2</sub> (-logEC<sub>50</sub>) e Emax (efeito m&#225;ximo extra&#237;do do agonista), respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em an&#233;is de aorta contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina ou KCl</title>
          <p>Uma tens&#227;o constante foi induzido por fenilefrina (concentra&#231;&#245;es de 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l para an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e 0,03 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l para an&#233;is sem endot&#233;lio foram usados para induzir contra&#231;&#245;es de magnitude similar); O &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico foi ent&#227;o adicionado de forma gradual (0,1 - 300 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l). O efeito do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico na contra&#231;&#227;o sustentada induzida por KCl (30 mmol/l) em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto ou sem endot&#233;lio tamb&#233;m foi examinado. Para compara&#231;&#227;o, o efeito da forscolina (0,1 nmol/l - 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l) nas contra&#231;&#245;es induzidas por fenilefrina e KCl em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e an&#233;is sem endot&#233;lio foi avaliado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimentos de press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>Experimentos de press&#227;o arterial foram feitos conforme previamente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Um dia antes dos experimentos, os ratos foram anestesiados com tribromoetanol (250 mg/kg, i.p.), e um cateter (um segmento de 4 cm de PE-10 ligado termicamente a um segmento de 13 cm de PE-50) (Clay Adams, Parsippany, NJ, EUA) foi inserido na aorta abdominal atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria femoral para registro de press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Um segundo cateter foi implantado na veia jugular para administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de medicamentos. Ambos os cateteres foram implantados subcutaneamente e exteriorizadas no dorso do animal. Durante o experimento, ratos movendo-se livremente foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais, e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) foi registrada por um amplificador HP-7754A (Hewlett Packard, EUA) conectado a uma placa de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de sinal (MP-100, BIOPAC, USA) e processada por um computador. O &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,3-3 mg/kg) ou a forscolina (0,1-1 mg/kg) foram administrados via inje&#231;&#227;o de bolus intravenosa. Tanto o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,3-3 mg/kg) quanto a forscolina (0,1-1 mg/kg) foram administrados em diferentes animais. Os resultados de press&#227;o arterial foram calculados com base na m&#233;dia da PAM obtida no plat&#244; da resposta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida dos n&#237;veis de Nitrato/Nitrito (NOx)</title>
          <p>N&#237;veis de NOx foram medidos em sobrenadantes de homogenatos da aorta com endot&#233;lio intacto de ratos 2R-1C e 2R. Os an&#233;is foram pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina (0,1 &#181;mol/l) e ent&#227;o expostos ao &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (300 &#181;mol/l). o sobrenadante foi centrifugado usando filtros de ultracentr&#237;fuga (#UFC5010BK Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL 10 kDa, Millipore, Billerica, MA, EUA). O nitrato foi medido colorimetricamente seguindo instru&#231;&#245;es do kit comercializado (#780,001, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, EUA). Os resultados foram normalizados pela concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na e est&#227;o expressos como nmol/mg de prote&#237;na. A concentra&#231;&#227;o proteica de todos os experimentos foram determinadas com ensaio de reagente de prote&#237;na (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Drogas</title>
          <p>O &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico foi preparado como solu&#231;&#227;o estoque em dimetil sulf&#243;xido (DMSO). As demais drogas foram dissolvidos em &#225;gua destilada. A concentra&#231;&#227;o do banho de DMSO n&#227;o excedeu 0,5%, o que n&#227;o influencia no t&#244;nus basal das prepara&#231;&#245;es nem na contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento mediado pelo agonista. Para os experimentos in vivo, o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico foi dilu&#237;do em DMSO 10% e depois em salina. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de DMSO na solu&#231;&#227;o final n&#227;o influencia nos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares basais, conforme previamente observado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram expressos como a media &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM). Os dados seguiram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica feita foi por ANOVA de uma via, ou o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado. Compara&#231;&#245;es post-hoc foram feitas ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise ANOVA, pelo teste Newman-Keuls de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, conforme indicado no texto e nas tabelas. Para todas as an&#225;lises, valores p abaixo de 0,05 foram considerados significativos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi conduzida por meio do programa Graph Pad Prism 3.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Valores de press&#227;o arterial em ratos 2R-1C e 2R</title>
          <p>PAM, PAD e PAS aumentaram significativamente em ratos 2R-1C em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos 2R (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores de press&#227;o arterial (mmHg) em ratos 2R e 2R-1C</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">2R</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">2R-1C</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">Ap&#243;s 6 semanas</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">Ap&#243;s 6 semanas</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAM</td>
