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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cQMCS5tdWpx5jng8jGSrmGt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500439</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160067</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 2/2016 - 76-Year-Old Male with Hypertensive Heart Disease, Renal Tumor and Shock</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Anhesini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Amorim Belo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>439</fpage>
      <lpage>446</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Neoplasms</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The patient is a 76-year-old male with heart disease, hospitalized due to shock and respiratory failure.</p>
    <p>At the age of 50 years, he was referred to InCor to investigate non-anginal chest pain. His exercise test was negative for ischemia.</p>
    <p>Physical examination at that time was normal, except for slightly elevated blood pressure (BP: 140/90 mm Hg) and obesity (weight of 95 kg, height of 1.70 m; body mass index = 32.9kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>Electrocardiogram revealed sinus bradycardia, and the new exercise test was negative.</p>
    <p>Echocardiogram on December 5, 1985, revealed normal valves and the following parameters: aortic root, 35 mm; left atrium, 44 mm; right ventricle, 21 mm; left ventricle, 53 mm; left ventricular ejection fraction, 60%; septal and posterior wall thickness, 11 mm.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests on December 6, 1985, were as follows: hemoglobin, 13.1 g/dL; hematocrit, 41%; leukocytes, 7,100/mm<sup>3</sup>; platelets, 268,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; glycemia, 118 mg/dL; creatinine, 1 mg/dL; sodium, 140 mEq/L; potassium, 4.5 mEq/L; total bilirubin, 0.54 mg/dL; direct bilirubin, 0.15 mg/dL; ALT, 76 IU/L; alkaline phosphatase, 227 IU/L (normal&lt; 170 IU/L); total proteins, 78 g/dL; albumin, 4.3 g/dL; and globulins, 3.5 g/dL.</p>
    <p>The patient was lost to follow-up at Incor until March 1996, when, at the age of 60 years, he experienced chest pressure, sweating and dyspnea on exertion, which, in a few weeks, progressed to dyspnea at rest. On that occasion, he reported smoking and having arterial hypertension, hyperuricemia, and lost his father due to myocardial infarction, and his mother due to stroke.</p>
    <p>His physical examination on March 6, 1996, was normal, showing: weight, 104 kg; height, 1.70 m; BP, 160/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 80 bpm. On that same day, his ECG revealed sinus rhythm, heart rate of 78 bpm and right bundle-branch block (RBBB) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), and his laboratory tests were as follows: urea, 20 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.3 mg/dL; and normal levels of myocardial injury markers.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: sinus rhythm, right bundle-branch block.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Exercise test on March 8, 1996, showed: maximum heart rate achieved, 139 bpm; duration of 5 min; initial BP, 150/90 mm Hg, and at peak exercise, 186/100 mm Hg, with no ischemic changes.</p>
    <p>Echocardiogram on March 5, 1996, revealed left ventricular apical and laterobasal hypokinesia, and ejection fraction of 70%.</p>
    <p>Coronary angiography on March 11, 1996, revealed 50% lesions in the anterior descending and circumflex branches of the left coronary artery. Ventriculography showed moderate diffuse hypokinesia.</p>
    <p>Atenolol (50 mg), enalapril (10 mg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg) were prescribed.</p>
    <p>New exercise test on February 17, 1998, was negative for ischemia, and laboratory tests showed: cholesterol, 158 mg/dL; HDL-C, 24 mg/dL; LDL-C, 65 mg/dL; triglycerides, 347 mg/dL; glycemia, 105 mg/dL; uric acid, 7.4 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.0 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>Echocardiogram on that same day revealed septal and posterior wall thickness of 12 mm, left ventricle of 52 mm, ejection fraction of 63%, and normal motility.</p>
    <p>The patient remained asymptomatic from the cardiovascular viewpoint for more than 10 years until, at the age of 72 years, he experienced dyspnea that rapidly progressed in 20 days to dyspnea at rest, accompanied by tachycardic palpitations. He was admitted to another hospital, diagnosed with heart failure and tachycardia with wide QRS complex, initially identified as supraventricular with aberrancy, and then, as sustained ventricular tachycardia, which was reversed with amiodarone. He reported undergoing surgery to treat a malignant neoplasm of the urinary bladder at the age of 68 years. In addition, he reported undergoing gastrectomy because of peptic ulcer, but did not inform exactly when.</p>
    <p>Electrocardiogram on August 7, 2008, showed tachycardia with wide QRS complex, heart rate of 150 bpm, with positive QRS from V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). After reversion, the ECG evidenced RBBB with atrioventricular dissociation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: ventricular tachycardia and pure R waves from V1 to V6.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: atrioventricular dissociation, right bundle-branch block.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Physical examination on September 5, 2008, revealed BP of 160/90 mm Hg, heart rate of 68 bpm, normal pulmonary and cardiac auscultations, and mild lower limb edema.</p>
