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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GJhrrtTTvVSLq8mFPnhrspf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000600474</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005012102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160061</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Association With Risk Factors in Primary Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Kenia Vieira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Mary Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Davi de S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cetto</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Bragatto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brum</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia da Paz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
            <suffix>Netto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Epidemiologia e Bioestat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Epidemiologia e Bioestat&#237;stica - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Cl&#237;nica - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fundamentos de Enfermagem e Administra&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fundamentos de Enfermagem e Administra&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ant&#244;nio Jose Lagoeiro Jorge,</bold> Rua Coronel Bittencourt, 66. Postal Code 24900-000, Boa Vista, Maric&#225;, RJ &#8211; Brazil</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva KV, Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL. Acquisition of data: Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Correia DMS, Silva DS, Cetto DB, Brum AP, Silveira Netto P, Rodrigues GD. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva KV, Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Correia DMS. Statistical analysis: Rosa MLG. Writing of the manuscript: Silva KV, Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva KV, Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Correia DMS, Silva DS, Cetto DB, Brum AP, Silveira Netto P, Rodrigues GD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>6</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>474</fpage>
      <lpage>480</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a chronic, progressive disease with high morbidity and mortality. It is underdiagnosed, especially among women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To study the prevalence of high risk for OSAS globally and for the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) categories, and to evaluate the reliability of the BQ use in the population studied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Observational, cross-sectional study with individuals from the Niter&#243;i Family Doctor Program, randomly selected, aged between 45 and 99 years. The visits occurred between August/2011 and December/2012. Variables associated with each BQ category and with high risk for OSAS (global) were included in logistic regression models (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the total (616), 403 individuals (65.4%) reported snoring. The prevalence of high risk for OSA was 42.4%, being 49.7% for category I, 10.2% for category II and 77.6% for category III.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> BQ showed an acceptable reliability after excluding the questions Has anyone noticed that you stop breathing during your sleep? and Have you ever dozed off or fallen asleep while driving?. This should be tested in further studies with samples mostly comprised of women and low educational level individuals. Given the burden of OSAS-related diseases and risks, studies should be conducted to validate new tools and to adapt BQ to better screen OSAS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title> Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Surveys and Questionnaires</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a chronic and progressive disease of increasing importance, because of its neurocognitive and cardiovascular sequelae, such as systemic arterial hypertension (SAH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is underdiagnosed, mainly among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is characterized by repeated episodes of complete or partial airflow cessation in the upper airways (apnea and hypopnea, respectively). Such changes are due to complete or partial airflow obstruction at the pharynx level, often resulting in oxygen desaturation and brief awakenings from sleep (arousals).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition to polysomnography, considered gold standard for the diagnosis of OSAS, some tools, such as scales, despite not diagnosing the disorder, indicate the risk for OSAS. Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) is one of them. It comprises three categories of questions, which include snoring, daytime sleepiness and diagnosis of hypertension and obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Brazil, we identified only one study estimating the prevalence of high risk for OSAS in the general population, conducted in the city of S&#227;o Paulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Considering the high prevalence of hypertension and the need to better understand the behavior of the BQ in our population, a more careful investigation is certainly extremely useful.</p>
      <p>The present study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of high risk for OSAS per BQ category and globally, in addition to assessing the reliability of BQ in a population cared for by the Niter&#243;i Family Doctor Program (FDP), Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The present study is part of the DIGITALIS Trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> a cross-sectional study of a random population sample registered in the Niter&#243;i FDP, including individuals of both sexes, aged from 45 to 99 years. Medical and nurse visits were appointed at selected FDP healthcare units from August 2011 to November 2012, where blood and urine samples were collected, electrocardiography and echocardiography performed, and a questionnaire specifically elaborated for the study with validated tools, such as the BQ, was applied. The researchers were trained in the procedures elaborated and tested in the pilot-study, carried out in a FDP healthcare unit not included in this study.</p>
      <p>Initially, 942 individuals were invited, and 616 attended the appointments, completed the questionnaire, underwent anthropometric and clinical examinations, being included in this study (35% missed the appointment). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows sex and age differences of those attending and completing the investigation and those who did not.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the individuals invited to participate in the study (assessed and not assessed)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="45%"/>
            <col width="45%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Participants with complete information</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Individuals who refused to participate or those with incomplete information</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">381 (61.9)</td>
              <td align="center">174 (53.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">235 (38.1)</td>
              <td align="center">152 (46.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Age group</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>45-49 years</td>
              <td align="center">110 (17.9)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (23.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59 years</td>
              <td align="center">246 (39.9)</td>
              <td align="center">105 (34.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69 years</td>
              <td align="center">150 (24.4)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (21.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79 years</td>
              <td align="center">86 (14.0)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (15.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-99 years </td>
              <td align="center">24 (3.9)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (5.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">151 (24.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">448 (72.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity (BMI&#8805;30)</td>
              <td align="center">189 (30.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><bold>Endpoint:</bold> High risk for OSAS measured via BQ. The BQ comprises 10 items, organized into three categories concerning snoring and apnea (5 items), daytime sleepiness (4 items) with a subquestion about sleepiness while driving (nodding off while driving a motor vehicle) and history of SAH or obesity (1 item). Risk classification (high risk <italic>versus</italic> non high risk) was based on the responses in each category, as follows: category I - persistent symptoms (&gt;3-4 times/week) in at least 2 questions; category II - persistent symptoms (&gt;3-4 times/week) with report of excessive daytime sleepiness or sleepiness while driving a motor vehicle, or both; category III - history of SAH or body mass index (BMI) &#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Individuals at high risk for OSAS were those with positive scoring in at least two BQ categories.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p><bold>Exposure</bold>. Age: was recorded in complete years at the time of the appointment and categorized into 10-year age ranges. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM): report of previous medical diagnosis of DM, fasting blood glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL measured at the time of the appointment, or use of antidiabetic medications. Arterial hypertension: previous diagnosis of SAH, systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 90 mm Hg measured at the time of the appointment, or regular use of anti-hypertensive drugs. Body mass index &#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was used to define obesity.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>We calculated the absolute and relative frequencies of the participants' characteristics, of the responses considered positive according to the BQ score, of the risk categories and of high risk for OSAS (global). Differences were tested as follows: between the proportions, by using Pearson chi-square test, with continuity correction for dichotomous risk variables; and between the means, by using non-paired Student <italic>t</italic> test. Variables associated with each category and conveying high risk for OSAS (global), with 0.20 significance in the difference between proportions or means, were included in logistic regression models, when statistical significance was established as &lt;0.05. Because the presence of SAH or obesity (BMI) defines category III, those two variables were not assessed on raw and adjusted analysis of category III. All analyses were performed with the SPSS program, version 21 (IBM Corp. Released 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>This study was conducted according to the principles established in CONEP Resolution 466/2012.</p>
