<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jbhnCs8FtHhTMKDx5sHr5nj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005009102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160044</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High Blood Pressure in Adolescents of Curitiba: Prevalence and Associated Factors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bozza</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Cordeiro</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stabelini</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maziero</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Silva Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jacarezinho</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran&#225; (UENP), Jacarezinho, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo Bozza</bold>, Rua Cora&#231;&#227;o de Maria, 92, Jardim Bot&#226;nico. Postal Code 80215-370, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rdbozza@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bozza R, Campos W, Barbosa Filho VC; Acquisition of data: Bozza R, Barbosa Filho VC, Silva MP, Maziero RSB; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Bozza R, Campos W, Stabelini Neto A; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bozza R, Campos W, Barbosa Filho VC, Silva MP, Stabelini Neto A, Maziero RSB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>411</fpage>
      <lpage>418</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Arterial hypertension is a major public health problem and has increased considerably in young individuals in past years. Thus, identifying factors associated with this condition is important to guide intervention strategies in this population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine high blood pressure prevalence and its associated factors in adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A random sample of 1,242 students enrolled in public schools of the city of Curitiba (PR) was selected. Self-administered questionnaires provided family history of hypertension, daily energy expenditure, smoking habit, daily fat intake, and socioeconomic status. Waist circumference was measured following standardized procedures, and blood pressure was measured with appropriate cuffs in 2 consecutive days to confirm high blood pressure. Relative frequency and confidence interval (95%CI) indicated high blood pressure prevalence. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed the association of risk factors with high blood pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The high blood pressure prevalence was 18.2% (95%CI 15.2-21.6). Individuals whose both parents had hypertension [odds ratio (OR), 2.22; 95%CI 1.28-3.85] and those with high waist circumference (OR, 2.1; 95%CI 1.34-3.28) had higher chances to develop high blood pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Positive family history of hypertension and high waist circumference were associated with high blood pressure in adolescents. These factors are important to guide future interventions in this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Arterial Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Waist Circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Arterial hypertension accounts for approximately 54% of cerebrovascular diseases and 47% of ischemic heart diseases worldwide, causing approximately 13% of all deaths per year, being, thus, a serious public health problem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the major repercussions of arterial hypertension do not manifest in young individuals, it is suggested that children and adolescents with high blood pressure (prehypertension and arterial hypertension) are more likely to become hypertensive adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> That is worrying, because the prevalence of high blood pressure in young individuals has increased considerably in past decades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Brazil, a systematic review has identified 21 studies aimed at identifying high blood pressure in the Brazilian young population; however, a large part of those studies has not used representative population samples, in addition to having failed to classify blood pressure and to use proper assessment criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Those limitations can have important implications in estimating high blood pressure prevalence and in defining the factors associated with it.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, it is important to identify possible factors associated with high blood pressure in Brazilian adolescents, such as family history of arterial hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> sex,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> socioeconomic aspects,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> fat intake,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> energy expenditure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> smoking,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> abdominal obesity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and cardiorespiratory fitness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The identification of population subgroups at risk for developing high blood pressure can better direct prevention strategies in the Brazilian young population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Thus, the present study aimed at determining the prevalence of high blood pressure and its associated factors in a representative sample of adolescents of the public school system.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This cross-sectional study was performed from August 2010 to June 2011 with adolescents enrolled in public middle and high schools of the city of Curitiba, Paran&#225; state.</p>
      <p>To estimate sample size, the following parameters were considered: (i) population of 115,524 adolescents; (ii) confidence level of 95%; (iii) sampling error of 2%; (iv) arterial hypertension prevalence of 7.4%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> adding up to a minimum sample of 982 adolescents. A design effect of 1.5 was added to correct the error related to multistage sample selection, as was a 30% margin for possible losses and refusals. Therefore, the total sample was estimated in 1,276 adolescents.</p>
      <p>The probabilistic sample was selected by use of multiple stages. In the first stage, all public middle and high schools in the city of Curitiba were listed and stratified according to the nine administrative regions of the city. In the second stage, five schools were randomly selected from each administrative region, and, in the third stage, a simple random selection of one to three classes at each school was performed. The adolescents received an assent term, and their parents, a consent term, explaining the research objectives and procedures, to be completed and signed.</p>
      <p>The family history of arterial hypertension was obtained with a questionnaire sent to the adolescent's parents or guardians, which indicated if the biological father and/or mother had arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>The waist circumference was measured at a level midway between the last costal arch and the iliac crest, following standard procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The increased value for each sex and age group was determined according to the proposal by Freedman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> as &#8805; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile.</p>
      <p>The daily energy expenditure (kcal/kg/day) was obtained from a 3-day activity record developed by Bouchard et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> the mean value obtained being considered. The individuals were classified into sample quartiles according to sex and age group.</p>
      <p>The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by using the shuttle run test proposed by L&#233;ger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The individuals were classified into sample quartiles according to sex and age group.</p>
      <p>To define smoking, the adolescents completed the <italic>Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire</italic>, translated and validated by Guedes and Lopes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> That questionnaire inquires how many days, in the preceding 30 days, cigarettes were smoked. The individuals were classified into three categories as follows: cigarettes smoked 10 to 30 days; cigarettes smoked 1 to 9 days; and no cigarette smoked in the preceding 30 days.</p>
      <p>The total fat intake was obtained by completing a food frequency questionnaire developed for the Brazilian population by Sichieri and Everhart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> To maintain data quality, the cases with energy expenditure greater than 6,000 kcal or lower than 500 kcal were excluded.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> According to the American Heart Association, in a proper food intake, total fat intake should be &lt; 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The socioeconomic status was classified according to the criteria established by the Brazilian Association of Research Companies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> In the present study, the participants were classified into the following four socioeconomic levels: I, lowest socioeconomic level (classes D and E); II, classes C1 and C2; III, classes B1 and B2; and IV, highest socioeconomic level (classes A1 and A2).</p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured by using the auscultatory method, following the parameters established in the fourth report of the <italic>National High Blood Pressure Education Program</italic> .<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Before that, arm circumference was measured to enable the choice of the cuff size [child (16 - 22 cm), small adult (23 - 26 cm) and adult (27 - 34 cm)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In addition, the adolescents were asked about having already had their blood pressure assessed before.</p>
      <p>Two blood pressure readings were taken at a 5-minute interval, the mean value being considered in this study. If the readings differed more than 2 mm Hg, the protocol would be repeated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In accordance with <italic>The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents</italic> ,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> the cutoff values used, according to sex, age and height percentile, were as follows: arterial hypertension - systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile; prehypertension - SBP and DBP values &lt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile and &#8805; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile. Individuals with blood pressure values &gt; 120/80 mm Hg were considered prehypertensive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Adolescents classified as prehypertensive or hypertensive were reassessed at a subsequent visit on the day following the first assessment, in which case the second blood pressure measurement was considered for the analysis. At both the first and subsequent visit, blood pressure was measured by only one trained professional to prevent interobserver disagreement.</p>
      <p>Continuous data were described by use of measures of central tendency and dispersion for both sexes. Continuous data were compared between sexes by use of independent <italic>t</italic> and Mann-Whitney U tests, based on normality of data.</p>
      <p>Categorical variables were described by use of relative frequency distribution and its respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The chi-square test for heterogeneity was used to compare the differences in the prevalences of prehypertension, arterial hypertension and high blood pressure (prehypertension and arterial hypertension) between sexes, and to compare the high blood pressure prevalences in the first and second visits.</p>