    <p>Electrocardiogram on September 5, 2008, revealed sinus rhythm, RBBB and multifocal ventricular extrasystoles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: sinus rhythm, right bundle-branch block.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Carvedilol (6.25 mg), furosemide (40 mg), enalapril (20 mg) and amiodarone (200 mg) were prescribed to the patient, who was referred to the arrhythmia outpatient clinic.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests in February 2009 revealed: hemoglobin, 9.8 g/dL; hematocrit, 34; VCM, 65 fL; RDW, 20.3%; leukocytes, 8,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; platelets, 377,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; total cholesterol, 117 mg/dL; HDL-C, 25 mg/dL; LDL-C, 62 mg/dL; triglycerides, 123 mg/dL; glycemia, 125 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.72 mg/dL; urea, 48 mg/dL; sodium, 137 mEq/L; potassium, 5.3 mEq/L; calcium, 13 mg/dL; ionic calcium, 1.9 mmol/L; TSH, 2.4 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL; TP (INR), 1.0; TTPA (rel), 1.05; iron, 23 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/dL; transferrin saturation, 5%. Urinalysis: density, 1009; pH, 6.0; leukocytes, 2,000/mL; and red blood cells, 2,000/mL.</p>
    <p>Coronary angiography on February 3, 2009, evidenced irregularities in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery, 60% in the first diagonal branch, and irregularities in the circumflex artery and right coronary artery. The left ventricle was dilated and had moderate diffuse hypokinesia. Hemodynamic parameters were: aorta (S/D/M) 160/80/107 mm Hg; left ventricle (S/D/ED) 160/05/20 mm Hg.</p>
    <p>The patient was admitted in February 2009 for electrophysiological study, and was not on amiodarone at that time.</p>
    <p>Upper digestive endoscopy on February 12, 2009, showed a previously operated on stomach (Billroth I gastrectomy) and severe alkaline reflux gastritis.</p>
    <p>During electrophysiological study on February 13, 2009, extra-stimuli induced badly-tolerated monomorphic ventricular tachycardia [DI(+), aVL(+/-), lower axis, with positivity from V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>6</sub>, no transition] with degeneration to fibrillation after reversion attempt with burst. Successful defibrillation obtained with 200 J.</p>
    <p>Echocardiogram on February 19, 2009, showed: diameters of the aorta and left atrium, 34 mm and 55 mm, respectively; septum, 12 mm; posterior wall, 10 mm; left ventricle diameters, 59/42 mm; left ventricular ejection fraction, 35%; akinesia of the apical and inferolateral walls; hypokinesia of the other walls; and severe mitral regurgitation.</p>
    <p>Abdominal ultrasound on February 20, 2009, revealed dilation of the infrarenal aorta, and stone and nodule in the lower pole of the right kidney. Abdominal computed tomography on February 25, 2009, revealed a solid nodule in the lower pole of the right kidney, measuring 2.9x2.9 cm, with contrast uptake.</p>
    <p>Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was indicated as primary prophylaxis of sudden death and to support beta-blocker use, because the patient experienced bradycardia and arterial hypotension when an increase in beta-blocker dose was attempted.</p>
    <p>The ICD implantation was performed on February 17, 2012. The patient was referred to a urologist and discharged from the hospital with the following daily prescription: carvedilol, 50 mg; hydralazine, 75 mg; hydrochlorothiazide, 25 mg; atorvastatin, 10 mg; amiodarone, 200 mg; isosorbide mononitrate, 20 mg; omeprazole, 20 mg; and ferrous sulfate, 80 mg.</p>
    <p>During the patient's follow-up on an outpatient clinic basis, he developed dyspnea on moderate exertion.</p>
    <p>On ICD assessment in March 2012, the device was functioning normally and had recorded one shock in February 2011 during an episode of ventricular tachycardia. The patient was hospitalized again on June 17, 2012, with consciousness lowering and arterial hypotension for one day.</p>
    <p>On admission, the patient was drowsy, dehydrated (+/4+) and pale (2+/4+), and had non-productive cough, and neither fever nor dyspnea. His BP was 80/60 mm Hg, heart rate, 60 bpm, and room air O<sub>2</sub> saturation ranging from 88% to 90%. Pulmonary auscultation revealed crepitant rales on the middle third of the right hemithorax. Cardiac auscultation showed irregular rhythm, low heart sounds and no heart murmur. The abdomen showed no change. There was no edema and the pulses were thin. Glasgow coma scale was as follows: eyes - opens eyes in response to voice (3); verbal - confused, disoriented (4); motor - obeys commands (6); no motor deficit; equal pupils reactive to light.</p>
    <p>Volume administration and antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and clarithromycin were initiated.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests on June 17, 2012, revealed: hemoglobin, 11.1 g/dL; hematocrit, 36%; leukocytes, 10,040 (10% band neutrophils, 77% segmented neutrophils, 4% eosinophils, 8% lymphocytes, 1% monocytes); platelets, 110,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; PCR, 79.16 mg/L; CK-MB, 2.45 ng/mL; troponin I &lt; 0.006 ng/mL; urea, 135 mg; creatinine, 4.55 mg/dL; sodium, 140 mEq/L; potassium, 3.3 mEq/L; calcium, 6.5 mEq/L; magnesium, 2.0 mEq/L; BNP, 273 pg/mL; total bilirubin, 0.54 mg/dL; direct bilirubin, 0.27 mg/dL; TP(INR) 1.1; TTPA(rel) 1.18.</p>
