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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zZvYPCbtrRjM4DGGsf3HF7x</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500422</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160064</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005013101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analytic Investigation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carpio-Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moncada-Jim&#233;nez</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salazar-Rojas</surname>
            <given-names>Walter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Solera-Herrera</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Costa Rica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Physical Education and Sports</institution>
        <country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Costa Rica - Costa Rica</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Costa Rica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Human Movement Sciences Research Center</institution>
        <country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Human Movement Sciences Research Center (CIMOHU), University of Costa Rica - Costa Rica</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andrea Solera-Herrera</bold>, University of Costa Rica. San Jos&#233;, Postal Code 1200, San Jos&#233; - Costa Rica. E-mail: <email>andrea.solera@ucr.ac.cr</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and statistical analysis: Carpio-Rivera E, Solera-Herrera A. Data acquisition: Carpio-Rivera E. Data analysis and interpretation: Carpio-Rivera E, Solera-Herrera A, Salazar-Rojas W. Manuscript writing: Carpio-Rivera E, Solera-Herrera A, Moncada-Jim&#233;nez J. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Carpio-Rivera E, Solera-Herrera A, Salazar-Rojas W, Moncada-Jim&#233;nez J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>422</fpage>
      <lpage>433</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Hypertension affects 25% of the world's population and is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders and other diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the evidence regarding the acute effect of exercise on blood pressure (BP) using meta-analytic measures. Sixty-five studies were compared using effect sizes (ES), and heterogeneity and Z tests to determine whether the ES were different from zero. The mean corrected global ES for exercise conditions were -0.56 (-4.80 mmHg) for systolic BP (sBP) and -0.44 (-3.19 mmHg) for diastolic BP (dBP; z &#8800; 0 for all; p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05). The reduction in BP was significant regardless of the participant's initial BP level, gender, physical activity level, antihypertensive drug intake, type of BP measurement, time of day in which the BP was measured, type of exercise performed, and exercise training program (p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05 for all). ANOVA tests revealed that BP reductions were greater if participants were males, not receiving antihypertensive medication, physically active, and if the exercise performed was jogging. A significant inverse correlation was found between age and BP ES, body mass index (BMI) and sBP ES, duration of the exercise's session and sBP ES, and between the number of sets performed in the resistance exercise program and sBP ES (p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05). Regardless of the characteristics of the participants and exercise, there was a reduction in BP in the hours following an exercise session. However, the hypotensive effect was greater when the exercise was performed as a preventive strategy in those physically active and without antihypertensive medication.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Post-exercise hypotension</kwd>
        <kwd>Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute effect</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Exercise training has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, studies reporting a reduction in BP resulting from chronic exercise might disregard an acute effect following the exercise session (<italic>i.e.</italic>, post-exercise hypotension [PEH]) that is lost over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Although the mean reductions in ambulatory systolic BP (sBP) and diastolic BP (dBP) monitoring over 24 hours are 3.2 mmHg and 1.8 mm Hg, respectively,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the magnitude of the reduction is greater during the first few hours after the exercise, to the point that some subjects with hypertension achieve normal BP values.</p>
      <p>The PEH response is measured by comparing BP values after an exercise with the values in a control day in which the exercise is not performed, or by comparing BP values before and after an exercise session.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, findings in the literature are contradictory, not only regarding the conclusion of whether an acute exercise elicits a reduction in BP, but also about the magnitude and duration of the PEH response. These contradictions may be partially explained by the characteristics of the samples (<italic>i.e.</italic>, hypertensives <italic>versus</italic> normotensives),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> use of antihypertensive medication,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> training status,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> participants' age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and characteristics of the measurement performed. This relates to whether the BP was measured at rest or by ambulatory monitoring,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> since the latter is more effective in distinguishing the "white coat syndrome" (a transient elevation in BP when the measurements are performed in a laboratory or in the clinic).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Finally, other confounding factors include the duration of the measurement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and characteristics of the exercise, such as type (<italic>i.e.</italic>, aerobic or resistance),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> intensity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> duration of the session,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> muscles involved,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> whether the exercise is performed intermittently or continuously,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> and the time of day when it is performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Given this plethora of ambivalent variables, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the effect of acute exercise on the BP response and examine the role of moderator variables.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p><italic>Search strategy</italic>. A systematic search was conducted from August 8, 2012, to March 9, 2013, on the databases MEDLINE (Ovid), SciELO, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar, ProQuest, SpringerLink, and PubMed. The following keywords were used alone and in combination: "acute effect of exercise", "blood pressure", "hypertension", "post-exercise hypotension", and "physical activity". We performed a hand search of the reference lists of the retrieved studies to detect manuscripts not found by the search in the electronic engines mentioned above.</p>
      <p><italic>Inclusion criteria</italic>. Studies were included in this meta-analysis if they: 1) were published in English, 2) reported the effect of exercise on BP in the minutes or hours following the training session, 3) reported the mean and standard deviation (SD) or standard error values of the BP in the experimental and control groups before and after the exercise, 4) included only humans, and 5) performed BP readings at rest or ambulatory measurements in the hours that followed the exercise session.</p>
      <p><italic>Exclusion criteria</italic>. Studies were excluded from this meta-analysis if their data: 1) were used to publish other manuscripts, to prevent their results from being included more than once in our database (<italic>i.e.</italic>, studies using the same dataset were taken into consideration only once), and 2) resulted from an interaction between exercise and medication or intervention to evaluate possible physiological mechanisms that might explain the occurrence of PEH.</p>
      <p><italic>Variable coding</italic>. The coded moderator variables included the characteristics related to the following: 1) studies (number of participants, study quality, experimental condition or group); 2) participants (BP level, gender, medication status, age, body mass index [BMI], physical activity level, maximum oxygen uptake [VO<sub>2</sub>max]); 3) BP measurement (type, duration and time of day when it was performed); and 4) exercise (type, training protocol, training mode, intensity, rest between sets or intervals, and number of exercises, sets, and repetitions). The quality of the studies was determined using the Jadad scale,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> in which the quality according to the total score is categorized as low when &lt; 3 points, moderate when 3 points, and high when &gt; 3 points. Multiple effect sizes (ES) for the same study were computed for trials with a repeated measures design including multiple interventions. Likewise, the ES was computed for the intervention or control groups when the information was available.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic>. The following analyses were computed for each dependent variable (sBP and dBP). To calculate the ES, we followed the procedures described elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> First, the ES was computed separately for the experimental and control conditions with the following formula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><italic>ES = (Mean<sub>post-test</sub> - Mean<sub>pre-test</sub>) / SD<sub>pre-test</sub></italic>. Second, the ES was corrected taking into consideration the sample size using the following formula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><italic>ES<sub>corrected</sub> = ES x 1 - (3 / 4 x m - 9)</italic>. Once the global corrected ES was obtained, we determined the possibility of a "file-drawer effect" using the following formula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><italic>K<sub>0</sub> = K (d<sub>1</sub> - d<sub>2</sub>) / d<sub>2</sub></italic>; where K<sub>0</sub> is the number of studies theoretically required to reduce the computed global ES to a non-significant ES, <italic>K</italic> is the number of meta-analyzed studies, <italic>d<sub>1</sub></italic> is the global ES, and <italic>d<sub>2</sub></italic> is the non-significant global ES, in this case, 0.20.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> The Z test was used to determine whether the ES were significantly different from zero.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Statistical heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test, and the I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> One-way ANOVA was used to determine the global experimental ES and ES differences in the control conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> One-way ANOVA for independent groups and Pearson's correlation were computed on the nominal and continuous moderator variables, respectively, when heterogeneity was found in the global ES. Tukey's <italic>post-hoc</italic> analyses were computed when significant <italic>F</italic> ratios were obtained. Analyses were performed using the software SPSS, version 20.0 (IBM Corporation, New York, USA). Significance was set <italic>a priori</italic> at p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Sixty-five studies (denoted by * in the reference list) out of 216 initial citations were included in the meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Chart 1</xref>). The studies enrolled 1408 participants (931 males, 455 females, 22 with undisclosed gender), with a mean age of 36.1 &#177; 15.1 years, BMI of 25.9 &#177; 2.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and VO<sub>2</sub>max of 33.1 &#177; 10.2 mL x min<sup>-1</sup> x kg<sup>-1</sup>. Of these participants, 466 engaged in studies with a repeated measures design including experimental and control conditions; 309 participated in studies with a repeated measures design including only experimental conditions; 429 participated in studies with an independent measures design including only experimental groups; 204 participated in studies with an independent measures design in which 117 exercised; and 87 were controls. From this sample, 1101 ES were computed.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study selection flow diagram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0422-60064-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>All the obtained ES were included in the subsequent analysis given the lack of statistically significant differences in the quality of the moderator variable of the study for sBP (<italic>F =</italic> 1.91, p <italic>=</italic> 0.11) and dBP (<italic>F =</italic> 0.40, p <italic>=</italic> 0.81). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows that, in contrast to the experimental condition, the corrected ES in the control condition were not different from zero. However, Cochran's Q test indicated that data from both experimental and control conditions were heterogeneous. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the overall corrected ES for the experimental and control conditions for the dependent variables sBP and dBP. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences between control and experimental conditions regarding sBP and dBP (p <italic>&#8804;</italic> 0.01 for all). Assessment of a file drawer effect determined that for global effects to be no longer significant, 122 significant unpublished studies were needed for sBP and 165 studies for dBP. In the control condition, while the Z score showed ES = 0, the Cochran's Q test found heterogeneity explained by the sBP (<italic>F =</italic> 13.90) and dBP (<italic>F =</italic> 5.37). Further analysis showed that the BP increased when measured later on during the day (p <italic>&#8804;</italic> 0.01 for both). The experimental conditions not only showed heterogeneity in the obtained ES but also global ES &#8800; 0 in sBP and dBP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Global corrected ES, Z scores, Q statistic and I2 index heterogeneity tests, and post-session blood pressure change (&#916; mmHg) </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Experimental condition or group</th>