                  <td align="center">104,3 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,9 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">105,7 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">161,3 &#177; 10,4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">92,5 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">89,8 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">96,3 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">138,4 &#177; 11,6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">127,9 &#177; 2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">123,2 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">124,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">207,0 &#177; 9,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>Valores s&#227;o medias &#177; EPM de n = 12 animais para cada grupo.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Comparado com valores basais respectivos (p &lt; 0,05, teste t de Student pareado). PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A&#231;&#227;o vasorelaxante do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos 2R-1C e 2R</title>
          <p>O &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>) reduziu as contra&#231;&#245;es sustentadas induzidas por fenilefrina e KCl em aortas com endot&#233;lio intacto e aortas sem endot&#233;lio tanto de ratos 2R-1C quanto de ratos 2R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>). Os valores de E<sub>max</sub> (porcentagem de relaxamento) para o efeito relaxante do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e an&#233;is sem endot&#233;lio, pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas nas aortas dos ratos 2R-1C e 2R (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Todavia, diferen&#231;as foram encontradas nos valores de pD<sub>2</sub> para o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio, pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina em aortas de ratos 2R, mas n&#227;o em ratos 2R-1C. Em art&#233;rias pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com KCl, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os valores de E<sub>max</sub> e os valores de pD<sub>2</sub> para o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio em ratos 2R-1C nem 2R (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Os valores de E<sub>max</sub> e de pD<sub>2</sub> para o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico nos an&#233;is pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com KCl n&#227;o se mostraram diferentes daqueles encontrados em an&#233;is pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina para ratos 2R-1C nem 2R.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estrutura qu&#237;mica do &#225;cido ent-3-acet&#243;xi-labda-8(17),13-dieno- 15-&#243;ico (labda-15-&#243;ico; superior) e 7 beta-acetoxi-8, 13-ep&#243;xi-1 alfa, 6 beta, 9 alfa-tri-hidr&#243;xi-labd-14-eno-11-um (forscolina; inferior).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Respostas de relaxamento induzidas pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos. O relaxamento induzido pelo labdano foi estudado em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) e sem endot&#233;lio (E-) de ratos, contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina (0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l) ou KCl (30 mmol/l). Tens&#227;o constante foi induzida pela fenilefrina ou pelo KCl e, ent&#227;o, o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,1-300 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l) foi adicionado cumulativamente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title> Valores de E<sub>max</sub> (% relaxamento) e pD<sub>2</sub> para &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico e forscolina em a&#243;rtas com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) e sem endot&#233;lio (E-) de ratos 2R e 2R-1C </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Agente pr&#233;-contr&#225;ctil</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">2R</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">2R-1C</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">E+ (E<sub>max</sub>)</th>
                  <th align="center">E- (E<sub>max</sub>)</th>
                  <th align="center">E+ (E<sub>max</sub>)</th>
                  <th align="center">E- (E<sub>max</sub>)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#193;cido labda-15-&#243;ico</td>
                  <td align="center">Fenilefrina</td>
                  <td align="center">93,7 &#177; 6,8 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,2 &#177; 1,8 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">99,0 &#177; 7,4 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,8 &#177; 6,6 (6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">KCl</td>
                  <td align="center">96,4 &#177; 4,4 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,6 &#177; 6,6 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">103,9 &#177; 3,8 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,3 &#177; 7,4 (8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Forscolina</td>
                  <td align="center">Fenilefrina</td>
                  <td align="center">110,7 &#177; 5,3 (7) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">104,0 &#177; 5,62a (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">118,8 &#177; 5,2 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">107,7 &#177; 8,0 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">KCl</td>
                  <td align="center">92,6 &#177; 3,9 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,8 &#177; 3,9 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">105,9 &#177; 3,3 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">93,2 &#177; 7,1 (6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>E+ (pD<sub>2</sub>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>E- (pD<sub>2</sub>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>E+ (pD<sub>2</sub>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>E- (pD<sub>2</sub>)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#193;cido labda-15-&#243;ico</td>
                  <td align="center">Fenilefrina</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 0,06 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,04 (6)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 0,11 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 0,08(6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">KCl</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,08 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,06 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 0,10 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,08 (8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Forscolina</td>
