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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9gNCCthQz3tYYHkmYmCwbQS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000600457</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005012101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160060</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Early Markers of Atherosclerotic Disease in Individuals with Excess Weight and Dyslipidemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menti</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zaffari</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galarraga</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lessa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Regis da Concei&#231;&#227;o e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontin</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portal</surname>
            <given-names>Vera L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Vera Lucia Portal,</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/ FUC). Rua Luciana de Abreu 471, sala 603 - Moinhos de Vento. Postal Code 90570-080, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>veraportal@cardiol.br</email>; <email>veraportal.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Menti E, Zaffari D, Galarraga T, Pontin B, Portal VL. Acquisition of data: Menti E, Zaffari D, Galarraga T, Concei&#231;&#227;o e Lessa JR, Portal VL. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Menti E, Pellanda LC, Portal VL. Statistical analysis: Menti E, Pellanda LC, Portal VL. Obtaining financing: Menti E, Zaffari D, Portal VL. Writing of the manuscript: Menti E, Portal VL. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Menti E, Portal VL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>6</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>457</fpage>
      <lpage>463</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Excessive weight is a cardiovascular risk factor since it generates a chronic inflammatory process that aggravates the endothelial function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the endothelial function in individuals with excess weight and mild dyslipidemia using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD), and the association of endothelial function with anthropometric and biochemical variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study that included 74 individuals and evaluated anthropometric variables (body mass index [BMI], waist-hip ratio [WHR], waist circumference [AC], and percentage of body fat [PBF]), biochemical (blood glucose, insulinemia, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol) and endothelial function (BAFMD, evaluated by ultrasound). The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS, version 16.0. To study the association between the variables, we used chi-square, Student's t and Mann-Whitney tests, and Pearson's correlation. Logistic regression analyzed the independent influence of the factors. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The participants had a mean age of 50.8 years, and 57% were female. BMI, WC, WHR, and PBF showed no significant association with BAFMD. The male gender (p = 0.02) and higher serum levels of fibrinogen (p = 0.02) were significantly and independently associated with a BAFMD below 8%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In individuals with excess weight and mild untreated dyslipidemia, male gender and higher levels of fibrinogen were independently associated with worse BAFMD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>When endothelial cells are exposed to risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, insulin resistance, and obesity, they are stimulated to express adhesion molecules on their surface, recruiting several classes of leukocytes and promoting the initial signaling mechanisms for cellular changes and atheroma formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Endothelial dysfunction may be detected even before the occurrence of obstructive atherosclerotic plaques.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The amount of nitric oxide released by endothelial cells depends on the integrity of the endothelium and determines the degree of vasodilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The most used method to estimate endothelial dysfunction is the evaluation of the brachial artery diameter before and after distal tissue ischemia (hyperemic reaction).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This measurement has applications in population studies, but its individual application has not been established yet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Dilation values between 8 and 10% seem to be the best discriminators between normal and abnormal endothelial functions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity and excessive weight are able to change the vascular endothelium function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> There is growing recognition that obesity is characterized by a low degree of chronic and subclinical inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The exact mechanisms that stimulate this sustained inflammation have not been elucidated yet but are highly relevant to the atherothrombotic process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is, thus, crucial to identify variables that could predict the progression of the disease and the occurrence of clinically significant events in obese individuals. This study evaluated the occurrence of associations of anthropometric measures and metabolic and inflammatory markers with endothelial function assessed by brachial artery dilation in individuals with excess weight and mild untreated dyslipidemia. The objective was to identify the variable with a better ability to predict the occurrence of subclinical atherosclerosis and, consequently, more useful in the clinical follow-up of individuals with excess weight.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study is part of a research conducted at <italic>Instituto de Cardiologia</italic> involving individuals with excess weight and dyslipidemia. The sample was obtained by convenience, and the study of the endothelial function was performed in one in every four participants undergoing nutritional and anthropometric follow-up, in a total of 74 individuals.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>The study included men and women aged 35-60 years, with dyslipidemia and excess weight, and without a history of clinically manifested cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia was considered present when the levels of at least one of the following biochemical parameters was abnormal: total cholesterol (TC) &gt; 200 mg/dL, and/or triglycerides (TG) &gt; 150 mg/dL, and/or HDL-cholesterol &lt; 40 mg/dL in men and &lt; 50 mg/dL in women. Excess weight was assessed with the body mass index (BMI), and the participants had BMI values between 25 and 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were the occurrence of neoplasms, infections, and liver, kidney and gastrointestinal disorders; levels of LDL-cholesterol &gt; 160 mg/dL and TG &gt; 400 mg/dL; pregnancy and lactation; alcohol consumption above four doses a day; use of estrogen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, antiobesity agents, and vitamin supplementation; use of statins, fibrates, and other lipid-lowering medications; unexplained weight loss (greater than 2 kg) in the last 30 days.