              <th align="center">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">ES &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>Z</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>Q</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>I</italic>
                <italic>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center"><italic>&#916;</italic> (mmHg)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Control</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 &#177; 0.56</td>
              <td align="center">-0.13</td>
              <td align="center">186.87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">95.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.21 &#177; 1.10</td>
              <td align="center">1.81</td>
              <td align="center">329.84<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">97.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Experimental</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.56 &#177; 0.90</td>
              <td align="center">-20.21<sup>z</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1452.57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">99.38</td>
              <td align="center">-4.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.44 &#177; 1.14</td>
              <td align="center">-15.91<sup>z</sup></td>
              <td align="center">751.47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">98.80</td>
              <td align="center">-3.19</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>ES: effect size; SD: standard deviation; Z: Z score; Q: Cochran Q test; I2: heterogeneity percentage; &#916;: post-test minus pre-test change in blood pressure; sBP: systolic blood pressure; dBP: diastolic blood pressure; Z: Z score &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0.05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>heterogeneous values, p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Global effect size of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. ES: effect size; sBP: systolic blood pressure; dBP: diastolic blood pressure; z: ES &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0.05; p &lt; 0.05 between a and b, c and d. Open bars represent the experimental condition, and black bars represent the control condition.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0422-60064-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the experimental condition on the two dependent variables are presented next.</p>
      <p><italic>Systolic Blood Pressure.</italic><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the corrected mean sBP ES at different levels of the moderator variables. Results regarding the characteristics of the sample showed a significant decrease in sBP regardless of the initial BP levels, gender, antihypertensive drug intake, and physical activity level. However, <italic>post-hoc</italic> analyses detected a significantly larger ES in males (<italic>F =</italic> 5.58, p <italic>=</italic> 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2b</xref>), and non-medicated (<italic>F =</italic> 8.76, p <italic>=</italic> 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2c</xref>) and physically active subjects (<italic>F =</italic> 4.42, p <italic>=</italic> 0.002, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2d</xref>). Results regarding the exercise characteristics showed that the sBP decreased significantly regardless of the exercise modality. Results were consistent for aerobic exercises such as running, jogging, walking, cycling, or a combination of these, as well as for conventional or circuit resistance training exercise. Nevertheless, reductions in sBP were significantly greater for jogging exercise compared with circuit resistance training exercise (<italic>F =</italic> 2.73, p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.01, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2e</xref>). Significant sBP reductions were also found regardless of whether the exercise was performed continuously, intermittently, or increasingly. However, largest reductions occurred when the intensity increased during the exercise session (<italic>F =</italic> 5.50, p <italic>=</italic> 0.004, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2f</xref>). Significant correlations were found for sBP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Because in most cases the post-exercise BP decreased, the ES were negative, and therefore, the direction (<italic>i.e.</italic>, sign) of the correlations opposed to those commonly reported. For example, the higher the age of the participants, the lower the decrease in sBP (<italic>r =</italic> 0.21, p <italic>=</italic> 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3a</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). In addition, higher BMI values were associated with a lower decrease in sBP (<italic>r =</italic> 0.26, p <italic>=</italic> 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3b</xref>). Also, the longer the duration of the exercise session the greater the reduction in sBP (<italic>r =</italic> -0.19, p <italic>=</italic> 0.01, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3c</xref>), and the lower number of resistance exercises performed, the higher the decrease in sBP (<italic>r =</italic> 0.21, p <italic>=</italic> 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3d</xref>). Finally, the greater the number of sets of resistance exercises, the greater the reduction in sBP (<italic>r =</italic> -0.47, p <italic>=</italic> 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3e</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean corrected sBP ES, Z scores, F-ratio, significance level, and post-exercise score change by moderator variable in the experimental group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Moderator variable</th>
              <th align="left">Coding scheme</th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>n</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">Mean corrected ES &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>Z</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>F</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">p <italic>&#8804;</italic></th>
              <th align="center"><italic>&#916;</italic> (mmHg)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="16">Sample characteristics</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BP category</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Normotensive</td>
              <td align="center">249</td>
              <td align="center">-0.54 &#177; 0.89</td>
              <td align="center">-15.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Prehypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.78 &#177; 1.17</td>
              <td align="center">-4.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-5.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">-0.54 &#177; 0.81</td>
              <td align="center">-13.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-8.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Males</td>
              <td align="center">213</td>
              <td align="center">-0.68 &#177; 0.94</td>
              <td align="center">-20.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Females</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">-0.27 &#177; 0.60</td>
              <td align="center">-4.44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Mixed</td>
              <td align="center">91</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40 &#177; 0.84</td>
              <td align="center">-6.95<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medication</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">8.76</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Medicated<break/>&#8226;Nonmedicated<break/>&#8226;Unreported</td>
              <td align="center">58<break/>250<break/>36</td>
              <td align="center">-0.27 &#177; 0.50<break/>-0.68 &#177; 0.97<break/>-0.18 &#177; 0.57</td>
              <td align="center">-6.19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								<break/>-19.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								<break/>-2.71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.90<break/>-5.08<break/>-2.74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity level</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">107</td>
              <td align="center">-0.46 &#177; 0.79</td>
              <td align="center">-11.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-5.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Active</td>
              <td align="center">192</td>
              <td align="center">-0.71 &#177; 0.98</td>
              <td align="center">-19.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-5.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Athletes</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.27 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">-2.58<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-1.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Mixed</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03 &#177; 0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Unreported</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">-0.06 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td align="center">-1.02</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-1.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="7">Measurement features</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of measurement</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Resting</td>
              <td align="center">306</td>
              <td align="center">-0.56 &#177; 0.92</td>
              <td align="center">-18.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Ambulatory</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">-0.46 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">-8.71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Time of day</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Morning</td>
              <td align="center">101</td>
              <td align="center">-0.71 &#177; 1.16</td>
              <td align="center">-17.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Afternoon</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">-0.74 &#177; 1.05</td>
              <td align="center">-4.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-5.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Unreported</td>
              <td align="center">234</td>
              <td align="center">-0.49 &#177; 0.74</td>
              <td align="center">-11.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="20">Exercise characteristics</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Exercise type</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Aerobic</td>
              <td align="center">148</td>
              <td align="center">-0.62 &#177; 0.87</td>
              <td align="center">-16.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-6.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Resistance training</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">-0.49 &#177; 0.95</td>
              <td align="center">-11.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Concurrent</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.69 &#177; 0.52</td>
              <td align="center">-7.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-7.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Training program</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Conventional (RT)</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">-0.55 &#177; 1.04</td>
              <td align="center">-10.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Circuit (RT)</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">-0.34 &#177; 0.64</td>
              <td align="center">-4.99<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Running (AT)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">-1.39 &#177; 1.05</td>
              <td align="center">-6.16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-8.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Jogging (AT)</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-1.08 &#177; 1.02</td>
              <td align="center">-8.86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-8.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Walking (AT)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">-0.53 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">-6.52<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-7.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Bicycling (AT)</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
              <td align="center">-0.50 &#177; 0.82</td>
              <td align="center">-11.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-5.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Mixed</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.69 &#177; 0.52</td>
              <td align="center">-7.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-7.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mode (RT, AT)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Constant</td>
              <td align="center">277</td>
              <td align="center">-0.50 &#177; 0.91</td>
              <td align="center">-16.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Intermittent</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">-0.67 &#177; 0.44</td>
              <td align="center">-10.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-7.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Incremental</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-1.12 &#177; 1.16</td>
              <td align="center">-8.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-10.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Rest/series (RT)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;12 min</td>