                  <td align="center">Fenilefrina</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 0,21 (7) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 0,17(6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">b</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 0,10 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 0,14(6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">b</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">KCl</td>
                  <td align="center">7,0 &#177; 0,16 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,0 &#177; 0,15(5) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 0,20 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,0 &#177; 0,12 (6) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>N&#250;meros entre par&#234;nteses indicam o n&#250;mero de prepara&#231;&#245;es isoladas. Valores s&#227;o medias &#177; EPM.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Comparado com &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em aortas pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina de ratos 2R e 2R-1C,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>Comparado com o grupo respectivo em aortas E+ de ratos 2R e 2R-1C,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>Comparado com &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em aortas pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina ou KCl de ratos 2R e 2R-1C (p&lt;0,05, ANOVA seguido de teste Newman-Keuls de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A forscolina reduziu as contra&#231;&#245;es sustentadas induzidas por fenilefrina e KCl em aortas com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio de ratos 2R-1C e 2R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>). Os valores de E<sub>max</sub> para o efeito relaxante de forscolina em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio, pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina n&#227;o se mostraram significativamente diferentes em aortas de ratos 2R-1C e 2R (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Todavia, diferen&#231;as foram encontradas em valores de pD<sub>2</sub> para forscolina em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio, pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina em aortas de ratos 2R-1C e 2R. As art&#233;rias pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com KCl, n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a entre os valores de E<sub>max</sub> ou de pD<sub>2</sub> para forscolina em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio de ratos 2R-1C e 2R (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Respostas de relaxamento induzidas por forscolina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos. O relaxamento foi induzido pelo labdano foi estudado em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) e sem endot&#233;lio (E-) de ratos, contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina (0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l) ou KCl (30 mmol/l). Tens&#227;o constante foi induzida pela fenilefrina ou KCl e, ent&#227;o, forscolina (0,1 nmol/l - 1 <italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l) foi adicionada cumulativamente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os valores de E<sub>max</sub> para forscolina em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio, pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina, mas n&#227;o com KCl, se mostraram significativamente diferentes daqueles encontrados para &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em ratos 2R-1C e 2R. Os valores de pD<sub>2</sub> para forscolina em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio, pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina ou KCl mostraram-se significativamente diferentes daqueles encontrados para o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em ratos 2R-1C e 2R (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimentos de press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">figura 4</xref> mostra tra&#231;ados representativos do efeito do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico e da forscolina na press&#227;o arterial de ratos 2R-1C e 2R. A varia&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima da PAM induzida pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico e pela forscolina na press&#227;o em ratos 2R-1C e 2R conscientes est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>. A administra&#231;&#227;o em bolus de &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico ou forscolina causou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na PAM em ratos 2R-1C e 2R conscientes. Os valores da PAM retornaram a n&#237;veis basais ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico. Por outro lado, valores da PAM n&#227;o retornaram a n&#237;veis basais ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de forscolina a 1 mg/kg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>). O &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico induziu uma queda mais pronunciada na press&#227;o arterial em 2R em compara&#231;&#227;o a 2R-1C. Por outro lado, a forscolina mostrou-se mais eficiente na indu&#231;&#227;o de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAM em ratos 2R-1C, em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos 2R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>). Valores da press&#227;o arterial antes e depois da administra&#231;&#227;o da droga est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Tra&#231;ados representativos da a&#231;&#227;o hipotensiva demonstrada pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,3 &#8211; 3 mg/kg) e pela forscolina (0,1 &#8211; 1 mg/kg) em ratos 2R-1C e 2R conscientes. Os tra&#231;ados representam o valor m&#233;dio da diminui&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de 5-6 animais.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title> &#8211; Efeitos do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,3&#8211;3 mg/kg) e da forscolina (0,1&#8211;1 mg/kg) na press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM). Varia&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima na PAM (mmHg) induzida por inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa dos labdanos foi avaliada em ratos 2R e 2R-1C conscientes. Cada barra representa a m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM) de 5&#8209;6 experimentos. *Comparado com ve&#237;culo, #Comparado com ratos 2R (p &lt; 0,05, ANOVA seguido de teste Newman-Keuls de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores de press&#227;o arterial (mmHg) em ratos 2R e 2R-1C antes e depois da administra&#231;&#227;o do medicamento (&#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico ou forscolina) e seus respectivos valores &#916;PAM and %&#916;PAM</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PAM (mmHg)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Antes</th>
