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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7WdyqsJmDwMnw7WzsbPxRTx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000600464</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005014101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortality from Circulatory System Diseases and Malformations in Children in the State of Rio de Janeiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salim</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Porto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar - sala 6, UFRJ. Postal Code 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Acquisition of data:Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Statistical analysis: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Writing of the manuscript:Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Supervision / as the major investigador:Salim TR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>6</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>464</fpage>
      <lpage>473</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The epidemiological profile of mortality in a population is important for the institution of measures to improve health care and reduce mortality</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To estimate mortality rates and the proportional mortality from cardiovascular diseases and malformations of the circulatory system in children and adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a descriptive study of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, malformations of the circulatory system, from all causes, ill-defined causes and external causes in children and adolescents in the state of Rio de Janeiro from 1996 to 2012. Populations were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica - IBGE) and deaths obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS)/Ministry of Health.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There were 115,728 deaths from all causes, 69,757 in males. The annual mortality from cardiovascular diseases was 2.7/100,000 in men and 2.6/100,000 in women. The annual mortality from malformations of the circulatory system was 7.5/100,000 in men and 6.6/100,000 in women. Among the specific causes of circulatory diseases, cardiomyopathies had the highest rates of annual proportional mortality, and from malformations of the circulatory system, it occurred due to unspecified malformations of the circulatory system, at all ages and in both genders.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Mortality from malformations of the circulatory system was most striking in the first years of life, while cardiovascular diseases were more relevant in adolescents. Low access to prenatal diagnosis or at birth probably prevented the proper treatment of malformations of the circulatory system.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Child Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In Brazil, in the year 2012, cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of death in the general population, but children and adolescents do not show that mortality profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In children younger than 1 year, cardiovascular diseases are the ninth cause of death; in children aged 1 to 9 years, it is the eighth; in those aged 10 to 14 years, the seventh; and in those aged 15 to 19 years, it is the fourth most important cause of death, considering the chapters of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> External causes (EC) are the main cause of death, except in children younger than 1 year, for whom they occupy the sixth position. As for ill-defined causes (IDC) of mortality, they range between the fifth and seventh positions in those younger than 15 years, being the third most important cause in children aged 15 to 19 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Children younger than 1 year have the highest rates of overall mortality, with the main causes of deaths being conditions originating in the perinatal period, which corresponded to 58.6% of deaths in this age group in Brazil in 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Child mortality is divided into two components: the neonatal and the post-neonatal period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Its causal factors are closely linked to health and nutrition, and to women's educational and socioeconomic level, as well as the quality of care provided during prenatal care and delivery, and assistance at birth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> With the improvement of these factors, there was a change in the distribution of infant mortality composition from 1994 to 2012, with a reduction in the post-neonatal period, but little has changed in the neonatal period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main causes of neonatal mortality are intrauterine and intrapartum asphyxia, extreme prematurity and congenital malformation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Among the congenital malformations, those of the circulatory system have greater impact on mortality, being classified as preventable causes of death, as they could be reduced by early interventions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> High mortality rates due to malformations of the circulatory system (MCS) result from prenatal diagnosis scarcity, resulting in ineffective treatment, with consequent death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Few national publications report studies on mortality from circulatory system diseases and MCS in the pediatric population. To know the epidemiological profile of mortality of a population is important to implement improvement measures of assistance in health and reduced mortality.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to estimate the rates of mortality per inhabitant and proportional mortality from circulatory system diseases and MCS in children and adolescents.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Descriptive study of rates of mortality from circulatory system diseases and MCS from all causes (AC), IDC and EC in children and adolescents in the state of Rio de Janeiro from 1996 to 2012. The children were divided into three age groups: children younger than 1 year, children aged 1 to 4 years and 5 to 11 years. Adolescents, as defined in the Statute of Children and Adolescents, are those aged 12 to 17 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Data related to the deaths were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/sim/dados/cid10_indice.htmdados">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/sim/dados/cid10_indice.htmdados</ext-link>). These data consist of sets of all death certificates (DC) recorded in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 1996 to 2012, year by year. From each database of annual data, we selected only the deaths of live births up to the age of full 17 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> During the period, the code of the underlying cause of death was used, according to ICD 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diseases of the circulatory system correspond to deaths of which underlying cause was any one from Chapter IX of ICD-10. The specific causes of death from circulatory diseases were: rheumatic fever (I 00-09); hypertensive diseases (I 10-15); ischemic heart disease (I 20-21); pulmonary heart diseases and pulmonary circulation diseases (I 26-28); membranes (pericarditis I30-I32 and acute and subacute endocarditis I33); valvular diseases (I34-39); myocarditis (I40- 41); cardiomyopathies (I42-43); conduction diseases (I44-49); heart failure (I50); complications of heart disease and ill- defined heart diseases (I51-52); hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases (I60-62); cerebral infarction (I63); unspecified cerebrovascular accident (I64); other cerebrovascular diseases (I65-69); vascular diseases (I70-89); and other unspecified diseases of the circulatory system (I95-99).</p>
      <p>The deaths of which underlying cause was MCS corresponds to the chapter XVII of the ICD-10 and were discriminated in the categories heart chambers and septal defects (Q20); cardiac septa (Q21); pulmonary and tricuspid valves (Q22); aortic and mitral valves (Q23); others and non- specified (Q24); great arteries (Q25); other vessels (Q26-28). The deaths of which underlying causes were IDC correspond to those of Chapter XVIII of the ICD-10. The deaths from EC are those from Chapters XIX and XX of ICD-10, which were also discriminated into categories: transportation accidents (V01-99), other accidental trauma (W00-X59) and non- accidental external causes (X60-Y98). Deaths were grouped into four categories of time: 1996 to 1999, 2000 to 2004, 2005 to 2009 and 2010 to 2012.</p>
      <p>Data related to the populations from 1996 to 2012 were obtained from the DATASUS site (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exeibge/cnv/poprj.def">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exeibge/cnv/poprj.def</ext-link>). These population data grouped according to age, gender and periods, similarly to the deaths, in order to estimate annual mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants.</p>
      <p>Total proportional mortality was calculated for each group of causes, without exclusions, and from defined endogenous causes, excluding the ill-defined and external causes, in percentages.</p>
      <p>Bar charts were built of the annual proportional mortality from specific causes of the circulatory system (cardiovascular diseases and MCS) per age and gender, from 1996 to 2012. The quantitative procedures were performed using the programs Excel-Microsoft<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and STATA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The study was carried out in accordance with the current ethical principles and was approved by the research ethics committee of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, which belongs to Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From 1996 to 2012, there were 115,728 deaths from AC in individuals younger than 18 years in the state of Rio de Janeiro, of which 69,757 were males and 45,971 females. The mean annual mortality from AC was 442.7 per 100,000 in both genders, and 530.6 in the male and 353.8 in the female gender. During the same period, there were 1,986 deaths, of which the underlying cause was classified as cardiovascular diseases, with 1,026 occurring in males and 958 in females. Therefore, the annual mortality from cardiovascular diseases was 2.6 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in both genders, and 2.7 in males and 2.6 in females. The proportional mortality from circulatory diseases, i.e., the percentage of deaths from this group of causes in relation to total deaths, was 1.7, 1.5 and 2.1%, respectively.</p>
