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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">STXtNnYcQHgZKdWpQHccYVp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500419</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160068</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Neointimal Calcifications on Acute Stent Performance during the Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehanna</surname>
            <given-names>Emile</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Attizzani</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Ferragut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakamura</surname>
            <given-names>Daisuke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishino</surname>
            <given-names>Setsu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fares</surname>
            <given-names>Anas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aoun</surname>
            <given-names>Reem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Hiram Grando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Case Western Reserve University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">University Hospitals Case Medical Center</institution>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University - USA</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Case Western Reserve University</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Emile Mehanna</bold>, 11474 Euclid Avenue apt 207. Postal Code: 44106, University Circle, Cleveland - USA. E-mail: <email>mehanna.emile@gmail.com</email>, <email>emile.mehanna@uhhospitals.org</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Acquisition of data: Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Statistical analysis: Mehanna E, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Writing of the manuscript: Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Supervision / as the major investigador: Bezerra HG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>419</fpage>
      <lpage>421</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become the invasive imaging modality of choice for coronary stent assessment due to its unmatched spatial resolution. Neointimal calcification (NC) is a rare finding, observed in 5-10% of in-stent restenosis (ISR) neointima. The impact of NC on percutaneous coronary intervention of ISR is unknown. We therefore present the outcome of six unique cases of ISR and NC in which OCT was used to evaluate the impact of NC on the quality of stent-in-stent deployment for the treatment of ISR. This series demonstrates for the first time the impact of NC on stent expansion, a finding which might help guiding percutaneous coronary intervention for ISR with NC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Optical coherence tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>in-stent restenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>neointimal calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>percutaneous coronary intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>drug eluting stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Brief Communication</title>
      <p>Neoatherosclerosis, defined as the presence of neointimal calcification (NC) or lipid-laden neointima,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> has been reported as an important mechanism of late stent failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Intravascular imaging modalities enabled further elucidation of neoatherosclerosis&#180; pathophysiology in vivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Neointimal calcification is observed in 5-10% of in-stent restenosis (ISR),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> but its impact on the acute performance of stents implanted in-stent for the treatment of ISR is unknown. Intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables precise assessment of calcified plaques, while dramatically reducing imaging artifacts compared with intravascular ultrasound.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> We therefore used OCT to evaluate the impact of NC on the quality of stent-in-stent deployment for the treatment of ISR.</p>
      <p>Herewith we present 6 cases of ISR and NC from our institution's OCT registry. OCT (C7-XR OCT Intravascular Imaging System; St.Jude Medical, St. Paul, Minnesota) images were acquired pre- and post-stent-in-stent procedure using the integrated automated pullback device at 20 mm/s (frame interval of 0.2 mm). Neointimal calcification was defined as an area of low attenuation, low backscattering and clear borders within the stent neointima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Areas and diameters for the old (outer) and newly implanted (inner) stents were obtained; in addition, the mean distance and area between the stents were automatically obtained by 360&#176; chords (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Stent eccentricity was defined as minimum stent diameter/maximum stent diameter, while stent expansion was defined as the average stent area at the NC zone divided by the average stent reference [(average proximal reference + average distal reference)/2]. OCT analysis was undertaken offline by a Core Laboratory blinded to the procedure&#180;s characteristics using commercially available software (Version C.0.4, St Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN). Analyses were concentrated in 3 consecutive frames at 3 different locations (i.e. 9 frames per OCT pullback): 1) NC region, 2) proximal and 3) distal to NC region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>OCT images of in-stent restenosis case with neointimal calcification (red arrow) before (A) and after (B) stent-in-stent implantation. Panel C: schematic representation of the effect of neointimal calcification (NC) on stent expansion. D: stent diameter; d: distance between stents.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0419-60068-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Stent areas, diameters and stent eccentricity were similar between the frames with NC and the frames distal to the NC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). When comparing the NC area to the ISR region proximal to the NC, there was a trend for smaller area (difference = 0.9 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.09), and diameter (difference = 0.2mm, p = 0.09) of the inner (newly implanted) stent and bigger stent area (difference = 1.2 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.06), and diameter (difference = 0.2mm, p = 0.06) of the external (older) stent at the location of NC compared to the proximal non-calcified ISR analyzed frames (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quantitative effect of neointimal calcification on stent implantation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Difference</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Difference</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Proximal &#8211; NC</th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>t</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">Distal &#8211; NC</th>