        <p>This study protocol was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of the Medical School of the Ant&#244;nio Pedro University-affiliated Hospital, and approved (CAAE:0077.0.258.000-10).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample of 616 individuals included in this study had the following characteristics: female sex, 61.9%; mean age, 59.1&#177;10.20 years; elementary educational level, 68%; hypertensive, 72.7%; obese, 30.7%; and diabetic, 24.8%. Individuals of the two extreme age groups assessed comprised most of those excluded from the analysis.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the scores of BQ responses and the prevalence of high risk for OSAS per BQ category and globally. Of all individuals assessed, 403 individuals (65.4%) reported snoring. Three of four responses of category I scored between 22% and 38.5%, while for the question <italic>Has anyone noticed that you stop breathing during your sleep?</italic>, only 1.8% of the responses scored. In category II, two of the three questions scored approximately 12%, but only 3.4% scored the question <italic>Have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep while driving a vehicle?</italic>. The global prevalence of high risk for OSAS was 42.4%, with 49.7% prevalence in category I, 10.2% in category II, and 77.6% in category III. The prevalence of high risk for OSAS in category I, according to age groups, had a bell shape curve (p&lt;0.01) and was higher among obese individuals (p&lt;0.01). Only sex associated with high risk for OSAS in category II (p&lt;0.1 and &gt;0.05). The characteristics 'female sex', 'advanced age' and 'DM' showed statistically significant association with high risk for OSAS in category III (hypertension and obesity). Age and DM (p&lt;0.1 and &gt;0.05) associated with global prevalence of high risk for OSAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Scores of the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) responses and prevalence of high risk for OSAS per BQ categories and globally</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Questions in the scoring categories </th>
              <th align="center">N (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Do you snore?</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">403 (65.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>You snoring is...</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Louder than talking or much louder than talking</td>
              <td align="center">138 (22.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>How often do you snore?</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3-4 times per week or almost every day</td>
              <td align="center">136 (22.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Has your snoring ever bothered other people?</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">219 (35.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Has anyone noticed that you stop breathing during your sleep?</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3-4 times per week or almost every day</td>
              <td align="center">11 (1.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>How often do you feel tired or fatigued after your sleep?</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3-4 times per week or almost every day</td>
              <td align="center">96 (15.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>During your waking time, do you feel tired or not up to par?</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3-4 times per week or almost every day</td>
              <td align="center">96 (15.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep while driving a vehicle?</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">21 (3.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Risk for OSAS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Category I</td>
              <td align="center">306 (49.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Category II</td>
              <td align="center">63 (10.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Category III</td>
              <td align="center">478 (77.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Global</td>
              <td align="center">261 (42.4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>OSAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of risk for OSAS<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">1</xref></sup> defined via the Berlin Questionnaire per category and globally, according to risk variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="7%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="13" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Risk for OSAS</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Category I</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Category II</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Category III</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Global</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value*<sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">3</xref></sup></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.339</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.074</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">183 (48.0)</td>
              <td align="center">198 (52.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">46 (12.1)</td>
              <td align="center">335 (87.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">313 (82.2)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (17.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">168 (44.1)</td>
              <td align="center">213 (55.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">123 (52.3)</td>
              <td align="center">112 (47.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">17 (7.2)</td>
              <td align="center">218 (92.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">165 (70.2)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (29.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">93 (39.6)</td>
              <td align="center">142 (60.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Age group</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.156</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>45-49</td>
              <td align="center">49 (44.5)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (55.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">9 (8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (91.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">68 (61.8)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (38.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">32 (29.1)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (70.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">139 (56.5)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (43.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">32 (13.0)</td>
              <td align="center">214 (87.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">195 (79.3)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (20.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">124 (50.4)</td>
              <td align="center">122 (49.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">81 (54.0)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (46.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">17 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">133 (88.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">116 (77.3)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (22.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">68 (45.3)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (54.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">33 (38.4)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (61.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (4.7)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (95.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">77 (89.5)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">33 (38.4)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (61.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-99 </td>
              <td align="center">4 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (83.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1 (4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (95.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">22 (91.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (83.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.412</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.516</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.105</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">80 (53.0)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (47.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">13 (8.6)</td>