      <p>During the same period, there were 5,287 deaths, of which the underlying cause was classified as MCS, with 2,837 occurring in males and 2,450 in females. The annual mortality from MCS was 7.0 per 100,000 in both genders, with 7.5 in males and 6.6 in females, with proportional mortalities of 4.6, 4.1 and 5.3%, respectively.</p>
      <p>However, 24,111 deaths were classified as caused by IDC or EC, of which 18,906 in males and 5,205 in females, with a proportional mortality of 20.8, 27.1 and 11.3%, respectively. Excluding the diseases of which the underlying cause was IDC or EC, the proportional mortality from circulatory system diseases was 2.2% in both genders, 2.0% in males and 2.3% in females, whereas the proportional mortality from MCS increased to 5.8% in both genders, 5.6% in males and 6.0% in females. It should also be noted that during the period, there were 12,696 deaths due to malformations in any organ or system, of which 6,719 occurred in males and 5,977 in females. Thus, 41.6% of deaths occurred from MCS, of which 42.2% in males and 41.0% in females.</p>
      <p>Results according to age groups can be seen in Tables 1 to 6. The largest mortality rates from AC were observed in males in all age groups, with children younger than 1 year being the group with the highest rates (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Mortality rates from MCS in boys were higher than in girls in all groups, except for those aged 5 to 11 years. Mortality rates from circulatory system diseases were higher in girls than in boys in the groups of children younger than 1 year and 1 to 4 years and similar in those aged 5 to 11 years; however, in the group of adolescents (12 to 17 years), it was the opposite, with the mortality rate in boys being higher than in girls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Total Proportional mortality and by defined endogenous causes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> and annual mortality per 100,000 in children<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref> and adolescents due to diseases and malformations of the circulatory system, and mortality from all causes, according to gender and age group, in the state of Rio deB Janeiro , 1996-2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causes of death</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>Age &lt;1</th>
              <th>1-4 years</th>
              <th>5-11 years</th>
              <th>12-17 years</th>
              <th>Age &lt;1</th>
              <th>1-4 years</th>
              <th>5-11 years</th>
              <th>12-17 years</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Diseases of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">233</td>
              <td align="center">177</td>
              <td align="center">174</td>
              <td align="center">442</td>
              <td align="center">257</td>
              <td align="center">187</td>
              <td align="center">174</td>
              <td align="center">340</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
              <td align="center">13.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">13.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malformations of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">2,385</td>
              <td align="center">283</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">2,038</td>
              <td align="center">259</td>
              <td align="center">102</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6.4</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">116.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">104.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">All causes</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">40,223</td>
              <td align="center">6,207</td>
              <td align="center">5,144</td>
              <td align="center">18,183</td>
              <td align="center">31,725</td>
              <td align="center">5,020</td>
              <td align="center">3,755</td>
              <td align="center">5,471</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">1962.1</td>
              <td align="center">76.2</td>
              <td align="center">35.0</td>
              <td align="center">138.3</td>
              <td align="center">1619.1</td>
              <td align="center">63.8</td>
              <td align="center">26.4</td>
              <td align="center">42.1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Excluding the ill-defined and external causes (ICD-10 chapters XVIII to XXII);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>mortality of children younger than 1 year per live births. PM: Proportional mortality.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As for the total proportional mortality from circulatory system diseases and MCS, that is, without excluding IDC or EC, the girls always showed higher rates than the boys' in the four age groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). However, only the endogenous proportional mortalities, excluding IDC and the EC, were higher in boys in the age group of the adolescents, mainly due to high mortality rates due to external causes in boys.</p>
      <p>When adding the rates of endogenous proportional mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and the MCS, there was a relative increase in the participation of the total, from approximately 7.2% in the first year of life to up to 15.8% in male adolescents. In girls, this progression was 7.8 to 14.0%. When evaluating the total proportional mortality, without excluding IDC and EC, such difference was not observed in males (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The differences between total and endogenous proportional mortality from diseases of the circulatory system increased from the younger group to the older group of adolescents, with more emphasis on the male gender, and the opposite occurred with total and endogenous proportional mortalities from MCS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The IDC are more important in the group aged 1 to 4 years, both in boys and girls, which represented just over 10% of all deaths (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). In relation to the EC, transportation accidents were the most important from 5 to 11 years; as for non-accidental external causes, they were extremely relevant in the group of adolescents, especially among boys, in which approximately six in ten deaths were caused, mostly, by injuries and aggression. Even among girls, approximately two out of ten deaths were also caused by this fraction of the EC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The fraction of trauma caused by accidents became relevant as early as in the group of 1 to 4 years of age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proportional mortality from ill-defined and external causes in children and adolescents, according to gender and age group in the state of Rio de Janeiro, 1996-2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causes of death</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>Age &lt;1 year</th>
              <th>1-4 years</th>
              <th>5-11 years</th>
              <th>12-17 years</th>
              <th>Age &lt;1 year</th>
              <th>1-4 years</th>
              <th>5-11 years</th>
              <th>12-17 years</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Ill-defined</td>
              <td align="center">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">1,607</td>
              <td align="center">709</td>
              <td align="center">296</td>
              <td align="center">816</td>
              <td align="center">1.248</td>
              <td align="center">506</td>
              <td align="center">282</td>
              <td align="center">488</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">8.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Transportation accidents</td>
              <td align="center">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">272</td>
              <td align="center">861</td>
              <td align="center">1,746</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">211</td>
              <td align="center">485</td>
              <td align="center">685</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">9.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
              <td align="center">12.9</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Other accidental traumas</td>
              <td align="center">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">996</td>
              <td align="center">901</td>
              <td align="center">872</td>
              <td align="center">1,526</td>
              <td align="center">740</td>
              <td align="center">546</td>
              <td align="center">421</td>
              <td align="center">353</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">14.5</td>
              <td align="center">17.0</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">10.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">External non-accidental causes</td>
              <td align="center">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">215</td>
              <td align="center">264</td>
              <td align="center">372</td>
              <td align="center">10,811</td>
              <td align="center">154</td>
              <td align="center">214</td>
              <td align="center">192</td>
              <td align="center">1,154</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.2</td>
              <td align="center">59.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">21.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">All causes</td>
              <td align="center">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">40,223</td>
              <td align="center">6,207</td>
              <td align="center">5,144</td>
              <td align="center">18,183</td>
              <td align="center">31,725</td>
              <td align="center">5,020</td>
              <td align="center">3,755</td>
              <td align="center">5,.471</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>PM: prorpotional mortality.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The period of 1996-1999 showed higher AC mortality rates in all age groups in both sexes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>). In groups aged 1-4 years, 5-11 years and in adolescents there was a slight increase in AC mortality rates in the 2010-2012 period, when compared with the two previous years in both genders (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). The exception occurred in adolescents, whose last period showed the lowest AC mortality rate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Total proportional mortality and from defined endogenous causes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref> and annual mortality per 100,000 live births in the first yearo f life<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref> from diseases and malformations of the circulatory system, and froma ll causes, according to gender and age group, in the state ofR io de Janeiro, 1996-2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causes of death</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>1996-1999</th>