    <p>Those antibiotics were replaced by the piperacillin-tazobactam association, and later, by vancomycin.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests on June 19, 2012, were as follows: hemoglobin, 10.9 g/dL; hematocrit, 34%; VCM, 89 fL; leukocytes, 7,050/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 85%, eosinophils 2%, lymphocytes 9%, 4% monocytes); platelets, 79,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; PCR, 121.15 mg/dL; urea, 135 mg/dL; creatinine, 4.27 mg/dL (glomerular filtration: 14 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>); magnesium, 1.90 mEq/L; sodium, 137 mEq/L; potassium, 3.5 mEq/L; ionized calcium, 1.69 mmol/L; venous lactate, 13 mg/dL; venous pH, 7.33; venous bicarbonate, 23 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>Despite treatment with volume administration, antibiotics and vasoactive amines, the patient remained shocked and died on June 20, 2012.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>The patient had multiple comorbidities, chest pain and dyspnea on exertion. During follow-up, cardiomyopathy installed with segmental impairment of left ventricular contractility and complex ventricular arrhythmia. Initially, he had arterial hypertension and sinus bradycardia, with no other significant changes. Later, the patient experienced clinical worsening and new comorbidities: hyperuricemia, smoking and obesity. The ECG showed a significant change over time, and RBBB appeared. The functional assessment of myocardial ischemia revealed no significant change during follow-up. The symptoms progressively worsened, and, at the age of 72 years, the patient was hospitalized due to sustained ventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic instability. He reported previous surgery to treat malignant urinary bladder neoplasm, and gastrectomy to treat peptic ulcer. In 2011, the patient received an ICD to prevent sudden death, the last assessment being in March 2012. In June 2012, he was hospitalized due to presumed septic shock and eventually died.</p>
      <p>During follow-up, the patient developed progressive cardiomyopathy with segmental impairment of left ventricular contractility associated with complex ventricular arrhythmias, and no significant coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>The most likely cause of disease progression in the absence of coronary artery disease would be hypertensive heart disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> considering that the patient's age does not match the age group of cardiac impairment due to Chagas disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some other forms of cardiomyopathy are also characterized by segmental impairment of ventricular contractility and arrhythmogenic potential. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia is a genetically determined heart disease, in which myocytes change into adipose tissue and fibrosis, resulting in high risk for ventricular arrhythmias, sudden death and heart failure; however, it affects young individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Segmental impairment of ventricular contractility is also described in other forms of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, such as dilated/idiopathic cardiomyopathy, being associated with an increased risk for arrhythmic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this patient, an ICD was implanted for primary prevention of sudden death due to arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Although some studies have shown ICD implantation to reduce mortality in patients with history of sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or risk factors for sudden death, such as severe left ventricular dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the implantation of that device is associated with an increased risk for infections, which can result in high morbidity and mortality, especially when related to the device's infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> (<bold>Marcela Anhesini Benetti, MD, and Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes, MD</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Diagnostic hypotheses</title>
      <p>- Septic shock with undefined origin and non-responsive to the therapies used;</p>
      <p>- Death due to infectious complications in an individual with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and ICD, the presumed origin being the lungs or ICD-related. (<bold>Marcela Anhesini Benetti, MD, and Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes, MD</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Postmortem examination</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 558 g. The ICD's lead was firmly impacted in the right ventricular apex. The left ventricle was slightly hypertrophic, without cavity dilation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>), and small whitish vegetations could be seen on the free margin of the mitral valve leaflets. The coronary arteries showed no atherosclerotic lesions with significant luminal obstruction. The microscopic examination of the heart revealed fibrinous mitral valve vegetations with no inflammatory component, evidencing mild left ventricular myocardial sclerosis. The right renal parenchyma was extensively replaced by a large multilobular tumor formation, measuring 12 cm in its larger axis, consisting of whitish and firm tissue, with invasion to the perirenal fat, pelvis and renal vein (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). The microscopic examination evidenced carcinoma with intense cellular anaplasia, areas of necrosis and hemorrhage, in addition to vascular invasion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>). Both adrenal glands showed large metastases, measuring 8 cm and 7 cm, in the right and left glands, respectively, with complete replacement of the glandular parenchyma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>). In addition, multiple metastatic nodules were seen in the left kidney parenchyma and both lungs. The surface of the left kidney was finely granular and the microscopic examination evidenced benign nephrosclerosis and hyaline arteriolosclerosis. Other postmortem examination findings were: parathyroid adenoma, measuring 2.5 cm; pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis; nodular prostatic hyperplasia; previous partial gastrectomy; small isolated focus of bronchopneumonia; and moderate aortic atherosclerosis. (<bold>Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD</bold>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cross-section of the heart at the ventricular level. There is mild left ventricular hypertrophy, with no cavitary dilation. Note the absence of areas of acute or healed myocardial infarction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Right kidney section evidencing extensive whitish tumor infiltrating the parenchyma and invading the renal vein (asterisk), pelvis (double asterisk) and perirenal fat (triple asterisk).