              <td align="center">163</td>
              <td align="center">-0.54 &#177; 0.96</td>
              <td align="center">-12.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;35 min</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.52 &#177; 0.65</td>
              <td align="center">-4.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-5.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Unreported</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">-0.45 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">-3.66<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.75</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>BP: blood pressure; sBP: systolic blood pressure; ES: effect size; RT: resistance training; AT: aerobic training; Mode: both AT and RT are included;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Z score &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pearson&#8217;s correlation of mean sBP and dBP, corrected ES, and moderator variables according to the coding scheme</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics of the moderator variable</th>
              <th align="center">Coding scheme</th>
              <th align="center">BP</th>
              <th align="center">r =</th>
              <th align="center">p &#8804;</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="8">Participants</td>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Age</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Weight</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Body mass index</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;VO2max</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Measurement</td>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Measurement duration</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="18">Exercise</td>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Exercise intensity estimated from the VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Exercise intensity estimated from the HRR</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Exercise intensity estimated from the HRmax</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Exercise intensity estimated from the anaerobic threshold</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Exercise intensity estimated from 1RM</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Duration of the exercise session</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Number of RT exercises</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Number of sets</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Number of repetitions</td>
              <td align="center">sBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">dBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>VO<sub>2</sub>max: maximal oxygen consumption; HRR: heart rate reserve; HRmax: maximal heart rate; 1RM: one repetition maximum; RT: resistance training; BP: blood pressure; sBP: systolic blood pressure; dBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corrected systolic blood pressure effect size by categorical variables. Normotens.: normotensive; Prehypertens.: prehypertensive; Hypertens.: hypertensive; BP: blood pressure; sBP: systolic blood pressure; z: ES &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0.05; *: different from others, p &lt; 0.05; a and b: different between each other, p &lt; 0.05; Conv.: Conventional resistance training; Circ.: Circuit resistance training; Run: running; Jog: jogging; Walk: walking; Cycl.: bicycling; Conc.: Concurrent training.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0422-60064-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between corrected systolic blood pressure (sBP), effect sizes, and continuous variables. Note: sBP: systolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0422-60064-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Diastolic Blood Pressure.</italic><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the corrected mean dBP ES at different levels of the moderator variables. Results regarding the characteristics of the subjects showed a significant decrease in dBP regardless of the initial BP level, gender, antihypertensive drug intake, and physical activity level. However, <italic>post-hoc</italic> analyses detected a significantly larger ES in non-medicated samples (<italic>F =</italic> 4.26, p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.02). This finding is consistent with the sBP response depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2c</xref>. Results regarding the exercise characteristics showed that the dBP decreased significantly regardless of the exercise modality. Most of the results were consistent for aerobic exercises such as jogging, cycling, and a combination of these, as well as for conventional or circuit resistance training exercise. However, as depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, the largest reductions in dBP occurred when jogging was the exercise mode (<italic>F =</italic> 4.09, p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.001). Interestingly, dBP ES were not different from zero when the participants walked. Significant correlations were found for dBP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Also, the higher the age of the participants, the lower the reduction in dBP (<italic>r =</italic> 0.12, p <italic>=</italic> 0.03), and the greater the number of resistance exercises performed, the higher the decrease in dBP (<italic>r =</italic> -0.20, p <italic>=</italic> 0.006).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean corrected dBP ES, Z score, F ratio, significance level, and post-exercise score change by moderator variable in the experimental group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics of the moderator variable</th>
              <th align="left">Coding scheme</th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>n</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">Mean corrected ES &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>Z</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>F</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">p <italic>&#8804;</italic></th>
              <th align="center">&#916; (mmHg)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="18">Sample </td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BP category</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Normotensive</td>
              <td align="center">249</td>
              <td align="center">-0.44 &#177; 0.97</td>
              <td align="center">-13.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Prehypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.85 &#177; 3,16</td>
              <td align="center">-4.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-5.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">-0.30 &#177; 0.44</td>
              <td align="center">-6.72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Male</td>
              <td align="center">207</td>
              <td align="center">-0.48 &#177; 1.38</td>
              <td align="center">-12.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Female</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">-0.34 &#177; 0.59</td>
              <td align="center">-4.75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Mixed</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">-0.38 &#177; 0.61</td>
              <td align="center">-9.20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medication</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Medicated</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">-0.20 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td align="center">-4.54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-1.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Nonmedicated</td>
              <td align="center">242</td>
              <td align="center">-0.55 &#177; 1.31</td>
              <td align="center">-15.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Unreported</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">-0.08 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td align="center">-1.04</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity level</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">105</td>
              <td align="center">-0.48 &#177; 1.49</td>
              <td align="center">-8.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Active</td>
              <td align="center">186</td>
              <td align="center">-0.47 &#177; 1.03</td>
              <td align="center">-12.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Athletes</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.35 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">-3.70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Mixed</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">-0.25 &#177; 0.36</td>
              <td align="center">-4.46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Unreported</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">-0.10 &#177; 0.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="7">BP measurement </td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of measurement</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Resting</td>
              <td align="center">296</td>
              <td align="center">-0.47 &#177; 1.21</td>
              <td align="center">-15.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Ambulatory</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">-0.23 &#177; 0.37</td>
              <td align="center">-4.64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-1.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Time of day</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Morning</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
              <td align="center">-0.31 &#177; 0.55</td>
              <td align="center">-10.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-1.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Afternoon</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">-0.29 &#177; 0.68</td>
              <td align="center">-1.89</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-1.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Unreported</td>
              <td align="center">228</td>
              <td align="center">-0.50 &#177; 1.33</td>
              <td align="center">-11.91</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="20">Exercise </td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Exercise type</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Aerobic</td>
              <td align="center">141</td>
              <td align="center">-0.53 &#177; 1.61</td>
              <td align="center">-10.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Resistance training</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">-0.38 &#177; 0.64</td>
              <td align="center">-11.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Concurrent</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.29 &#177; 0.34</td>
              <td align="center">-4.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Training program</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Conventional (RT)</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">-0.43 &#177; 0.67</td>
              <td align="center">-10.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Circuit (RT)</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">-0.27 &#177; 0.54</td>
              <td align="center">-3.77<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Running (AT)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">-0.77 &#177; 0.99</td>
              <td align="center">-4.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Jogging (AT)</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">-1.66 &#177; 3.20</td>
              <td align="center">-7.80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-10.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Walking (AT)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">-0.19 &#177; 0.49</td>
              <td align="center">-0.45</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Bicycling (AT)</td>
              <td align="center">107</td>
              <td align="center">-0.36 &#177; 1.20</td>
              <td align="center">-6.79<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Mixed</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.29 &#177; 0.34</td>
              <td align="center">-4.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mode (RT, AT)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Constant</td>
              <td align="center">277</td>
              <td align="center">-0.46 &#177; 1.24</td>
              <td align="center">-14.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Intermittent</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">-0.28 &#177; 0.30</td>
              <td align="center">-4.63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Incremental</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.47 &#177; 0.56</td>
              <td align="center">-6.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Rest/series (RT)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;12 min</td>
              <td align="center">163</td>
              <td align="center">-0.35 &#177; 0.58</td>
              <td align="center">-11.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;35 min</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.39 &#177; 0.67</td>
              <td align="center">-2.83<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-3.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226;Unreported</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">-0.54 &#177; 0.74</td>
              <td align="center">-4.35<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.65</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <p>BP: blood pressure; dBP: diastolic blood pressure; ES: efect size; RT: resistance training; AT: aerobic training; Mode: both, AT and RT are included;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Z score &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0.05</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of acute exercise interventions on the BP response. Although initially we intended to find the intensity, duration, and type of exercise that best reduced BP, we found that regardless of the participant, measurement features, and exercise characteristics, there was a reduction in BP in the hours that followed an exercise session. The reductions in BP following an exercise session were demonstrated by the corrected ES significantly different from zero in the experimental conditions. Significant ES were found for sBP (-0.56 or -4.8 mm Hg) and dBP (-0.44 or -3.2 mm Hg). The ES for the controls conditions were equal to zero.</p>