              <th>2000-2004</th>
              <th>2005-2009</th>
              <th>2010-2012</th>
              <th>1996-1999</th>
              <th>2000-2004</th>
              <th>2005-2009</th>
              <th>2010-2012</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Diseases of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">77</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000 LB</td>
              <td align="center">9.7</td>
              <td align="center">8.3</td>
              <td align="center">13.8</td>
              <td align="center">12.2</td>
              <td align="center">11.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">13.3</td>
              <td align="center">13.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malformations of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">630</td>
              <td align="center">572</td>
              <td align="center">645</td>
              <td align="center">394</td>
              <td align="center">551</td>
              <td align="center">517</td>
              <td align="center">511</td>
              <td align="center">318</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">6.2</td>
              <td align="center">7.6</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.6</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000 LB</td>
              <td align="center">115.7</td>
              <td align="center">93.6</td>
              <td align="center">115.7</td>
              <td align="center">116.9</td>
              <td align="center">106.1</td>
              <td align="center">88.4</td>
              <td align="center">95.8</td>
              <td align="center">98.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">All causes</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">13,965</td>
              <td align="center">9,915</td>
              <td align="center">9,065</td>
              <td align="center">5,071</td>
              <td align="center">10,839</td>
              <td align="center">7,823</td>
              <td align="center">7,247</td>
              <td align="center">4,072</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000 LB</td>
              <td align="center">2,563.9</td>
              <td align="center">1,622.4</td>
              <td align="center">1,626.7</td>
              <td align="center">1,504.9</td>
              <td align="center">2,087.1</td>
              <td align="center">1,337.9</td>
              <td align="center">1,358.1</td>
              <td align="center">1,265.5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Excluding the ill-defined and external causes (ICD-10 chapters XVIII to XXII);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>mortality of children younger than 1 year per live births. PM: prorpotional mortality; LB: live births.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Total proportional mortality and from defined endogenous causes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref> and annual mortality per 100,000 inhabitants aged 1 to 4 years, from diseases and malformations of the circulatory system, and from all causes, according to gender and age group in the state of Rio de Janeiro 1996-2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causes of death</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>1996-1999</th>
              <th>2000-2004</th>
              <th>2005-2009</th>
              <th>2010-2012</th>
              <th>1996-1999</th>
              <th>2000-2004</th>
              <th>2005-2009</th>
              <th>2010-2012</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Diseases of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.6</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malformations of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">77</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4.0</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6.2</td>
              <td align="center">7.9</td>
              <td align="center">8.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">All causes</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">1,996</td>
              <td align="center">1,519</td>
              <td align="center">1,477</td>
              <td align="center">884</td>
              <td align="center">1,669</td>
              <td align="center">1,218</td>
              <td align="center">1,192</td>
              <td align="center">671</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">107.9</td>
              <td align="center">59.5</td>
              <td align="center">58.2</td>
              <td align="center">73.4</td>
              <td align="center">92.8</td>
              <td align="center">49.4</td>
              <td align="center">48.9</td>
              <td align="center">57.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Excluding the ill-defined and external causes (ICD-10 chapters XVIII to XXII); PM: prorpotional mortality.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Total proportional mortality and from defined endogenous causes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref> and annual mortality per 100,000 inhabitants aged 5 to 11 years, from diseases and malformations of the circulatory system, and from all causes, according to gender and age group in the state of Rio de Janeiro, 1996-2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causes of death</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>1996-1999</th>
              <th>2000-2004</th>
              <th>2005-2009</th>
              <th>2010-2012</th>
              <th>1996-1999</th>
              <th>2000-2004</th>
              <th>2005-2009</th>
              <th>2010-2012</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Diseases of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malformations of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.0</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">All causes</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">1,448</td>
              <td align="center">1,215</td>
              <td align="center">1,405</td>
              <td align="center">805</td>
              <td align="center">1,030</td>
              <td align="center">828</td>
              <td align="center">1,071</td>
              <td align="center">619</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">43.5</td>
              <td align="center">27.9</td>
              <td align="center">30.8</td>
              <td align="center">32.6</td>
              <td align="center">32.0</td>
              <td align="center">19.6</td>
              <td align="center">24.3</td>
              <td align="center">25.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Excluding the ill-defined and external causes (ICD-10 chapters XVIII to XXII). PM: prorpotional mortality.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Total proportional mortality and from defined endogenous causes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref> and annual mortality per 100,000 inhabitants aged 12 to 17 years, from diseases and malformations of the circulatory system, and from all causes, according to gender and age group in the state of Rio de Janeiro, 1996-2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causes of death</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>1996-1999</th>
              <th>2000-2004</th>
              <th>2005-2009</th>
              <th>2010-2012</th>
              <th>1996-1999</th>
              <th>2000-2004</th>
              <th>2005-2009</th>
              <th>2010-2012</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Diseases of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">128</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">8.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">13.1</td>
              <td align="center">14.3</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">16.6</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.6</td>
              <td align="center">8.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malformations of the circulatory system</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total PM (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endogenous PM (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">All causes</td>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">4.849</td>
              <td align="center">4.389</td>
              <td align="center">5.354</td>
              <td align="center">2.520</td>
              <td align="center">1.587</td>
              <td align="center">1.268</td>
              <td align="center">1.418</td>
              <td align="center">926</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality per 100,000</td>
              <td align="center">155.6</td>
              <td align="center">115.1</td>
              <td align="center">139.6</td>
              <td align="center">105.9</td>
              <td align="center">51.0</td>
              <td align="center">33.5</td>
              <td align="center">37.6</td>
              <td align="center">39.7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Excluding the ill-defined and external causes (ICD-10 chapters XVIII to XXII). PM: prorpotional mortality.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases increased significantly only in children younger than 1 year, most evidently in children in the last two periods, compared to the first two (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). In other age groups, there were minor fluctuations, except in girls aged 1 to 4 years and in adolescents, in whom, in the first period (1996-1999), mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases were higher (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tables 4</xref> to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>).</p>
      <p>Mortality rates from MCS exceeded more than one death per thousand births in children younger than 1 year in both genders (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). In all study periods, MCS mortality rates in boys were higher than in girls. At the age range 1 to 4 years, MCS mortality rates were even higher than for circulatory system diseases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). In the two older age groups, those rates are quite low, and all represent less than one death per 100,000 individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>).</p>
