<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yvYmxb8KgGwHfXCzYDq3hzJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500447</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160071</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Type 1 Brugada Pattern Unmasked During the Recovery Period of an Exercise Stress Test</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Fuertes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puchol</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pach&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arias</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Angel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa B&#225;rbara</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Puertollano</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Ciudad Real</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espa&#241;a</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Hospital Santa B&#225;rbara, Puertollano, Ciudad Real</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Virgen de la Salud</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiac Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Toledo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espa&#241;a</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiac Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit - Department of Cardiology - Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo - Espa&#241;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniel Garc&#237;a Fuertes</bold>, Hospital Santa B&#225;rbara, C/Malag&#243;n s/n, Postal Code 13500, Puertollano, Ciudad Real &#8211; Spain. E-mail: <email>dani11gf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Garc&#237;a-Fuertes D, Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez E, Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n M; Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Garc&#237;a-Fuertes D, Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez E, Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n M, Puchol A, Pach&#243;n M, Arias MA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Garc&#237;a-Fuertes D, Puchol A, Pach&#243;n M, Arias MA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>447</fpage>
      <lpage>449</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Neoplasms</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an autosomal dominant channelopathy considered to be responsible for 4% to 12% of all sudden cardiac deaths and up to 20% of sudden cardiac deaths that occur in normal hearts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is characterized by specific electrocardiographic findings in the right precordial leads. Although three patterns have been described, BrS is only diagnosed in patients with ST-segment elevation with type 1 morphology &gt; 2 mm in at least 1 lead among the right precordial leads (V1, V2) occurring either spontaneously or after provocative drug test with intravenous administration of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Symptoms often occur during rest or sleep, during febrile state, or in vagotonic conditions, as the recovery period of an exercise test could be considered. In fact, attenuation of ST-segment elevation at the peak of exercise stress test followed by its appearance during the recovery phase is considered not only supportive for the diagnosis of BrS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> but also as a possible predictor of adverse outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> These data have been obtained from series of patients previously diagnosed because of a spontaneous or pharmacologically-induced type 1 pattern, but cases without previous evidence of this pattern where the diagnosis was unmasked by exercise testing are scarce.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>We report the case of a nineteen year-old male without personal or family history of cardiovascular disease or sudden cardiac death who was submitted to an exercise stress test because of atypical chest pain during exertion. He had never suffered syncope or palpitations. His resting electrocardiogram (ECG) showed a slightly elevated ST-segment in the right precordial leads without evidence of type 1 Brugada pattern, so it was classified as type III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). An echocardiogram was performed and structural heart disease was ruled out. A treadmill exercise stress test using a standard Bruce protocol was performed due to persistent symptoms. The resting ECG before exertion was consistent with incomplete right bundle-branch block with an ST segment only elevated in V3 lead. No significant repolarization changes in the right precordial leads occurred during exertion. However, during the recovery phase, a J-point and coved ST segment elevation &gt; 2 mm compatible with spontaneous type 1 Brugada pattern became evident in lead V2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Additionally, intravenous pharmacological challenge with flecainide showed the appearance of a type 1 Brugada pattern. An electrophysiological study (EPS) was performed. At baseline, the type 1 Brugada pattern was not evident and conduction intervals were within the normal range (HV interval 46 ms). The EPS demonstrated the development of ventricular fibrillation during standard programmed electrical stimulation protocol (ventricular stimulation protocol was undertaken from the right ventricular apex at two basic drive cycle lengths of 600 ms and 400 ms, with up to three extrastimuli; in our patient ventricular fibrillation was induced during stimulation at 600 ms cycle length and 3 extrastimuli at 210, 200 and 200 ms). A subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator was implanted. All first-degree relatives had a normal resting ECG. Drug challenge test with flecainide and exercise stress test were performed to all of them, but no other type 1 Brugada pattern was induced.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Twelve-lead ECG of the patient at baseline.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0447-60071-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrocardiographic leads V1, V2 and V3 during exercise testing at baseline, at peak of exercise and during minutes 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the recovery period.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0447-60071-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, only one case of Brugada type 1 pattern induction during the recovery phase of an exercise test in an asymptomatic patient without a family history of Brugada syndrome has been previously reported;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> other reported cases were diagnosed following the sudden death of a first-degree relative or in patients with previous syncopal episodes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Makimoto et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> demonstrated that augmentation of ST-segment elevation during the recovery phase of a stress test occurred in 37% of BrS patients and that it was a predictor of poor prognosis, with arrhythmic events being more frequent in these patients, especially among those with a history of syncope and among asymptomatic patients. In addition, cases of ventricular arrhythmias during early recovery phase of the exercise test have also been reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, exercise testing is not considered a routine test for risk stratification in these patients. The role of stress test in the diagnosis and risk stratification of first-degree relatives without a previous spontaneous or induced type 1 pattern has not been assessed either.</p>