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic section of the renal tumor. There is mild cell cohesion, intense anaplasia and mitotic figures. The histological aspect is compatible with renal cell carcinoma. Hematoxylin-Eosin, X 250.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left kidney section showing tumor close to the upper lobe (arrow) and complete replacement of the adrenal gland.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</bold> Renal cell carcinoma of the right kidney, with multiple metastases (carcinomatosis); nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis of the mitral valve; hypertensive heart disease; parathyroid adenoma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with chronic emphysema and bronchitis; nodular prostatic hyperplasia. (<bold>Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>The patient was a 76-year-old male smoker, who had systemic arterial hypertension, and was followed up since the age of 50 years. He developed heart failure and arrhythmias, being treated with drugs and ICD implantation in 2009 to prevent sudden death. At that time, imaging tests showed a solid nodule in the lower pole of the right kidney, measuring 2.9 cm. The patient was instructed to see an urologist to investigate that lesion. After three years, he was admitted to the emergency unit with consciousness lowering and hemodynamic shock of unknown etiology, and eventually died three days later.</p>
      <p>The postmortem examination confirmed the presence of hypertensives heart disease, which seemed compensated, with neither left ventricular dilation nor acute pulmonary edema. In addition, there was neither ischemic heart disease nor any evidence of acute myocardial infarction. Thus, we do not believe the last clinical findings, which made him seek the emergency unit and eventually culminated in his death, could be attributed to cardiac causes.</p>
      <p>In addition, disseminated malignant neoplasm originating from right kidney carcinoma and whose characteristics were compatible with renal cell carcinoma was detected. That type of tumor is usually extremely aggressive and has few symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> It is worth noting that, when that tumor was identified for the first time in 2009 and had no confirmed diagnosis, it was small and its resection could have been performed, leading eventually to the patient's cure. However, due to unknown reasons, the tumor was not investigated then. Renal cell carcinoma can originate metastases in several organs, such as the adrenal glands; however, the involvement of both glands is extremely rare.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In the present case, the metastases were bilateral and extensive, completely replacing the glandular parenchyma. The microscopic examination showed not even a trace of the adrenal glands, and we can speculate that the patient's terminal clinical findings (consciousness lowering and hemodynamic shock) might relate to adrenal insufficiency.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the postmortem examination evidenced nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis of the mitral valve, whose etiology could have been the disseminated malignant neoplasm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> (<bold>Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Renais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Homem de 76 anos, portador de cardiopatia, foi internado por choque e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>Foi encaminhado ao InCor aos 50 anos de idade para investiga&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa, com teste ergom&#233;trico negativo para isquemia.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico na &#233;poca foi normal e as &#250;nicas anormalidades detectadas foram press&#227;o arterial (PA) discretamente elevada (140/90 mmHg) e obesidade (peso de 95 kg, altura de 1,70 m; &#237;ndice de massa corporal = 32,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <p>O ECG revelou bradicardia sinusal e novo teste ergom&#233;trico foi negativo.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (05 dez 1985) revelou os seguintes di&#226;metros: raiz de aorta, 35 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo, 44 mm; ventr&#237;culo direito, 21 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 53 mm. Revelou ainda: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 60%; espessura de septo e parede posterior, 11 mm; e valvas normais.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (06 dez 1985) mostraram: hemoglobina, 13,1 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 41%; leuc&#243;citos, 7.100/mm<sup>3</sup>; plaquetas, 268.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; glicemia, 118 mg/dl; creatinina, 1 mg/dl; s&#243;dio, 140 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 4,5 mEq/l; bilirrubinas totais, 0,54 mg/dl; bilirrubina direta, 0,15 mg/dl; ALT, 76 UI/l; fosfatase alcalina, 227 UI/l (normal &lt; 170 UI/l); prote&#237;nas totais, 78 g/dl; albumina, 4,3 g/dl; e globulinas, 3,5 g/dl.</p>