      <p>Among the specific causes of cardiovascular diseases, cardiomyopathies showed the highest rates of annual proportional mortality in both genders (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Cardiomyopathies were predominant mainly in the age group 1 to 4 years (25.4% in boys and 31% for girls). Cardiomyopathies were followed by hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, with predominance in the age range 5 to 11 years for males and 12 to 17 years in females. Heart disease complications were in the third place, with a higher percentage in children younger than 1 year and aged 1 to 4 years, with a slight predominance of females. Pulmonary heart and pulmonary circulation diseases came after that, in both genders, in children younger than 1 year, followed by rheumatic fever at the age range of 12 to 17 and 5 to 11 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Annual proportional mortality from specific causes of the circulatory system in children and adolescents, by gender and age group in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 1996 to 2012. CSD: circulatory system diseases; CBVD: cerebrovascular disease.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0464-60069-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The greatest proportional mortality from MCS occurred from unspecified MCS according to ICD 10, at all ages and in both genders. They were followed by cardiac septal defects, except in the group of children younger than 1 year in both genders, in whom malformations of the great arteries came next. In adolescent males, the second position was occupied by malformations of other vessels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Annual proportional mortality from specific causes of malformations of the circulatory system in children and adolescents, by gender and age group in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 1996 to 2012. MCS: malformations of the circulatory system.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0464-60069-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Diseases of the circulatory system are the leading cause of adult mortality, especially those secondary to atherosclerotic diseases, such as cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease, which together accounted for over 60% of deaths from cardiovascular diseases in the state of Rio de Janeiro in 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In children younger than 1 year of age, deaths due to malformations are among the leading causes of death, second only to perinatal conditions.</p>
      <p>Among the malformations, those of the circulatory system are the main components.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The MCS contribute mostly to the deaths in children younger than 1 year and aged 1 to 4 years, because these causes are often incompatible with life and highly dependent on adequate hospital-medical support for survival, leading to early mortality, with progressive reduction in the following age groups. This behavior is opposite to that of circulatory diseases, which show progressive increase until they become the leading cause of death in adults after the fifth decade of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In adolescents of both genders, when analyzing the endogenous proportional mortality, it can be observed that diseases of the circulatory system, from that age group on, are among the leading causes of death. However, at this age range, the major cause of death from circulatory diseases is cardiomyopathy, not atherosclerotic disease, which occurs predominantly at older ages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the MCS, unspecified diseases are the leading cause of death at all age ranges and in both genders, suggesting low access to prenatal diagnosis or at birth, preventing adequate treatment, resulting in death. Some studies show that 30% of MCS are not diagnosed within the first week of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Measures such as prenatal care and performing obstetric echocardiography could reduce these deaths, allowing early diagnosis and patient referral to specialized treatment centers, even before birth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, a major problem constitutes the service network of public and private health systems, not only in the state of Rio de Janeiro, but in the whole country, which cannot treat 62% of children with MCS, reaching in some regions of Brazil , 76 to 91% of cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>If one considers that the MCS can be treated, classifying them in the category of preventable deaths, the appropriate care of the pediatric population would result in significant decrease in child mortality rates, mainly in the early neonatal period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Additionally, the early treatment of children with congenital heart disease prevents successive hospital admissions for complications of the disease and ensures better quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is observed that mortality from circulatory diseases decreases up to the age range of 5 to 11 years, increasing again in adolescents, whereas in MCS, the decrease is continuous and much more pronounced. It must be considered that children with MCS, often already repaired and that did not die in the first year of life, can have complications and sequelae such as heart failure, arrhythmias, endocarditis, among others, which can lead to death in adolescence, increasing mortality from circulatory system diseases in this age group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The complications of heart disease, which are the third cause of circulatory system diseases and mean acquired structural heart complications due to residual disease from previous surgical treatments such as chordae tendineae or papillary muscle rupture, intracardiac thrombosis, cardiomegaly, acquired septal defect and other ill-defined or unspecified heart diseases increase the occurrence of death from circulatory system diseases.</p>
      <p>The total proportional mortality from circulatory system diseases in males does not increase as the age groups advance. This finding is related to what is observed in the proportional mortality from IDC and external causes, especially in the group of the latter related to non-accidental EC, mainly comprising injuries and aggression, as the impact of mortality from IDC and EC in boys is observed mainly in adolescents. In females, the participation of the sum of mortalities is constant throughout childhood and adolescence, when IDC and EC are not excluded. The predominance of the male gender in mortality from EC found in this study has been observed in many parts of the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This fact is explained by the male gender's greater exposure to risk factors, such as alcohol, tobacco or other drugs, use of firearms or knives, school absenteeism and inclusion in activities considered illicit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> As for the fact that intentionality changes according to age, with a prevalence of accidents among children and violence among adolescents, one must consider that children are more exposed to accidents caused by their own immaturity, curiosity, intense growth and development, resulting in a higher proportion of accidental causes, especially in the domestic environment.<sup>(27 )</sup>Whereas adolescents are more vulnerable to violence, because of social marginality and drug exposure, among other negative events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the period from 2010 to 2012, the mortality rate from AC in male adolescents showed a relevant decrease of 24% compared to previous periods, which did not occur in females. During the same period, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, there was a decrease in deaths from homicides caused by the police, recorded in the so-called acts of resistance to authority, in which the main victims are male adolescents and young adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> This fact may be related to this significant reduction in the mortality rate.</p>
      <p>The limitation of this study was the quality variation in the filling-out of death certificates (DCs) over time and study location, the state of Rio de Janeiro. However, the DCs are the best available sources of mortality data.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 1996 to 2012, there was a progressive reduction in mortality from all causes in children and adolescents. The highest mortality rates were observed in children younger than 1 year and in the male gender. Mortality from malformations of the circulatory system was higher in the early years, while mortality from cardiovascular diseases became more important in adolescents. There is a difference in the mortality profile between the genders, as the boys died more frequently from external causes and girls died mainly from endogenous diseases. Deaths from circulatory system diseases became relevant in male adolescents after deaths from external causes were excluded, predominantly those caused by violence.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Thais Rocha Salim, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as e Malforma&#231;&#245;es do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio em Crian&#231;as no Estado do Rio de Janeiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salim</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Porto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 &#8211; Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar &#8211; sala 6, UFRJ. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Salim TR, Soares GP, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Salim TR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Conhecer o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico de mortalidade de uma popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante para instituir medidas de melhoria da assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar as taxas de mortalidade e a mortalidade proporcional por doen&#231;as e malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo descritivo das mortalidades por doen&#231;as e malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, todas as causas, causas mal definidas e causas externas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012. As popula&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE), e os &#243;bitos no Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS)/Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ocorreram 115.728 &#243;bitos por todas as causas, sendo 69.757 no sexo masculino. A mortalidade anual por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foi 2,7/100mil no sexo masculino e 2,6/100 mil no feminino. A mortalidade anual por malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foi 7,5/100 mil no sexo masculino e 6,6/100 mil no feminino. Dentre as causas espec&#237;ficas de doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, as cardiomiopatias apresentaram as maiores taxas de mortalidade proporcional anual e, por malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, ocorreu por malforma&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o especificadas do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, em todas as idades e sexos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A mortalidade por malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foi mais marcante nos primeiros anos de vida, enquanto as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foram mais relevantes nos adolescentes. O baixo acesso ao diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal e/ou ao nascimento provavelmente impossibilitou o adequado tratamento das doen&#231;as e malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Sistema Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade da Crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No Brasil, no ano de 2012, as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foram a principal causa de &#243;bitos na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, por&#233;m crian&#231;as e adolescentes n&#227;o demonstram esse perfil de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nos menores de 1 ano, as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o a nona causa de &#243;bito; crian&#231;as de 1 a 9 anos ocupam a oitava coloca&#231;&#227;o; as de 10 a 14 anos, a s&#233;tima; e aquelas de 15 a 19 anos a t&#234;m como a quarta causa de &#243;bito mais importante, considerados os cap&#237;tulos da classifica&#231;&#227;o internacional de doen&#231;as (CID-10). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As causas externas (CE) s&#227;o a principal causa de &#243;bitos, exceto nos menores de 1 ano, para quem elas ocupam a sexta posi&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; as causas mal definidas (CMD) de &#243;bito flutuam entre a quinta e a s&#233;tima posi&#231;&#245;es nos menores de 15 anos, sendo a terceira causa mais importante nas crian&#231;as de 15 a 19 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As crian&#231;as menores de 1 ano apresentaram as maiores taxas de mortalidade geral. tendo como principais causas de mortes as afec&#231;&#245;es originadas no per&#237;odo perinatal, que corresponderam a 58,6% dos &#243;bitos nessa faixa et&#225;ria, no Brasil, em 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A mortalidade infantil &#233; dividida em dois componentes: o per&#237;odo neonatal e o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-neonatal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Seus fatores causais est&#227;o intimamente ligados &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de e nutri&#231;&#227;o, e ao n&#237;vel de escolaridade e de vida das mulheres, assim como &#224; qualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o prestada durante o pr&#233;-natal e parto, e a assist&#234;ncia ao nascimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Com a melhoria desses fatores, houve mudan&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade infantil de 1994 a 2012, com redu&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-neonatal, por&#233;m o per&#237;odo neonatal pouco foi alterado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As principais causas de mortalidade neonatal s&#227;o asfixia intrauterina e intraparto, prematuridade extrema e malforma&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dentre as malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas, as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio apresentam maior impacto sobre a mortalidade, por serem classificadas como causas de &#243;bito evit&#225;veis, pois poderiam ser reduzidas por interven&#231;&#245;es precoces .<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Elevadas taxas de mortalidade por malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (MAC) decorrem da escassez diagn&#243;stica pr&#233;-natal, resultando em tratamento inefetivo, com &#243;bito consequente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Poucos artigos nacionais relatam estudos de mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio e MAC na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Conhecer o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico de mortalidade de uma popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante para instituir medidas de melhoria da assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste artigo foi estimar as taxas de mortalidade por habitante e a mortalidade proporcional por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio e MAC em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo descritivo das taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio e MAC por todas as causas (TC), CMD e CE em crian&#231;as e adolescentes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2012. As crian&#231;as foram divididas em tr&#234;s grupos et&#225;rios: menores de 1 ano, de 1 a 4 anos e de 5 a 11 anos. Os adolescentes, segundo defini&#231;&#227;o do Estatuto da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente, s&#227;o aqueles de 12 a 17 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os dados referentes aos &#243;bitos foram obtidos no <italic>site</italic> do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/sim/dados/cid10_indice.htmdados">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/sim/dados/cid10_indice.htmdados</ext-link>). Esses dados s&#227;o compostos pelos conjuntos de todas as declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito (DO) registradas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012, ano a ano. De cada banco de dados anuais, foram selecionados apenas os &#243;bitos de nascidos vivos at&#233; a idade de 17 anos completos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No per&#237;odo, foi utilizada a codifica&#231;&#227;o de causa b&#225;sica de &#243;bito, de acordo com a CID 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio correspondem aos &#243;bitos cuja causa b&#225;sica foi qualquer uma do cap&#237;tulo IX da CID-10. As causas espec&#237;ficas de &#243;bito por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio utilizadas foram: febre reum&#225;tica (I 00-09); doen&#231;as hipertensivas (I 10-15); doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (I 20-21); doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pulmonar e da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (I 26-28); membranas (pericardites I30-I32 e endocardite aguda e subaguda I33); doen&#231;as valvares (I34-39); miocardites (I40-41); cardiomiopatias (I42-43); doen&#231;as de condu&#231;&#227;o (I44-49); insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (I50); complica&#231;&#245;es de cardiopatias e doen&#231;as card&#237;acas mal definidas (I51-52); doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares hemorr&#225;gicas (I60-62); infarto cerebral (I63); acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o especificado (I64); outras doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (I65-69); doen&#231;as vasculares (I70-89); e outras doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio n&#227;o especificadas (I95-99). Os &#243;bitos cuja causa b&#225;sica foi por MAC correspondem ao cap&#237;tulo XVII da CID-10 e foram discriminados nas categorias c&#226;maras e comunica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (Q20); septos card&#237;acos (Q21); valvas pulmonar e tric&#250;spide (Q22); valvas a&#243;rtica e mitral (Q23); outras e n&#227;o especificadas (Q24); grandes art&#233;rias (Q25); outros vasos (Q26-28). Os &#243;bitos cujas causas b&#225;sicas foram por CMD correspondem &#224;queles do cap&#237;tulo XVIII da CID-10. Os &#243;bitos por CE s&#227;o aqueles dos cap&#237;tulos XIX e XX da CID-10, que tamb&#233;m foram discriminados nas categorias: acidentes de transportes (V01-99), outros traumas acidentais (W00-X59) e externas n&#227;o acidentais (X60-Y98). Os &#243;bitos foram agrupados em quatro categorias de tempo: de 1996 a 1999, de 2000 a 2004, de 2005 a 2009, e de 2010 a 2012.</p>
        <p>Os dados referentes &#224;s popula&#231;&#245;es de 1996 a 2012 foram obtidos do <italic>site</italic> DATASUS (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exeibge/cnv/poprj.def">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exeibge/cnv/poprj.def</ext-link>). Estes dados populacionais foram agrupados segundo idade, sexo e per&#237;odos, da mesma forma como se fez com os &#243;bitos, com a finalidade de estimar taxas de mortalidade anuais por 100 mil habitantes.</p>
        <p>Foram calculadas mortalidades proporcionais totais por cada grupo de causa, sem exclus&#245;es, e por causas end&#243;genas definidas, excluindo-se as mal definidas e externas, em porcentuais.</p>
        <p>Foram constru&#237;dos gr&#225;ficos de barras da mortalidade proporcional anual por causas espec&#237;ficas do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio e MAC) por idade e sexo, de 1996 a 2012. Os procedimentos quantitativos foram realizados com os programas Excel-Microsoft<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e STATA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo foi feito de acordo com os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos vigentes e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho pertencente a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2012, ocorreram 115.728 &#243;bitos por TC de menores de 18 anos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, dos quais 69.757 do sexo masculino e 45.971 do sexo feminino. A mortalidade anual m&#233;dia por TC foi de 442,7 por 100 mil em ambos os sexos, e de 530,6 no sexo masculino e 353,8 no feminino. Nesse mesmo per&#237;odo, ocorreram 1.986 &#243;bitos cuja causa b&#225;sica foi codificada como doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, dos quais 1.026 no sexo masculino e 958 no sexo feminino. Por isso, a mortalidade anual por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foi de 2,6 &#243;bitos por 100 mil habitantes em ambos os sexos, e de 2,7 no sexo masculino e de 2,6 no feminino. A mortalidade proporcional por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, ou seja, a porcentagem de &#243;bitos por esse grupo de causas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao total de &#243;bitos foi de 1,7, 1,5 e 2,1% respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Durante esse mesmo per&#237;odo, ocorreram 5.287 &#243;bitos cuja causa b&#225;sica foi codificada como MAC, dos quais 2.837 no sexo masculino e 2.450 no sexo feminino. A mortalidade anual por MAC foi de 7,0 por 100 mil em ambos os sexos, sendo 7,5 no sexo masculino e de 6,6 no feminino, com mortalidades proporcionais de 4,6, 4,1 e 5,3% respectivamente.</p>