              <td align="center">138 (91.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">131 (86.8)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (13.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">73 (48.3)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (51.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No</td>
              <td align="center">223 (48.7)</td>
              <td align="center">235 (51.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">49 (10.7)</td>
              <td align="center">409 (89.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">340 (74.2)</td>
              <td align="center">118 (25.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">185 (40.4)</td>
              <td align="center">273 (59.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Hypertension</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">223 (49.8)</td>
              <td align="center">225 (50.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">43 (9.6)</td>
              <td align="center">405 (90.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No</td>
              <td align="center">83 (49.4)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (50.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">20 (11.9)</td>
              <td align="center">148 (88.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold><sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">2</xref></sup>BMI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.498</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI&#8805;30</td>
              <td align="center">116 (61.4)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (38.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">22 (11.6)</td>
              <td align="center">167 (88.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI&lt;30</td>
              <td align="center">190 (44.5)</td>
              <td align="center">237 (55.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">41 (9.6)</td>
              <td align="center">386 (90.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>OSAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>2</label>
            <p>BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>3</label>
            <p>Pearson chi-square test, with continuity correction for dichotomous risk variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the difference of the means of age, SBP, DBP and BMI according to the presence of high risk for OSAS. In category I, there was association with age, BMI (p&lt;0.01) and DBP (p&lt;0.1 and &gt;0.05). In category II, none of the four variables associated with high risk for OSAS. In category III, the elderly showed higher prevalence of high risk for OSAS. No statistically significant association was observed with global prevalence of high risk for OSAS. In categories III and global, SBP, DBP and BMI were not assessed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Difference of the means according to the presence of high risk for OSAS defined via the Berlin Questionnaire per category and globally</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="7%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th colspan="13">Risk for sleep apnea via Berlin Questionnaire </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Category I</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Category II</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Category III</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Global</bold>
              </th>
              <th>p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>No</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>No</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>No</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>No</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean&#177;SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean&#177;SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean&#177;SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean&#177;SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean&#177;SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean&#177;SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean&#177;SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean&#177;SE</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age</td>
              <td align="center">57.94&#177;0.50</td>
              <td align="center">60.45&#177;0.65</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.002</td>
              <td align="center">57.90&#177;1.02</td>
              <td align="center">59.36&#177;0.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.201</td>
              <td align="center">60.18&#177;0.48</td>
              <td align="center">55.85&#177;0.75</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">58.77&#177;0.55</td>
              <td align="center">59.53&#177;0.59</td>
              <td>0.347</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP</td>
              <td align="center">137.55&#177;1.23</td>
              <td align="center">137.78&#177;1.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.899</td>
              <td align="center">136.53&#177;3.13</td>
              <td align="center">137.80&#177;0.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.676</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP </td>
              <td align="center">83.60&#177;0.71</td>
              <td align="center">81.843&#177;0.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.078</td>
              <td align="center">82.47&#177;1.61</td>
              <td align="center">82.75&#177;0.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.865</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI</td>
              <td align="center">28.92&#177;0.32</td>
              <td align="center">27.21&#177;0.29</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">28.91&#177;0.77</td>
              <td align="center">27.97&#177;0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.200</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>OSAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SE: standard error; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index. Student t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows the results of logistic regressions including the variables with p &lt;0.2 in bivariate analyses. After adjusting, BMI (positive association) and age (negative association) maintained a statistically significant association with high risk for OSAS in category I. Considering that only sex showed association in category II, no adjustment was necessary. In category III, sex (female), age (positive) and DM remained statistically significant at level 0.05. Regarding global prevalence of high risk for OSAS, DM lost statistical significance.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Adjusted OR by logistic regression of risk for OSAS defined via the Berlin Questionnaire per category and globally</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Category I</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Category III</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Global risk category</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ORa (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ORa (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ORa (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (continuous)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 (0.98-0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (1.00-1.01)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Age group</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>45-49</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>50-59</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.3 (1.30-3.50)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-69</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 (0.53-2.04)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>70-79</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.70 (0.98-2.94)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>80-99 </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.49 (0.10-2.41)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sex (Female)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.17 (1.06-1.29)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.81-0.95)</td>
              <td align="center">1.33(0.88-2.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAD continuous</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.98-1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI&#8805;30</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (1.01-1.03)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>OSAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; ORa: adjusted OR.