      <p>The association between independent variables and high blood pressure was assessed by use of bivariate and multivariate analysis (logistic regression). The variables with a p value &lt; 0.25 on bivariate analysis were selected for the multivariate model. The magnitude of the association between the independent variables and high blood pressure was expressed as odds ratio (OR) and its respective 95%CI. The prevalence and association analyses were corrected with the complex sample design, using the 'complex sample' command of the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software, version 17.0. The significance level adopted for all analyses was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>The methodology of this study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Health Science Sector of the Paran&#225; Federal University (UFPR), and abided by the ethical guidelines established by the 196/96 Resolution of the Brazilian National Health Council (CAAE 04414712.3.0000.0102) on the 25<sup>th</sup> October, 2012.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Data of 1,812 adolescents were collected. Of those, 570 adolescents meeting at least one exclusion criterion were excluded from the final analysis as follows: 28 individuals were at least 18 years old; 22 were on anti-hypertensive drugs; 84 female adolescents were on oral contraceptives and one was pregnant; 172 adolescents did not deliver the family history of arterial hypertension of both parents; 239 completed the questionnaires incorrectly; 46 underwent neither anthropometric assessments nor the cardiorespiratory fitness test; and 70 individuals did not undergo blood pressure reassessment.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study's final sample comprised 1,242 adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years, 646 of whom (52.01%) were females. The age group distribution was as follows: 11-12 years, 363 individuals (56.2% females and 43.8% males); 13-15 years, 697 individuals (52.5% females and 47.5% males); and 16-17 years, 182 individuals (41.8% females and 58.2% males). Of the total sample, 34.06% had never undergone blood pressure assessment.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the sample's continuous variables with their central tendency and dispersion.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Central tendency and dispersion values of the variables according to sex in adolescents</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th/>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>General</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Female</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Male</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center">14.1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">14.0 (1.5)</td>
              <td align="center">14.3 (1.6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Height, m<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.60 (1.5-1.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1.58 (1.5-1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1.65 (1.6-1.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass, kg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">52.7 (44.8-60.8)</td>
              <td align="center">50.7 (44.0-58.5)</td>
              <td align="center">54.7 (45.6-62.9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Waist circumference, cm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">67.3 (62.6-72.5)</td>
              <td align="center">65.5 (61.5-71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">69.0 (64.7-73.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Daily energy expenditure, kcal/day<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">40.0 (36.6-44.7)</td>
              <td align="center">38.7 (36.0-42.3)</td>
              <td align="center">41.6 (38.0-46.9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VO<sub>2max</sub>, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">42.9 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">39.3 (4.6)</td>
              <td align="center">47.0 (5.8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total fat, g<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">87.0 (54.7-138.2)</td>
              <td align="center">80.5 (50.7-128.8)</td>
              <td align="center">91.9 (60.1-148.6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP, mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">109.7 (10.72)</td>
              <td align="center">108.4 (9.89)</td>
              <td align="center">111.1 (11.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP, mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">70.03 (7.69)</td>
              <td align="center">70.04 (7.67)</td>
              <td align="center">70.02 (7.71)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mean and standard deviation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>differences between the sexes p&lt;0.01;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>median and interquartile interval. VO<sub>2max</sub>: maximum oxygen consumption; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing continuous data between sexes, all variables, except for DBP, were significantly higher in male individuals (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the prevalences of arterial hypertension family history, smoking, total fat intake and socioeconomic level for both sexes.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence (%) and confidence interval (95%CI) of the categorical variables in adolescents according to sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>General</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Female</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Male</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>% (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>% (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>% (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Family history</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No parent</td>
              <td align="center">74.7 (71.1-78.1)</td>
              <td align="center">71.1 (67.1-74.9)</td>
              <td align="center">78.8 (74.7-82.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>One parent</td>
              <td align="center">22.4 (19.2-25.8)</td>
              <td align="center">25.3 (21.8-29.0)</td>
              <td align="center">19.1 (15.6 - 23.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Both parents</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 (2.1-4.1)</td>
              <td align="center">3.6 (2.5-5.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 (1.2-3.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Smoking, days</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>None</td>
              <td align="center">93.1 (91.5-94.4)</td>
              <td align="center">93.8 (91.3-95.6)</td>
              <td align="center">92.3 (90.2-93.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1 to 9</td>
              <td align="center">4.6 (3.6-5.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4.1 (2.7-6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">5.1 (3.9-6.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>10 to 30</td>
              <td align="center">2.3 (1.5-3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 (0.9-4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 (1.9-3.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Total fat intake</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">46.7 (42.9-50.5)</td>
              <td align="center">45.6 (41.4-49.8)</td>
              <td align="center">47.9 (42.6-53.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">53.3 (49.5-57.1)</td>
              <td align="center">54.4 (50.2-58.6)</td>
              <td align="center">52.1 (46.8-57.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Socioeconomic level</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A1-A2</td>
              <td align="center">5.6 (4-7.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4.8 (2.9-7.6)</td>
              <td align="center">6.6 (4.2-10.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>B1-B2</td>
              <td align="center">62 (57.6-66.2)</td>
              <td align="center">60.1 (53.4-66.4)</td>
              <td align="center">64.1 (59.6-68.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>C1-C2</td>
              <td align="center">31.2 (26.6-36.1)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (28.0 -40.7)</td>
              <td align="center">27.9 (22.5-34.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>D-E</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 (0.7-2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 (0.5-2.4)</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 (0.7-2.7)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the prevalences of prehypertension and arterial hypertension on the two visits. Regarding the general prevalence of high blood pressure (prehypertension and arterial hypertension), a significant difference (X<sup>2</sup> = 523.1; p &lt; 0.01) between the first (33.0%; 95%CI 29.1-37.1) and second visit (18.2%; 95%CI 15.2-21.6) was observed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence (%) and confidence interval (95%CI) for prehypertension and arterial hypertension on both assessment visits of adolescents according to sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>General</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Female</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Male</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Visit</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>% (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>% (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>% (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>First</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal</td>
              <td align="center">67.0 (62.9-70.9)</td>
              <td align="center">68.3 (62.6-73.4)</td>
              <td align="center">65.6 (61.4-69.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prehypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 (12.6-15.7)</td>
              <td align="center">13.4 (11.4-15.6)</td>
              <td align="center">15.0 (12.5-17.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">18.9 (15.6-22.7)</td>
              <td align="center">18.4 (14.1-23.6)</td>
              <td align="center">19.4 (16.2-23.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Second</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal</td>
              <td align="center">81.8 (78.4-84.8)</td>
              <td align="center">81.2 (76.2-85.3)</td>
              <td align="center">82.5 (78.6-85.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prehypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">6.0 (4.3-8.5)</td>
              <td align="center">6.1 (4.0-9.3)</td>
              <td align="center">5.9 (3.7-9.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">12.2 (8.5-14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">12.7 (9.7-16.3)</td>
              <td align="center">11.6 (9.3-14.3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering only the values of the second visit, no significant difference between sexes was observed in the prevalences of prehypertension (X<sup>2</sup> = 0.01; p = 0.91) and arterial hypertension (X<sup>2</sup> = 2.11; p = 0.15).</p>
      <p>At the second visit, the high blood pressure prevalence was 17.5% (95%CI 14.1-21.4) in the male sex, and 18.8% (95%CI 14.7-23.8) in the female sex, showing no significant difference between sexes (X<sup>2</sup> = 1.17; p = 0.28).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the bivariate and multivariate associations of the variables analyzed with high blood pressure in adolescents. The multivariate model was adjusted to the variables with p &lt; 0.25 on bivariate analysis [family history of arterial hypertension, waist circumference, maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub>), total fat intake, and socioeconomic level]. On multivariate model, high blood pressure associated (p &lt; 0.05) with family history of arterial hypertension, waist circumference and total fat intake.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Factors associated with high blood pressure in adolescents</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Bivariate analysis</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Multivariate analysis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 (0.65 - 1.30)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Age group, years</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>11-12</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>13-15</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 (0.43 - 1.22)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>16-17</td>