        <p>No entanto, 24.111 &#243;bitos no total foram codificados como ocasionados por CMD ou CE, dos quais 18.906 no sexo masculino e 5.205 no sexo feminino, com mortalidades proporcionais de 20,8, 27,1 e 11,3%, respectivamente. Excluindo as doen&#231;as cuja causa b&#225;sica foi CMD ou CE, a mortalidade proporcional por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio passou a ser de 2,2% em ambos os sexos, de 2,0% no sexo masculino e de 2,3% no feminino, enquanto a mortalidade proporcional por MAC passou a ser de 5,8% em ambos os sexos, de 5,6% no sexo masculino e de 6,0% no feminino. Deve-se assinalar ainda que, durante o per&#237;odo, ocorreram 12.696 &#243;bitos por malforma&#231;&#245;es em qualquer &#243;rg&#227;o ou sistema, das quais 6.719 no sexo masculino e 5.977 no feminino. Desse modo, 41,6% dos &#243;bitos foram por MAC, dos quais 42,2% no sexo masculino e 41,0% no feminino.</p>
        <p>Resultados de acordo com grupos et&#225;rios podem ser vistos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 1</xref> a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">6</xref>. As maiores taxas de mortalidade por TC foram observadas nos indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino em todos os grupos et&#225;rios, sendo que os menores de 1 ano formaram o grupo que apresentou as maiores taxas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>). As taxas de mortalidade por MAC dos meninos foram maiores do que nas meninas em todos os grupos, com exce&#231;&#227;o de 5 a 11 anos. J&#225; as taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio das meninas foram maiores do que as dos meninos nos grupos de menores de 1 ano e de 1 a 4 anos, semelhantes nos de 5 a 11 anos, por&#233;m, no grupo de adolescentes (12 a 17 anos), houve invers&#227;o, com a taxa dos meninos superando a das meninas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>). Quanto &#224; mortalidade proporcional total por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio e por MAC, isto &#233;, sem exclus&#227;o das CMD ou das CE, a das meninas foi sempre superior aos meninos nos quatro grupos de idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>). Por&#233;m, as mortalidades proporcionais exclusivamente end&#243;genas, exclu&#237;das as CMD e as CE, passaram a ser superiores nos meninos na faixa et&#225;ria dos adolescentes, devido principalmente &#224;s elevadas taxas de mortalidade por causa externa nos meninos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional total e por causas end&#243;genas definidas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref> e mortalidade por 100 mil anuais em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref> e adolescentes por doen&#231;as e malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, e por todas as causas, segundo sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causas de &#243;bito</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Menores de 1</th>
                <th align="center">1-4 anos</th>
                <th align="center">5-11 anos</th>
                <th align="center">12-17 anos</th>
                <th align="center">Menores de 1</th>
                <th align="center">1-4 anos</th>
                <th align="center">5-11 anos</th>
                <th align="center">12-17 anos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">233</td>
                <td align="center">177</td>
                <td align="center">174</td>
                <td align="center">442</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">187</td>
                <td align="center">174</td>
                <td align="center">340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">2.385</td>
                <td align="center">283</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">2.038</td>
                <td align="center">259</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">116,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">104,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Todas</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">40.223</td>
                <td align="center">6.207</td>
                <td align="center">5.144</td>
                <td align="center">18.183</td>
                <td align="center">31.725</td>
                <td align="center">5.020</td>
                <td align="center">3.755</td>
                <td align="center">5.471</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">1962,1</td>
                <td align="center">76,2</td>
                <td align="center">35,0</td>
                <td align="center">138,3</td>
                <td align="center">1619,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,8</td>
                <td align="center">26,4</td>
                <td align="center">42,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Exclu&#237;das as mal definidas e externas (cap&#237;tulos CID-10 de XVIII at&#233; XXII);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>mortalidade de menores de 1 ano por nascidos vivos. MP: mortalidade proporcional.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional por causas mal definidas e externas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, segundo sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causas de &#243;bito</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Menores de 1</th>
                <th align="center">1-4 anos</th>
                <th align="center">5-11 anos</th>
                <th align="center">12-17 anos</th>
                <th align="center">Menores de 1</th>
                <th align="center">1-4 anos</th>
                <th align="center">5-11 anos</th>
                <th align="center">12-17 anos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Mal definidas</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">1.607</td>
                <td align="center">709</td>
                <td align="center">296</td>
                <td align="center">816</td>
                <td align="center">1.248</td>
                <td align="center">506</td>
                <td align="center">282</td>
                <td align="center">488</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Acidentes de transporte</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">272</td>
                <td align="center">861</td>
                <td align="center">1.746</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">211</td>
                <td align="center">485</td>
                <td align="center">685</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Outros traumas acidentais</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">996</td>
                <td align="center">901</td>
                <td align="center">872</td>
                <td align="center">1.526</td>
                <td align="center">740</td>
                <td align="center">546</td>
                <td align="center">421</td>
                <td align="center">353</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,5</td>
                <td align="center">17,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Externas n&#227;o acidentais</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">215</td>
                <td align="center">264</td>
                <td align="center">372</td>
                <td align="center">10.811</td>
                <td align="center">154</td>
                <td align="center">214</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">1.154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">59,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">21,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Todas as causas</td>
                <td align="center">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">40.223</td>
                <td align="center">6.207</td>
                <td align="center">5.144</td>
                <td align="center">18.183</td>
                <td align="center">31.725</td>
                <td align="center">5.020</td>
                <td align="center">3.755</td>
                <td align="center">5.471</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>MP: mortalidade proporcional.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional total e por causas end&#243;genas definidas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref> e mortalidade por 100 mil nascidos vivos anuais no primeiro ano de vida<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">**</xref> por doen&#231;as e malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, e por todas as causas, segundo sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causas de &#243;bito</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">1996-1999</th>
                <th align="center">2000-2004</th>
                <th align="center">2005-2009</th>
                <th align="center">2010-2012</th>
                <th align="center">1996-1999</th>
                <th align="center">2000-2004</th>
                <th align="center">2005-2009</th>
                <th align="center">2010-2012</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil NV</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">13,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">630</td>
                <td align="center">572</td>
                <td align="center">645</td>
                <td align="center">394</td>
                <td align="center">551</td>
                <td align="center">517</td>
                <td align="center">511</td>
                <td align="center">318</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil NV</td>
                <td align="center">115,7</td>
                <td align="center">93,6</td>
                <td align="center">115,7</td>
                <td align="center">116,9</td>
                <td align="center">106,1</td>
                <td align="center">88,4</td>
                <td align="center">95,8</td>
                <td align="center">98,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Todas</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">13.965</td>
                <td align="center">9.915</td>
                <td align="center">9.065</td>
                <td align="center">5.071</td>
                <td align="center">10.839</td>
                <td align="center">7.823</td>
                <td align="center">7.247</td>
                <td align="center">4.072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil NV</td>
                <td align="center">2.563,9</td>