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, the BQ use showed a 42.4% global prevalence of high risk for OSAS, slightly higher than that found in two studies conducted in the city of S&#227;o Paulo. In the first study, Tufik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> assessing the general population, have reported a 32.8% prevalence. The second study, assessing railroad workers, has reported a 35.03% prevalence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The diagnosis of OSAS in both studies was based on polysomnography. The prevalence of OSAS in different scenarios varies according to the distribution of sex, age groups, socioeconomic levels and obesity in the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Lemos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> assessing truck drivers in S&#227;o Paulo, have reported an 11.5% prevalence of high risk for OSAS, estimated using the BQ. Their study involved young and slim patients, mostly men. Another study conducted in 40 primary care units, 8 in Germany, 6 in Spain and 26 in the United States, using the BQ, has reported prevalences of high risk for OSAS varying from 19.9% in Springfield, USA, to 66.7% in Louisville, USA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The calculation of global high risk for OSAS via BQ combines the risks of three categories, and all hypertensive and/or obese individuals are classified as at risk in category III. Obesity has been strongly associated with OSAS. Tufik et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> have found an OR of 10.5 (95%CI: 7.1-15.7). Association with SAH seems to be less intense, even considering patients whose blood pressure does not drop during sleep (non-dipper), or those with resistant hypertension [odds ratio (OR) of 2.27 (95%CI: 1.76-2.92),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> 4.4 (95%CI: 1.2-16.31)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and 7.74 (95%CI: 2.43-24.64),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> respectively]. The authors of the BQ do not justify the inclusion of that category and have not measured its impact on the calculation of high risk for OSAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study population, 72.7% of the individuals were classified as hypertensive, and 30.7%, as obese, increasing the prevalence of high risk for OSAS in category III, and, consequently, of global prevalence. In the study by Tufik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> with OSAS prevalence slightly lower than that of high risk for OSAS found in this study, mean age was smaller, as was the prevalence of obesity (21.5%). Those authors have provided no data on blood pressure. A North American study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> in which mean age and prevalence of obesity (25%) and of SAH (29%) were lower than those found in our study, has reported a 27% prevalence of high risk for OSAS. High prevalence of risk for OSAS in category III has also been reported by Netzer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in Stuart, Florida (68.8%), closer to the prevalence in category III found in the present study (77.6%).</p>
      <p>Considering that, an overestimated prevalence of SAH and obesity could be suspected, and consequently, of OSAS. According to the 2011 and 2012 Brazilian surveillance system of risk factors and protection against chronic diseases via telephone Vigitel (2011 and 2012), the prevalence of self-reported diagnosis of hypertension in the city of Rio de Janeiro was 59.7%, the highest among all Brazilian capitals and the highest mean prevalence of all cities investigated for the age group &#8805;65 years. These figures are smaller than the 77.6% found in this study for the population cared for by the Niter&#243;i FDP. Regarding obesity, the Brazilian prevalence for the age groups of 45 years and older was higher (20% <italic>versus</italic> 30.7%). It is worth noting, however, that the prevalence of obesity recorded in Vigitel (2011 and 2012) was higher among women and less educated individuals, major groups in the present study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Primary snoring is believed to be the first stage of severe OSAS, and its intensity is known to associate with the severity of OSAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Snoring has 82.6% sensitivity and 43% specificity to diagnose OSAS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> thus the need to be associated with other elements to define high risk for that syndrome. In our study, the frequency of snoring was higher (65.4%) than in two other studies using the BQ (52.2% and 59%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Considering the higher percentage of obese individuals in our study, that discrepancy was expected. Our prevalences were lower than those of the two studies, differing in the responses to the questions <italic>How often do you snore?, Has your snoring ever bothered other people?</italic> and mainly <italic>Has anyone noticed that you stop breathing during your sleep?</italic>. However, the prevalence of high risk for OSAS in category I (49.7%) was similar to those estimated in most North American and European primary care clinics assessed by Netzer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Non-restoring sleep and fatigue are common in adults with OSAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The frequencies of those conditions vary in different populations. In the article by Netzer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the only question relates to dozing off or sleeping while driving, and the responses varied from 4% to 32%; in our study, we observed 3.4%, similar to the smallest value reported by Netzer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In the population cared for by the FDP, few individuals drive a motor vehicle. However, in places where women predominate, a lower prevalence of risk for OSAS in category II is expected, because they complain less than men do.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The comparison of the prevalence of high risk for OSAS in the United States and Europe shows similar results in category I (43.1% and 43.5%). However, the prevalence of high risk for OSAS in category II (daytime sleepiness/fatigue) differed in those areas, being three-times higher in the United States than in Europe (32.4% and 11.8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In our study, the prevalence of high risk for OSAS in category II was closer to the European one (10.2%).</p>
      <p>Hypertension has been associated with OSAS, in studies both using polysomnography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and estimating the high risk for OSAS via questionnaires, regardless of other risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The OR found in such studies were greater than 2. In a critical review, Mohsenin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> states that daytime hypertension is present in up to 60% of patients with OSAS. In the present study, only the difference of mean DBP associated with high risk for OSAS in category I, and such association disappeared (ORa=1) after adjusting for age and BMI. Margallo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have estimated the association of blood pressure changes with high risk for OSAS according to the modified BQ, with risk exclusion in category III. Their results are comparable to those observed in our study with statistically significant difference only for mean DBP.</p>
      <p>The interruptions in airflow lead to brief awakenings that cause daytime sleepiness and fatigue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The BQ is aimed at capturing those changes by using questions grouped into categories I and II. However, the frequency of positive responses to those questions varies culturally, as observed from the prevalence differences between North American and European communities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, the BQ reliability, tested with Cronbach alpha, was 0.586 (weak) for category I. Cronbach alpha increased to 0.618 (acceptable) by withdrawing the question <italic>Has anyone noticed that you stop breathing during your sleep?</italic>. For category II, Cronbach alpha was 0.521 (weak). By withdrawing the question <italic>Have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep while driving a vehicle?</italic>, Cronbach alpha increased to 0.705 (acceptable). Assessing BQ validation, Cronbach alpha reached higher levels: 0.92 for category I and 0.86 for category II, when excluding the question <italic>Have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep while driving a vehicle?</italic>. This can be attributed to the low educational level of most individuals assessed, as well as to the higher percentage of women in the study sample, which might have yield false negative responses, mainly in category II.</p>
      <p>The present study has some limitations worth noting. First, due to its cross-sectional nature, we could not establish whether SAH or obesity preceded the occurrence of OSAS. Second, there were 35% of losses (individuals who refused to participate in the study), mainly among men and individuals of the two extreme age groups (45 to 49 years and 80 to 99 years). The participation of a larger number of ill individuals, such as hypertensives, might have led to overestimation of the prevalence of OSAS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The global prevalence of high risk for OSAS, estimated via BQ, in the population cared for by the FDP was 42.4%. However, because of the losses, that prevalence might have been overestimated. In addition, the high frequency of SAH and obesity increased the prevalence of risk for OSAS. The prevalences in the three BQ categories were very different, but comparable to those reported in the literature. The BQ reliability was lower in this study population, whose educational level is lower than that of other populations studied. Our data show that the BQ reliability in populations mainly formed by female and low-educational-level individuals increases when excluding from the analysis the questions <italic>Has anyone noticed that you stop breathing during your sleep?</italic> and <italic>Have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep while driving a vehicle?</italic>, indicating the importance of performing new studies to validate that tool for that group.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Kenia Vieira da Silv, from Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Risco para S&#237;ndrome de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Associa&#231;&#227;o com Fatores de Risco na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Kenia Vieira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Mary Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Davi de S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cetto</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Bragatto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brum</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia da Paz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Epidemiologia e Bioestat&#237;stica - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Cl&#237;nica - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fundamentos de Enfermagem e Administra&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ant&#244;nio Jose Lagoeiro Jorge,</bold> Rua Coronel Bittencourt, 66. CEP 24900-000, Boa Vista, Maric&#225;, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>; <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva KV, Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Correia DMS, Silva DS, Cetto DB, Brum AP, Silveira Netto P, Rodrigues GD. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva KV, Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Correia DMS. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rosa MLG. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva KV, Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva KV, Rosa MLG, Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Correia DMS, Silva DS, Cetto DB, Brum AP, Silveira Netto P, Rodrigues GD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, progressiva, com alta morbimortalidade. Encontra-se subdiagnosticada, principalmente entre mulheres.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Estudar a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS globalmente e para as categorias do Question&#225;rio de Berlim (QB), e avaliar a confiabilidade do uso do QB na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, transversal de indiv&#237;duos cadastrados no Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia de Niter&#243;i, selecionados aleatoriamente, com idade entre 45 e 99 anos, com coleta entre agosto/2011 e dezembro/2012. Vari&#225;veis associadas com cada uma das categorias do QB e com o alto risco para SAOS (global) (valor p&lt;0,20) foram inclu&#237;das em modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (valor p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Do total (616), 403 (65,4%) indiv&#237;duos disseram roncar. A preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS foi de 42,4%, sendo de 49,7% para a categoria I, 10,2% para a categoria II e 77,6% para a categoria III.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O QB apresentou uma confiabilidade aceit&#225;vel quando retiradas as perguntas 'algu&#233;m notou que voc&#234; para de respirar quando est&#225; dormindo' e 'cochilar/dormir ao volante', o que deve ser testado em estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es com maioria de mulheres e de baixa escolaridade. Dado o peso das doen&#231;as e riscos associados &#224; SAOS, seria importante realizar futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es para validar novos instrumentos ou adaptar o QB para melhor rastreamento da SAOS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Apneia do Sono Tipo Obstrutiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos e Question&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e progressiva de import&#226;ncia crescente devido a sequelas neurocognitivas e cardiovasculares, entre elas a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; uma s&#237;ndrome subdiagnosticada, principalmente entre mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A SAOS caracteriza-se por epis&#243;dios repetidos de cessa&#231;&#227;o completa e/ou redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de ar nas vias a&#233;reas superiores (apneia e hipopneia, respectivamente). Tais altera&#231;&#245;es ocorrem devido a uma obstru&#231;&#227;o completa ou parcial em geral ao n&#237;vel da faringe e resultam, frequentemente, em dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e microdespertares do sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da polissonografia, considerada como padr&#227;o-ouro para diagn&#243;stico de SAOS, h&#225; escalas que n&#227;o diagnosticam o transtorno, mas indicam o risco. Entre elas est&#225; o Question&#225;rio de Berlim (QB), composto por tr&#234;s categorias de perguntas que incluem ronco, sonol&#234;ncia diurna e diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o ou obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil, localizamos somente um estudo que estimou a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco de SAOS em popula&#231;&#227;o geral, realizado na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Por outro lado, dado a alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em nosso meio, e a necessidade de melhor compreender o comportamento do QB entre n&#243;s, seu estudo mais detalhado se mostra de grande utilidade.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo tem o objetivo de estimar a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS globalmente e para as categorias do QB, assim como avaliar a confiabilidade do QB na popula&#231;&#227;o atendida pelo Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia de Niter&#243;i (PMF).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho &#233; parte do Estudo DIGITALIS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> estudo seccional com amostra aleat&#243;ria de popula&#231;&#227;o cadastrada no PMF, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de ambos os sexos, com idades de 45 a 99 anos, desenvolvido no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2011 a novembro de 2012. Foram realizadas visitas nas unidades selecionadas, quando houve coleta de sangue e urina, consulta m&#233;dica e de enfermagem, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma, consulta com nutricionista e resposta a um question&#225;rio especialmente elaborado para a pesquisa com instrumentos validados, entre eles o QB. Os pesquisadores foram treinados com base nos procedimentos elaborados para a pesquisa e testados no estudo-piloto, realizado em uma unidade do PMF n&#227;o inclu&#237;da no estudo.</p>
        <p>Foram convidados inicialmente 942 moradores e, desses, 616 compareceram &#224; visita, completaram o question&#225;rio, realizaram exame antropom&#233;trico e exame cl&#237;nico, sendo inclu&#237;dos na presente an&#225;lise (35% de n&#227;o comparecimento). As diferen&#231;as de sexo e idade entre os que compareceram e completaram a investiga&#231;&#227;o e os demais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos convidados (pesquisados e n&#227;o pesquisados)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="45%"/>
              <col width="45%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Indiv&#237;duos que compareceram e tinham informa&#231;&#245;es completas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o compareceram ou n&#227;o tinham informa&#231;&#245;es completas</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">381 (61,9)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (53,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">235 (38,1)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (46,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45-49 anos</td>
                <td align="center">110 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (23,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">246 (39,9)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (34,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">150 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (21,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79 anos</td>
                <td align="center">86 (14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (15,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-99 anos </td>
                <td align="center">24 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (5,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">151 (24,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">448 (72,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade (IMC&#8805;30)</td>
                <td align="center">189 (30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><bold>Desfecho:</bold> Alto risco de SAOS mensurada pelo QB que inclui 10 itens, organizados em tr&#234;s categorias referentes a roncopatia e apneias presenciadas (5 itens), sonol&#234;ncia diurna (4 itens) com uma subquest&#227;o sobre sonol&#234;ncia ao volante (epis&#243;dios de cochilo ao volante de ve&#237;culo a motor) e hipertens&#227;o arterial ou obesidade (1 item). A classifica&#231;&#227;o segundo o risco (alto risco <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o alto risco) foi baseada nas respostas em cada categoria. Na categoria I - sintomas persistentes (&gt;3-4 vezes/semana) em duas ou mais perguntas. Na categoria II - sintomas persistentes (&gt;3-4 vezes/semana) quando houve relato de sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna, sonol&#234;ncia durante condu&#231;&#227;o de carro motorizado, ou ambos. Na categoria III - presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria de press&#227;o alta ou um &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) superior a 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Foram considerados como de alto risco aqueles que pontuaram em pelo menos duas categorias de sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Exposi&#231;&#245;es.</bold> Idade: a idade foi coletada em anos completos no momento da entrevista e categorizada de 10 em 10 anos. Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM): relato de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico anterior de DM, valor de glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dl mensurada na visita, ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antidiabetog&#234;nica. Hipertens&#227;o arterial: relato de diagn&#243;stico anterior de HAS, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 90 mmHg mensurada na visita, ou uso regular de anti-hipertensivos. &#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foi utilizado para definir obesidade.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foram apresentadas as frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas das caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos pesquisados e de respostas consideradas positivas pela pontua&#231;&#227;o do QB, assim como das categorias de risco e o alto risco para SAOS (global). As diferen&#231;as entre propor&#231;&#245;es foram testadas com o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, com corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade para vari&#225;veis de risco dicot&#244;micas, e as diferen&#231;as de m&#233;dias, com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado. Vari&#225;veis com associa&#231;&#245;es com cada uma das categorias e com o alto risco para SAOS (global) com a signific&#226;ncia de 0,20, seja na diferen&#231;a de propor&#231;&#227;o ou na diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dia, foram inclu&#237;das em modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, quando a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida a &lt;0,05. Uma vez que a presen&#231;a de HAS ou obesidade (IMC) define a categoria III, essas duas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foram avaliadas na an&#225;lise bruta e ajustada da categoria. Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas com o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 21 (IBM Corp. Released 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do CONEP.</p>