                  <th align="center">Depois</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">&#916;PAM</th>
                  <th align="center">%&#916;PAM</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>&#193;cido labda-1-5-&#243;ico 2R</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ve&#237;culo</td>
                  <td align="center">103,5 &#177; 6,7 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">98,9 &#177; 7,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,3 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">100,5 &#177; 5,5 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">96,3 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 3,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (1 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">99,8 &#177; 6,2 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">70,6 &#177; 15,6</td>
                  <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 13,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (3 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,5 &#177; 6,4 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">48,6 &#177; 12,4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">49,9 &#177; 8,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">53,6 &#177; 10,9 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>&#193;cido labda-1-5-&#243;ico 2R-1C</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ve&#237;culo</td>
                  <td align="center">163,7 &#177; 15,2 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">159,3 &#177; 16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 2,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (0,3 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">161,6 &#177; 15,8 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">154,0 &#177; 16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 2,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (1 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">160,0 &#177; 15,6 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">148,0 &#177; 15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 2,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;cido labda-15-&#243;ico (3 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">160,2 &#177; 15,8 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">109,7 &#177;19,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">50,5 &#177; 9,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">33,8 &#177; 8, 4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Forscolina 2R</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ve&#237;culo</td>
                  <td align="center">113,9 &#177; 3,0 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">107,5 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 1,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Forscolina (0,1 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">104,9 &#177; 4,5 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">90,9 &#177; 5,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">14,0 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 2,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Forscolina (0,3 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">108,1 &#177; 5,0 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">75,8 &#177; 10,8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">32,3 &#177; 10,0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 9,6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Forscolina (1 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">107,4 &#177; 4,0 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">77,0 &#177; 3,1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30,4 &#177; 5,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 3,8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Forscolina 2R-1C</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ve&#237;culo</td>
                  <td align="center">169,1 &#177; 12,8 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">163,3 &#177; 15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 2,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Forscolina (0,1 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">170,4 &#177; 16,6 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">153,2 &#177; 12,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4 &#177; 3,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Forscolina (0,3 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">167,6 &#177; 16,3 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">130,9 &#177; 12,4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 5,7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">21,7 &#177; 2,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Forscolina (1 mg/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">166,0 &#177; 16,9 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">97,1 &#177; 16,0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">68,9 &#177; 8,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">42,4 &#177; 6,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>N&#250;meros entre par&#234;nteses indicam o n&#250;mero de animais. Valores s&#227;o a media &#177; EPM.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Diferen&#231;a significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com a linha de base, antes da infus&#227;o da droga (p &lt; 0,05, teste t de Student pareado).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>Comparado com ve&#237;culo (p &lt; 0,05, ANOVA seguido de teste Newman-Keuls de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla). PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida dos n&#237;veis de NOx</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">figura 6</xref> mostra que n&#237;veis basais de NOx em aortas de ratos 2R-1C s&#227;o menores do que aqueles encontrados nas aortas de ratos 2R. O &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico induziu uma forma&#231;&#227;o de nitrato em aortas com endot&#233;lio intacto de ratos 2R-1C e 2R. A forma&#231;&#227;o de nitrato induzida pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico mostrou-se menor em art&#233;rias de ratos 2R-1C, em compara&#231;&#227;o a ratos 2R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico sobre os n&#237;veis de nitrato em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto de ratos 2R e 2R-1C. Cada barra representa a m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM) de 