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research (<italic>Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa,</italic> COEP) at <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</italic>. All patients were informed about the study by reading and analyzing the free and informed consent form and agreed to participate. The research protocol did not interfere with any medical recommendation or prescription.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>The selected individuals answered a standardized questionnaire and their anthropometric measurements (BMI, waist circumference [WC], waist-hip ratio [WHR], and body fat percentage), metabolic profile (blood glucose, insulin, TC, HDL-cholesterol, and TG), and inflammatory profile (C-reactive protein [CRP] and fibrinogen) were analyzed. The endothelial function was assessed with brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (BAFMD). The technique used in this study was that recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography and Society of Vascular Medicine and Biology, based on the percentage modification of the brachial artery diameter by reactive hyperemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables. WC, WHR, and BMI were treated as qualitative variables using cutoff points described in the literature for values considered abnormal. Values of WC and WHR were considered abnormal in men when above 102 cm and 0.9, respectively, and in women when above 88 cm and 0.85, respectively. Values of BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were considered as overweight and those equal to or above 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> as obesity. The association of the variables was analyzed with the chi-square test for dichotomous variables, Student's <italic>t</italic> test for parametric continuous variables, and Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric continuous variables. Results of ultrasensitive CRP (usCRP) are presented as median since this is a variable with a non-Gaussian distribution. Differences were considered statistically significant for p values &lt; 0.05. Additionally, logistic regression was conducted to assess the independent influence of factors significantly associated with the endothelial vasodilation response and Pearson's correlation test to estimate the degree of linear relationship between the serum level of fibrinogen and the percentage of dilation of the brachial artery. We used the statistical program SPSS, version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The participants had a mean age of 50.88 &#177; 6.14 years, and 57% were female. All individuals had excess weight with a mean BMI value of 28.82 &#177; 2.60 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and some degree of dyslipidemia, with mean values of TC of 222.67 &#177; 34.24 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol of 45.68 &#177; 14.83 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol of 146.05 &#177; 32.02 mg/dL, and TG of 154.66 &#177; 79.37 mg/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The WC was increased in 46.9% of the men and 75.0% of the women while the WHR was abnormal in 90.5% of the men and 38.1% of the women. The percentage of body fat varied between 14.81% and 36.14%, with a mean value of 23.19 &#177; 4.12%. Only eight individuals had body fat percentage values above those compatible with obesity (25% in men and 32% in women). The individuals were then subdivided into groups of overweight and obesity. According to this criterion, 29.7% of the sample was composed of obese individuals.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the cohort</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristic</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Statistics</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">50.88 &#177; 6.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female gender (%)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">42 (57%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smokers (%)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">11 (14.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass index (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">28.82 &#177; 2.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">74</td>
              <td align="center">M: 101.48 &#177; 7.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">F: 95.90 &#177; 12.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Waist/hip ratio</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">74</td>
              <td align="center">M: 0.93 &#177; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">F: 0.83 &#177; 0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Percentage of body fat (%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">74</td>
              <td align="center">M: 21.53 &#177; 3.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">F: 24.45 &#177; 4.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insulin</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">10.57 &#177; 6.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">101.45 &#177; 29.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">222.67 &#177; 34.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">74</td>
              <td align="center">M: 39.52 &#177; 8.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">F: 50.24 &#177; 16.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">146.05 &#177; 32.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">154.66 &#177; 29.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibrinogen (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">266.00 &#177; 63.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (mg/L) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">0.29 &#177; 0.31</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and median *or value (percentage).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>HDL-cholesterol: high-density cholesterol; LDL-cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M: male; F: females.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The diameter of the brachial artery varied 7.80 &#177; 6.41% during the BAFMD when compared with its baseline value (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The median BAFMD value was 8%, which served as a cutoff point for a qualitative analysis between individuals with vasodilation responses above and below this value.</p>