      <p>O paciente perdeu seguimento no Incor at&#233; que, em mar&#231;o de 1996, aos 60 anos de idade, houve aparecimento de dor precordial em aperto acompanhada de sudorese e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e, depois de algumas semanas, mesmo no repouso. Nesse atendimento, informou ser portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial e tabagista, ter hiperuricemia e pai falecido por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e m&#227;e, por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (06 mar&#231;o 1996) foi normal, com peso de 104 kg, altura de 1,70 m, PA de 160/90 mmHg e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 80 bpm. Na mesma data, o ECG mostrou ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 78 bpm e bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1</xref>), e os exames laboratoriais revelaram ureia de 20 mg/dl, creatinina de 1,3 mg/dl e marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica normais.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: ritmo sinusal, bloqueio ramo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (08 mar 1996) mostrou: frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima atingida, 139 bpm; dura&#231;&#227;o de 5 min; PA inicial, 150/90 mmHg, e no pico do exerc&#237;cio, 186/100 mmHg; aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (05 mar 1996) revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com hipocinesia apical e lateral basal, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 70%.</p>
      <p>A cinecoronariografia (11 mar 1996) revelou les&#245;es de 50% em ramos descendente anterior e circunflexo da coron&#225;ria esquerda. Na ventriculografia havia hipocinesia difusa moderada.</p>
      <p>Foram prescritos atenolol 50 mg, enalapril 10 mg e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg.</p>
      <p>O novo teste ergom&#233;trico (17 fev 1998) foi negativo para isquemia.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (17 fev 1998) mostraram: colesterol, 158 mg/dl; HDL-C, 24 mg/dl; LDL-C, 65 mg/dl; triglic&#233;rides, 347 mg/dl; glicemia, 105 mg/dl; &#225;cido &#250;rico, 7,4 mg/dl; creatinina, 1,0 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (17 fev 1998) revelou espessura de septo e de parede posterior, 12 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 52 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, 63%; motilidade normal.</p>
      <p>Permaneceu assintom&#225;tico do ponto de vista cardiovascular por mais 10 anos at&#233; que, aos 72 anos, apresentou dispneia rapidamente progressiva at&#233; ao repouso em 20 dias, acompanhada de palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas. Ficou internado em outro hospital com diagn&#243;sticos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e taquicardia com QRS largo, inicialmente identificada como supraventricular com aberr&#226;ncia e, posteriormente, como taquicardia ventricular sustentada, a qual foi revertida com uso de amiodarona. Havia sido operado para tratamento de neoplasia maligna de bexiga aos 68 anos de idade. Havia hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de gastrectomia por &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica no passado (sem informa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao tempo decorrido desde a cirurgia).</p>
      <p>O ECG (07 ago 2008) mostrou taquicardia com QRS largo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 150 bpm, com QRS positivo de V<sub>1</sub> at&#233; V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2</xref>). O ECG ap&#243;s revers&#227;o evidenciou BRD com dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: taquicardia ventricular, R &#8220;puros&#8221; V1 a V6.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, bloqueio de ramo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (05 set 2008) revelou PA de 160/90 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 68 bpm, auscultas pulmonar e card&#237;aca normais e edema discreto de membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>O ECG (05 set 2008) mostrou ritmo sinusal, BRD e extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares polifocais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: ritmo sinusal, bloqueio ramo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foi medicado com carvedilol 6,25 mg, furosemida 40 mg, enalapril 20 mg e amiodarona 200 mg e encaminhado para o ambulat&#243;rio de arritmias.</p>
      <p>Exames laboratoriais (fev 2009) revelaram: hemoglobina, 9,8 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 34; VCM, 65 fl; RDW, 20,3%; leuc&#243;citos, 8.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; plaquetas, 377.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; colesterol total, 117 mg/dl; HDL-C, 25 mg/dl; LDL-C, 62 mg/dl; triglic&#233;rides, 123 mg/dl; glicemia, 125 mg/dl; creatinina, 1,72 mg/dl; ureia, 48 mg/dl; s&#243;dio, 137 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 5,3 mEq/l; c&#225;lcio, 13 mg/dl; c&#225;lcio i&#244;nico, 1,9 mmol/l; TSH, 2,4 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/ml; TP (INR), 1,0; TTPA (rel), 1,05; ferro, 23 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/dl; satura&#231;&#227;o de transferrina, 5%. Urina I: densidade, 1009; pH, 6,0; leuc&#243;citos, 2.000/ml; e eritr&#243;citos, 2.000/ml.</p>
      <p>A cinecoronariografia (03 fev 2009) evidenciou irregularidades em ramo descendente anterior da coron&#225;ria esquerda, 60% em primeiro ramo diagonal, e irregularidades em ramo circunflexo e na coron&#225;ria direita. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era dilatado e com hipocinesia difusa moderada. As medidas hemodin&#226;micas foram: aorta (S/D/M) 160/80/107 mmHg; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (S/D/DF) 160/05/20 mmHg.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi internado em fevereiro de 2009 para estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, sem uso de amiodarona.</p>