      <p>The magnitude of the ES is considered moderate when between 0.41 and 0.70.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> From a clinical perspective, epidemiological studies indicate that a decrease of 2 mmHg in the sBP is likely to reduce the mortality associated with stroke by 6% and coronary heart disease by 4%, whereas a reduction of 5 mmHg is likely to reduce the risk of these diseases by 14% and 9%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Therefore, the reductions of 3 to 4 mmHg found in this meta-analysis confirm the importance of acute exercise as a non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension.</p>
      <p>The fact that the ES in the control condition was not different from zero indicates that there was no contamination by extraneous variables in this set of studies. The heterogeneity of the data from the control condition might have been partially explained by the significant differences between measurements taken in the afternoon as opposed to the morning. This finding suggests a confounding effect of the circadian rhythm in hemodynamic variables, given the reductions in BP, heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume as the night approaches.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> Other aspects may also influence this response, for instance, the fact that the BP measurement in the control condition was affected by exercise performed in the previous 48 hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> Therefore, both factors must be considered in the design of future research protocols.</p>
      <p>In the case of the corrected ES arising from the experimental condition, it is noteworthy that although all participants benefited from exercise to lower the sBP, males achieved greater reductions than females. This finding is consistent with those of other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> that have suggested that females have a lower support of the autonomic tone necessary to regulate BP, as well as a lower effectiveness of the components that regulate the baroreflex. However, the same authors reported as a limitation of the study a failure to standardize the time of the menstrual cycle in the group of studied females. Evidence suggests that the different phases of the menstrual cycle are involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> While we computed 213 ES for males, we computed only 40 ES for females., Researchers have apparently neglected the female population, probably due to a fear that the menstrual cycle might confound the findings due to its involvement in BP regulation. Although the PEH can be reached at any point during the menstrual cycle in normotensive women, it is greater if the woman exercises during the early follicular phase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> However, further investigation is required on this topic to determine potential physiological mechanisms responsible for PEH, for instance, whether an interaction exists between gender, age, and arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Based on speculations from previous findings,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> we expected to find a greater PEH in hypertensive subjects than in prehypertensive and normotensive ones. However, the level of the participants' BP had no influence on the findings of the present study. This difference might be explained by the inclusion of non-medicated hypertensive and normotensive subjects in the study by Pescatello and Kulikowich;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> therefore, given a higher initial BP there was also a greater change in post-exercise BP when determined by ambulatory measurement. Although the PEH was significant in normotensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive patients in the present study, there were no differences between these categories. Moreover, there were significantly greater changes in non-medicated participants compared with medicated ones. This finding might be explained by the interaction between medication intake and exercise intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Another feasible explanation for our findings opposing those by others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> might have been that some participants were classified as "medicated hypertensive", and therefore, BP values were close to or within the normal range. If this explanation holds true, the "baseline" law<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> also seems to apply in the present study. In other words, since BP values were close to normal even in hypertensive subjects (<italic>i.e.</italic>, baseline), it is harder to achieve a lower BP following an exercise session. Therefore, these speculations deserve to be investigated with further post-meta-analytical studies, since the physiological mechanisms potentially explaining these findings are largely unknown.</p>
      <p>Physically active individuals achieved higher BP decreases after the exercise session. This was observed even though the PEH occurred independently from the level of physical activity of the participants. This seems to support the theory proposed by some authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> who observed that some physiological mechanisms that chronically reduce BP also play a role in the onset of PEH. For example, exercise training has been shown to cause a systemic adaptation of the arterial wall in healthy individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> which might translate to better arterial vessel compliance that may facilitate the decrease in peripheral resistance following an exercise session.</p>
      <p>We observed in this study an inverse association between age and PEH. Increasing age decreases the magnitude of PEH. As a person ages, there is an increase in arterial stiffness that results from progressive destruction of the elastic fibers, a decrease in capillary density, and an increase in arteriolar wall thickness. These structural and functional changes, in turn, increase vascular resistance and limit the response to vasodilator agents released during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref> Similarly, if the VO<sub>2</sub>max is greatest when the person is young and active, then the relationship between a higher VO<sub>2</sub>max and a greater decrease in sBP could also be explained by the aforementioned physiological mechanisms.</p>
      <p>The finding that a lower BMI was associated with a greater reduction in sBP is in line with evidence showing that adipose tissue accumulation, especially in the abdominal area, is linked to several mechanisms leading to hypertension, including sympathetic overactivity, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref> The implications of these findings are significant, given that a large proportion of the world population is hypertensive and obese; therefore, maintaining a normal BMI could lead in many cases to a greater hypotensive effect following an exercise session.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
			</p>
      <p>More than a decade ago, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> recommended that resistance exercise should be accompanied by aerobic exercise. Recent studies attempted to determine whether resistance exercise alone could produce the same hypotensive effect than aerobic exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> Motivated by the increase in the number of these studies, we decided to meta-analyze the type of exercise as a moderator variable. We found that both aerobic and resistance exercises alone were able to induce a hypotensive effect.</p>
      <p>In this study, we found jogging to be the exercise modality that elicits the greater magnitude of sBP and dBP changes. Other findings were that walking does not reduce the dBP; that the longer the duration of the exercise session, the greater the sBP reduction; and that incremental exercise protocols produced the highest reductions in sBP. These findings seem to agree with a previous report<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref> that associated the PEH with the total exercise workload and not with the intensity at which the exercise was performed. However, these findings should be confirmed in future studies, because the results could have been masked by BMI, age, and physical activity level of the participants included in the different studies. This might be partially explained by a tendency to use walking as the exercise intervention if participants are overweight, elderly, or sedentary;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> and jogging if the subjects are not obese, younger, or physically active.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Post meta-analytical studies assessing resistance training programs are needed, since reductions in dBP were found with a greater number of resistance exercises, although these exercises also led to a minor decrease in sBP. Because of the contradictory findings, it is likely that future studies may manipulate these variables to determine whether several resistance exercise sets reflect an increased workload and, therefore, a greater PEH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> or if the design of the program should require several resting periods between exercises to dampen the BP elevation that normally occurs during resistance exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> in order to facilitate the onset of the PEH.</p>
      <p>One implication arising from this meta-analysis affects the prescription of exercise. It is necessary to determine whether the PEH is greater as the exercise workload increases, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> and whether it varies in females according to the menstrual cycle phase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> Other questions that remain to be answered include the duration of the PEH when the individual is performing daily living activities (<italic>i.e.</italic>, outpatient phase),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and what is the role played by genetics in triggering the PEH response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, regardless of the characteristics of the sample and exercise, the BP reduced in the hours following an acute exercise session. However, the reduction was greater if the exercise was performed as a preventive strategy and in physically active individuals who were not yet medicated.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Costa Rica - Costa Rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Human Movement Sciences Research Center (CIMOHU), University of Costa Rica - Costa Rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrea Solera-Herrera</bold>, University of Costa Rica. San Jos&#233;, Postal Code 1200, San Jos&#233; - Costa Rica. E-mail: <email>andrea.solera@ucr.ac.cr</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Carpio-Rivera E, Solera-Herrera A. Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados: Carpio-Rivera E. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados: Carpio-Rivera E, Solera-Herrera A, Salazar-Rojas W. Preparo do manuscrito: Carpio-Rivera E, Solera-Herrera A, Moncada-Jim&#233;nez J. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do conte&#250;do intelectual do manuscrito: Carpio-Rivera E, Solera-Herrera A, Salazar-Rojas W, Moncada-Jim&#233;nez J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial afeta 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial e &#233; considerada um fator de risco para dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares e outras doen&#231;as. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as evid&#234;ncias sobre o efeito agudo do exerc&#237;cio sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA) utilizando medidas metanal&#237;ticas. Sessenta e cinco estudos foram comparados com tamanho de efeito (TE), testes de heterogeneidade, e teste Z para determinar se os TE eram diferentes de zero. A m&#233;dia dos TE globais corrigida para as condi&#231;&#245;es do exerc&#237;cio foram -0,56 (-4,80 mmHg) para a PA sist&#243;lica (PAs) e -0,44 (-3,19 mmHg) para a PA diast&#243;lica (PAd; z &#8800; 0 para todos; p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0,05). A redu&#231;&#227;o da PA foi significativa independente da PA inicial do participante, sexo, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, ingest&#227;o de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, tipo de medi&#231;&#227;o da PA, hora do dia na qual a PA foi medida, tipo de exerc&#237;cio realizado, e programa de treinamento (p &lt; 0,05 para todos). Testes ANOVA revelaram que as redu&#231;&#245;es da PA eram maiores se os participantes eram do sexo masculino, n&#227;o recebiam medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, eram fisicamente ativos e se o exerc&#237;cio realizado era <italic>jogging</italic>. Uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa foi encontrada entre idade e TE da PA, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e TE da PAs, dura&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio e TE da PAs, e n&#250;mero de s&#233;ries realizadas no programa de exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia e TE da PAs (p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0,05). Independente das caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes e do exerc&#237;cio, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PA poucas horas ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios. No entanto, o efeito hipotensor foi maior quando o exerc&#237;cio foi realizado como uma estrat&#233;gia preventiva em pessoas fisicamente ativas e sem medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade f&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Efeito agudo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico tem sido apontado como um redutor da press&#227;o arterial (PA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No entanto, estudos que relatam redu&#231;&#227;o na PA como resultado de exerc&#237;cio cr&#244;nico podem n&#227;o considerar um efeito agudo ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio (ou seja, hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE]) que &#233; perdida ao longo do tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Embora a m&#233;dia das redu&#231;&#245;es da PA sist&#243;lica (PAs) e diast&#243;lica (PAd) obtidas por medida ambulatorial ao longo de 24 horas sejam de 3,2 mmHg e 1,8 mm Hg, respectivamente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o &#233; maior durante as primeiras horas ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, a ponto de alguns indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o arterial atingirem valores normais de PA.</p>