      <p>WC, WHR, and BMI, treated as qualitative variables, showed no association with the degree of vasodilation response treated as a continuous variable (verified by Student's <italic>t</italic> test) or qualitative variable (verified with the chi-square test, with a cutoff point of 8% for the BAFMD result) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The male gender showed a significant association with a worse vasodilation response, <italic>i.e</italic>., men had more frequently BAFMD values below 8% (p = 0.03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between anthropometric, metabolic and inflammatory variables with brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>BAFMD &lt; 8%</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>BAFMD &#8805; 8%</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>(2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Abnormal WC <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Men: &gt; 102 cm; Women: &gt; 88 cm</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Abnormal WHR <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Men: &gt; 0.85; Women: &gt; 0.90</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Percentage of body fat <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">23.04</td>
              <td align="center">23.34</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insulin <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">9.60</td>
              <td align="center">11.63</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Blood glucose</td>
              <td align="center">99.60</td>
              <td align="center">103.00</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-cholesterol <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">146.50</td>
              <td align="center">145.57</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-cholesterol <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">42.63</td>
              <td align="center">49.00</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">167.11</td>
              <td align="center">141.14</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibrinogen <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">281.55</td>
              <td align="center">248.62</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>UsCRP <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.14</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>nonparametric variable, association verified with the Mann-Whitney test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>association verified with the chi-square test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>parametric variables, association verified with Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>BAFMD: brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist/hip ratio; LDL-cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol: high-density cholesterol; UsCRP: ultrasensitive C-reactive protein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between gender and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation. BAFMD: Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0457-60060-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The biochemical results of the metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers were treated as quantitative variables and their associations with the endothelial function were verified with Student's <italic>t</italic> test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Fibrinogen was the only biochemical parameter significantly associated with the endothelial function (p = 0.02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). When this association was evaluated by quartiles of dilation, we observed that for dilatation values below 3.7%, the mean serum fibrinogen was of 295.50 &#177; 50.41 mg/dL, whereas for dilation values greater than 13.03%, the mean was 229.41 &#177; 48.95 mg/dL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between fibrinogen levels and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation. BAFMD: Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0457-60060-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of serum fibrinogen levels by quartiles of brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation results.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0457-60060-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After we had observed the association of the male gender and serum fibrinogen level with worse brachial artery vasodilation response, we performed a logistic regression analysis to verify whether this would be an independent association. The results demonstrated that the associations between endothelial function with male gender and serum levels of fibrinogen remained significant. The male gender increased the chances of a worse vasodilation response by approximately three times (odds ratio [OR] 3.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19 - 9.28, p = 0.02), while an increase in 1 mg/dL in serum fibrinogen level increased this risk in 1% (OR 1.01, 95%CI 1.00 - 1.01, p = 0.02). Therefore, it would be expected that an increase of 100 mg/dL in serum fibrinogen level would increase in approximately two times the risk of a worse vasodilation brachial artery response.</p>
      <p>The variables were additionally evaluated with Pearson's correlation test, and the correlation factor with the dilation of the brachial artery for fibrinogen was -0.31 (p = 0.008).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In a cohort of individuals with excess weight, mild dyslipidemia, and without clinically significant atherosclerotic disease, we found that the male gender and high levels of serum fibrinogen were associated with worse endothelial function determined by BAFMD. Our study suggests the relevance of measuring circulating fibrinogen as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in individuals with excess weight without manifested atherosclerotic disease.</p>
      <p>The association of the male gender with worse endothelial function is aligned with clinical and epidemiological observations that the male gender is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. By studying the influence of risk factors on endothelial function in asymptomatic individuals, different researchers have demonstrated an independent and significant association of the male gender with worse BAFMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The inclusion of individuals with a mean age of 50 years in our study confirms this association, since at this age men have a higher cardiovascular risk than women.</p>