6-8 prepara&#231;&#245;es independentes. *Comparado com valores basais para ratos 2R, #Comparado com valores basais para ratos 2R-1C, <sup>&#402;</sup>Comparado com estimula&#231;&#227;o com &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em ratos 2R-1C (p &lt; 0,05, ANOVA seguido de teste Newman-Keuls de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0481-60058-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As presentes conclus&#245;es indicam que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico mostrou-se mais efetivo na indu&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento vascular, em ratos 2R, em aortas com endot&#233;lio intacto pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aortas sem endot&#233;lio. Esse resultado est&#225; de acordo com descobertas anteriores de nosso laborat&#243;rio, que mostram que o relaxamento induzido pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico &#233; parcialmente dependente da via do &#243;xido n&#237;trico endotelial (NO)-GMPc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Por outro lado, em aortas de ratos 2R-1C, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as no relaxamento induzido pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico entre an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio. O t&#244;nus vascular alterado &#233; caracter&#237;stica da maioria das formas de hipertens&#227;o experimental e humana e est&#225; associado a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com consequente dano &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente e redu&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Considerando-se que NO derivado do endot&#233;lio medeia parcialmente o efeito vasorelaxante do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia para a a&#231;&#227;o relaxante do labdano nas aortas de ratos 2R-1C pode ser causada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade de NO descrita em estados hipertensivos. Na verdade, essa hip&#243;tese ganha for&#231;a com o fato de que a gera&#231;&#227;o de nitrato, induzida pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico, nas art&#233;rias de 2R-1C foi mais baixa do que aquela encontrada nas art&#233;rias de ratos 2R. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante notar que encontramos menor conte&#250;do de NOx basal nas art&#233;rias de 2R-1C em compara&#231;&#227;o a aortas de ratos 2R, corroborando ainda mais observa&#231;&#245;es anteriores que mostram disponibilidade reduzida de NO basal em hipertens&#227;o renovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o de canais para K<sup>+</sup> leva a hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;luas do m&#250;sculo liso vasclar, diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade dos canais para Ca<sup>2+</sup> dependentes de voltagem e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A ativa&#231;&#227;o dos canais para K+ dependentes de voltagem e sens&#237;veis ao ATP, assim como de canais para K<sup>+</sup> ativados por Ca<sup>2+</sup> de alta e baixa condut&#226;ncia, tiveram participa&#231;&#227;o na resposta vasorelaxante induzida pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Est&#225; bem estabelecido que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio e a hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso mostram-se comprometidas em segmentos a&#243;rticos de ratos hipertensivos 2R-1C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o anormal dos canais para K<sup>+</sup> ativados por Ca<sup>2+</sup> de alta condut&#226;ncia, e dos canais para K<sup>+</sup> sens&#237;veis ao ATP presentes no m&#250;sculo liso vascular tem uma participa&#231;&#227;o no relaxamento comprometido das aortas dos ratos 2R-1C,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e tamb&#233;m pode contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio induzida pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico nas aortas de ratos 2R-1C.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na a&#231;&#227;o inibit&#243;ria demonstrada pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico nas art&#233;rias pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com KCl em ratos 2R e 2R-1C. A contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por KCl no m&#250;sculo liso &#233; mediada pela despolariza&#231;&#227;o da membrana celular e aumento do influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;s dos canais para Ca<sup>2+</sup> operados por voltagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Dessa forma, podemos sugerir que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico bloqueia o influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup>extracelular por meio de interfer&#234;ncia com canais operados por voltagem em ratos 2R e 2R-1C.</p>
        <p>A forscolina relaxou aortas com endot&#233;lio intacto e sem endot&#233;lio, pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina (mas n&#227;o com KCl) mais do que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em ratos 2R e 2R-1C. Al&#233;m disso, a forscolina mostrou-se mais potente do que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico na indu&#231;&#227;o de relaxamento vascular em art&#233;rias pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com fenilefrina ou KCl em ratos 2R-1C e 2R. Poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para esses efeitos est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; estrutura qu&#237;mica dos labdanos e/ou de seus mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o. Analisando a estrutura qu&#237;mica do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico e da forscolina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>), observamos que apesar desses dois compostos serem classificados como diterpenos do tipo labdano, h&#225; not&#225;vel presen&#231;a de um grande n&#250;mero de grupos doadores de liga&#231;&#227;o de hidrog&#234;nio (grupo hidrof&#237;lico), ressaltando os radicais hidroxila em C-1, C-6 e C-9 esqueleto da forscolina em compara&#231;&#227;o com a estrutura qu&#237;mica do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico, que cont&#233;m apenas dois grupos hidrof&#237;licos em C-3 e C-16. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel observar que esses compostos naturais diferem uns dos outros em suas configura&#231;&#245;es invertidas dos carbonos C-5, C-9 e C-10. Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que diferen&#231;as qu&#237;micas nos diterpenos alteram suas propriedades cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e podem ser fonte da discrep&#226;ncia entre os efeitos do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico e da forscolina aqui descritos.</p>