              <th align="center">
                <italic>t</italic>
              </th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stent 1 Area</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">2.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
              <td align="center">1.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stent 2 Area</td>
              <td align="center">-1.20</td>
              <td align="center">-2.49</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">-0.76</td>
              <td align="center">-1.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minimum d</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">1.61</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean d</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">3.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
              <td align="center">3.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum d</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
              <td align="center">8.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">2.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minimum D1</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">1.92</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean D1</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
              <td align="center">2.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">1.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum D1</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
              <td align="center">2.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SE D1</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">1.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minimum D2</td>
              <td align="center">-0.20</td>
              <td align="center">-2.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">-0.14</td>
              <td align="center">-1.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean D2</td>
              <td align="center">-0.20</td>
              <td align="center">-2.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">-0.14</td>
              <td align="center">-1.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum D2</td>
              <td align="center">-0.22</td>
              <td align="center">-2.68</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">-0.15</td>
              <td align="center">-1.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SE D2</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01</td>
              <td align="center">-0.88</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
              <td align="center">-0.004</td>
              <td align="center">-0.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Stent 1: inner (newly implanted stent); stent 2: outer (older stent; d: distance between stents; D: diameter of stent; SE: stent eccentricity (minD/MaxD); NC: neointimal calcification.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean distance between the stents was always longer at the area of calcification: difference between the NC area and the distal area was 0.13mm (p = 0.02) and the NC area and the proximal ISR region as 0.21 (p = 0.01). The average stent expansion at the area of calcified neointima was 81.4%.</p>
      <p>Stent underexpansion has been linked to clinical adverse events, notably stent thrombosis and restenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> We were able to demonstrate that the presence of NC led to underexpansion of the newly implanted stent compared with adjacent segments. Further investigation is required to determine whether these findings have an impact on clinical events.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms leading to stent ISR have been divided into technical (barotrauma outside stented segment, stent gap, residual uncovered atherosclerotic plaques), mechanical (stent underexpansion, non-uniform stent strut distribution, stent fracture, non-uniform drug elution/ deposition, polymer peeling) and biological (drug resistance, hypersensitivity).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The advancement of intravascular imaging, notably OCT, is expected to allow a better understanding of the ISR process and will likely influence the therapeutic strategies (i.e., customized therapy) utilized in this scenario. While current alternatives for ISR therapy (i.e., plain balloon angioplasty, drug-eluting balloon, in-stent DES) are mostly based on the type of restenosis (focal in-stent, focal at stent edge, diffuse in-stent, proliferative),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> they do not take neointimal qualitative assessment into account. We believe information provided by OCT imaging could, therefore, further improve therapeutic decisions in ISR. For example, in cases of ISR with NC as herewith described, more aggressive in-stent pre-dilations or use of debulking devices could potentially help improve the expansion of the newly implanted stent. The effect of neointimal atherosclerosis characterization on therapeutic choices for ISR therapy and its effect on clinical outcomes are yet to be determined in future prospective studies.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto das Calcifica&#231;&#245;es da Neo&#237;ntima no Desempenho Agudo de <italic>Stent</italic> durante o Tratamento da Reestenose Intra-<italic>Stent</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehanna</surname>
            <given-names>Emile</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Attizzani</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Ferragut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakamura</surname>
            <given-names>Daisuke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishino</surname>
            <given-names>Setsu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fares</surname>
            <given-names>Anas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aoun</surname>