        <p>A resposta da HPE &#233; medida atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores da PA ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio com os valores em um dia controle no qual o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o &#233; realizado, ou atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores da PA antes e ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, achados da literatura s&#227;o contradit&#243;rios, n&#227;o apenas no que diz respeito &#224; conclus&#227;o de que o exerc&#237;cio agudo provoca uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA, mas tamb&#233;m sobre a magnitude e dura&#231;&#227;o da resposta da HPE. Essas contradi&#231;&#245;es podem ser parcialmente explicadas pelas caracter&#237;sticas das amostras (ou seja, hipertensos <italic>versus</italic> normotensos),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> situa&#231;&#227;o de treinamento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> idade dos participantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e caracter&#237;sticas da medi&#231;&#227;o realizada. As caracter&#237;sticas da medi&#231;&#227;o se referem &#224; PA determinada em repouso ou atrav&#233;s de medida ambulatorial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> uma vez que esta &#233; mais eficaz em distinguir a "s&#237;ndrome do avental branco" (eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da PA quando as medi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o realizadas em um laborat&#243;rio ou no consult&#243;rio).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A dura&#231;&#227;o da medi&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode confundir os resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Outros fatores confundidores incluem a dura&#231;&#227;o da medi&#231;&#227;o e caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio, como tipo (ou seja, aer&#243;bico ou de resist&#234;ncia),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> intensidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> dura&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> m&#250;sculos envolvidos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> se o exerc&#237;cio &#233; realizado de maneira intermitente ou cont&#237;nua<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> e a hora do dia na qual o exerc&#237;cio &#233; realizado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dada esta multiplicidade de vari&#225;veis ambivalentes, o objetivo desta metan&#225;lise foi determinar o efeito do exerc&#237;cio agudo sobre a resposta da press&#227;o arterial e examinar o papel das vari&#225;veis moderadoras.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p><italic>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</italic>. Uma busca sistem&#225;tica foi realizada entre 8 de Agosto de 2012 e 9 de Mar&#231;o de 2013 nas bases de dados MEDLINE (Ovid), SciELO, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar, ProQuest, SpringerLink e PubMed. As seguintes palavras-chave foram utilizadas isoladamente e em combina&#231;&#227;o: "efeito agudo do exerc&#237;cio", "press&#227;o arterial", "hipertens&#227;o arterial", "hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio" e "atividade f&#237;sica". Uma busca manual das listas de refer&#234;ncia dos estudos recuperados foi realizada para identificar manuscritos n&#227;o encontrados na pesquisa das ferramentas eletr&#244;nicas mencionadas.</p>
        <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</italic>. Os estudos foram inclu&#237;dos nesta metan&#225;lise se: 1) tivessem sido publicados em ingl&#234;s, 2) relataram o efeito do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a PA em minutos ou horas ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de treinamento, 3) relataram m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o (DP) ou erro padr&#227;o da BP no grupos experimental e controle antes e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, 4) inclu&#237;ram apenas humanos e 5) determinaram a PA em repouso ou atrav&#233;s de medida ambulatorial nas horas que se seguiram &#224; sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios.</p>
        <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</italic>. Os estudos foram exclu&#237;dos desta metan&#225;lise se os seus dados: 1) foram utilizados para publicar outros manuscritos, a fim de evitar que seus resultados fossem inclu&#237;dos mais de uma vez em nosso banco de dados (ou seja<italic>,</italic> estudos utilizando o mesmo conjunto de dados foram considerados apenas uma vez) e 2) resultaram de uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre exerc&#237;cio e medica&#231;&#227;o ou interven&#231;&#227;o para avaliar os poss&#237;veis mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos que poderiam explicar a ocorr&#234;ncia de HPE.</p>
        <p><italic>Codifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis</italic>. As vari&#225;veis moderadoras codificadas inclu&#237;ram caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas aos seguintes fatores: 1) estudo (n&#250;mero de participantes, qualidade, condi&#231;&#227;o ou grupo experimental); 2) participantes (PA, sexo, situa&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal [IMC], n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio [VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x]); 3) medi&#231;&#227;o da PA (tipo e dura&#231;&#227;o da medi&#231;&#227;o, momento do dia no qual foi realizada) e 4) exerc&#237;cio (tipo de exerc&#237;cio, protocolo e modo de treinamento, intensidade, descanso entre s&#233;ries ou intervalos e n&#250;mero de exerc&#237;cios, s&#233;ries e repeti&#231;&#245;es). A qualidade dos estudos foi determinada com a escala de Jadad.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> De acordo com o escore total da escala, a qualidade &#233; categorizada como baixa quando &lt; 3 pontos, moderada quando igual a 3 pontos e alta quando &gt; 3 pontos. V&#225;rios tamanhos de efeito (TE) para o mesmo estudo foram computados para os ensaios com desenho de medidas repetidas incluindo m&#250;ltiplas interven&#231;&#245;es. Da mesma forma, TE foram computados para os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o ou controle quando a informa&#231;&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel.</p>
        <p><italic>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</italic>. As seguintes an&#225;lises foram realizadas para cada vari&#225;vel dependente (PAs e PAd). Para o c&#225;lculo do TE, n&#243;s seguimos procedimentos previamente descritos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Em primeiro lugar, o TE foi computado separadamente para as condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais e controles atrav&#233;s da seguinte f&#243;rmula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> TE <italic>= (M&#233;dia<sub>p&#243;s-teste</sub> - M&#233;dia<sub>pr&#233;-teste</sub>) / DP<sub>pr&#233;-teste</sub></italic>. Segundo, os TE foi corrigido levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o tamanho da amostra atrav&#233;s da seguinte f&#243;rmula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> TE<italic><sub>corrigido</sub> = TE x 1 - (3 / 4 x m - 9)</italic>. Uma vez que os TE globais corrigidos foram obtidos, n&#243;s determinamos a possibilidade de um "efeito gaveta" com a seguinte f&#243;rmula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><italic>K<sub>0</sub> = K (d<sub>1</sub> - d<sub>2</sub>) / d<sub>2</sub></italic>; onde K<sub>0</sub> &#233; a quantidade de estudos teoricamente necess&#225;rios para reduzir os TE computados globalmente para TE n&#227;o significativos, K &#233; o n&#250;mero de estudos metanalisados, <italic>d<sub>1</sub></italic> &#233; o TE global e <italic>d<sub>2</sub></italic> &#233; o TE global n&#227;o significativo, neste caso, 0,20.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> O teste Z foi realizado para determinar se os TE eram significativamente diferentes de zero.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica entre os estudos foi avaliada com o teste Q de Cochran e com o &#237;ndice I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> ANOVA unidirecional foi utilizada para determinar os TE experimentais globais e diferen&#231;as de TE nas condi&#231;&#245;es controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> ANOVA unidirecional para grupos independentes e correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foram computadas nas vari&#225;veis moderadoras nominais e cont&#237;nuas, respectivamente, quando heterogeneidade foi encontrada nos TE globais. An&#225;lises <italic>post hoc</italic> de Tukey foram computadas quando raz&#245;es <italic>F</italic> significativas foram obtidas. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM Corporation, Nova York, EUA). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida <italic>a priori</italic> como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De 216 cita&#231;&#245;es iniciais, 65 estudos (identificados por * na lista de refer&#234;ncias) foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). Os estudos inclu&#237;ram 1.408 participantes (931 homens, 455 mulheres e 22 sem identifica&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero), com m&#233;dia de idade de 36,1 &#177; 15,1 anos, IMC de 25,9 &#177; 2,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x de 33,1 &#177; 10,2 mL x min<sup>-1</sup> x kg<sup>-1</sup>. Destes participantes, 466 foram inclu&#237;dos em estudos com desenho de medidas repetidas, incluindo condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais e controle; 309 participaram de estudos com desenho de medidas repetidas incluindo apenas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais; 429 participaram de estudos com desenho de medidas independentes incluindo apenas grupos experimentais; 204 participaram de estudos com desenho de medidas independentes no qual 117 realizavam exerc&#237;cio e 87 eram controles. Desta amostra, 1.101 TE foram computados.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0422-60064-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Todos os TE obtidos foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise seguinte, dada a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na qualidade da vari&#225;vel modificadora para o estudo da PAs (<italic>F =</italic> 1,91, p <italic>=</italic> 0,11) e PAd (<italic>F =</italic> 0,40, p <italic>=</italic> 0,81). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> mostra que, ao contr&#225;rio da condi&#231;&#227;o experimental, os TE corrigidos na condi&#231;&#227;o controle n&#227;o foram diferentes de zero. No entanto, o teste Q de Cochran indicou que os dados das condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais e controles eram heterog&#234;neos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref> mostra os TE gerais corrigidos para as condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais e controles para as vari&#225;veis dependentes PAs e PAd. ANOVA unidirecional revelou diferen&#231;as significativas entre as condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais e controles para a PAs e a PAd (p <italic>&#8804;</italic> 0,01 para todos). A avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito gaveta mostrou que para que os efeitos globais deixassem de ser significativos, 122 estudos significativos n&#227;o publicados seriam necess&#225;rios para a PAs e 165 para a PAd. Na condi&#231;&#227;o controle, enquanto o escore Z mostrou TE = 0, o teste Q de Cochran encontrou heterogeneidade explicada pela PAs (<italic>F =</italic> 13,90) e PAd (<italic>F =</italic> 5,37). Uma an&#225;lise adicional mostrou que os n&#237;veis de PA aumentavam quando as medi&#231;&#245;es eram realizadas em per&#237;odos mais tardios ao longo do dia (p <italic>&#8804;</italic> 0,01 para ambos). As condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais n&#227;o s&#243; mostraram heterogeneidade nos TE obtidos, mas tamb&#233;m nos TE globais &#8800; 0 para a PAs e PAd (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>TE globais corrigidos, escore Z, testes de heterogeneidade Q e I2, e altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial p&#243;s-sess&#227;o (&#916; mmHg)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Condi&#231;&#227;o ou grupo experimental</th>
                <th align="center">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">TE &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>Z</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>Q</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>I<sup>2</sup></italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center"><italic>&#916;</italic> (mmHg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 &#177; 0,56</td>
                <td align="center">-0,13</td>
                <td align="center">186,87 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">95,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 &#177; 1,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,81</td>
                <td align="center">329,84 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">97,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Experimental</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">-0,56 &#177; 0,90</td>
                <td align="center">-20,21z </td>
                <td align="center">1452,57 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">99,38</td>