      <p>Although it is known that autonomic function plays a main role, the exact mechanisms responsible for ST segment elevation after exertion in Brugada patients are not well established. Previous research has proven that the ST-segment elevation is mitigated by the administration of beta-adrenergic agonists and enhanced by parasympathetic agonists.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Changes during the recovery phase of an exercise stress test appear to be similar to the exacerbation of the Brugada pattern seen with the administration of parasympathetic-stimulating agents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> An increased parasympathetic basal activity or an increased susceptibility to the parasympathetic reactivation after exertion, with a simultaneous decrease of sympathetic stimulation is thought to influence this phenomenon.</p>
      <p>Controversy exists about the prognostic value of ventricular arrhythmia inducibility during electrical programmed stimulation in asymptomatic patients with Brugada Syndrome. Expert consensus recommendations establish that implantable cardioverter defibrillator may be considered in patients with a diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome who develop ventricular fibrillation during programmed electrical stimulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> While some large registries have failed to demonstrate that inducibility predicts arrhythmic events,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> some other groups indicate that inducibility during EPS is an independent predictor for arrhythmic events, stressing also its negative predictive value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Benito B, Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P. Brugada syndrome. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009;62(11):1297-315. Erratum in: Rev Esp Cardiol. 2010;63(5):620.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benito</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugada</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugada</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugada</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brugada syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1297</fpage>
          <lpage>1315</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Rev Esp Cardiol. 2010;63(5):620.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, Cho Y, Behr ER, Berul C, et al. HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes: document endorsed by HRS, EHRA, and APHRS in May 2013 and by ACCF, AHA, PACES, and AEPC in June 2013. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10(12):1932-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Priori</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilde</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behr</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berul</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes: document endorsed by HRS, EHRA, and APHRS in May 2013 and by ACCF, AHA, PACES, and AEPC in June 2013</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1932</fpage>
          <lpage>1963</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Makimoto H, Nakagawa E, Takaki H, Yamada Y, Okamura H, Noda T, et al. Augmented ST-segment elevation during recovery from exercise predicts cardiac events in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(19):1576-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Makimoto</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakagawa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takaki</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamada</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okamura</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noda</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Augmented ST-segment elevation during recovery from exercise predicts cardiac events in patients with Brugada syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1576</fpage>
          <lpage>1584</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Jayasuriya C, Whitman M. Exercise-induced Brugada sign. Europace. 2011;13(3):446-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jayasuriya</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise-induced Brugada sign</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>446</fpage>
          <lpage>447</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Papadakis M, Petzer E, Sharma S. Unmasking of the Brugada phenotype during exercise testing and its association with ventricular arrhythmia on the recovery phase. Heart. 2009;95(24):2022.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Papadakis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petzer</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Unmasking of the Brugada phenotype during exercise testing and its association with ventricular arrhythmia on the recovery phase</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2022</fpage>
          <lpage>2022</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Grimster A, Segal OR, Behr ER. Type I Brugada electrocardiogram pattern during the recovery phase of exercise testing. Europace. 2008;10(7):897-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grimster</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segal</surname>
              <given-names>OR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behr</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Type I Brugada electrocardiogram pattern during the recovery phase of exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>897</fpage>