            <given-names>Reem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Hiram Grando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute - University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University - EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Emile Mehanna</bold>, 11474 Euclid Avenue apt 207. Postal Code: 44106, University Circle, Cleveland - USA. E-mail: <email>mehanna.emile@gmail.com</email>, <email>emile.mehanna@uhhospitals.org</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mehanna E, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Mehanna E, Attizzani GF, Nakamura D, Nishino S, Fares A, Aoun R, Costa MA, Bezerra HG. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Bezerra HG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A Tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica (TCO) tornou-se a modalidade de imagem invasiva de escolha para avalia&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio, devido &#224; sua resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial inigual&#225;vel. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o da neo&#237;ntima (CN) &#233; um achado raro, observado em 5-10% de casos de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> (RIS) da neo&#237;ntima. O impacto da CN na interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea da RIS &#233; desconhecida. Por conseguinte, apresentamos o resultado de seis casos &#250;nicos de RIS e CN nos quais TCO foi utilizada para avaliar o impacto da CN na qualidade de implante de <italic>stent-in-stent</italic>, para o tratamento da RIS. Esta s&#233;rie demonstra pela primeira vez o impacto da CN na expans&#227;o de stent, uma descoberta que pode ajudar a guiar a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea para RIS com CN.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcinose</kwd>
        <kwd>Stent</kwd>
        <kwd>Oclus&#227;o de Enxerto Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</title>
        <p>Neoaterosclerose, definida como a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o da neointima (CN) ou neo&#237;ntima carregada de l&#237;pides, tem sido relatada como um importante mecanismo de falha tardia de <italic>stent</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As modalidades de imagem intravascular permitem maior elucida&#231;&#227;o da fisiopatologia da neoaterosclerose <italic>in vivo</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A calcifica&#231;&#227;o da neo&#237;ntima &#233; observada em 5-10% de casos de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> (RIS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mas seu impacto sobre o desempenho agudo do implante de <italic>stent-in-stent</italic> para o tratamento de RIS &#233; desconhecido. A tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica (TCO) intravascular permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa das placas calcificadas, enquanto reduz drasticamente artefatos de imagem em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Portanto, utilizamos a TCO para avaliar o impacto da CN sobre a qualidade do implante de <italic>stent-in-stent</italic> no tratamento de RIS.</p>
        <p>Assim, apresentamos seis casos de RIS e CN do registro de TCO de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. As imagens de TCO (C7-XR TCO Intravascular Imaging System; St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, Minnesota) foram obtidas pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-procedimento de <italic>stent-in-stent</italic> utilizando o dispositivo de tra&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica integrada a 20 mm/s (intervalo entre imagens de 0,2 mil&#237;metros). A calcifica&#231;&#227;o da neo&#237;ntima foi definida como uma &#225;rea de baixa atenua&#231;&#227;o, baixo <italic>backscattering</italic> e bordas claras dentro da neo&#237;ntima do <italic>stent</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). &#193;reas e di&#226;metros do <italic>stent</italic> antigo (exterior) e do <italic>stent</italic> rec&#233;m-implantado (interno) foram obtidos; al&#233;m disso, a dist&#226;ncia e a &#225;rea m&#233;dias entre os <italic>stents</italic> foram obtidas automaticamente por fios de 360&#176; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). A excentricidade do <italic>stent</italic> foi definida como o di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo/di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do <italic>stent</italic>, enquanto a expans&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> foi definida como a &#225;rea m&#233;dia do <italic>stent</italic> na zona de CN dividida pela refer&#234;ncia m&#233;dia do <italic>stent</italic> [(refer&#234;ncia proximal m&#233;dia + refer&#234;ncia distal m&#233;dia)/2]. A an&#225;lise da TCO foi realizada <italic>off-line</italic> por um laborat&#243;rio central cego para as caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento utilizando <italic>software</italic> dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Vers&#227;o C.0.4, St Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN). As an&#225;lises foram concentrados em 3 quadros consecutivos em 3 locais diferentes (isto &#233;, 9 quadros por recuo da TCO): 1) regi&#227;o da CN, 2) proximal e 3) distal &#224; regi&#227;o da CN (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagens de TCO de caso com reestenose intra-stent com calcifica&#231;&#227;o da neointima (seta vermelha) antes (A) e depois (B) de implante de stent dentro de stent. Painel C: representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica do efeito de calcifica&#231;&#227;o da neointima (CN) na expans&#227;o do stent. D: di&#226;metro do stent; d: dist&#226;ncia entre stents.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0419-60068-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As &#225;reas de <italic>stent</italic>, di&#226;metros e excentricidade do <italic>stent</italic> foram semelhantes entre os quadros com CN e os quadros distais &#224; CN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Ao comparar a &#225;rea de CN &#224; regi&#227;o de RIS proximal &#224; CN, houve uma tend&#234;ncia de menor &#225;rea (diferen&#231;a = 0,9 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,09) e di&#226;metro (diferen&#231;a = 0,2 mil&#237;metros, p = 0,09) do <italic>stent</italic> interior (rec&#233;m-implantado) e maior &#225;rea (diferen&#231;a = 1,2 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,06) e di&#226;metro de <italic>stent</italic> (diferen&#231;a = 0,2 mil&#237;metros, p = 0,06) do anterior) do <italic>stent</italic> externo (mais antigo) no local de CN em compara&#231;&#227;o com os quadros proximais n&#227;o-calcificados de RIS analisados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia entre os <italic>stents</italic> foi