                <td align="center">-4,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,44 &#177; 1,14</td>
                <td align="center">-15,91z </td>
                <td align="center">751,47 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">98,80</td>
                <td align="center">-3,19</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>TE: tamanho do efeito; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; Z: escore Z; Q: Teste Q de Cochran; I<sup>2</sup>: percentagem de heterogeneidade; &#916;: mudan&#231;a da press&#227;o arterial (p&#243;s-teste menos pr&#233;-teste); PAs: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAd: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; escore Z &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>*: valores heterog&#234;neos, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tamanho do efeito global da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica; TE: tamanho do efeito; PAs: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAd: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; Z: TE &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0,05; p &lt; 0,05 entre a e b, c e d. As barras vazias representam a condi&#231;&#227;o experimental e as barras cheias representam a condi&#231;&#227;o controle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0422-60064-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os resultados da condi&#231;&#227;o experimental das duas vari&#225;veis dependentes s&#227;o apresentados a seguir.</p>
        <p><italic>Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica.</italic> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a m&#233;dia corrigida dos TE da PAs em diferentes n&#237;veis das vari&#225;veis moderadoras. Os resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da amostra mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PAs independente do n&#237;vel inicial da PA, sexo, uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica. No entanto, uma an&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic> detectou TE significativamente maiores no sexo masculino (<italic>F =</italic> 5,58, p <italic>=</italic> 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2b</xref>), e em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o medicados (<italic>F =</italic> 8,76, p <italic>=</italic> 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2c</xref>) e fisicamente ativos (<italic>F =</italic> 4,42, p <italic>=</italic> 0,002, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2d</xref>). Os resultados referentes &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio mostraram que a PAs diminuiu significativamente independente da modalidade de exerc&#237;cio. Os resultados foram consistentes para exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos como corrida, <italic>jogging</italic>, caminhada, ciclismo, ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o destes, bem como para exerc&#237;cios convencionais de treinamento ou com circuitos de resist&#234;ncia. No entanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o da PAs foi significativamente maior para jogging quando comparado a exerc&#237;cios de treinamento de circuito de resist&#234;ncia (<italic>F =</italic> 2,73, p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0,01, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2e</xref>). Redu&#231;&#245;es significativas da PAs foram tamb&#233;m encontradas independente do exerc&#237;cio ter sido realizado de forma cont&#237;nua, intermitente, ou incremental. No entanto, as maiores redu&#231;&#245;es ocorreram quando a intensidade aumentou durante a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio (<italic>F =</italic> 5,50, p <italic>=</italic> 0,004, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2f</xref>). Foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas para a PAs (Tabela 3). Como na maioria dos casos a PA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio diminuiu, os TE foram negativos, e portanto, o sentido (ou seja<italic>,</italic> o sinal) das correla&#231;&#245;es foi oposto ao frequentemente relatado. Por exemplo, quanto maior a idade dos participantes, menor a redu&#231;&#227;o da PAs (<italic>r =</italic> 0,21, p <italic>=</italic> 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3a</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, valores maiores de IMC foram associados a uma menor redu&#231;&#227;o da PAs (<italic>r =</italic> 0,26, p <italic>=</italic> 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3b</xref>). Tamb&#233;m, quanto maior a dura&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, maior a redu&#231;&#227;o da PAs (<italic>r =</italic> -0,19, p <italic>=</italic> 0,01, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3c</xref>) e quanto menor o n&#250;mero de exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia realizados, maior a redu&#231;&#227;o da PAs (<italic>r =</italic> 0,21, p <italic>=</italic> 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3d</xref>). Por fim, quanto maior o n&#250;mero de s&#233;ries de exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia, maior a redu&#231;&#227;o da PAs (<italic>r =</italic> -0,47, p <italic>=</italic> 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3e</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia corrigida do TE da PAs, escore Z, raz&#227;o F, n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia, e mudan&#231;a de escore ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio pela vari&#225;vel modificadora no grupo experimental</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel modificadora</th>
                <th align="center">Esquema de codifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>n</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia corrigida TE &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>Z</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>F</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">p <italic>&#8804;</italic></th>
                <th align="center"><italic>&#916;</italic> (mmHg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="18">Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Categoria da PA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Normotensa</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">-0,54 &#177; 0,89</td>
                <td align="center">-15,5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Pr&#233;-hipertensa</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,78 &#177; 1,17</td>
                <td align="center">-4,4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-5,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Hipertensa</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">-0,54 &#177; 0,81</td>
                <td align="center">-13,1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-8,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Homens</td>
                <td align="center">213</td>
                <td align="center">-0,68 &#177; 0,94</td>
                <td align="center">-20,5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">-0,27 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">-4,44 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Misto</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40 &#177; 0,84</td>
                <td align="center">-6,95 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Medicados</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">-0,27 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td align="center">-6,19 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o medicados</td>
                <td align="center">250</td>
                <td align="center">-0,68 &#177; 0,97</td>
                <td align="center">-19,4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-5,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o relatado</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">-0,18 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td align="center">-2,71 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">107</td>
                <td align="center">-0,46 &#177; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">-11,2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-5,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">-0,71 &#177; 0,98</td>
                <td align="center">-19,9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-5,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Atletas</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,27 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">-2,58 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-1,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Misto</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03 &#177; 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o relatado</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">-1,02</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-1,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="7">Caracter&#237;sticas da mensura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de mensura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Em repouso</td>
                <td align="center">306</td>
                <td align="center">-0,56 &#177; 0,92</td>
                <td align="center">-18,1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Ambulatorial</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">-0,46 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">-8,71 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hora do dia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Manh&#227;</td>
                <td align="center">101</td>
                <td align="center">-0,71 &#177; 1,16</td>
                <td align="center">-17,6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Tarde</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">-0,74 &#177; 1,05</td>
                <td align="center">-4,9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-5,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o relatado</td>
                <td align="center">234</td>
                <td align="center">-0,49 &#177; 0,74</td>
                <td align="center">-11,7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="20">Caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de exerc&#237;cio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Aer&#243;bicos</td>
                <td align="center">148</td>
                <td align="center">-0,62 &#177; 0,87</td>
                <td align="center">-16,1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-6,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Treinamento de resist&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">-0,49 &#177; 0,95</td>
                <td align="center">-11,5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Concorrente</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,69 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td align="center">-7,7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-7,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Programa de treinamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Convencional (RT)</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">-0,55 &#177; 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">-10,4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Circuito (TR)</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">-0,34 &#177; 0,64</td>
                <td align="center">-4,99 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Corrida (TA)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">-1,39 &#177; 1,05</td>
                <td align="center">-6,16 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-8,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;<italic>Jogging</italic> (TA)</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-1,08 &#177; 1,02</td>
                <td align="center">-8,86 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-8,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Caminhada (TA)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">-0,53 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">-6,52 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-7,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Ciclismo (TA)</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">-0,50 &#177; 0,82</td>
                <td align="center">-11,2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-5,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Misto</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,69 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td align="center">-7,7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-7,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Modo (TR, TA)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Constante</td>
                <td align="center">277</td>
                <td align="center">-0,50 &#177; 0,91</td>
                <td align="center">-16,5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Intermitente</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">-0,67 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">-10,7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-7,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Incremental</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-1,12 &#177; 1,16</td>
                <td align="center">-8,03 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-10,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Repouso/s&#233;rie (TR)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;1-2 min</td>
                <td align="center">163</td>
                <td align="center">-0,54 &#177; 0,96</td>
                <td align="center">-12,6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;3-5 min</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,52 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">-4,14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-5,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o relatado</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">-0,45 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">-3,66 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,75</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAs: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TE: tamanho do efeito; TR: treinamento de resist&#234;ncia; TA: treinamento aer&#243;bico; Modo: inclus&#227;o tanto de TR quanto de TA;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>escore Z &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es de Pearson entre as m&#233;dias da PAs e da PAd, TE corr igido, e vari&#225;veis moderadoras de acordo com o esquema de codifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel modificadora</th>