          <lpage>898</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Priori SG, Gasparini M, Napolitano C, Della Bella P, Ottonelli AG, Sassone B, et al. Risk stratification in Brugada syndrome: results of the PRELUDE (PRogrammed ELectrical stimUlation preDictive valuE) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(1):37-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Priori</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gasparini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Napolitano</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Della Bella</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ottonelli</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sassone</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk stratification in Brugada syndrome: results of the PRELUDE (PRogrammed ELectrical stimUlation preDictive valuE) registry</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Probst V, Veltmann C, Eckardt L, Meregalli PG, Gaita F, Tan HL, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome: Results from the FINGER Brugada Syndrome Registry. Circulation. 2010;121(5):635-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Probst</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veltmann</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckardt</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meregalli</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaita</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term prognosis of patients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome: Results from the FINGER Brugada Syndrome Registry</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>635</fpage>
          <lpage>643</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P. Determinants of sudden cardiac death in individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of Brugada syndrome and no previous cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2003;108(25):3092-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brugada</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugada</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugada</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determinants of sudden cardiac death in individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of Brugada syndrome and no previous cardiac arrest</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>3092</fpage>
          <lpage>3096</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Giustetto C, Drago S, Demarchi PG, Dalmasso P, Bianchi F, Masi AS, et al; Italian Association of Arrhythmology and Cardiostimulation (AIAC)-Piedmont Section. Risk stratification of the patients with Brugada type electrocardiogram: a community-based prospective study. Europace. 2009;11(4):507-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giustetto</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drago</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demarchi</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dalmasso</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bianchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masi</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Italian Association of Arrhythmology and Cardiostimulation -Piedmont Section</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk stratification of the patients with Brugada type electrocardiogram: a community-based prospective study</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>507</fpage>
          <lpage>513</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Padr&#227;o de Brugada Tipo 1 Desmascarado Durante o Per&#237;odo de Recupera&#231;&#227;o da Prova de Esfor&#231;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Fuertes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puchol</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pach&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arias</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Angel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Hospital Santa B&#225;rbara, Puertollano, Ciudad Real</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiac Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit - Department of Cardiology - Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel Garc&#237;a Fuertes</bold>, Hospital Santa B&#225;rbara, C/Malag&#243;n s/n, C&#243;digo Postal 13500, Puertollano, Ciudad Real - Espa&#241;a. E-mail: <email>dani11gf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Garc&#237;a-Fuertes D, Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez E, Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Garc&#237;a-Fuertes D, Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez E, Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n M, Puchol A, Pach&#243;n M, Arias MA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Garc&#237;a-Fuertes D, Puchol A, Pach&#243;n M, Arias MA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Brugada (SBr) &#233; um canalopatia autoss&#244;mica dominante considerada respons&#225;vel por 4% a 12% de todas as mortes s&#250;bitas card&#237;acas e at&#233; 20% das mortes s&#250;bitas card&#237;acas que ocorrem em cora&#231;&#245;es normais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>. &#201; caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas espec&#237;ficas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas. Embora tr&#234;s padr&#245;es tenham sido descritos, a SBr s&#243; &#233; diagnosticada em pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST com morfologia tipo 1 &gt; 2 mm em pelo menos 1 deriva&#231;&#227;o entre as deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas (V1, V2) que ocorrem espontaneamente ou ap&#243;s teste provocativo com medicamentos com a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas da classe I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os sintomas ocorrem frequentemente durante o descanso ou sono, durante o estado febril, ou em condi&#231;&#245;es vagot&#244;nicas, como poderia ser considerado o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de um teste de esfor&#231;o. Na verdade, a atenua&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no pico do teste de esfor&#231;o, seguida por seu aparecimento durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, &#233; considerada n&#227;o apenas um suporte para o diagn&#243;stico de SBr, mas tamb&#233;m como um poss&#237;vel preditor de desfecho adverso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Esses dados foram obtidos a partir de s&#233;ries de pacientes previamente diagnosticados devido a um padr&#227;o tipo 1 espont&#226;neo ou induzido farmacologicamente, mas os casos sem evid&#234;ncia anterior desse padr&#227;o em que o diagn&#243;stico foi desmascarado por testes de esfor&#231;o s&#227;o escassos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Relatamos o caso de um homem 19 anos de idade, sem hist&#243;rico pessoal ou familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, que foi atendido por causa de dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica durante esfor&#231;o. Ele nunca tinha sofrido s&#237;ncope ou palpita&#231;&#245;es. Seu eletrocardiograma de repouso (ECG) mostrou ligeira eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas, sem evid&#234;ncia de padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1, e