sempre maior na &#225;rea de calcifica&#231;&#227;o: a diferen&#231;a entre a &#225;rea de CN e a &#225;rea distal foi de 0,13 mil&#237;metros (p = 0,02) e entre a &#225;rea de CN e a regi&#227;o de RIS proximal foi de 0,21 (p = 0,01). A expans&#227;o m&#233;dia do <italic>stent</italic> na &#225;rea de neo&#237;ntima calcificada foi de 81,4%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito quantitativo de calcifica&#231;&#227;o de neointima no implante de <italic>stent</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Diferen&#231;a</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Diferen&#231;a</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="left">Proximal &#8211; CN</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>t</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Distal &#8211; CN</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>t</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea do <italic>Stent</italic> 1</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">2,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">1,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea do <italic>Stent</italic> 2</td>
                <td align="center">-1,20</td>
                <td align="center">-2,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">-0,76</td>
                <td align="center">-1,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#237;nima d</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia d</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">3,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">3,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#225;xima d</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">8,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">2,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#237;nima D1</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">1,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia D1</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">2,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">1,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#225;xima D1</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">2,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ES D1</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#237;nima D2</td>
                <td align="center">-0,20</td>
                <td align="center">-2,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">-0,14</td>
                <td align="center">-1,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia D2</td>
                <td align="center">-0,20</td>
                <td align="center">-2,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">-0,14</td>
                <td align="center">-1,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#225;xima D2</td>
                <td align="center">-0,22</td>
                <td align="center">-2,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">-0,15</td>
                <td align="center">-1,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ES D2</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center">-0,004</td>
                <td align="center">-0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>Stent 1: interior (stent rec&#233;m-implantado), stent 2: externo (stent antigo), d: dist&#226;ncia entre os stents, D: di&#226;metro do stent, ES: excentricidade do stent (minD/MaxD), CN: calcifica&#231;&#227;o da neo&#237;ntima.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A subexpans&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> tem sido associada a eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos, especialmente trombose e reestenose de <italic>stent</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Fomos capazes de demonstrar que a presen&#231;a de CN levou &#224; subexpans&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> recentemente implantado em compara&#231;&#227;o com os segmentos adjacentes. &#201; necess&#225;ria uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada para determinar se esses achados t&#234;m impacto nos eventos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos que levam a RIS de <italic>stent</italic> foram divididos em t&#233;cnicos (barotrauma fora do segmento tratado com <italic>stent</italic>, espa&#231;os n&#227;o cobertos pelo <italic>stent</italic>, placas ateroscler&#243;ticas residuais descobertas), mec&#226;nicos (subexpans&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-uniforme das hastes do <italic>stent</italic>, fratura de <italic>stent</italic>, elui&#231;&#227;o/deposi&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos n&#227;o uniforme, descama&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;mero) e biol&#243;gicos (resist&#234;ncia, hipersensibilidade aos medicamentos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Espera-se que o avan&#231;o das t&#233;cnicas de imagem intravascular, especialmente TCO, permita uma melhor compreens&#227;o do processo de RIS e isso provavelmente ir&#225; influenciar as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas (isto &#233;, terapia personalizada) utilizadas neste cen&#225;rio. Enquanto alternativas atuais para o tratamento de RIS (ou seja, angioplastia com bal&#227;o simples, bal&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico, <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico intra-<italic>stent</italic>) s&#227;o na sua maioria baseadas no tipo de reestenose (focal intra-<italic>stent</italic>, focal na borda do <italic>stent</italic>, difusa intra-<italic>stent</italic>, proliferativa),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> elas n&#227;o levam em considera&#231;&#227;o a avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa da neo&#237;ntima. Acreditamos que as informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelas imagens de TCO podem, portanto, melhorar ainda mais as decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas em RIS. Por exemplo, em casos de RIS com CN como aqui descritos, pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o intra-stent mais agressiva ou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de diminui&#231;&#227;o de volume podem ajudar a melhorar potencialmente a expans&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> rec&#233;m-implantado.</p>
        <p>O efeito da caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose neointimal sobre as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas para o tratamento de RIS e seu efeito sobre os desfechos cl&#237;nicos ainda precisam ser estabelecidos em estudos prospectivos futuros.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