                <th align="center">Esquema de codifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">PA</th>
                <th align="center">r =</th>
                <th align="center">p <italic>&#8804;</italic></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="8">Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</td>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Idade</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Peso</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas da mensura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Dura&#231;&#227;o da mensura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="18">Caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Intensidade do exerc&#237;cio estimada a partir do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">-0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Intensidade do exerc&#237;cio estimada a partir da FCR</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Intensidade do exerc&#237;cio estimado a partir da FCm&#225;x</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">-0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Intensidade do exerc&#237;cio estimada a partir do limiar anaer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Intensidade do exerc&#237;cio estimada a partir de 1RM</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">-0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;Dura&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">-0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;N&#250;mero de exerc&#237;cios TR</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;N&#250;mero de s&#233;ries</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">-0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#8226;N&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">PAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAd</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; FCR: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva; FCm&#225;x: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima; 1RM: uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima; TR: treinamento de resist&#234;ncia; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAs: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAd: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tamanho do efeito corrigido para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica por vari&#225;veis n&#227;o cont&#237;nuas. Normotens.: normotenso; Pr&#233;-hipertens: pr&#233;-hipertenso, Hipertens.: hipertenso; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAs: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; Z: TE &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0,05; *: diferente dos outros, p &lt; 0,05; a e b: diferentes entre si, p &lt; 0,05; Conv.: Treinamento convencional de resist&#234;ncia; Circ.: Circuito de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia; Cor.: corrida; Jog: jogging; Cam.: caminhada; Cicl.: ciclismo; Conc.: Treinamento concorrente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0422-60064-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAs) corrigida, tamanho do efeito e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Nota: PAs: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; IMC, &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0422-60064-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><italic>Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica.</italic> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a m&#233;dia corrigida dos TE para a PAd em diferentes n&#237;veis das vari&#225;veis moderadoras. Os resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos mostraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da PAd independente dos n&#237;veis iniciais da PA, sexo, uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica. No entanto, uma an&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic> detectou um TE significativamente maior em amostras n&#227;o medicadas (F = 4,26, p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0,02). Este achado &#233; consistente com a resposta da PAs representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2c</xref>. Os resultados referentes &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio mostraram que a PAd diminuiu de forma significativa e independente da modalidade de exerc&#237;cio. A maioria dos resultados foi consistente para exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, como <italic>jogging</italic>, ciclismo e uma combina&#231;&#227;o destes, bem como para treinamento de exerc&#237;cios convencionais ou de treinamento em circuito de resist&#234;ncia. No entanto, como ilustrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>, as maiores redu&#231;&#245;es na PAd ocorreram quando <italic>jogging</italic> foi a modalidade de exerc&#237;cio (<italic>F =</italic> 4,09, p <italic>&lt;</italic> 0,001). Curiosamente, o TE da PAd n&#227;o foi diferente de zero quando os participantes caminhavam. Foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas para a PAd (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, quanto maior a idade dos participantes, menor a redu&#231;&#227;o da PAd (<italic>r =</italic> 0,12, p <italic>=</italic> 0,03) e quanto maior o n&#250;mero de exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia realizados, maior a diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAd (<italic>r =</italic> -0,20, p <italic>=</italic> 0,006).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia corrigida do TE da PAd, escore Z, raz&#227;o F, n&#237;vel de sign ific&#226;ncia e escore p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio pela vari&#225;vel modificadora no grupo experimental</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel modificadora</th>
                <th align="center">Esquema de codifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>n</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia corrigida TE &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>Z</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>F</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">p <italic>&#8804;</italic></th>
                <th align="center">&#916; (mmHg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="18">Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Categoria da PA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Normotensa</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">-0,44 &#177; 0,97</td>
                <td align="center">-13,9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Pr&#233;-hipertensa</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,85 &#177; 3,16</td>
                <td align="center">-4,08 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-5,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Hipertensa</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">-0,30 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">-6,72 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Homens</td>
                <td align="center">207</td>
                <td align="center">-0,48 &#177; 1,38</td>
                <td align="center">-12,2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">-0,34 &#177; 0,59</td>
                <td align="center">-4,75 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Misto</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">-0,38 &#177; 0,61</td>
                <td align="center">-9,20 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Medicados</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">-0,20 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td align="center">-4,54 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-1,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o medicados</td>
                <td align="center">242</td>
                <td align="center">-0,55 &#177; 1,31</td>
                <td align="center">-15,7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o relatado</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">-0,08 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td align="center">-1,04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">-0,48 &#177; 1,49</td>
                <td align="center">-8,09 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
                <td align="center">-0,47 &#177; 1,03</td>
                <td align="center">-12,9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Atletas</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,35 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">-3,70 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Misto</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">-0,25 &#177; 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">-4,46 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o relatado</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">-0,10 &#177; 0,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="7">Caracter&#237;sticas da mensura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de mensura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Em repouso</td>
                <td align="center">296</td>
                <td align="center">-0,47 &#177; 1,21</td>
                <td align="center">-15,3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Ambulatorial</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">-0,23 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td align="center">-4,64 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-1,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hora do dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Manh&#227;</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">-0,31 &#177; 0,55</td>
                <td align="center">-10,5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-1,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Tarde</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">-0,29 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">-1,89</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-1,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o relatado</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
                <td align="center">-0,50 &#177; 1,33</td>
                <td align="center">-11,91</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="20">Caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de exerc&#237;cio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">-0,53 &#177; 1,61</td>
                <td align="center">-10,2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Treinamento de Resist&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">-0,38 &#177; 0,64</td>
                <td align="center">-11,4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Concorrente</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,29 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center">-4,51 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Programa de treinamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Convencional (TR)</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">-0,43 &#177; 067</td>
                <td align="center">-10,8 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Circuito (TR)</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">-0,27 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td align="center">-3,77 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Corrida (TA)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">-0,77 &#177; 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">-4,00 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;<italic>Jogging</italic> (TA)</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">-1,66 &#177; 3,20</td>
                <td align="center">-7,80 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-10,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Caminhada (TA)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">-0,19 &#177; 0,49</td>
                <td align="center">-0,45</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Ciclismo (TA)</td>
                <td align="center">107</td>
                <td align="center">-0,36 &#177; 1,20</td>
                <td align="center">-6,79 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Misto</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,29 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center">-4,51 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Modo (TR, TA)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Constante</td>
                <td align="center">277</td>
                <td align="center">-0,46 &#177; 1,24</td>
                <td align="center">-14,1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Intermitente</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">-0,28 &#177; 0,30</td>
                <td align="center">-4,63 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;Incremental</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,47 &#177; 0,56</td>
                <td align="center">-6,07 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Repouso/s&#233;rie (RT)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;1-2 min</td>
                <td align="center">163</td>
                <td align="center">-0,35 &#177; 0,58</td>
                <td align="center">-11,1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;3-5 min</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,39 &#177; 0,67</td>
                <td align="center">-2,83 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-3,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;N&#227;o relatado</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">-0,54 &#177; 0,74</td>