          <p>O protocolo do estudo foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina/ Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro e aprovado na reuni&#227;o plen&#225;ria de 11 junho 2010 sob o n&#186; CAAE:0077.0.258.000-10.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram investigados 616 indiv&#237;duos, com 61,9% de mulheres, idade m&#233;dia de 59,1&#177;10,20 anos, 68% com ensino fundamental, 72,7% de hipertensos, 30,7% de obesos e 24,8% de diab&#233;ticos. Indiv&#237;duos nos dois extremos das faixas et&#225;rias pesquisadas foram a maioria entre os exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Os porcentuais de respostas que pontuaram e a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS por categoria e geral est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>. Do total de indiv&#237;duos investigados, 403 (65,4%) disseram que roncavam. Tr&#234;s das quatro respostas da categoria I apresentaram um percentual de respostas que pontuaram entre 22% e 38,5%, e para a pergunta <italic>Algu&#233;m notou que voc&#234; para de respirar enquanto est&#225; dormindo?</italic>, somente 1,8% das respostas pontuaram. Na categoria II, em duas das tr&#234;s perguntas o porcentual de respostas que pontuaram foi de aproximadamente 12%, mas cerca de apenas 3,4% pontuaram na pergunta <italic>Alguma vez voc&#234; j&#225; cochilou ou caiu no sono enquanto dirigia?</italic>. A preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS foi de 42,4%, com 49,7% de preval&#234;ncia da categoria I, 10,2% da categoria II e 77,6% da categoria III. A preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS na categoria I, segundo faixas et&#225;rias, apresentou forma de sino (p&lt;0,01) e foi maior entre aqueles com obesidade (p&lt;0,01). Somente o sexo apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com o alto risco para SAOS na categoria II (p&lt;0,1 e &gt;0,05). O sexo feminino, mais idosos e diab&#233;ticos apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a categoria III (hipertens&#227;o e obesidade). Idade e DM (p&lt;0,1 e &gt;0,05) associaram-se a SAOS, considerada globalmente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de pontua&#231;&#227;o nas quest&#245;es do Question&#225;rio de Berlim, de risco de SAOS nas categorias e global</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Perguntas com categorias que pontuaram </th>
                <th align="center">N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Voc&#234; ronca?</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">403 (65,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Seu ronco &#233;?</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mais alto que a fala ou muito mais alto do que fala</td>
                <td align="center">138 (22,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Com que frequ&#234;ncia voc&#234; ronca?</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 a 4 vezes por semana ou quase todos os dias</td>
                <td align="center">136 (22,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>O seu ronco alguma vez j&#225; incomodou algu&#233;m?</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">219 (35,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Algu&#233;m notou que voc&#234; para de respirar enquanto est&#225; dormindo?</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 a 4 vezes por semana ou quase todos os dias</td>
                <td align="center">11 (1,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Quantas vezes voc&#234; se sente cansado ou com fadiga depois de acordar?</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 a 4 vezes por semana ou quase todos os dias</td>
                <td align="center">96 (15,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Quando voc&#234; est&#225; acordado, voc&#234; se sente cansado, fadigado ou n&#227;o se sente bem?</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 a 4 vezes por semana ou quase todos os dias</td>
                <td align="center">96 (15,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Alguma vez voc&#234; j&#225; cochilou ou caiu no sono enquanto dirigia?</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">21 (3,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Risco de SAOS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Categoria I</td>
                <td align="center">306 (49,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Categoria II</td>
                <td align="center">63 (10,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Categoria III</td>
                <td align="center">478 (77,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Global</td>
                <td align="center">261 (42,4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>SAOS: s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de risco de SAOS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">1</xref> definida pelo Question&#225;rio de Berlim por categorias e global segundo vari&#225;veis de risco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="7%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="13" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Risco de SAOS</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Categoria I</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Categoria II</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Categoria III</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Global</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  <bold>*<sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">3</xref></sup></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,339</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,074</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">183 (48,0)</td>
                <td align="center">198 (52,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">46 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">335 (87,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">313 (82,2)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (17,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">168 (44,1)</td>
                <td align="center">213 (55,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">123 (52,3)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (47,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">17 (7,2)</td>
                <td align="center">218 (92,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">165 (70,2)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (29,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">93 (39,6)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (60,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,156</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45-49</td>
                <td align="center">49 (44,5)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (55,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (91,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">68 (61,8)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">32 (29,1)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (70,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">139 (56,5)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (43,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">32 (13,0)</td>
                <td align="center">214 (87,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">195 (79,3)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (20,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">124 (50,4)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (49,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">81 (54,0)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (46,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">17 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (88,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">116 (77,3)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">68 (45,3)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (54,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">33 (38,4)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (61,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (95,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">77 (89,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">33 (38,4)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (61,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-99 </td>
                <td align="center">4 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (95,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">22 (91,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,412</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,516</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">80 (53,0)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (47,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">13 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (91,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">131 (86,8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">73 (48,3)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (51,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">223 (48,7)</td>