              <td align="center">0.68 (0.36 - 1.30)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Family history of arterial hypertension</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No parent</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>One parent</td>
              <td align="center">1.19 (0.86 - 1.65)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.12 (0.82 - 1.53)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Both parents</td>
              <td align="center">2.11 (1.19 - 3.73)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.22 (1.28 - 3.85)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Waist circumference</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Increased</td>
              <td align="center">2.19 (1.39 - 3.44)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.10 (1.34 - 3.28)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Daily energy expenditure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q1 (high)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q2</td>
              <td align="center">1.26 (0.89-1.78)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q3</td>
              <td align="center">1.15 (0.82-1.61)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q4 (low)</td>
              <td align="center">0.94 (0.66-1.35)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>VO</bold>
                <sub>
                  <bold>2max</bold>
                </sub>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q1 (high)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q2</td>
              <td align="center">1.28 (0.58 - 2.85)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.27 (0.57 - 2.81)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q3</td>
              <td align="center">1.75 (0.85 - 3.61)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 (0.80 - 3.30)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q4 (low)</td>
              <td align="center">1.79 (0.98 - 3.24)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.61 (0.88 - 2.95)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Smoking, days</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>None</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1-9</td>
              <td align="center">1.21 (0.59-2.47)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>10-30</td>
              <td align="center">0.64 (0.25-1.66)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Total fat intake</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Increased</td>
              <td align="center">0.65 (0.45 - 0.95)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.64 (0.43 - 0.94)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Socioeconomic level</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A1-A2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>B1-B2</td>
              <td align="center">1.20 (0.74-1.94)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.15 (0.69-1.90)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>C1-C2</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 (0.54-1.73)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.50-1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>D-E</td>
              <td align="center">1.57 (0.29-8.48)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.30 (0.27-6.35)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Multivariate model adjusted to variables with p&lt;0.25 on bivariate analysis (family history of arterial hypertension, waist circumference, VO<sub>2max</sub>, total fat intake and socioeconomic level).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; VO<sub>2max</sub>: maximum oxygen consumption; Q: quartile.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>When prehypertension and arterial hypertension were considered together, the prevalences observed in the present study were higher than those reported in an international study by Duncan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>(8%) and those reported in the Brazilian studies by Vieira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and Pinto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (11.2% and 4.8%, respectively).</p>
      <p>In Brazil, Romanzini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> have shown a similar prevalence (18.6%) of high blood pressure, while another study conducted in the city of S&#227;o Mateus do Sul, Paran&#225; state, has shown a higher high blood pressure prevalence than that in the present study (24.1% for males and 25.6% for females).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Those studies have assessed blood pressure only at one visit. However, as shown in the present study, blood pressure reassessment at a subsequent visit is very important, because blood pressure levels can change from one visit to the other, tending to decrease.</p>
      <p>That reduction in blood pressure levels might be due to a decrease in anxiety and familiarization of adolescents with the measuring procedures from the second visit on.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In addition, as approximately 34% of the adolescents in this study had never undergone blood pressure assessment, they could be anxious or even frightened, which could yield increased blood pressure levels. Thus, individuals with high blood pressure levels at the first visit might feel more comfortable with the procedures and measurers from the second visit on.</p>
      <p>Regarding the associations, individuals whose both parents were hypertensive had a higher chance to develop high blood pressure. This is in accordance with another study, in which individuals with a history of arterial hypertension had more blood pressure values exceeding the normal limits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> It is worth noting that inherited factors contribute to the development of high blood pressure in adolescents, and, in addition, the adolescent's family setting is shared in regard to behavioral factors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> which can contribute to increase blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p>Regarding the association of waist circumference and high blood pressure identified in this study, other studies have shown the same tendency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> They have evidenced that the 'waist circumference' measure can determine the fat distribution in the abdominal region, being related to metabolic risk, in adults, children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering the total fat intake, individuals with an increased fat consumption (&#8805; 30%) have shown a smaller chance to develop high blood pressure, and, thus, total fat intake is a protective factor against high blood pressure.</p>
      <p>Contrary to the present study, Guedes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have shown that individuals of both sexes with an inadequate total fat intake had a higher chance to develop high blood pressure. Campos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> however, have reported no significant association of saturated fat and cholesterol intake with arterial hypertension in the city of Curitiba.</p>
      <p>Regarding diet composition, the <italic>Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</italic> (DASH), recommended by the <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> (NIH),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> considers other important aspects, such as consumption of whole grains, nuts, fish and poultry. In addition, the NIH emphasizes that the diet should be rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium and fibers, and have a low amount of sodium, red meat, candy, sugar and sugary beverages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding those characteristics of a healthy diet, it is worth noting that the present study quantified only total fat intake, following the trend of most studies that report separately only a few aspects of the diet. Thus, the result of the present study should be carefully considered, because a high total fat intake can have a high proportion of poly- and monounsaturated fats, which are beneficial to health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In addition, the individuals analyzed can consume other foods that favor blood pressure reduction, such as whole grains, nuts, fish, poultry, and others rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium and fibers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The other variables assessed in the present study showed no association with high blood pressure, the literature being controversial about that. Regarding sex, studies have reported higher chances of high blood pressure in males,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> while others have reported an inverse or nonexistent association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding age, absolute blood pressure levels increase with age in childhood and adolescence, but this seems not to imply increases in high blood pressure levels in that age group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering the daily energy expenditure, the literature has shown no association of physical activity levels with high blood pressure levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Nevertheless, a sedentary lifestyle established during childhood is known to strongly relate to a sedentary lifestyle in adulthood, increasing the susceptibility to the negative repercussions of a sedentary lifestyle in the future, including high blood pressure levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding cardiorespiratory fitness, Stabelini Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> and Fernandes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> have shown no significant association with high blood pressure in both sexes.</p>
      <p>Regarding tobacco use, some studies have reported no association in young individuals of the male sex<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and of both sexes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> because a dose-time-response relation is known to exist between tobacco use and the development of related diseases, that is, the risk increases according to the number of cigarettes smoked, especially, regarding the duration of the habit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding socioeconomic status, the literature is controversial, showing an association of high blood pressure levels with the highest socioeconomic levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> the lowest socioeconomic levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and, even no association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> According to Constanzi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> young individuals of higher socioeconomic levels would eat more and have a more sedentary lifestyle, increasing their chances of developing high blood pressure. Seabra et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> however, have reported that individuals of the highest socioeconomic strata tend to practice more physical activities than those less favored.</p>
      <p>This study had some limitations, and their analysis can be important for future studies aimed at assessing blood pressure and its determinants. The first concerns the study design, which had a cross-sectional data collection. This type of study can have reverse causality, that is, exposure and outcome are collected simultaneously, making it difficult to determine which preceded the other.</p>
      <p>Another limitation concerns the self-reported variables (daily energy expenditure, food intake, smoking, socioeconomic level and family history of arterial hypertension), because they rely on the subjects' understanding about the variables assessed. However, in large-scale studies those variables are extremely useful because they provide the evaluation of several individuals in one single assessment and because they are interesting alternatives when more precise measures cannot be used.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study showed a high prevalence of high blood pressure in adolescents of the city of Curitiba. In addition, it evidenced that taking a second blood pressure measure minimizes the estimates of that outcome among adolescents, probably because of their familiarization with the measuring protocol. Nevertheless, the estimates were greater than those of other Brazilian and international studies.</p>