      <p>A endoscopia digestiva alta (12 fev 2009) mostrou est&#244;mago previamente operado (gastrectomia &#224; Billroth I) e intensa gastrite alcalina por refluxo.</p>
      <p>Durante o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (13 fev 2009), ap&#243;s extra est&#237;mulos, foi induzida taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica mal tolerada (DI(+), aVL(+/-), eixo inferior, com positividade de V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>6</sub>, sem transi&#231;&#227;o) com degenera&#231;&#227;o para fibrila&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tentativa de revers&#227;o com <italic>burst</italic>, sendo o paciente desfibrilado com sucesso com 200 J.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (19 fev 2009) mostrou: di&#226;metros de aorta 34 mm e &#225;trio esquerdo, 55 mm; septo, 12 mm; parede posterior, 10 mm; di&#226;metros de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 59/42 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 35%; acinesia das paredes apical e &#237;nfero-lateral; e hipocinesia das demais paredes al&#233;m de insufici&#234;ncia mitral de grau acentuado.</p>
      <p>A ultrassonografia abdominal (20 fev 2009) revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o de aorta infrarrenal, c&#225;lculo e n&#243;dulo em polo inferior do rim direito. Uma tomografia computadorizada de abdome (25 fev 2009) evidenciou n&#243;dulo s&#243;lido no polo inferior do rim direito, com 2,9x2,9 cm e penetra&#231;&#227;o de contraste.</p>
      <p>Foi indicado cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) como profilaxia prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita e suporte para o uso de betabloqueador, pois o paciente apresentava bradicardia e hipotens&#227;o arterial &#224;s tentativas de eleva&#231;&#227;o da dosagem.</p>
      <p>O procedimento foi realizado em 17 de fevereiro de 2012 com implante de marca-passo desfibrilador. Recebeu alta com a prescri&#231;&#227;o de carvedilol 50 mg, hidralazina 75 mg, hidroclorotiazida 25 mg, atorvastatina 10 mg, amiodarona 200 mg, mononitrato de isossorbida 20 mg, omeprazol 20 mg e sulfato ferroso 80 mg di&#225;rios. Houve ainda encaminhamento para urologista.</p>
      <p>Evoluiu em consultas ambulatoriais com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os moderados.</p>
      <p>&#192; avalia&#231;&#227;o do CDI (mar&#231;o 2012), observou-se dispositivo normofuncionante e grava&#231;&#227;o de um choque em fevereiro de 2011 em epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular. O paciente foi novamente internado em 17 de junho de 2012, com rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia e hipotens&#227;o arterial h&#225; um dia.</p>
      <p>Ao exame de admiss&#227;o, estava sonolento com tosse e mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de secre&#231;&#227;o, contudo sem expectora&#231;&#227;o, sem febre e sem dispneia. Estava desidratado (+/4+), hipocorado (2+/4+), com PA de 80/60 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 bpm, satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> de 88% a 90% em ar ambiente. Ausculta pulmonar revelava estertores crepitantes em ter&#231;o m&#233;dio de hemit&#243;rax direito. O exame card&#237;aco mostrou ritmo irregular, bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas, sem sopros. O abdome n&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o havia edemas e os pulsos eram finos. Escala de coma de Glasgow: olhos - abre os olhos quando chamado (3); verbal - confuso, desorientado (4); motor - obedece a comandos (6); sem d&#233;ficit motor; pupilas isoc&#243;ricas fotorreagentes.</p>
      <p>Foram iniciadas administra&#231;&#227;o de volume e antibioticoterapia com ceftriaxona e claritromicina.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (17 jun 2012) revelaram: hemoglobina, 11,1 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 36%; leuc&#243;citos, 10.040 (10% bast&#245;es, 77% segmentados, 4% eosin&#243;filos, 8% linf&#243;citos, 1% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 110.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; PCR, 79,16 mg/l; CK-MB, 2,45 ng/ml; troponina I &lt; 0,006 ng/ml; ureia, 135 mg; creatinina, 4,55 mg/dl; s&#243;dio, 140 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 3,3 mEq/l; c&#225;lcio, 6,5 mEq/l; magn&#233;sio, 2,0 mEq/l; BNP, 273 pg/ml; bilirrubinas totais, 0,54 mg/dl; bilirrubina direta, 0,27 mg/dl; TP(INR) 1,1; TTPA(rel) 1,18.</p>
      <p>Os antibi&#243;ticos foram trocados por associa&#231;&#227;o de tazobactam e piperacilina e, mais tarde, por vancomicina.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (19 jun 2012) mostraram: hemoglobina, 10,9 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 34%; VCM, 89 fl; leuc&#243;citos, 7.050/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos 85%, eosin&#243;filos 2%, linf&#243;citos 9%, 4% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 79.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; PCR, 121,15 mg/dl; ureia, 135 mg/dl; creatinina, 4,27 mg/dl (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 14 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>); magn&#233;sio, 1,90 mEq/l; s&#243;dio, 137 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 3,5 mEq/l; c&#225;lcio ionizado, 1,69 mmol/l; lactato venoso, 13 mg/dl; pH venoso, 7,33; bicarbonato venoso, 23 mEq/l.</p>