      <p>Elevated fibrinogen levels are strongly associated with atherosclerotic disease. The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study has shown an increased risk of coronary disease with higher levels of fibrinogen, with a relative risk of 1.76.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In the PROCAM (Prospective Cardiovascular M&#252;nster) study, the occurrence of death due to coronary disease and nonfatal infarction was greater among individuals with higher levels of fibrinogen. In that study, fibrinogen levels were better risk predictors than BMI and levels of LDL-cholesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In a meta-analysis that included 22 studies evaluating the association between serum concentration of fibrinogen and cardiovascular disease, the estimated risk of events in individuals with levels of fibrinogen in the highest tercile was two times greater than that in individuals with levels in the lowest tertile (OR 1.99, 95%CI 1.85 - 2.12).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In children or adolescents with overweight or obesity, fibrinogen has also been associated with usCRP elevation and with theoccurrence of four or more cardiovascular risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. In contrast, the association between fibrinogen and markers of early atherosclerosis has already been demonstrated in studies evaluating the carotid myointimal thickening and BAFMD. In a series of asymptomatic individuals, elevated fibrinogen levels were significantly related to increased myointimal thickening, independent of other potentially confounding variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The same has been observed in another study that evaluated fibrinogen and usCRP as markers of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Similarly, greater myointimal carotid thickening, worse BAFMD, and higher concentrations of E-selectin and thrombomodulin have shown association with serum fibrinogen levels in obese children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Fibrinogen has also been described as more frequently increased in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with metabolic syndrome than in those without metabolic syndrome. In addition, fibrinogen increases the risk of microvascular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A small study that has only evaluated the influence of fibrinogen in endothelium-dependent vasodilation has observed an inverse relationship between plasma levels of fibrinogen and degree of BAFMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> When individuals with manifested heart disease are considered, fibrinogen also appears as a marker of worse brachial artery vasodilation response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>High serum levels of fibrinogen may promote vascular disease by increasing blood viscosity, stimulating fibrin formation, or increasing platelet-platelet interaction. Fibrinogen may also be simply a marker of vascular disease without contributing for its progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> The hepatic production of fibrinogen is regulated by cytokines whose concentrations increase in response to different inflammatory processes. In this context, excess weight has been associated with a higher production of inflammatory cytokines by the adipose tissue. This inflammatory status is due to a dysfunction in the interaction between adipocytes and tissue macrophages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> CRP is also an acute phase inflammatory protein and its baseline levels are independent risk predictors of myocardial infarction and stroke, showing correlation with fibrinogen levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Our study did not confirm an association between CRP and fibrinogen, which can be explained in part by the non-normal distribution of the CRP levels and the low levels detected in the serum. Similarly, the study lacked power to test the association between fibrinogen levels and degree of excess weight. This relationship has already been demonstrated in previous studies focusing on WC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> body fat,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> BMI, and WHR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> The narrow range of variation of the anthropometric parameters in our cohort seems to have influenced the lack of association of the adiposity measurements with endothelium-dependent vasodilation.</p>
      <p>Obese individuals have a low-degree chronic inflammatory condition that manifests with worse flow-mediated vasodilation response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> A relationship has already been demonstrated between markers of prothrombotic status, like fibrinogen and prothrombin activity, with the degree of visceral adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Weight reduction is able to revert the deleterious effect of excessive weight on endothelial function through mechanisms not yet fully known.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> These observations about fibrinogen levels in obese individuals bring an additional element to the final consideration that fibrinogen is intimately related to subclinical atherosclerotic disease in individuals with excess weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The results of this study suggest an association between male gender and fibrinogen levels with endothelial function in individuals with excess weight and dyslipidemia. However, since this was a cross-sectional study, it is unable to determine a cause-effect relationship between these variables.</p>
        <p>The verification of the association between inflammatory markers and degrees of excess weight, as well as between the degrees of excess weight and endothelial dysfunction may have been compromised by the uniformity of the degrees of adiposity and the sample size.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results of this study suggest that fibrinogen is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in individuals with excess weight. New studies should clarify this association and establish the benefit of including fibrinogen as a marker in clinical practice to evaluate this group of patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Eduardo Menti, from Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Marcadores Precoces de Doen&#231;a Ateroscler&#243;tica em Indiv&#237;duos com Excesso de Peso e Dislipidemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menti</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zaffari</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galarraga</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lessa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Regis da Concei&#231;&#227;o e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontin</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portal</surname>