      <p>A positive family history of arterial hypertension and increased waist circumference associated with high blood pressure in adolescents. Therefore, special attention should be paid to young individuals with increased waist circumference, as well as to those with hypertensive parents. Those population subgroups should be the focus of public policies for blood pressure control in the young population, including actions related to the lifestyle adopted in the school and family settings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Capes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Rodrigo Bozza, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Williams B. The year in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(1):66-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The year in hypertension.</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>66</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de. (OMS). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva; 2009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <year>2009</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Ruan L, Mei H, Berenson GS. Adult hypertension is associated with blood pressure variability in childhood in blacks and whites: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(1):77-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivasan</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mei</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berenson</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adult hypertension is associated with blood pressure variability in childhood in blacks and whites: the Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 4th Report</supplement>
          <fpage>555</fpage>
          <lpage>576</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Din-dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F. High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002. Circulation. 2007;116(13):1488-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Din-dzietham</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bielo</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shamsa</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1488</fpage>
          <lpage>1496</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Magalh&#227;es MG, Oliveira LM, Christofaro DG, Ritti-dias RM. Prevalence of high blood pressure in Brazilian adolescents and quality of the employed methodological procedures: systematic review. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2013;16(4):849-59.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christofaro</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritti-dias</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of high blood pressure in Brazilian adolescents and quality of the employed methodological procedures: systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>849</fpage>
          <lpage>859</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Fuentes RM, Notkola IL, Shemeikka S, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A. Familial aggregation of blood pressure: a population-based family study in eastern Finland. J Hum Hypertens. 2000;14(7):441-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fuentes</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Notkola</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shemeikka</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuomilehto</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nissinen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Familial aggregation of blood pressure: a population-based family study in eastern Finland</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>445</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Almeida FA, Yoshizumi AM, Mota AC, Fernandes AP, Gushi AC, Nakamoto AY. Blood pressure distribution and hypertension prevalence in high school students of Sorocaba, SP. J Bras Nefrol. 2003;25(4):179-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshizumi</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gushi</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakamoto</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood pressure distribution and hypertension prevalence in high school students of Sorocaba, SP</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Nefrol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>186</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 de Ara&#250;jo TL, de Lopes MV, Cavalcante TF, Guedes NG, Moreira RP, Chaves ES, et al. [Analysis of risk indicators for the arterial hypertension in children and teenagers]. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2008;42(1):120-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guedes</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaves</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Analysis of risk indicators for the arterial hypertension in children and teenagers</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esc Enferm USP</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>120</fpage>
          <lpage>126</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Gomes Bda M, Alves JG. [Prevalence of high blood pressure and associated factors in students from public schools in Greater Metropolitan Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2006]. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2009;25(2):375-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes Bda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of high blood pressure and associated factors in students from public schools in Greater Metropolitan Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2006</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Romanzini M, Reichert FF, Lopes Ada S, Petroski EL, Farias J&#250;nior JC. [Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents]. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2008;24(11):2573-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Romanzini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichert</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes Ada</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petroski</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farias</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
              <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2573</fpage>
          <lpage>2581</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Christofaro DG, Ritti-Dias RM, Fernandes RA, Polito MD, Andrade SM, Cardoso JR, et al. High blood pressure detection in adolescents by clustering overall and abdominal adiposity markers. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96(6):465-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Christofaro</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polito</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High blood pressure detection in adolescents by clustering overall and abdominal adiposity markers</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>465</fpage>
          <lpage>470</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Pinto SL, Silva Rde C, Priore SE, Assis AM, Pinto Ede J. [Prevalence of pre-hypertension and arterial hypertension and evaluation of associated factors in children and adolescents in public schools in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil]. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2011;27(6):1065-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva Rde</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Priore</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assis</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto Ede</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of pre-hypertension and arterial hypertension and evaluation of associated factors in children and adolescents in public schools in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1065</fpage>
          <lpage>1076</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Kelishadi, R, Sadri G, Tavasoli AK, Kahbazi M, Roohafza HR, Sadeghi M, et al Cumulative prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in Iranian adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81(6):447-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kelishadi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadri</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavasoli</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahbazi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roohafza</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadeghi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cumulative prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in Iranian adolescents</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>447</fpage>
          <lpage>453</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Constanzi CB, Halpern R, Rech RR, Bergmann ML, Alli LR, Mattos AP Associated factors in high blood pressure among schoolchildren in a middle size city, southern Brazil. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(4):335-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Constanzi</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halpern</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rech</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergmann</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alli</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattos</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Associated factors in high blood pressure among schoolchildren in a middle size city, southern Brazil</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>335</fpage>
          <lpage>340</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Silva KS, Farias J&#250;nior JC. Risk factors associated with high blood pressure in adolescents. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2007;13(4):237-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farias</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
              <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors associated with high blood pressure in adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Med Esporte</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>240</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Guedes DP, Guedes JE, Barbosa DS, Oliveira JA, Stanganelli LC. [Cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: biological and behavioral indicators]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(6):439-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guedes</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guedes</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanganelli</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: biological and behavioral indicators</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>439</fpage>
          <lpage>450</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Campos W, Stabelini Neto A, Bozza R, Ulbrich AZ, Bertin RL, Mascarenhas LP, et al. [Physical activity, lipid consumption and risk factors for atherosclerosis in adolescents]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(5):601-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stabelini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozza</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ulbrich</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertin</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mascarenhas</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical activity, lipid consumption and risk factors for atherosclerosis in adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>601</fpage>
          <lpage>607</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Guimar&#227;es IC, Almeida AM, Santos AS, Barbosa DB, Guimar&#227;es AC. Blood pressure: effect of body mass index and of waist circumference on adolescents. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;90(6):426-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood pressure: effect of body mass index and of waist circumference on adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>426</fpage>