                <td align="center">1.622,4</td>
                <td align="center">1.626,7</td>
                <td align="center">1.504,9</td>
                <td align="center">2.087,1</td>
                <td align="center">1.337,9</td>
                <td align="center">1.358,1</td>
                <td align="center">1.265,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Exclu&#237;das as mal definidas e externas (cap&#237;tulos CID-10 de XVIII at&#233; XXII);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>mortalidade de menores de 1 ano por nascidos vivos. MP: mortalidade proporcional; NV: nascidos vivos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional total e por causas end&#243;genas definidas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref> e mortalidade por 100 mil habitantes anuais de 1 a 4 anos, por doen&#231;as e malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, e por todas as causas, segundo sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causas de &#243;bito</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">1996-1999</th>
                <th align="center">2000-2004</th>
                <th align="center">2005-2009</th>
                <th align="center">2010-2012</th>
                <th align="center">1996-1999</th>
                <th align="center">2000-2004</th>
                <th align="center">2005-2009</th>
                <th align="center">2010-2012</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Todas</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">1996</td>
                <td align="center">1519</td>
                <td align="center">1477</td>
                <td align="center">884</td>
                <td align="center">1669</td>
                <td align="center">1218</td>
                <td align="center">1192</td>
                <td align="center">671</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">107,9</td>
                <td align="center">59,5</td>
                <td align="center">58,2</td>
                <td align="center">73,4</td>
                <td align="center">92,8</td>
                <td align="center">49,4</td>
                <td align="center">48,9</td>
                <td align="center">57,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Exclu&#237;das as mal definidas e externas (cap&#237;tulos CID-10 de XVIII at&#233; XXII). MP: mortalidade proporcional;</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional total e por causas end&#243;genas definidas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref> e mortalidade por 100 mil habitantes anuais de 5 a 11 anos de idade por doen&#231;as e malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, e por todas as causas, segundo sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causas de &#243;bito</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">1996-1999</th>
                <th align="center">2000-2004</th>
                <th align="center">2005-2009</th>
                <th align="center">2010-2012</th>
                <th align="center">1996-1999</th>
                <th align="center">2000-2004</th>
                <th align="center">2005-2009</th>
                <th align="center">2010-2012</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Todas</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">1.448</td>
                <td align="center">1.215</td>
                <td align="center">1.405</td>
                <td align="center">805</td>
                <td align="center">1.030</td>
                <td align="center">828</td>
                <td align="center">1.071</td>
                <td align="center">619</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">43,5</td>
                <td align="center">27,9</td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
                <td align="center">32,6</td>
                <td align="center">32,0</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">24,3</td>
                <td align="center">25,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Exclu&#237;das as mal definidas e externas (cap&#237;tulos CID-10 de XVIII at&#233; XXII). MP: mortalidade proporcional;</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional total e por causas end&#243;genas definidas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> e mortalidade por 100 mil habitantes anuais de 12 a 17 anos de idade por doen&#231;as e malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, e por todas as causas, segundo sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Causas de &#243;bito</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">1996-1999</th>
                <th align="center">2000-2004</th>
                <th align="center">2005-2009</th>
                <th align="center">2010-2012</th>
                <th align="center">1996-1999</th>
                <th align="center">2000-2004</th>
                <th align="center">2005-2009</th>
                <th align="center">2010-2012</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP total (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MP end&#243;genas (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Todas</td>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">4.849</td>
                <td align="center">4.389</td>
                <td align="center">5.354</td>
                <td align="center">2.520</td>
                <td align="center">1.587</td>
                <td align="center">1.268</td>
                <td align="center">1.418</td>
                <td align="center">926</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade por 100 mil</td>
                <td align="center">155,6</td>
                <td align="center">115,1</td>
                <td align="center">139,6</td>
                <td align="center">105,9</td>
                <td align="center">51,0</td>
                <td align="center">33,5</td>
                <td align="center">37,6</td>
                <td align="center">39,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Exclu&#237;das as mal definidas e externas (cap&#237;tulos CID-10 de XVIII at&#233; XXII). MP: mortalidade proporcional.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao se somarem as mortalidades proporcionais end&#243;genas por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio com as por MAC, observou-se aumento relativo de participa&#231;&#227;o do total, passando de cerca de 7,2% no primeiro ano de vida para at&#233; 15,8% nos adolescentes do sexo masculino. Nas meninas, essa progress&#227;o foi de 7,8 a 14,0%. Ao se avaliar a mortalidade proporcional total, sem exclus&#227;o das CMD e CE, n&#227;o se observou tanta diferen&#231;a no sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as entre as mortalidades proporcionais totais e end&#243;genas por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio cresceram do grupo mais jovem para o mais velho de adolescentes, com mais &#234;nfase no sexo masculino, e o inverso ocorreu com as mortalidades proporcionais totais e end&#243;genas por MAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>As CMD s&#227;o mais importantes no grupo de 1 a 4 anos, tanto em meninos como meninas, no qual representaram pouco mais de 10% do total de &#243;bitos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s CE, os acidentes de transporte foram mais importantes a partir de 5 a 11 anos, j&#225; as externas n&#227;o acidentais foram extremamente relevantes no grupo dos adolescentes, especialmente entre os meninos, nos quais cerca de seis em cada dez &#243;bitos foram ocasionados, em sua maior parte, por les&#245;es e agress&#245;es. Mesmo entre as meninas, cerca de dois em cada dez &#243;bitos foram tamb&#233;m causados por esta fra&#231;&#227;o das CE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>). A fra&#231;&#227;o de traumas causados por acidentes passou a ser relevante j&#225; a partir do grupo de 1 a 4 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>O per&#237;odo de 1996-1999 apresentou as taxas de mortalidade por TC mais elevadas em todos os grupos et&#225;rios, em ambos os sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabelas 3</xref> a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">6</xref>). Nos grupos de 1 a 4, de 5 a 11 anos e nas adolescentes ocorreu discreto aumento nas taxas de mortalidade por TC no per&#237;odo de 2010-2012 quando comparado com os dois per&#237;odos anteriores nos dois sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>). A exce&#231;&#227;o ocorreu nos adolescentes, cujo &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo apresentou a menor taxa de mortalidade por TC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio se elevaram de forma relevante apenas nos menores de 1 ano, com mais evid&#234;ncia nos meninos, nos dois &#250;ltimos per&#237;odos, quando comparados com os dois iniciais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>). Nos demais grupos et&#225;rios, ocorreram flutua&#231;&#245;es de pequena monta, a n&#227;o ser nas meninas de 1 a 4 anos e nas adolescentes, em que, no primeiro per&#237;odo (1996-1999), as taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foram maiores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabelas 4</xref> a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">6</xref>).</p>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade por MAC chegaram a exceder um &#243;bito a cada mil nascimentos nos menores de 1 ano nos dois sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>). Em todos os per&#237;odos de estudo, as taxas de mortalidade por MAC dos meninos foram maiores do que as das meninas. Na faixa et&#225;ria de 1 a 4 anos, as taxas de mortalidade por MAC ainda foram mais elevadas do que as por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>). Nas duas faixas et&#225;rias mais velhas, essas taxas s&#227;o bastante reduzidas, e todas representam menos de um &#243;bito a cada 100 mil indiv&#237;duos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">6</xref>).</p>