        <p>Labdanos exercem seus efeitos cardiovasculares agindo em v&#225;rios locais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e por isso diversas vias intracelulares fazem o papel da media&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento vascular induzido por esses compostos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> O aumento nos n&#237;veis de AMPc, devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o da adenilil ciclase e ativa&#231;&#227;o subsequente de PKA &#233; o principal mecanismo respons&#225;vel pelo relaxamento vascular induzido pelo labdano forscolina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Entretanto, a forscolina tamb&#233;m aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de NO via ativa&#231;&#227;o de eNOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Por outro lado, os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela a&#231;&#227;o vasorelaxante do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico n&#227;o est&#227;o relacionados com a ativa&#231;&#227;o da adenilil ciclase e envolvem o bloqueio do influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> extracelular, o aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de NO e a abertura dos canais para K<sup>+</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As diferen&#231;as nos mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela respostas vasculares desses dois labdanos tamb&#233;m podem ser respons&#225;veis pelas diferentes respostas cardiovasculares demonstradas pelo &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico e pela forscolina.</p>
        <p>Aprimoramentos no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da hipertens&#227;o contribuem para uma redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Diterpenos do tipo labdano tamb&#233;m podem ser considerados fonte promissora de novos prot&#243;tipos para a descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos agentes terap&#234;uticos cardiovasculares. A a&#231;&#227;o hipotensora de diterpenos do tipo labdano est&#225; relacionada a sua a&#231;&#227;o miorrelaxante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Recentemente, descrevemos que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico induz relaxamento vascular e hipotens&#227;o em ratos normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Considerando-se que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico relaxou aortas nos ratos 2R-1C, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que o labdano poderia exercer uma a&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva in vivo. No presente estudo a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico induziu uma hipotens&#227;o de curta dura&#231;&#227;o em ratos 2R e 2R-1C, demonstrando ainda mais que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico exerce efeito anti-hipertensivo in vivo. O &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico induziu uma redu&#231;&#227;o menos pronunciada na press&#227;o arterial em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; forscolina, fortalecendo a id&#233;ia de que diferen&#231;as qu&#237;micas alteram a a&#231;&#227;o hipotensora demonstrada por diterpenos do tipo labdano. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante notar que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico causa hipotens&#227;o por meio da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, mediada em parte por NO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> ao passo que os efeitos da forscolina s&#227;o mediados principalmente pela ativa&#231;&#227;o da adenilil ciclase e aumento nos n&#237;veis de AMPc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Essa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; relevante j&#225; que, conforme mencionado anteriormente, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com preju&#237;zos na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio e a redu&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo NO &#233; caracter&#237;stica da hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Essa caracter&#237;stica do estado hipertensivo pode explicar, pelo menos em parte, o efeito reduzido do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; forscolina.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo devem ser consideradas. O fato de o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico ter reduzido a press&#227;o arterial em um modelo animal de hipertens&#227;o renovascular, n&#227;o &#233; garatia de que esse labdano tamb&#233;m ser&#225; efetivo em outros modelos animais de hipertens&#227;o ou na hipertens&#227;o humana. Outro ponto a ser considerado &#233; que o efeito vasorelaxante do labdano deve tamb&#233;m ser testado em vasos de resist&#234;ncia, uma vez que estes s&#227;o mais importantes na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Finalmente, nossas descobertas mostram os efeitos do &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa do composto, mas n&#227;o temos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a biodisponibilidade e os efeitos cardiovasculares desse composto ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o oral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Diterpenos provavelmente cumprem o pr&#233;-requisito farmacol&#243;gico de uma classe de compostos, e podem ter uso terap&#234;utico em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Usando uma combina&#231;&#227;o de abordagens in vivo e in vitro, a presente investiga&#231;&#227;o mostra pela primeira vez que o &#225;cido labda-15-&#243;ico induz relaxamento vascular em art&#233;rias de ratos hipertensos 2R-1C. Administra&#231;&#227;o de labdano in vivo induziu uma queda na press&#227;o arterial de ratos hipertensos. Os estudos experimentais iniciais sobre os efeitos cardiovasculares dos labdanos s&#227;o importantes e necess&#225;rios, considerando-se tal informa&#231;&#227;o um pr&#233;-requisito para qualquer uso racional e seguro desses compostos no tratamento de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo &#233; vinculado ao programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos os Drs Evelin C. Carnio e Marcelo E. Batalh&#227;o pela medi&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial. Este trabalho foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP - 2010/01009-3 and 2011/13630-7). J.A.S. &#233; apoiado por uma bolsa de mestrado da CAPES.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