          <lpage>432</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Bozza R, Stabelini Neto A, Ulbrich AZ, Vasconcelos IQ, Mascarenhas LP, Brito LMS, et al Waist circumference, body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2009;11(3):286-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bozza</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stabelini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ulbrich</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
              <given-names>IQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mascarenhas</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>LMS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Waist circumference, body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>286</fpage>
          <lpage>291</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Stabelini Neto A, Bozza R, Ulbrich AZ, Vasconcelos IQ, Mascarenhas LP, Boguszewski MC, et al. [Atherosclerotic risk factors associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI in adolescents]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2008;52(6):1024-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stabelini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozza</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ulbrich</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
              <given-names>IQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mascarenhas</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boguszewski</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atherosclerotic risk factors associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI in adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1024</fpage>
          <lpage>1030</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o; Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. [VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(1 Suppl):1-51. Erratum in: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):553.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o</collab>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Arq Bras Cardiol . 2010;95(4):553.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Lopes MA, Martins MO. Per&#237;metros. In: Petroski EL. Antropometria: t&#233;cnicas e padroniza&#231;&#245;es. Porto Alegre: Palotti; 1999. p. 69-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Per&#237;metros</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petroski</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Antropometria: t&#233;cnicas e padroniza&#231;&#245;es</source>
          <publisher-loc>Porto Alegre</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Palotti</publisher-name>
          <year>1999</year>
          <fpage>69</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Freedman DS, Serdula MK, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Relation of circumferences and skinfold thicknesses to lipid and insulin concentrations in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(2):308-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freedman</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serdula</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivasan</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berenson</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relation of circumferences and skinfold thicknesses to lipid and insulin concentrations in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>308</fpage>
          <lpage>317</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Bouchard CA, Tremblay A, Leblanc C, Lortie G, Savard R, Th&#233;riault G. A method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983;37(3):461-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bouchard</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tremblay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leblanc</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lortie</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savard</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Th&#233;riault</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>461</fpage>
          <lpage>467</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 L&#233;ger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, Lambert J. The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. J Sports Sci. 1988;6(2):93-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>L&#233;ger</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mercier</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gadoury</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness</article-title>
          <source>J Sports Sci</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Guedes DP, Lopes CC. Validation of the Brazilian version of the 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(5):840-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guedes</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validation of the Brazilian version of the 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>840</fpage>
          <lpage>850</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Sichieri R, Everhart JE. Validity of a Brazilian food frequency questionnaire against dietary recalls and estimated energy intake. Nutr Res. 1998;18(10):1649-59.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sichieri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Everhart</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validity of a Brazilian food frequency questionnaire against dietary recalls and estimated energy intake</article-title>
          <source>Nutr Res</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1649</fpage>
          <lpage>1659</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Andrade RG, Pereira RA, Sichieri R. [Food intake in overweight and normal-weight adolescents in the city of Rio de Janeiro]. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2003;19(5):1485-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sichieri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Food intake in overweight and normal-weight adolescents in the city of Rio de Janeiro</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1485</fpage>
          <lpage>1495</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, et al; American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;114(1):82-96. Erratum in: Circulation. 2006;114(23):e629. Circulation. 2006;114(1):e27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lichtenstein</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appel</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brands</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carnethon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daniels</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franch</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Nutrition Committee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>82</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Circulation. 2006;114(23):e629. Circulation. 2006;114(1):e27.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. Crit&#233;rio de classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica Brasil 2008. [Acesso em 2009 jun 8]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.abep.org">http://www.abep.org</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Crit&#233;rio de classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica Brasil 2008</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2009 jun 8</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.abep.org">http://www.abep.org</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Duncan GE, Li SM, Zhou XH. Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among U.S. adolescents, 1999-2000. Diabets Care. 2004;27(10):2438-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>XH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among U.S. adolescents, 1999-2000</article-title>
          <source>Diabets Care</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2438</fpage>
          <lpage>2443</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Vieira MA, Carmona DP, Anjos LA, Souza T, Espinosa MM, Ribeiro RL, et al. Press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as e adolescentes de escolas p&#250;blicas de Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso. Acta Paul Enferm. 2009;22(1):473-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmona</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anjos</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Espinosa</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as e adolescentes de escolas p&#250;blicas de Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso</article-title>
          <source>Acta Paul Enferm</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>475</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(3):379-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janssen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katzmarzyk</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>379</fpage>
          <lpage>384</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 National Institutes of Health. (NIH). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Your guided to Lowering your blood pressure with DASH. Bethesda (MD); 2006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>National Institutes of Health</collab>
            <collab>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Your guided to Lowering your blood pressure with DASH</source>
          <publisher-loc>Bethesda (MD)</publisher-loc>
          <year>2006</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Hardy LL, Dobbins TA, Denney-Wilson EA, Okely AD, Booth ML. Sedentariness, small-screen recreation, and fitness in youth. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(2):120-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hardy</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobbins</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denney-Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okely</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Booth</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sedentariness, small-screen recreation, and fitness in youth</article-title>
          <source>Am J Prev Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>120</fpage>
          <lpage>125</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Rodrigues AN, Perez AJ, Carletti L, Bissoli NS, Abreu GR. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83(5):429-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carletti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bissoli</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk in adolescents</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>429</fpage>
          <lpage>435</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Fernandes RA, Casonatto J, Christofaro DG, Cucato GG, Romanzini M. Ronque ERV. Cardiorespiratory fitness, surplus weight and high blood pressure in adolescents. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2010;16(6):404-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casonatto</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christofaro</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cucato</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romanzini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ronque</surname>
              <given-names>ERV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiorespiratory fitness, surplus weight and high blood pressure in adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Med Esporte</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>404</fpage>
          <lpage>407</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Nunes E. Consumo de tabaco: efeitos na sa&#250;de. Rev Port Cl&#237;n Geral. 2006;22(2):225-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Consumo de tabaco: efeitos na sa&#250;de</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cl&#237;n Geral</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>225</fpage>