            <given-names>Vera L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Lucia Portal,</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC). Rua Luciana de Abreu 471, sala 603 - Moinhos de Vento. CEP 90570-080, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>veraportal@cardiol.br</email>; <email>veraportal.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Menti E, Zaffari D, Galarraga T, Pontin B, Portal VL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Menti E, Zaffari D, Galarraga T, Concei&#231;&#227;o e Lessa JR, Portal VL. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Menti E, Pellanda LC, Portal VL. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Menti E, Pellanda LC, Portal VL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Menti E, Zaffari D, Portal VL. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Menti E, Portal VL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Menti E, Portal VL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O excesso de peso &#233; um fator de risco cardiovascular, pois gera um processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico que agrava a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial de indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso e dislipidemia leve atrav&#233;s da dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo (DABMF) e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e bioqu&#237;micas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com inclus&#227;o de 74 indiv&#237;duos e avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas (&#237;ndice de massa corporal [IMC], raz&#227;o cintura-quadril [RCQ], circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal [CA] e percentual de gordura corporal [PGC]), bioqu&#237;micas (glicemia, insulinemia, prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel, fibrinog&#234;nio, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos e LDL-colesterol) e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (DABMF, avaliada por ultrassonografia). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 16.0. Para estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis, foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado, <italic>t</italic> de Student, Mann-Whitney e correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica analisou a influ&#234;ncia independente dos fatores. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os participantes tinham uma m&#233;dia de idade de 50,8 anos e 57% eram do g&#234;nero feminino. O IMC, a CA, a RCQ e o PGC n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a DABMF. O g&#234;nero masculino (p = 0,02) e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio (p = 0,02) estiveram significativamente e independentemente associados a uma DABMF inferior a 8%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso e dislipidemia leve n&#227;o tratada, o g&#234;nero masculino e n&#237;veis mais elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio foram associados de forma independente com uma pior DABMF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Quando as c&#233;lulas endoteliais s&#227;o expostas a fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e obesidade, s&#227;o estimuladas a expressar mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o em sua superf&#237;cie, recrutando v&#225;rias classes de leuc&#243;citos e promovendo os mecanismos sinalizadores iniciais para altera&#231;&#245;es celulares e forma&#231;&#227;o de ateroma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser detectada mesmo antes da ocorr&#234;ncia de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas obstrutivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A quantidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico liberado pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais depende da integridade do endot&#233;lio e determina o grau de dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O m&#233;todo mais utilizado para estimar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial antes e ap&#243;s isquemia tecidual distal (rea&#231;&#227;o hiper&#234;mica).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esta medida tem aplica&#231;&#227;o em estudos populacionais, mas a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o individual ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Valores de dilata&#231;&#227;o entre 8 e 10% parecem ser os melhores discriminadores entre uma fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial normal e alterada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade e o excesso de peso s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es capazes de alterar a fun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> H&#225; um reconhecimento crescente de que a obesidade &#233; caracterizada por um baixo grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e subcl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os mecanismos que estimulam esta inflama&#231;&#227;o sustentada n&#227;o foram ainda exatamente elucidados, mas s&#227;o altamente relevantes para o processo aterotromb&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis capazes de predizer a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos clinicamente significativos em indiv&#237;duos obesos &#233;, portanto, crucial. O presente estudo avaliou a ocorr&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#245;es entre medidas antropom&#233;tricas e marcadores metab&#243;licos e inflamat&#243;rios com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial medida pela dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso e dislipidemia leve n&#227;o tratada. O objetivo foi identificar a vari&#225;vel com melhor capacidade de predizer a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e, consequentemente, com maior utilidade no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo &#233; parte de uma pesquisa conduzida no Instituto de Cardiologia envolvendo indiv&#237;duos com dislipidemia e excesso de peso. A amostra foi obtida por conveni&#234;ncia e o estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi realizado em um a cada quatro participantes em acompanhamento nutricional e antropom&#233;trico, em um total de 74 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu homens e mulheres com idade entre 35 e 60 anos, com dislipidemia e excesso de peso e sem hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular clinicamente manifesta. Foi considerada como dislipidemia a altera&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos um dos seguintes par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos: colesterol total (CT) &gt; 200 mg/dL e/ou triglicer&#237;deos (TG) &gt; 150 mg/dL e/ou HDL-colesterol (HDL-C) &lt; 40 mg/dL em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres. O excesso de peso foi avaliado atrav&#233;s do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com IMC entre 25 e 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o a ocorr&#234;ncia de neoplasias, infec&#231;&#245;es e dist&#250;rbios hep&#225;ticos, renais e gastrointestinais; n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) &gt; 160 mg/dL e de TG &gt; 400 mg/dL; gesta&#231;&#227;o e lacta&#231;&#227;o; consumo de &#225;lcool acima de quatro doses ao dia; uso de estrog&#234;nio, anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides, agentes antiobesidade e suplementa&#231;&#227;o vitam&#237;nica; uso de estatinas, fibratos e outros hipolipemiantes; perda de peso inexplicada (maior do que 2 kg) nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (COEP) da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia. Todos os pacientes foram esclarecidos sobre o estudo por meio de leitura e an&#225;lise do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e concordaram em participar do mesmo. O protocolo de pesquisa n&#227;o interferiu com qualquer recomenda&#231;&#227;o ou prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>Os indiv&#237;duos selecionados responderam a um question&#225;rio padronizado e seus dados antropom&#233;tricos (IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal [CA], raz&#227;o cintura-quadril [RCQ] e percentual de gordura corporal), perfil metab&#243;lico (glicemia, insulina, CT, HDL-C e TG) e perfil inflamat&#243;rio (prote&#237;na C reativa [PCR] e fibrinog&#234;nio) foram analisados. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi realizada atrav&#233;s da medida da dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo (DABMF). A t&#233;cnica utilizada neste estudo foi a recomendada pela <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> e <italic>Society of Vascular Medicine and Biology</italic>, baseada na modifica&#231;&#227;o percentual do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial mediante hiperemia reativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis CA, RCQ e IMC foram tratadas de forma qualitativa, utilizando pontos de corte descritos na literatura para valores considerados alterados. Os valores da CA e RCQ foram considerados alterados quando acima de 102 cm e 0,9, respectivamente, em homens e acima de 88 cm e 0,85, respectivamente, em mulheres. Valores de IMC entre 25 e 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foram considerados como sobrepeso e igual ou acima de 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> como obesidade. A associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi analisada pelo teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas param&#233;tricas e teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. O resultado da PCR ultrassens&#237;vel (PCRus) &#233; apresentado por sua mediana, j&#225; que esta &#233; uma vari&#225;vel com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o Gaussiana. As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas para valores de p &lt; 0,05. Adicionalmente, foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para avaliar influ&#234;ncia independente dos fatores significativamente associados com a resposta vasodilatadora endotelial e o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para estimar o grau da rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico do fibrinog&#234;nio e a porcentagem de dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial. O programa estat&#237;stico utilizado foi o SPSS, vers&#227;o 16.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da idade dos participantes foi de 50,88 &#177; 6,14 anos, e 57% eram do g&#234;nero feminino. Todos apresentavam excesso de peso com um valor m&#233;dio de IMC de 28,82 &#177; 2,60 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e algum grau de dislipidemia, com valores m&#233;dios de CT de 222,67 &#177; 34,24 mg/dL, HDL-C de 45,68 &#177; 14,83 mg/dL, LDL-C de 146,05 &#177; 32,02 mg/dL e TG de 154,66 &#177; 29,45 mg/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). A CA esteve aumentada em 46,9% dos homens e 75,0% das mulheres, enquanto a RCQ esteve alterada em 90,5% dos homens e 38,1% das mulheres. O percentual de gordura corporal variou entre 14,81% e 36,14%, com m&#233;dia de 23,19 &#177; 4,12%. Somente oito indiv&#237;duos apresentavam valores de percentual de gordura corporal acima dos compat&#237;veis com obesidade (25% para homens e 32% para mulheres). Os indiv&#237;duos foram ent&#227;o subdivididos em grupos de sobrepeso e obesidade. De acordo com este crit&#233;rio, 29,7% da amostra era composta por indiv&#237;duos obesos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Estat&#237;stica</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">50,88 &#177; 6,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">42 (57%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumantes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">11 (14,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">28,82 &#177; 2,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">74</td>
                <td align="center">M: 101,48 &#177; 7,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">F: 95,90 &#177; 12,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Raz&#227;o cintura/quadril</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">74</td>
                <td align="center">M: 0,93 &#177; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">F: 0,83 &#177; 0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Percentagem de gordura corporal (%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">74</td>
                <td align="center">M: 21,53 &#177; 3,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">F: 24,45 &#177; 4,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">10,57 &#177; 6,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">101,45 &#177; 29,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">222,67 &#177; 34,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">74</td>
                <td align="center">M: 39,52 &#177; 8,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">F: 50,24 &#177; 16,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">146,05 &#177; 32,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">154,66 &#177; 29,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">266,00 &#177; 63,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (mg/L) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">0,29 &#177; 0,31</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana *ou contagem (percentual).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>HDL-C: colesterol de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol de baixa densidade; M: masculino; F: feminino.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Durante a DABMF, a varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu valor basal foi de 7,80 &#177; 6,41% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A mediana da DABMF foi de 8%, valor que serviu como ponto de corte para uma an&#225;lise qualitativa entre indiv&#237;duos com resposta vasodilatadora acima e abaixo deste valor.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis CA, RCQ e IMC tratadas de forma qualitativa n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com o grau de resposta vasodilatadora tratada como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua (verificada pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student) ou qualitativa (verificada pelo teste do qui-quadrado, com ponto de corte para a DABMF o valor de 8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). O g&#234;nero masculino mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com uma pior resposta vasodilatadora, ou seja, homens apresentaram com maior frequ&#234;ncia valores de DABMF abaixo de 8% (p = 0,03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>AAssocia&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, metab&#243;licas e inflamat&#243;rias com a dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>DAMBF &lt; 8%</th>
                <th>DAMBF &#8805; 8%</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>(2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CA alterada <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Homens: &gt; 102 cm; Mulheres: &gt; 88 cm</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCQ alterada <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup><break/> Homens: &gt; 0,85; Mulheres: &gt; 0,90</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Percentual de gordura corporal <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,04</td>