        <p>Dentre as causas espec&#237;ficas de doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, as cardiomiopatias apresentaram as maiores taxas de mortalidade proporcional anual em ambos os sexos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). As cardiomiopatias foram predominantes principalmente na faixa et&#225;ria de 1 a 4 anos (25,4% nos meninos e 31% nas meninas). As cardiomiopatias foram seguidas pelas doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares hemorr&#225;gicas, com predom&#237;nio na faixa de 5 a 11 anos, no sexo masculino, e de 12 a 17 anos, no sexo feminino. As complica&#231;&#245;es de cardiopatias apareceram em terceiro lugar com porcentual mais elevado nos menores de 1 ano e de 1 a 4 anos, com discreto predom&#237;nio nas meninas. As doen&#231;as card&#237;acas pulmonares e da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar apareceram depois, nos dois sexos, na idade de menores de 1 ano, seguidas pela febre reum&#225;tica na faixa de 12 a 17 anos e de 5 a 11 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional anual por causas espec&#237;ficas do aparelho circulat&#243;rio em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, por sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012. DAC: doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio; DCBV: doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0464-60069-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A maior mortalidade proporcional por MAC ocorreu por MAC n&#227;o especificadas de acordo com a CID 10, em todas as idades e sexos. Elas foram seguidas por malforma&#231;&#245;es de septos card&#237;acos, exceto no grupo de menores de 1 ano, em ambos os sexos, em que malforma&#231;&#245;es de grandes art&#233;rias apareceram na sequ&#234;ncia. Nos adolescentes do sexo masculino, a segunda posi&#231;&#227;o foi ocupada pelas malforma&#231;&#245;es de outros vasos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional anual por causas espec&#237;ficas de malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, por sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012. MAC: malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0464-60069-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A principal causa de mortalidade nos adultos s&#227;o as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, principalmente as causas secund&#225;rias &#224;s doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, como as doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares e as doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o, que, juntas, corresponderam a mais de 60% dos &#243;bitos por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro em 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Nas crian&#231;as menores de 1 ano, as mortes devido a malforma&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o entre as principais causas de &#243;bito, atr&#225;s apenas das afec&#231;&#245;es perinatais. Dentre as malforma&#231;&#245;es, aquelas do aparelho circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o as principais componentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As MAC contribuem, em grande parte, para os &#243;bitos em menores de 1 ano e de 1 a 4 anos, pois essa causa muitas vezes &#233; incompat&#237;vel com a vida e altamente dependente de um adequado suporte m&#233;dico hospitalar para a sobreviv&#234;ncia, levando a uma mortalidade precoce, com progressiva redu&#231;&#227;o nas faixas et&#225;rias seguintes. Esse comportamento &#233; oposto ao das doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio que apresentam progressivo aumento, at&#233; figurarem como principal causa de &#243;bito nos adultos ap&#243;s a quinta d&#233;cada de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nos adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, ao se analisar a mortalidade proporcional end&#243;gena, observa-se que as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, a partir dessa faixa et&#225;ria, figuram entre as principais causas de &#243;bito. Por&#233;m, nessa faixa et&#225;ria, a grande causa de &#243;bito por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o as miocardiopatias, e n&#227;o a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, que ocorre de forma predominante nas idades mais avan&#231;adas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre as MAC, a principal causa de &#243;bito s&#227;o as n&#227;o especificadas em todas as idades e sexos, o que sugere o baixo acesso ao diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal ou ao nascimento, impossibilitando adequado tratamento, resultando em &#243;bito. Alguns estudos mostram que 30% das MAC n&#227;o s&#227;o diagnosticadas na primeira semana de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Medidas como a realiza&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-natal e das ecocardiografias obst&#233;tricas poderiam reduzir esses &#243;bitos, possibilitando o diagn&#243;stico precoce e a refer&#234;ncia dos pacientes para centros especializados de tratamento, mesmo antes do nascimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Por&#233;m um grande problema &#233; a rede de assist&#234;ncia dos sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e suplementar, n&#227;o s&#243; do Estado do Rio de Janeiro como de todo o pa&#237;s, que n&#227;o consegue tratar 62% das crian&#231;as com MAC, atingindo, em algumas regi&#245;es do Brasil, 76 a 91%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Se considerar que as MAC podem ser tratadas, enquadrando-as na categoria de mortes evit&#225;veis, o adequado atendimento da popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica acarretaria importante diminui&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade infantil, principalmente do per&#237;odo neonatal precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento precoce de crian&#231;as com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas evita interna&#231;&#245;es sequenciais por complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a e garante melhor qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observa-se que a mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio decresce at&#233; a faixa de 5 a 11 anos, voltando a crescer nos adolescentes, enquanto que, nas MAC, a queda &#233; cont&#237;nua e muito mais pronunciada. Deve-se considerar que crian&#231;as que possuem MAC, muitas vezes j&#225; corrigidas, e que n&#227;o morreram no primeiro ano de vida podem apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es e sequelas, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias, endocardite, entre outras, que podem levar ao &#243;bito na adolesc&#234;ncia, aumentando a mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio nesta faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> As complica&#231;&#245;es de cardiopatias, que s&#227;o a terceira causa de doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio e significam complica&#231;&#245;es estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o adquiridas, por doen&#231;as residuais de tratamentos cir&#250;rgicos pr&#233;vios, como ruptura de cordoalha tend&#237;nea ou m&#250;sculo papilar, trombose intracard&#237;aca, cardiomegalia, defeito adquirido de septo e outras doen&#231;as mal definidas ou n&#227;o especificadas do cora&#231;&#227;o, aumentam as ocorr&#234;ncias de morte por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade proporcional total por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, no sexo masculino, n&#227;o cresce &#224; medida que se avan&#231;am os grupos et&#225;rios. Esse achado est&#225; relacionado com o que se observa na mortalidade proporcional por CMD e externas, especialmente na fra&#231;&#227;o dessas &#250;ltimas relativas &#224;s CE n&#227;o acidentais, que compreendem principalmente les&#245;es e agress&#245;es, j&#225; que o impacto da mortalidade por CMD e CE nos meninos se d&#225; principalmente nos adolescentes. No sexo feminino, a participa&#231;&#227;o da soma das mortalidades &#233; constante ao longo de toda inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, quando n&#227;o exclu&#237;das as CMD e CE. O predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino na mortalidade por CE, verificado no presente estudo, tem sido observado em diversas partes do mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Tal fato &#233; justificado pela maior exposi&#231;&#227;o desse sexo a fatores de risco, como consumo de &#225;lcool, fumo ou outras drogas, uso de armas de fogo ou brancas, evas&#227;o escolar e inser&#231;&#227;o em atividades consideradas il&#237;citas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Quanto ao fato da intencionalidade se modificar conforme a idade, com predom&#237;nio dos acidentes entre as crian&#231;as e da viol&#234;ncia entre os adolescentes, h&#225; que se considerar que as crian&#231;as est&#227;o mais expostas aos acidentes por sua pr&#243;pria imaturidade, curiosidade, intenso crescimento e desenvolvimento, resultando em maior propor&#231;&#227;o de causa acidental, principalmente no ambiente dom&#233;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> J&#225; os adolescentes est&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis &#224; viol&#234;ncia em decorr&#234;ncia da marginalidade e da exposi&#231;&#227;o a drogas, entre outros eventos negativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2012, a taxa de mortalidade por TC nos adolescentes do sexo masculino apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o relevante de 24% em rela&#231;&#227;o aos per&#237;odos anteriores, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorrendo no sexo feminino. Nesse mesmo per&#237;odo, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, houve a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos por homic&#237;dios provocados pela pol&#237;cia, registrados nos denominados autos de resist&#234;ncia, nos quais as principais v&#237;timas s&#227;o adolescentes e adultos jovens do sexo masculino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Tal fato pode estar relacionado com essa expressiva redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade.</p>
        <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi a varia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade no preenchimento das DO ao longo do tempo e no espa&#231;o de estudo, o Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Entretanto, as DO s&#227;o as melhores fontes de dados de mortalidade dispon&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>No Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2012, ocorreu progressiva redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. As maiores taxas de mortalidade ocorreram nos menores de 1 ano e no sexo masculino. A mortalidade por malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foi mais marcante nos primeiros anos de vida, enquanto que a mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio se tornou mais importante nos adolescentes. H&#225; uma diferen&#231;a no perfil de mortalidade entre os sexos, uma vez que os meninos morreram muito mais de causas externas e as meninas morreram principalmente por doen&#231;as end&#243;genas. As mortes por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio se tornaram relevantes nos adolescentes do sexo masculino quando se exclu&#237;ram as mortes por causas externas, predominantemente por viol&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas. </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Esse artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Thais Rocha Salim pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