          <lpage>244</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Seabra AF, Mendon&#231;a DM, Thomis MA, Anjos LA, Maia JA. [Biological and socio-cultural determinants of physical activity in adolescents]. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2008;24(4):721-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seabra</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomis</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anjos</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maia</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biological and socio-cultural determinants of physical activity in adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>721</fpage>
          <lpage>736</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Press&#227;o Arterial Alterada em Adolescentes de Curitiba: Preval&#234;ncia e Fatores Associados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bozza</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Cordeiro</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stabelini</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maziero</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Silva Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran&#225; (UENP), Jacarezinho, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Bozza</bold>, Rua Cora&#231;&#227;o de Maria, 92, Jardim Bot&#226;nico. CEP 80215-370 Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rdbozza@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bozza R, Campos W, Barbosa Filho VC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bozza R, Barbosa Filho VC, Silva MP, Maziero RSB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bozza R, Campos W, Stabelini Neto A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bozza R, Campos W, Barbosa Filho VC, Silva MP, Stabelini Neto A, Maziero RSB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e, nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem aumentado consideravelmente em jovens. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores associados com essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante para guiar estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores associados com a press&#227;o arterial alterada em adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi selecionada amostra probabil&#237;stica de 1.242 adolescentes da rede p&#250;blica de ensino de Curitiba (PR). Por meio de question&#225;rios, foram obtidos o hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o, o gasto energ&#233;tico di&#225;rio, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre tabagismo, o consumo di&#225;rio de gorduras e a classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica. A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi medida por procedimentos padronizados. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida com manguitos adequados em 2 dias consecutivos para a confirma&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial alterada. Frequ&#234;ncias relativas e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC95%) indicaram a preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial alterada. Regress&#245;es log&#237;stica bivariadas e multivariadas testaram a associa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco com a press&#227;o arterial alterada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial alterada foi de 18,2% (IC95% 15,2-21,6). Mais chances de press&#227;o arterial alterada foram encontradas nos indiv&#237;duos que possu&#237;am ambos os pais com hipertens&#227;o arterial [<italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR), 2,22; IC95% 1,28-3,85] e naqueles com a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada (OR, 2,1; IC95% 1,34-3,28).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O hist&#243;rico familiar positivo de hipertens&#227;o arterial e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada estiveram associados a press&#227;o arterial alterada em adolescentes. Esses fatores s&#227;o importantes para guiar interven&#231;&#245;es futuras nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Mundialmente, a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; respons&#225;vel por cerca de 54% das doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares e 47% das doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o, ocasionando cerca de 13% de todas as mortes ocorridas por ano, constituindo, assim, um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de as principais repercuss&#245;es da hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o se manifestarem em indiv&#237;duos jovens, sugere-se que crian&#231;as e adolescentes com press&#227;o arterial alterada (pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o arterial) apresentem maior probabilidade de se tornarem adultos hipertensos.<sup>3</sup> Isso &#233; preocupante, pois a preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial alterada em indiv&#237;duos jovens vem aumentando consideravelmente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica identificou 21 estudos focados na identifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial alterada na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem brasileira, mas grande parte deles n&#227;o utilizou amostras representativas das popula&#231;&#245;es de interesse e, al&#233;m disso, falharam na classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e nos crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o empregados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Essas limita&#231;&#245;es podem ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es na estimativa da taxa de preval&#234;ncia e defini&#231;&#227;o de fatores associados ao desfecho.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o obstante, &#233; importante identificar poss&#237;veis fatores associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial alterada em adolescentes brasileiros, incluindo hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>sexo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> aspectos socioecon&#244;micos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> consumo de gorduras,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> gasto energ&#233;tico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> tabagismo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> obesidade abdominal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A partir dessa identifica&#231;&#227;o dos subgrupos populacionais de risco para press&#227;o arterial alterada, estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem brasileira podem ser mais bem direcionadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores associados com press&#227;o arterial alterada em uma amostra representativa de adolescentes da rede p&#250;blica de ensino.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O estudo de delineamento transversal foi realizado de agosto de 2010 a junho de 2011, com adolescentes matriculados em turmas de sexta s&#233;rie do Ensino Fundamental ao segundo ano do Ensino M&#233;dio de escolas da rede p&#250;blica de ensino, das classes diurnas, da cidade de Curitiba (PR).</p>
        <p>Para estimativa do tamanho amostral, foram considerados os seguintes par&#226;metros: (i) popula&#231;&#227;o de 115.524 adolescentes; (ii) n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%; (iii) erro amostral de 2%; (iv) preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial de 7,4%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> totalizando amostra m&#237;nima de 982 adolescentes. Foi acrescentado efeito de delineamento de 1,5 para corrigir o erro relacionado ao processo de sele&#231;&#227;o amostral por est&#225;gios m&#250;ltiplos e uma margem para poss&#237;veis perdas e recusas de 30%. Assim, a amostra total foi estimada em 1.276 adolescentes.</p>
        <p>A amostra probabil&#237;stica foi selecionada por meio de est&#225;gios m&#250;ltiplos. No primeiro est&#225;gio, todas as escolas p&#250;blicas de Ensino Fundamental e M&#233;dio foram listadas e estratificadas de acordo com cada uma das nove regionais administrativas da cidade. No segundo est&#225;gio, realizou-se o sorteio de cinco escolas para cada regi&#227;o administrativa e, no terceiro est&#225;gio, foi realizada uma sele&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria simples de uma a tr&#234;s turmas em cada escola. Os adolescentes receberam um termo de assentimento e seus pais, um termo de consentimento, explicando os objetivos e os procedimentos da pesquisa, para serem preenchidos e assinados.</p>
        <p>O hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi obtido com um question&#225;rio enviado aos pais ou respons&#225;veis do adolescente. Nesse question&#225;rio, eles apontaram se o pai e a m&#227;e biol&#243;gicos do adolescente apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o &#250;ltimo arco costal e a crista il&#237;aca, foi mensurada com procedimentos padronizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O valor aumentado para cada sexo e a faixa et&#225;ria foi determinado conforme a proposta de Freedman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> que &#233; &#8805; percentil 90&#186;.</p>
        <p>O gasto energ&#233;tico di&#225;rio (kcal/kg/dia) foi obtido do recordat&#243;rio de 3 dias de atividade f&#237;sica desenvolvido por Bouchard et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> considerando-se a m&#233;dia dos 3 dias do recordat&#243;rio. Para classifica&#231;&#227;o, foram utilizados quartis da amostra, para cada sexo e a faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, foi utilizado o teste de vai e vem (<italic>shuttle run</italic>) proposto por L&#233;ger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados em quartis da amostra, de acordo com o sexo e a faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Para definir o tabagismo, os adolescentes responderam ao question&#225;rio <italic>Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire</italic>, traduzido e validado por Guedes e Lopes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Nesse question&#225;rio, os adolescentes responderam em quantos dias utilizaram cigarros nos 30 dias anteriores &#224; coleta. Os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados em tr&#234;s categorias: os que utilizaram cigarro de 10 a 30 dias; os que utilizaram cigarro de 1 a 9 dias; e os que n&#227;o utilizaram cigarro nos 30 dias anteriores &#224; data da coleta.</p>
        <p>O consumo de gorduras totais foi obtido por meio do preenchimento do question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar desenvolvido para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira por Sichieri e Everhart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A fim de manter a qualidade dos dados, foram exclu&#237;dos os casos com consumo energ&#233;tico superior a 6.000 kcal ou inferior a 500 kcal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A adequa&#231;&#227;o seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>, a qual considera como consumo alimentar adequado aquele com menos de 30% de gorduras totais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica foi obtida pelo crit&#233;rio estabelecido pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Para o presente estudo, os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados em quatro n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos: n&#237;vel I, se D e E (pior condi&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica); n&#237;vel II, se C1 e C2; n&#237;vel III, se B1 e B2; e n&#237;vel IV, se A1 e A2 (melhor condi&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica).</p>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi mensurada pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, seguindo os par&#226;metros estabelecidos pelo quarto relat&#243;rio do <italic>National High Blood Pressure Education Program</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Antes da mensura&#231;&#227;o, foi realizada a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o do avaliado, para a escolha de um dos tr&#234;s tamanhos diferentes de manguito [infantil (16 a 22 cm), adulto pequeno (23 a 26 cm) e adulto (27 a 34 cm)],<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> al&#233;m de um questionamento se os adolescentes j&#225; tinham realizado uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial anteriormente.</p>