                <td align="center">23,34</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">9,60</td>
                <td align="center">11,63</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia</td>
                <td align="center">99,60</td>
                <td align="center">103,00</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">146,50</td>
                <td align="center">145,57</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">42,63</td>
                <td align="center">49,00</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">167,11</td>
                <td align="center">141,14</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">281,55</td>
                <td align="center">248,62</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCRus <sup>(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,14</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>vari&#225;vel n&#227;o param&#233;trica, associa&#231;&#227;o verificada pelo teste de Mann-Whitney;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>associa&#231;&#227;o verificada pelo teste do qui-quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas, associa&#231;&#227;o verificada pelo teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>DAMBF: dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; RCQ: raz&#227;o cintura/quadril; LDL-C: colesterol de baixa densidade; HDL-C: colesterol de alta densidade; PCRus: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre g&#234;nero e dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo. DABMF: dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0457-60060-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas correspondentes a par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e inflamat&#243;rios foram tratadas de forma quantitativa e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foram verificadas atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). O fibrinog&#234;nio foi o &#250;nico par&#226;metro bioqu&#237;mico relacionado significativamente com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (p = 0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Quando esta associa&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por quartis de dilata&#231;&#227;o, observou-se que para valores de dilata&#231;&#227;o inferiores a 3,7%, a m&#233;dia do fibrinog&#234;nio s&#233;rico era de 295,50 &#177; 50,41 mg/dL e para valores de dilata&#231;&#227;o superiores a 13,03%, a m&#233;dia era de 229,41 &#177; 48,95 mg/dL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio e a dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo - DABMF: dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0457-60060-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de fibrinog&#234;nio por quartis de valores de dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-06-0457-60060-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s observada a associa&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero masculino e do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio com uma pior resposta vasodilatadora da art&#233;ria braquial, realizou-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para verificar se essa associa&#231;&#227;o era independente. Os resultados mostraram que a associa&#231;&#227;o permaneceu significativa entre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com o g&#234;nero masculino e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de fibrinog&#234;nio. O g&#234;nero masculino elevou as chances de uma pior resposta vasodilatadora em cerca de tr&#234;s vezes (raz&#227;o de chances [RC ] 3,33; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95% 1,19 - 9,28, p = 0,02), enquanto um acr&#233;scimo de 1 mg/dL no n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio elevou este risco em 1% (RC 1,01, IC95% 1,00 - 1,01, p = 0,02). Desta forma, seria esperado que um aumento de 100 mg/dL no n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio aumentaria cerca de duas vezes o risco de uma pior resposta vasodilatadora da art&#233;ria braquial.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis foram adicionalmente avaliadas atrav&#233;s do teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, e o fator de correla&#231;&#227;o com a dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial para o fibrinog&#234;nio foi de -0,31 (p = 0,008).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em uma amostra de indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso, dislipidemia leve e sem doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica clinicamente significativa, n&#243;s encontramos que o g&#234;nero masculino e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio estiveram associados com uma pior fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial quando determinada pela DABMF. Nosso trabalho sugere a relev&#226;ncia da mensura&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis circulantes de fibrinog&#234;nio como marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso sem doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica manifesta.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero masculino com pior fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial est&#225; de acordo com observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas de que o g&#234;nero masculino &#233; um importante fator de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Ao estudar a influ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, diferentes pesquisadores demonstraram a associa&#231;&#227;o independente e significativa do sexo masculino com pior DABMF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A inclus&#227;o de participantes com m&#233;dia de idade de 50 anos em nosso estudo favoreceu a confirma&#231;&#227;o dessa associa&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que nesta idade o risco cardiovascular &#233; maior em homens do que em mulheres.</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio s&#227;o fortemente associados com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. O estudo ARIC (<italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities</italic>) demonstrou aumento do risco de doen&#231;a coronariana com n&#237;veis mais elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio, alcan&#231;ando um risco relativo de 1,76.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No estudo PROCAM (<italic>Prospective Cardiovascular M&#252;nster</italic>), a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte por doen&#231;a coronariana e infarto n&#227;o fatal foi maior entre indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio. Neste estudo, os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio foram melhores preditores de risco do que o IMC e os n&#237;veis de LDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em uma metan&#225;lise que incluiu 22 estudos sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de fibrinog&#234;nio e doen&#231;a cardiovascular, a estimativa de risco de eventos em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio situados no tercil mais alto foi duas vezes maior do que a em indiv&#237;duos cujos n&#237;veis estavam no tercil mais baixo (RC 1,99, IC95% 1,85 - 2,12).