      <p>Apesar da terap&#234;utica com volume, antibioticoterapia e aminas vasoativas, o paciente permaneceu em choque e faleceu na madrugada de 20 de junho de 2012.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O presente caso mostra paciente com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades e sintomas de dor tor&#225;cica e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os. Apresentou durante o seguimento a instala&#231;&#227;o de miocardiopatia com comprometimento segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e arritmia ventricular complexa. Inicialmente em seu acompanhamento, observou-se a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial e bradicardia sinusal, sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Posteriormente, apresentou piora cl&#237;nica e novas comorbidades: hiperuricemia, tabagismo e obesidade. O ECG apresentou uma mudan&#231;a significativa durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o, com aparecimento de BRD. As pesquisas funcionais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o revelaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas durante o seguimento. Houve piora progressiva dos sintomas at&#233; que, aos 72 anos, o paciente foi hospitalizado por taquicardia ventricular sustentada com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Previamente, houve relato de cirurgia para tratamento de neoplasia maligna de bexiga e gastrectomia por &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica. Em 2011 foi realizado implante de CDI para profilaxia de morte s&#250;bita, com &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o em mar&#231;o de 2012. Em junho de 2012, o paciente foi novamente internado por quadro sugestivo de choque s&#233;ptico e evoluiu ao &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>Ao avaliarmos o seguimento do paciente, notamos a ocorr&#234;ncia de miocardiopatia progressiva com comprometimento segmentar da contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo associada a arritmias ventriculares complexas e aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana significativa.</p>
        <p>A causa mais prov&#225;vel da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a na aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia seria a cardiopatia hipertensiva,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> pois o paciente estava fora da faixa et&#225;ria do comprometimento card&#237;aco da Doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Algumas outras formas de miocardiopatia tamb&#233;m s&#227;o caracterizadas pela presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares da contratilidade ventricular e potencial arritmog&#234;nico. A miocardiopatia/displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; uma cardiopatia geneticamente determinada, na qual ocorre substitui&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos por tecido adiposo e fibrose, o que resulta em alto risco de arritmias ventriculares, morte s&#250;bita e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; contudo, tal acometimento ocorre em jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares da contratilidade ventricular tamb&#233;m &#233; descrita em outras formas de miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, como a miocardiopatia dilatada/idiop&#225;tica, e associa-se a um maior risco de eventos arr&#237;tmicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Optou-se neste paciente por implante de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita por causa arr&#237;tmica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Apesar de diversos estudos mostrarem que o implante de CDI reduz a mortalidade em pacientes com hist&#243;ria de taquicardia ventricular sustentada, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para morte s&#250;bita, como disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> o implante desses dispositivos est&#225; associado a um maior risco de infec&#231;&#245;es, que podem resultar em alta morbimortalidade, em especial quando relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o do pr&#243;prio dispositivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> (<bold>Dra. Marcela Anhesini Benetti e Dr. Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas</title>
        <p>- Choque s&#233;ptico de foco n&#227;o definido e n&#227;o responsivo &#224;s medidas terap&#234;uticas realizadas;</p>
        <p>- Causa da morte decorrente de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas em portador de miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e CDI, podendo ser o foco pulmonar ou relacionado ao dispositivo card&#237;aco implantado. (<bold>Dra. Marcela Anhesini Benetti e Dr. Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 558 g. O cabo do CDI encontrava-se firmemente impactado no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo exibia discreta hipertrofia, sem dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>), notando-se a presen&#231;a de pequenas vegeta&#231;&#245;es esbranqui&#231;adas na borda livre das c&#250;spides da valva mitral. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o apresentavam les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas com obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal significativa. O exame histol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o mostrou que as vegeta&#231;&#245;es da valva mitral eram fibrinosas, sem componente inflamat&#243;rio, evidenciando ainda discreta miocardioesclerose no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O par&#234;nquima do rim direito encontrava-se extensamente substitu&#237;do por grande forma&#231;&#227;o tumoral multilobulada, medindo 12 cm no maior eixo, constitu&#237;da por tecido esbranqui&#231;ado e firme, com invas&#227;o da gordura perirrenal, pelve e veia renal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref>). O exame histol&#243;gico evidenciou carcinoma com intensa anaplasia celular, &#225;reas de necrose e hemorragia, al&#233;m de invas&#227;o vascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 7</xref>). Havia grandes forma&#231;&#245;es tumorais (met&#225;stases) na topografia de ambas as