                <td align="center">-4,35 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,65</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAd: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TE: tamanho do efeito; TR: treinamento de resist&#234;ncia; TA: treinamento aer&#243;bico; Modo: inclus&#227;o de ambos, TR e TA;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>escore Z &#8800; 0, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O objetivo desta metan&#225;lise foi determinar a efic&#225;cia de interven&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio agudo na resposta da press&#227;o arterial. Apesar de nossa inten&#231;&#227;o inicial ter sido a de encontrar a intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o e tipo de exerc&#237;cio que melhor reduz a PA, n&#243;s observamos que independente do participante, caracter&#237;sticas da medi&#231;&#227;o, ou do exerc&#237;cio, a PA est&#225; reduzida nas horas que se seguem a uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios. As redu&#231;&#245;es na PA ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio foram demonstradas por um TE corrigido significativamente diferente de zero nas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais. TE significativos foram encontrados para a PAs (-0,56 ou -4,8 mmHg) e PAd (-0,44 ou -3,2 mmHg). Os TE para as condi&#231;&#245;es controle foram iguais a zero.</p>
        <p>A magnitude do TE &#233; considerada moderada quando se encontra entre 0,41 e 0,70.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos indicam que uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 2 mmHg na PAs pode diminuir a mortalidade associada com o acidente vascular cerebral em 6% e com a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana em 4%, enquanto uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 5 mmHg pode diminuir o risco dessas doen&#231;as em 14% e 9%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Assim, as redu&#231;&#245;es de 3 a 4 mmHg encontradas nesta metan&#225;lise confirmam a import&#226;ncia do exerc&#237;cio agudo como um tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>O fato de que os TE da condi&#231;&#227;o controle n&#227;o foram diferentes de zero indica que este conjunto de estudos n&#227;o foi contaminado por vari&#225;veis estranhas. A heterogeneidade dos dados na condi&#231;&#227;o controle pode ter sido parcialmente explicada pelas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as medi&#231;&#245;es realizadas na parte da tarde em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s da manh&#227;. Este achado sugere um efeito confundidor do ritmo circadiano nas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, dada a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e volume sist&#243;lico com o aproximar da noite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> Outros aspectos tamb&#233;m podem ter influenciado esta resposta, por exemplo, o fato da medida da PA na condi&#231;&#227;o controle ter sido afetada por exerc&#237;cios realizados nas 48 horas anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> Ambos os fatores, portanto, devem ser considerados no desenho de futuros protocolos de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>No caso dos TE corrigidos decorrentes da condi&#231;&#227;o experimental, &#233; importante notar que, embora todos os participantes tenham se beneficiado do exerc&#237;cio para reduzir a PAs, os homens apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es maiores do que as mulheres. Este achado &#233; consistente com os de outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> que sugerem que mulheres t&#234;m um suporte inferior do t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico necess&#225;rio para regular a PA, bem como uma menor efic&#225;cia dos componentes que regulam o barorreflexo. No entanto, os mesmos autores relataram como uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o do momento do ciclo menstrual no grupo das mulheres estudadas. Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que as diferentes fases do ciclo menstrual est&#227;o envolvidas na regula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Enquanto n&#243;s computamos 213 TE para homens, computamos apenas 40 TE para mulheres. Pesquisadores t&#234;m aparentemente negligenciado a popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, provavelmente devido a um receio de que o ciclo menstrual possa confundir os resultados devido ao seu envolvimento na regula&#231;&#227;o da PA. Embora a HPE possa ser alcan&#231;ada a qualquer momento durante o ciclo menstrual em mulheres normotensas, ela &#233; maior se a mulher se exercita durante a fase folicular precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> No entanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais investiga&#231;&#245;es neste t&#243;pico para determinar os poss&#237;veis mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos respons&#225;veis pela HPE, como por exemplo, se existe uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre sexo, idade, e rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com base em especula&#231;&#245;es de achados anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> n&#243;s esper&#225;vamos encontrar uma HPE maior em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos que em pr&#233;-hipertensos e normotensos. No entanto, o n&#237;vel da PA dos participantes n&#227;o teve influ&#234;ncia nos achados do presente estudo. Esta diferen&#231;a pode ser explicada pela inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e normotensos n&#227;o medicados no estudo de Pescatello e Kulikowich;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> portanto, dada uma maior PA inicial, houve tamb&#233;m uma mudan&#231;a maior na PA determinada por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. Embora a HPE tenha atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em pacientes normotensos, pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos no presente estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre essas categorias. Al&#233;m disso, houve mudan&#231;as significativamente maiores em participantes n&#227;o medicados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos medicados. Este achado pode ser explicado pela intera&#231;&#227;o entre uso de medicamentos e interven&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel para o contraste dos nossos achados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos de outros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> pode ser o fato de que alguns participantes foram classificados como hipertensos medicados e, portanto, os valores de PA estiveram pr&#243;ximos ou dentro da faixa de normalidade. Se esta explica&#231;&#227;o for verdadeira, a lei da "linha de base"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> tamb&#233;m parece se aplicar ao presente estudo. Em outras palavras, uma vez que os valores da PA estavam pr&#243;ximos ao normal mesmo em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos (ou seja<italic>,</italic> linha de base), &#233; mais dif&#237;cil conseguir uma menor resposta da PA ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio. Portanto, estas especula&#231;&#245;es merecem ser investigadas com mais estudos p&#243;s-metanal&#237;ticos, uma vez que os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos que podem potencialmente explicar esses achados s&#227;o desconhecidos.</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos ativos fisicamente atingiram maior redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio. Isso ocorreu apesar da HPE ter ocorrido independentemente do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica dos participantes. Isso parece apoiar a teoria proposta por alguns autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> de que alguns mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos que reduzem cronicamente a PA tamb&#233;m desempenham um papel na instala&#231;&#227;o da HPE. Por exemplo, o treinamento f&#237;sico tem sido mostrado como uma causa de adapta&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica da parede arterial em indiv&#237;duos sadios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> o que pode se traduzir em uma melhor complac&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria que pode facilitar a diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s observamos neste estudo uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre idade e HPE. O aumento da idade diminui a magnitude da HPE. &#192; medida que uma pessoa envelhece, h&#225; um aumento na rigidez arterial que resulta da destrui&#231;&#227;o progressiva das fibras el&#225;sticas, diminui&#231;&#227;o da densidade capilar e aumento da espessura da parede arteriolar. Estas altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais, por outro lado, aumentam a resist&#234;ncia vascular e limitam a resposta aos agentes vasodilatadores liberados durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref> Da mesma forma, se o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x &#233; maior quando a pessoa &#233; jovem e ativa, ent&#227;o a rela&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre um maior VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e uma maior queda na PAs pode ser explicada tamb&#233;m pelos mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos mencionados.</p>
        <p>A constata&#231;&#227;o de que um menor IMC foi associado a uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o da PAs est&#225; alinhada com as evid&#234;ncias de que o ac&#250;mulo de tecido adiposo, principalmente na &#225;rea abdominal, est&#225; ligado a v&#225;rios mecanismos que levam &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial, incluindo hiperatividade simp&#225;tica, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, rigidez arterial e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref> As implica&#231;&#245;es destes achados s&#227;o importantes, uma vez que grande parte da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial &#233; hipertensa e obesa. Portanto, manter um IMC normal pode levar em muitos casos a um maior efeito hipotensor ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; mais de uma d&#233;cada, o <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic> (ACSM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> recomendou que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico seja acompanhado de exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia. Estudos recentes tentaram determinar se o exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia por si s&#243; poderia produzir o mesmo efeito hipotensor do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> Motivados pelo aumento no n&#250;mero de tais estudos, n&#243;s decidimos metanalisar a vari&#225;vel moderadora "tipo de exerc&#237;cio". N&#243;s verificamos que ambos os exerc&#237;cios, aer&#243;bico e de resist&#234;ncia, por si s&#243; s&#227;o capazes de induzir um efeito hipotensor.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, encontramos que o <italic>jogging</italic> foi a modalidade de exerc&#237;cio que suscitou a maior magnitude de mudan&#231;a na PAs e PAd. Outras conclus&#245;es inclu&#237;ram o achado de que a caminhada n&#227;o reduz a PAd, de que quanto maior a dura&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, maior a redu&#231;&#227;o da PAs e que protocolos de exerc&#237;cio incrementais produzem as maiores redu&#231;&#245;es na PAs. Estes resultados parecem estar de acordo com um estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref> que mostrou que a HPE est&#225; associada com a carga total de exerc&#237;cio e n&#227;o com a intensidade na qual o exerc&#237;cio &#233; realizado. No entanto, estes achados devem ser confirmados em estudos futuros, pois os resultados podem ter sido mascarados pelo IMC, idade e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica dos participantes inclu&#237;dos nos diferentes estudos. Isso pode ser parcialmente explicado pela tend&#234;ncia a utilizar a caminhada como o exerc&#237;cio de interven&#231;&#227;o quando os participantes t&#234;m sobrepeso, s&#227;o idosos ou sedent&#225;rios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> e <italic>jogging</italic> se os sujeitos n&#227;o s&#227;o obesos e s&#227;o jovens ou fisicamente ativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos p&#243;s-metanal&#237;ticos avaliando programas de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, uma vez que redu&#231;&#245;es na PAd foram encontradas com um maior n&#250;mero de exerc&#237;cios resistidos, apesar desses exerc&#237;cios tamb&#233;m terem levado a uma pequena diminui&#231;&#227;o na PAs. Devido aos achados contradit&#243;rios, &#233; prov&#225;vel que em estudos futuros estas vari&#225;veis possam ser manipuladas a fim de determinar se v&#225;rias s&#233;ries de exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia refletem um aumento da carga de trabalho e, consequentemente, uma maior HPE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> ou se o desenho do programa deve incluir v&#225;rios per&#237;odos de descanso entre os exerc&#237;cios para amortizar a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA que ocorre normalmente durante o exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> facilitando, desta maneira, a ocorr&#234;ncia da HPE.</p>
        <p>Uma das implica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes desta metan&#225;lise afeta a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio. &#201; necess&#225;rio determinar se a HPE &#233; maior &#224; medida que a carga do exerc&#237;cio aumenta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> e se ela varia em pacientes do sexo feminino de acordo com a fase do ciclo menstrual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> Outras quest&#245;es que ainda precisam ser respondidas incluem a dura&#231;&#227;o da HPE quando o indiv&#237;duo est&#225; realizando atividades rotineiras (ou seja na fase ambulatorial)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e qual &#233; o papel desempenhado pela gen&#233;tica no desencadeamento da resposta da HPE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a PA reduz nas horas seguintes a uma sess&#227;o aguda de exerc&#237;cio independente das caracter&#237;sticas da amostra e do exerc&#237;cio. No entanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o &#233; maior se o exerc&#237;cio &#233; realizado como uma estrat&#233;gia preventiva e em indiv&#237;duos fisicamente ativos ainda n&#227;o medicados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