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Em crian&#231;as ou adolescentes com obesidade ou sobrepeso, o fibrinog&#234;nio tamb&#233;m esteve associado com eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCRus e com a presen&#231;a de quatro ou mais fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Por outro lado, a associa&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio com marcadores de aterosclerose precoce j&#225; foi demonstrada em estudos que utilizaram avalia&#231;&#227;o do espessamento miointimal carot&#237;deo e DABMF. Em uma s&#233;rie de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, os n&#237;veis elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio foram relacionados com um maior espessamento miointimal, de forma significativa e independente de outras vari&#225;veis com potencial de confus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O mesmo foi observado em outro estudo que avaliou o fibrinog&#234;nio e a PCRus como marcadores de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea subcl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De modo semelhante, um maior espessamento miointimal carot&#237;deo, pior DABMF e concentra&#231;&#245;es mais elevadas de E-selectina e trombomodulina mostraram rela&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio plasm&#225;tico em crian&#231;as obesas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> O fibrinog&#234;nio foi descrito tamb&#233;m como elevado mais frequentemente em indiv&#237;duos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica do que aqueles sem s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, o fibrinog&#234;nio aumenta o risco de doen&#231;as microvasculares como a retinopatia diab&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Um pequeno estudo que avaliou apenas a influ&#234;ncia do fibrinog&#234;nio na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente observou uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de fibrinog&#234;nio e o grau de DABMF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Quando considera-se indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca manifesta, o fibrinog&#234;nio tamb&#233;m surge como marcador de pior resposta vasodilatadora da art&#233;ria braquial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio podem promover doen&#231;a vascular por aumentar a viscosidade sangu&#237;nea, estimular a forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrina, aumentar a intera&#231;&#227;o plaqueta-plaqueta. O fibrinog&#234;nio pode tamb&#233;m ser simplesmente um marcador de doen&#231;a vascular sem, no entanto, contribuir para sua progress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A produ&#231;&#227;o de fibrinog&#234;nio pelo f&#237;gado &#233; regulada por citocinas cujas concentra&#231;&#245;es se elevam em resposta a diferentes processos inflamat&#243;rios. Neste contexto, o excesso de peso tem sido relacionado a uma maior produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias pelo tecido adiposo. Este estado inflamat&#243;rio se deve a uma disfun&#231;&#227;o na intera&#231;&#227;o entre adip&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos teciduais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> A PCR tamb&#233;m &#233; uma prote&#237;na inflamat&#243;ria de fase aguda e seus n&#237;veis basais predizem independentemente o risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral, apresentando correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Nosso estudo n&#227;o confirmou uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a PCR e o fibrinog&#234;nio, o que pode ser explicado em parte pela distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal e baixos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR. Da mesma forma, o estudo n&#227;o teve poder suficiente para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio com o grau de excesso de peso. Esta rela&#231;&#227;o j&#225; foi demonstrada em estudos pr&#233;vios que consideraram a CA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> gordura corporal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> IMC e RCQ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> A faixa estreita de varia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos em nossa amostra parece ter influenciado a falta de associa&#231;&#227;o das medidas de adiposidade com a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente.</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos obesos apresentam um estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico de baixo grau que se manifesta com uma pior resposta de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> J&#225; se demonstrou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores de um estado protromb&#243;tico, como o fibrinog&#234;nio e a atividade de protrombina, e o grau de adiposidade visceral e outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso &#233; capaz de reverter o efeito delet&#233;rio do excesso de peso sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial atrav&#233;s de mecanismos ainda n&#227;o conhecidos completamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Estas observa&#231;&#245;es sobre os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio em indiv&#237;duos obesos trazem um elemento adicional para a considera&#231;&#227;o final de que o fibrinog&#234;nio esteja intimamente relacionado &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica subcl&#237;nica em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Os resultados deste estudo sugerem uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o g&#234;nero masculino e os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso e dislipidemia. Por&#233;m, por este estudo ser transversal, ele n&#227;o &#233; capaz de determinar uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa-efeito entre estas vari&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>A verifica&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e os graus de excesso de peso, bem como entre os graus de excesso de peso e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ter sido comprometida pela uniformidade dos graus de adiposidade e o tamanho da amostra.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que o fibrinog&#234;nio est&#225; associado com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica entre indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso. Novos estudos devem esclarecer essa associa&#231;&#227;o e estabelecer o benef&#237;cio de incluir na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica o fibrinog&#234;nio como um marcador de avalia&#231;&#227;o neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Eduardo Menti pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