adrenais, medindo 8 cm &#224; direita e 7 cm &#224; esquerda, com completa substitui&#231;&#227;o do par&#234;nquima glandular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 8</xref>). Havia ainda m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es metast&#225;ticas nodulares no par&#234;nquima do rim esquerdo e em ambos os pulm&#245;es. A superf&#237;cie do rim esquerdo era finamente granular e o exame histol&#243;gico evidenciou nefroesclerose benigna e arterioloesclerose hialina. Outros achados da necropsia foram: adenoma da paratireoide, medindo 2,5 cm; enfisema pulmonar e bronquite cr&#244;nica; hiperplasia nodular da pr&#243;stata; gastrectomia parcial pr&#233;via; pequeno foco isolado de broncopneumonia; aterosclerose moderada da aorta. (<bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte transversal do cora&#231;&#227;o, ao n&#237;vel dos ventr&#237;culos. H&#225; discreta hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sem dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade. Note a aus&#234;ncia de &#225;reas de infarto agudo ou cicatrizado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte do rim direito evidenciando extensa forma&#231;&#227;o tumoral esbranqui&#231;ada infiltrando extensamente o par&#234;nquima, com invas&#227;o da veia renal (asterisco), pelve (asterisco duplo) e gordura peri-renal (asterisco triplo).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico do tumor renal. H&#225; discreta coes&#227;o celular, com intensa anaplasia e presen&#231;a de figuras de mitose; aspecto histol&#243;gico compat&#237;vel com carcinoma de c&#233;lulas renais. Hematoxilina-eosina, X 250.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte do rim esquerdo e grande forma&#231;&#227;o tumoral pr&#243;xima ao p&#243;lo superior (seta), com completa substitui&#231;&#227;o da gl&#226;ndula supra-renal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0439-60067-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</bold> Carcinoma de c&#233;lulas renais do rim direito, com m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es metast&#225;ticas (carcinomatose); endocardite tromb&#243;tica n&#227;o infecciosa da valva mitral; cardiopatia hipertensiva; adenoma da paratireoide; doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, com enfisema e bronquite cr&#244;nica; hiperplasia nodular da pr&#243;stata. (<bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Homem de 76 anos de idade, tabagista e portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, acompanhado em ambulat&#243;rio m&#233;dico desde os 50 anos de idade. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, desenvolveu insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmias, sendo tratado com medicamentos e implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI para profilaxia prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita em 2009. Exames de imagem realizados na &#233;poca demonstraram a presen&#231;a de n&#243;dulo s&#243;lido em polo inferior do rim direito, medindo 2,9 cm, sendo o paciente orientado a procurar urologista para esclarecimento da les&#227;o. Tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s, o paciente foi admitido no pronto-socorro com quadro de rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia e choque hemodin&#226;mico de etiologias n&#227;o esclarecidas, falecendo tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A necropsia confirmou a presen&#231;a de cardiopatia hipertensiva, que aparentava estar em fase compensada, n&#227;o havendo dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou edema agudo pulmonar. Do mesmo modo, n&#227;o havia cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica nem evid&#234;ncias de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Dessa forma, n&#227;o cremos que o quadro cl&#237;nico &#250;ltimo do paciente, que o levou a procurar o pronto-socorro e ocasionou o &#243;bito, possa ser explicado por causas card&#237;acas.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, detectou-se neoplasia maligna disseminada origin&#225;ria de carcinoma do rim direito, com caracter&#237;sticas compat&#237;veis com carcinoma de c&#233;lulas renais. Esse tipo de tumor &#233; costumeiramente bastante agressivo e muitas vezes pouco sintom&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Cumpre salientar que, na &#233;poca em que a les&#227;o foi primeiramente vista, em 2009, ainda sem diagn&#243;stico confirmado, apresentava pequenas dimens&#245;es e seria pass&#237;vel de ressec&#231;&#227;o, com eventual cura do paciente. Infelizmente, e por motivos ignorados, a natureza da les&#227;o n&#227;o foi investigada na ocasi&#227;o. O carcinoma de c&#233;lulas renais pode originar met&#225;stases em diversos &#243;rg&#227;os, inclusive nas adrenais; entretanto, o comprometimento de ambas as gl&#226;ndulas &#233; bastante raro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> No presente caso, as met&#225;stases eram bilaterais e extensas, com completa substitui&#231;&#227;o do par&#234;nquima glandular. Os cortes histol&#243;gicos n&#227;o demonstraram sequer vest&#237;gios das adrenais e podemos especular que o quadro cl&#237;nico terminal do paciente (rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia e choque hemodin&#226;mico) possa estar relacionado &#224; insufici&#234;ncia adrenal.</p>
        <p>Interessante notar que a necropsia detectou endocardite tromb&#243;tica n&#227;o infecciosa da valva mitral, que tem como uma de suas etiologias a neoplasia maligna disseminada, como no presente caso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> (<bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (ajmansur@incor.usp.br)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (anpvera@incor.usp.br)</p>
      </sec>
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