        <p>Duas leituras foram realizadas com intervalo de 5 minutos, considerando-se o valor m&#233;dio entre as duas mensura&#231;&#245;es. Se as medidas diferissem mais que 2 mmHg, o protocolo era repetido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Seguindo o consenso do <italic>The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> foram utilizados como ponto de corte para hipertens&#227;o arterial valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; percentil 95&#176; e, para a pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, valores &lt; percentil 95&#186; e &#8805; percentil 90&#186;, de acordo com o sexo, idade e o percentil da estatura. Ainda, indiv&#237;duos com valores de press&#227;o arterial &gt; 120/80 mmHg foram considerados como pr&#233;-hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os adolescentes classificados como pr&#233;-hipertensos ou hipertensos foram reavaliados, em uma visita subsequente, no dia posterior &#224; primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o e, nesses casos, foi considerado o valor da segunda medida da press&#227;o arterial. A aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, tanto na primeira visita como na visita subsequente, foi realizada por apenas um avaliador treinado para evitar a discord&#226;ncia interavaliadores.</p>
        <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o dos dados cont&#237;nuos foi realizada por meio de medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e de dispers&#227;o para ambos os sexos. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos para os dados cont&#237;nuos foi realizada por meio de testes t independentes e de Mann-Whitney U, com base na normalidade dos dados.</p>
        <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi obtida da distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia relativa e de seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). O teste qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade foi utilizado para comparar as diferen&#231;as nas preval&#234;ncias de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o arterial e press&#227;o arterial alterada (pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o arterial) entre os sexos, e para comparar as preval&#234;ncias de press&#227;o arterial alterada entre a primeira e a segunda visita.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis independentes e press&#227;o arterial alterada foi verificada por interm&#233;dio da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bivariada e multivariada. Para o modelo multivariado, foram selecionadas as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram valor de p &lt; 0,25 na an&#225;lise bivariada. A magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e a press&#227;o arterial alterada foi expressa em raz&#227;o de chance (RC) e seus respectivos IC95%. As an&#225;lises de preval&#234;ncia e de associa&#231;&#227;o foram corrigidas pelo delineamento complexo da amostra, utilizando o comando <italic>complex sample</italic> do <italic>software Statistical Package for the Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 17.0. Para todas as an&#225;lises, foi utilizado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>Os procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos deste estudo foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Setor de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR) e est&#227;o de acordo com as normas &#233;ticas estabelecidas pela Resolu&#231;&#227;o do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de 196/96 sob o registro CAAE 04414712.3.0000.0102, em 25 de outubro de 2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados envolveu 1.812 adolescentes. Desses, 570 foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise final por apresentarem um ou mais crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o. Dentre os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 28 indiv&#237;duos possu&#237;am 18 anos ou mais, 22 utilizavam medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, 84 mo&#231;as utilizavam contraceptivos orais e 1 era gestante, 172 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o entregaram o hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial de ambos os pais, 239 preencheram os question&#225;rios de forma incorreta, 46 n&#227;o realizaram as avalia&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas e o teste de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e, por fim, 70 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o fizeram a reavalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>Com isso, a amostra final do presente estudo foi composta por 1.242 adolescentes de 11 a 17 anos de idade, dos quais 646 (52,01%) eram do sexo feminino. Ainda, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da amostra, 363 indiv&#237;duos pertenciam &#224; faixa et&#225;ria de 11 e 12 anos (56,2%, sexo feminino; e 43,8%, sexo masculino); a faixa et&#225;ria de 13 a 15 anos contou com 697 indiv&#237;duos (52,5%, sexo feminino; e 47,5%, sexo masculino); e 182 indiv&#237;duos pertenciam &#224; faixa et&#225;ria de 16 e 17 anos (41,8%, sexo feminino; e 58,2%, sexo masculino). Da amostra total, 34,06% nunca tinha realizado avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta a descri&#231;&#227;o dos dados cont&#237;nuos obtidos da amostra com os valores de tend&#234;ncia central e de dispers&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de tend&#234;ncia central e de dispers&#227;o das vari&#225;veis, de acordo com o sexo em adolescentes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Geral</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Feminino</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Masculino</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center">14,1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">14,0 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">14,3 (1,6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatura,, m<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,60 (1,5-1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 (1,5-1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 (1,6-1,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa corporal, kg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">52,7 (44,8-60,8)</td>
                <td align="center">50,7 (44,0-58,5)</td>
                <td align="center">54,7 (45,6-62,9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, cm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">67,3 (62,6-72,5)</td>
                <td align="center">65,5 (61,5-71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">69,0 (64,7-73,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gasto energ&#233;tico di&#225;rio, kcal/dia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">40,0 (36,6-44,7)</td>
                <td align="center">38,7 (36,0-42,3)</td>
                <td align="center">41,6 (38,0-46,9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>, mL,kg<sup>-1</sup>,min<sup>-1</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">42,9 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">39,3 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 (5,8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gordura total, g<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">87,0 (54,7-138,2)</td>
                <td align="center">80,5 (50,7-128,8)</td>
                <td align="center">91,9 (60,1-148,6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">109,7 (10,72)</td>
                <td align="center">108,4 (9,89)</td>
                <td align="center">111,1 (11,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">70,03 (7,69)</td>
                <td align="center">70,04 (7,67)</td>
                <td align="center">70,02 (7,71)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mean and standard deviation;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>differences between the sexes p&lt;0.01;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>median and interquartile interval. VO<sub>2max</sub>: maximum oxygen consumption; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados cont&#237;nuos entre os sexos, os indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino apresentaram valores significativamente maiores em todas as vari&#225;veis apresentadas (p &lt; 0,01), exceto para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>As preval&#234;ncias para hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo, consumo de gorduras totais e n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> para ambos os sexos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncias (%) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC95%) das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em adolescentes de acordo com o sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Geral</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Feminino</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Masculino</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>% (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>% (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>% (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico familiar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum dos pais</td>
                <td align="center">74,7 (71,1-78,1)</td>
                <td align="center">71,1 (67,1-74,9)</td>
                <td align="center">78,8 (74,7-82,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um dos pais</td>
                <td align="center">22,4 (19,2-25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 (21,8-29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">19,1 (15,6 - 23,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos os pais</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (2,1-4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 (2,5-5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (1,2-3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum dia</td>
                <td align="center">93,1 (91,5-94,4)</td>
                <td align="center">93,8 (91,3-95,6)</td>
                <td align="center">92,3 (90,2-93,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 a 9 dias</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 (3,6-5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 (2,7-6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 (3,9-6,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10 a 30 dias</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 (1,5-3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (0,9-4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1,9-3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Consumo de gorduras totais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">46,7 (42,9-50,5)</td>
                <td align="center">45,6 (41,4-49,8)</td>
                <td align="center">47,9 (42,6-53,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">53,3 (49,5-57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">54,4 (50,2-58,6)</td>
                <td align="center">52,1 (46,8-57,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A1-A2</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 (4-7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4,8 (2,9-7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 (4,2-10,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B1-B2</td>
                <td align="center">62 (57,6-66,2)</td>
                <td align="center">60,1 (53,4-66,4)</td>
                <td align="center">64,1 (59,6-68,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C1-C2</td>