                <td align="center">235 (51,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">49 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">409 (89,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">340 (74,2)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">185 (40,4)</td>
                <td align="center">273 (59,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">223 (49,8)</td>
                <td align="center">225 (50,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">43 (9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">405 (90,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">83 (49,4)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (50,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">20 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (88,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold><sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">2</xref></sup>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,498</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC&#8805;30</td>
                <td align="center">116 (61,4)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (38,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">22 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (88,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC&lt;30</td>
                <td align="center">190 (44,5)</td>
                <td align="center">237 (55,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">41 (9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">386 (90,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>SAOS: s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>3</label>
              <p>Qui-quadrado de Pearson, corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade aplicada nos testes com vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o dicot&#244;micas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta a diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias para idade, PAS, PAD e IMC. Para categoria I, houve associa&#231;&#227;o com idade, IMC (p&lt;0,01) e PAD (p&lt;0,1 e &gt;0,05). Nenhuma das quatro vari&#225;veis associou-se com a categoria II. Os mais velhos apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS na categoria III e n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa para o risco na categoria global. PAS, PAD e IMC n&#227;o foram analisados na categoria III e global.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias segundo a presen&#231;a de alto risco de SAOS definida pelo Question&#225;rio de Berlim por categorias e global</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="7%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th colspan="13">Risco de apneia do sono pelo Question&#225;rio de Berlim</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Categoria I</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Categoria II</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Categoria III</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Global</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia&#177;EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia&#177;EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia&#177;EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia&#177;EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia&#177;EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia&#177;EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia&#177;EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia&#177;EP</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">57,94&#177;0,50</td>
                <td align="center">60,45&#177;0,65</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,002</td>
                <td align="center">57,90&#177;1,02</td>
                <td align="center">59,36&#177;0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
                <td align="center">60,18&#177;0,48</td>
                <td align="center">55,85&#177;0,75</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">58,77&#177;0,55</td>
                <td align="center">59,53&#177;0,59</td>
                <td>0,347</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS</td>
                <td align="center">137,55&#177;1,23</td>
                <td align="center">137,78&#177;1,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,899</td>
                <td align="center">136,53&#177;3,13</td>
                <td align="center">137,80&#177;0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD</td>
                <td align="center">83,60&#177;0,71</td>
                <td align="center">81,843&#177;0,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
                <td align="center">82,47&#177;1,61</td>
                <td align="center">82,75&#177;0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,865</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">28,92&#177;0,32</td>
                <td align="center">27,21&#177;0,29</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">28,91&#177;0,77</td>
                <td align="center">27,97&#177;0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,200</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>SAOS: s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; EP: erro padr&#227;o; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta os resultados das regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas em que foram inclu&#237;das as vari&#225;veis com valor p&lt;0,2 nas an&#225;lises bivariadas. Ap&#243;s o ajuste, IMC (associa&#231;&#227;o positiva) e idade (associa&#231;&#227;o negativa) mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com o alto risco para SAOS na categoria I. Na medida em que, somente sexo apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a categoria II, n&#227;o houve necessidade de ajuste. Para a categoria III, sexo (feminino), idade (positiva) e DM permaneceram estatisticamente significativas a n&#237;vel 0,05. Na categoria de alto risco para SAOS (global), DM perdeu a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>OR ajustado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de risco de SAOS definida pelo Question&#225;rio de Berlim por categorias e global</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Categoria I</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Categoria III</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Categoria Risco global</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ORa (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ORa (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ORa (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (cont&#237;nua)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,98-0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (1,00-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45-49</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 (1,30-3,50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,53-2,04)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 (0,98-2,94)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80-99 </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,49 (0,10-2,41)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (Feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 (1,06-1,29)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,81-0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">1,33(0,88-2,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD cont&#237;nua</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,98-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC&#8805;30</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (1,01-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>SAOS: s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ORa: OR ajustado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, utilizando o QB, encontramos uma preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS de 42,4%, um pouco maior que a preval&#234;ncia de dois estudos realizados em S&#227;o Paulo. No primeiro deles, com popula&#231;&#227;o geral, Tufik et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> encontraram a preval&#234;ncia de 32,8%. No segundo, com trabalhadores ferrovi&#225;rios, a preval&#234;ncia foi de 35,03%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O diagn&#243;stico de SAOS em ambos os estudos foi por meio da polissonografia. A preval&#234;ncia de SAOS em diferentes cen&#225;rios varia de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No estudo de Lemos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> com motoristas de caminh&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo, a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS, estimada com o QB, foi de 11,5%. O estudo envolveu pacientes jovens, magros e, em sua maioria, homens. Em outro estudo em 40 unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, 8 na Alemanha, 6 na Espanha e 26 nos Estados Unidos, as preval&#234;ncias de alto risco para SAOS, utilizando o QB, variaram de 19,9% em Springfield, EUA, a 66,7% em Louisville, EUA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No c&#225;lculo do alto risco global para SAOS pelo QB, s&#227;o combinados os riscos de tr&#234;s categorias, e todos os hipertensos e/ou obesos s&#227;o classificados como de risco na categoria III. A obesidade tem sido fortemente associada &#224; SAOS. Tufik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> por exemplo, encontraram um OR de 10,5 (IC 95% 7,1-15,7). A associa&#231;&#227;o com a HAS parece ser menos intensa, mesmo considerando aqueles pacientes cuja press&#227;o n&#227;o diminui durante o sono (<italic>non-dipper</italic>), ou aqueles com hipertens&#227;o