por isso foi classificado como tipo III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). O ecocardiograma foi realizado e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural foi descartada. Um teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira utilizando o protocolo padr&#227;o de Bruce foi realizado devido &#224; persist&#234;ncia dos sintomas. O ECG de repouso antes do esfor&#231;o era consistente com bloqueio incompleto do ramo direito com uma eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST apenas na deriva&#231;&#227;o V3. N&#227;o ocorreram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na repolariza&#231;&#227;o nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas durante o esfor&#231;o. No entanto, durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, um ponto J e uma eleva&#231;&#227;o c&#244;ncava do segmento ST &gt; 2 mm, compat&#237;vel com o padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1, se tornaram evidentes na deriva&#231;&#227;o V2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o desafio farmacol&#243;gico endovenoso com flecainida mostrou o aparecimento de um padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1. Um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) foi realizado. Na linha de base, o padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1 n&#227;o estava evidente e intervalos de condu&#231;&#227;o estavam dentro da faixa normal (intervalo HV de 46 ms). O EEF demonstrou o desenvolvimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante o protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica programada padr&#227;o (o protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi realizado a partir do &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito em dois intervalos b&#225;sicos de condu&#231;&#227;o com dura&#231;&#227;o de 600 ms e 400 ms, com at&#233; tr&#234;s extra-est&#237;mulos; em nosso paciente a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi induzida durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o a 600 ms de dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo e tr&#234;s extra-est&#237;mulos a 210, 200 e 200 ms). Um cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) foi implantado. Todos os parentes de primeiro grau apresentaram um ECG normal em repouso. O teste de desafio farmacol&#243;gico com flecainida e o teste ergom&#233;trico foram realizados em todos os parentes de primeiro grau, mas nenhum outro padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1 foi induzido.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es do paciente na linha de base.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0447-60071-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas V1, V2 e V3 durante o teste ergom&#233;trico na linha de base, no pico do esfor&#231;o e durante os minutos, 1, 2, 3 e 4 do per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0447-60071-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Que seja de nosso conhecimento, apenas um caso de indu&#231;&#227;o de padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1, durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o de um teste de esfor&#231;o em um paciente assintom&#225;tico, sem hist&#243;rico familiar de s&#237;ndrome de Brugada, foi relatado previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>; outros casos relatados foram diagnosticados ap&#243;s a morte s&#250;bita de um parente de primeiro grau ou em pacientes com epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Makimoto e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> demonstraram um aumento da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o de um teste de esfor&#231;o em 37% dos pacientes com SBr, e que esse fato foi um preditor de progn&#243;stico ruim, com eventos arr&#237;tmicos sendo cada vez mais frequentes nesses pacientes, especialmente entre aqueles com hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ncope e em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, casos de arritmias ventriculares durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o inicial do teste de esfor&#231;o tamb&#233;m foram relatados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>. No entanto, o teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o &#233; considerado um teste de rotina para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco nesses pacientes. O papel do teste de esfor&#231;o no diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de parentes de primeiro grau sem padr&#227;o tipo 1 pr&#233;vio, espont&#226;neo ou induzido, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi avaliado.</p>
        <p>Embora se saiba que a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica desempenha um papel principal, os mecanismos exatos respons&#225;veis pela eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o em pacientes com Brugada n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. Pesquisas anteriores j&#225; haviam demonstrado que a eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#233; mitigada pela administra&#231;&#227;o de agonistas beta-adren&#233;rgicos e &#233; refor&#231;ada por agonistas parassimp&#225;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Mudan&#231;as durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o de um teste ergom&#233;trico parecem ser semelhantes &#224; exacerba&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de Brugada observada com a administra&#231;&#227;o de agentes estimuladores do sistema parassimp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>. Um aumento da atividade basal parassimp&#225;tica ou um aumento da susceptibilidade &#224; reativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, s&#227;o considerados como influenciadores desse fen&#244;meno.</p>
        <p>Existe controv&#233;rsia sobre o valor progn&#243;stico da indutibilidade da arritmia ventricular durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica programada em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com S&#237;ndrome de Brugada. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de consenso de especialistas estabelecem que um cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel pode ser considerado em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de S&#237;ndrome de Brugada que desenvolvem fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica programada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Enquanto alguns grandes registros n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar que a indutibilidade prev&#234; eventos arr&#237;tmicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>, outros grupos indicam que a indutibilidade durante o EEF &#233; um preditor independente para eventos arr&#237;tmicos, salientando tamb&#233;m o seu valor preditivo negativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