resistente, com ORs de 2,27 (IC 95% 1,76-2,92),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> 4,4 (IC 95% 1,2-16,31)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e 7,74 (IC 95% 2,43-24,64),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> respectivamente. Os autores do QB n&#227;o justificam a inclus&#227;o dessa categoria e n&#227;o dimensionam seu impacto no c&#225;lculo do alto risco para SAOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, 72,7% dos indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como hipertensos e 30,7%, como obesos, o que elevou a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS na categoria III e, consequentemente, para o risco global. No estudo de Tufik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> com preval&#234;ncia de SAOS um pouco inferior &#224; preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS por n&#243;s encontrada, a m&#233;dia de idade foi menor, assim como a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (21,5%). O autor n&#227;o apresentou informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a press&#227;o arterial. J&#225; um estudo americano,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> em que a m&#233;dia de idade, assim como a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (25%) e de HAS (29%) foram inferiores &#224;s do nosso estudo, encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS de 27%. Uma alta preval&#234;ncia de risco para SAOS na categoria III foi tamb&#233;m relatada por Netzer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> para a localidade de Stuart, Fl&#243;rida (68,8%), mais pr&#243;xima da preval&#234;ncia para a categoria III encontrada no presente estudo (77,6%).</p>
        <p>Diante das informa&#231;&#245;es acima, poder&#237;amos suspeitar de uma preval&#234;ncia superestimada de HAS e de obesidade e, consequentemente, da SAOS. Segundo as informa&#231;&#245;es do Vigitel (2011 e 2012), a preval&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico autorreferido de hipertens&#227;o na cidade do Rio de Janeiro foi de 59,7%, a maior dentre as capitais brasileiras e a maior m&#233;dia da preval&#234;ncia, para todas as cidades investigadas, na faixa &#8805;65 anos. Esses valores s&#227;o inferiores aos 77,6% por n&#243;s encontrados para a popula&#231;&#227;o coberta pelo PMF de Niter&#243;i. Quanto &#224; obesidade, a preval&#234;ncia nacional para as faixas et&#225;rias de 45 e mais tamb&#233;m foi maior (20% <italic>versus</italic> 30,7%). Ressalta-se, no entanto, que a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade registrada pelo Vigitel (2011 e 2012) foi maior nas mulheres e em pessoas com menor instru&#231;&#227;o, grupos majorit&#225;rios no presente estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sup&#245;e-se que o ronco prim&#225;rio seja o primeiro est&#225;gio da SAOS grave, e sabe-se que sua intensidade est&#225; associada &#224; gravidade da SAOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O ronco tem uma sensibilidade de 82,6% e uma especificidade de 43% para diagnosticar a SAOS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> da&#237; a necessidade de associar-se com outros elementos para a defini&#231;&#227;o do alto risco para s&#237;ndrome. Em nosso estudo, a frequ&#234;ncia do ronco foi maior (65,4%) que em dois outros estudos que utilizaram o QB (52,2% e 59%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Diante do maior porcentual de obesos no estudo aqui apresentado, essa discrep&#226;ncia era esperada. Nossas preval&#234;ncias foram menores do que as dos dois estudos acima citados, com diferen&#231;as nas respostas &#224;s perguntas sobre a frequ&#234;ncia do ronco, se o ronco incomodou algu&#233;m e principalmente se algu&#233;m notou se houve interrup&#231;&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o durante o sono. No entanto, a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS na categoria I (49,7%) foi semelhante &#224;s estimadas na maioria das cl&#237;nicas de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria americanas e europeias pesquisadas por Netzer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sono n&#227;o reparador e a fadiga s&#227;o sintomas comuns nos pacientes adultos com SAOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Essas condi&#231;&#245;es ocorrem em frequ&#234;ncias distintas em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. No artigo de Netzer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> a &#250;nica pergunta apresentada &#233; a relativa a cochilar ou dormir ao volante e as respostas variaram de 4% a 32% e em nosso estudo observamos um valor de 3,4%, semelhante ao menor valor observado por Netzer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>. Na popula&#231;&#227;o atendida pelo PMF, s&#227;o poucas as pessoas que dirigem. Por outro lado, em locais com maioria de mulheres, espera-se uma menor preval&#234;ncia de risco de SAOS na categoria II, uma vez que elas se queixam menos que os homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os resultados que comparam a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS nos Estados Unidos e Europa mostram haver semelhan&#231;a para a categoria I (43,1% e 43,5%). J&#225; a preval&#234;ncia de risco para a categoria II (sonol&#234;ncia/ fadiga diurna) foi diferente, observando-se um valor tr&#234;s vezes maior nos Estados Unidos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Europa (32,4% e 11,8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS na categoria II foi mais pr&#243;xima &#224; europeia (10,2%).</p>
        <p>A HAS tem sido associada &#224; SAOS, tanto em estudos utilizando polissonografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> quanto em estudos estimando o alto risco para SAOS por question&#225;rios, independentemente de outros fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Os ORs encontrados nos estudos acima citados foram superiores a 2. Em uma revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica, Mohsenin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> afirma que a hipertens&#227;o diurna est&#225; presente em at&#233; 60% dos pacientes com SAOS. No presente estudo, somente a diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dia da PAD esteve associada ao alto risco para SAOS na categoria I, e essa associa&#231;&#227;o desapareceu (ORa=1) depois do ajuste para idade e IMC. Margallo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> estimaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial com o alto risco para SAOS pelo QB modificado com exclus&#227;o do risco pela categoria III. Seus resultados s&#227;o compar&#225;veis aos observados em nosso estudo com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa apenas na m&#233;dia da PAD.</p>
        <p>As interrup&#231;&#245;es do fluxo a&#233;reo levam a microdespertares que causam sonol&#234;ncia e fadiga diurna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O QB visa captar essas altera&#231;&#245;es nas perguntas agrupadas nas categorias I e II. No entanto, a frequ&#234;ncia de respostas positivas a essas quest&#245;es varia culturalmente como observado a partir das diferen&#231;as nas preval&#234;ncias em comunidades norte-americanas e europeias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A confiabilidade do QB em nosso estudo, testada com o alfa de Cronbach, foi de 0,586 (fraca) para a categoria I. O alfa subiu para 0,618 (aceit&#225;vel) com a retirada da quest&#227;o <italic>se algu&#233;m notou que voc&#234; para de respirar quando est&#225; dormindo</italic>. Para a categoria II, o alfa foi de 0,521 (fraca). Sem a quest&#227;o sobre <italic>cochilar/dormir ao volante</italic>, o alfa subiu para 0,705 (aceit&#225;vel). No estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o do QB, o alfa de Cronbach alcan&#231;ou n&#237;veis mais elevados: 0,92 para a categoria I e 0,86 para a categoria II, exclu&#237;da a quest&#227;o sobre <italic>dormir ao volante</italic>. Esse resultado pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; baixa escolaridade de grande parte dos indiv&#237;duos investigados, assim como ao alto porcentual de mulheres, o que pode ter ocasionado respostas falsamente negativas, principalmente na categoria II.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser ressaltadas. Em primeiro lugar, por ser transversal, n&#227;o se pode estabelecer que a HAS ou a obesidade antecedeu a ocorr&#234;ncia da SAOS. Em segundo lugar, houve 35% de perdas (indiv&#237;duos que convidados n&#227;o compareceram a pesquisa), mais concentradas em homens e em indiv&#237;duos nas duas faixas et&#225;rias extremas (45 a 49 anos e 80 a 99 anos). Se houve maior comparecimento de indiv&#237;duos doentes, por exemplo, hipertensos, pode ter havido uma superestima&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de SAOS estimada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para SAOS, estimada pelo QB, na popula&#231;&#227;o atendida pelo PMF foi de 42,4%. No entanto, devido &#224;s perdas, essa preval&#234;ncia pode estar superestimada. A alta frequ&#234;ncia de HAS e obesidade tamb&#233;m elevou a preval&#234;ncia de risco de SAOS. As preval&#234;ncias nas tr&#234;s categorias foram muito diferentes, mas compar&#225;veis com resultados descritos na literatura. O QB apresentou uma confiabilidade mais baixa nessa popula&#231;&#227;o que tem menor n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o que as popula&#231;&#245;es investigadas em outros estudos. Nossos dados mostraram que a confiabilidade do QB em popula&#231;&#245;es com maioria de mulheres e de baixa escolaridade aumenta quando as quest&#245;es <italic>algu&#233;m notou que voc&#234; para de respirar quando est&#225; dormindo</italic> e <italic>cochilar/dormir ao volante</italic> s&#227;o exclu&#237;das, indicando a import&#226;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o dessa escala para esse grupo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Kenia Vieira da Silva pela Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