                <td align="center">31,2 (26,6-36,1)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (28,0 -40,7)</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 (22,5-34,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D-E</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (0,7-2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,5-2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (0,7-2,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As preval&#234;ncias de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o arterial nas duas visitas realizadas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia geral de press&#227;o arterial alterada (pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o arterial), houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa (X<sup>2</sup> = 523,1; p &lt; 0,01) entre a primeira (33,0%; IC95% 29,1-37,1) e a segunda visita (18,2%; IC95% 15,2-21,6).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncias (%) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC95%) para a pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o arterial em ambas as visitas de avalia&#231;&#227;o de adolescentes de acordo com o sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Geral</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Feminino</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Masculino</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Visita</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>% (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>% (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>% (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Primeira</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">67,0 (62,9-70,9)</td>
                <td align="center">68,3 (62,6-73,4)</td>
                <td align="center">65,6 (61,4-69,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 (12,6-15,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 (11,4-15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">15,0 (12,5-17,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">18,9 (15,6-22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">18,4 (14,1-23,6)</td>
                <td align="center">19,4 (16,2-23,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Segunda</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">81,8 (78,4-84,8)</td>
                <td align="center">81,2 (76,2-85,3)</td>
                <td align="center">82,5 (78,6-85,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 (4,3-8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 (4,0-9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 (3,7-9,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 (8,5-14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 (9,7-16,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11,6 (9,3-14,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas os valores da segunda visita, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos para as preval&#234;ncias de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o (X<sup>2</sup> = 0,01; p = 0,91) e hipertens&#227;o arterial (X<sup>2</sup> = 2,11; p = 0,15).</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m na segunda visita, a preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial alterada foi de 17,5% (IC95% 14,1-21,4) no sexo masculino e de 18,8% (IC95% 14,7-23,8) no feminino, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos (X<sup>2</sup> = 1,17; p = 0,28).</p>
        <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es bivariadas e multivariadas das vari&#225;veis analisadas com a press&#227;o arterial alterada nos adolescentes avaliados s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>. O modelo multivariado foi ajustado pelas vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p &lt; 0,25 na an&#225;lise bivariada (hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio &#8722; VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>, consumo de gorduras totais e n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico). No modelo multivariado, a press&#227;o arterial alterada esteve associada (p &lt; 0,05) com hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e consumo de gorduras totais.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial alterada em adolescentes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise bivariada</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise multivariada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RC (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RC (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 (0,65 - 1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11-12</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>13-15</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,43 - 1,22)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>16-17</td>
                <td align="center">0,68 (0,36 - 1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum dos pais</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um dos pais</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 (0,86 - 1,65)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 (0,82 - 1,53)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos os pais</td>
                <td align="center">2,11 (1,19 - 3,73)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,22 (1,28 - 3,85)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aumentada</td>
                <td align="center">2,19 (1,39 - 3,44)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,10 (1,34 - 3,28)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gasto energ&#233;tico di&#225;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q1 (alto)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q2</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 (0,89-1,78)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q3</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (0,82-1,61)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q4 (baixo)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (0,66-1,35)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VO</bold>
                  <sub>
                    <bold>2m&#225;x</bold>
                  </sub>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q1 (alto)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q2</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 (0,58 - 2,85)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,27 (0,57 - 2,81)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q3</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 (0,85 - 3,61)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 (0,80 - 3,30)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q4 (baixo)</td>
                <td align="center">1,79 (0,98 - 3,24)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,61 (0,88 - 2,95)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo, dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1-9</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 (0,59-2,47)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10-30</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (0,25-1,66)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Consumo de gorduras totais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 (0,45 - 0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (0,43 - 0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A1-A2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B1-B2</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (0,74-1,94)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (0,69-1,90)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C1-C2</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,54-1,73)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,50-1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D-E</td>
                <td align="center">1,57 (0,29-8,48)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 (0,27-6,35)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Modelo multivariado ajustado para as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p&lt;0,25 na an&#225;lise bivariada (hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>, consumo de gorduras totais e n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>RC: raz&#227;o de chance; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; Q: quartil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Observando os valores agregados de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o arterial, as preval&#234;ncias do presente estudo s&#227;o superiores &#224;s demonstradas em um estudo internacional conduzido por Duncan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e pelos estudos nacionais de Vieira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e Pinto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> que apresentaram valores de 8%, 11,2% e 4,8%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m no Brasil, Romanzini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> demonstraram preval&#234;ncia similar (18,6%) de press&#227;o arterial alterada e, na cidade de S&#227;o Mateus do Sul (PR), outro estudo demonstrou uma preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial alterada superior &#224; do presente estudo, com 24,1% para o sexo masculino e 25,6% para o feminino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, tais estudos realizaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em apenas uma visita e, como demonstrado no presente estudo, a reavalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em uma visita subsequente &#233; muito importante, pois a press&#227;o arterial pode sofrer mudan&#231;as de uma visita para outra, tendendo a diminuir.</p>
        <p>Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial observada pode ser explicada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da ansiedade dos adolescentes e sua familiariza&#231;&#227;o aos procedimentos a partir da segunda visita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> No presente estudo, deve ser considerado ainda que aproximadamente 34% da amostra nunca tinha realizado uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e, nesse caso, os avaliados poderiam apresentar ansiedade ou at&#233; mesmo medo de realizar a medida, podendo demonstrar valores aumentados. Assim, indiv&#237;duos que apresentam a press&#227;o arterial alterada em uma primeira visita podem se sentir mais confort&#225;veis com os procedimentos e com os avaliadores a partir da segunda visita.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es, foi demonstrado que os indiv&#237;duos com ambos os pais hipertensos apresentavam maior chance de altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Esse resultado corrobora outro estudo, que encontrou maior propor&#231;&#227;o de valores acima dos limites normais nos indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Nesse sentido, deve-se destacar que os fatores heredit&#225;rios contribuem para o desenvolvimento da press&#227;o arterial alterada em adolescentes e que, al&#233;m disso, o ambiente em que o adolescente est&#225; inserido no meio familiar &#233; compartilhado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores comportamentais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> podendo contribuir para os valores aumentados de press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura com a press&#227;o arterial alterada, outros estudos tamb&#233;m demonstraram a mesma tend&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Tais resultados evidenciam a capacidade de a medida 'circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura' determinar a distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura na regi&#227;o abdominal, que est&#225; relacionada com o risco metab&#243;lico, tanto em adultos como em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o consumo de gorduras totais, os indiv&#237;duos que consumiam 30% ou mais (consumo aumentado) demonstraram menor chance de altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, sendo, dessa forma, o consumo de gorduras totais um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o para a press&#227;o arterial alterada.</p>
        <p>De forma contr&#225;ria ao presente estudo, Guedes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> demonstraram que os indiv&#237;duos com consumo inadequado de gorduras totais apresentaram maior chance de altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em ambos sexos. Em contrapartida, Campos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> n&#227;o observaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o consumo de gorduras saturadas e colesterol com a hipertens&#227;o arterial em uma amostra da cidade de Curitiba.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o da dieta, a <italic>Dietary Approaches to Stop Hipertens&#227;o</italic> (DASH), preconizada pelo <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> (NIH),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> leva em considera&#231;&#227;o outros aspectos importantes, como o consumo de produtos com gr&#227;os integrais, nozes, peixes e aves. O NIH destaca ainda que a dieta deve ser rica em pot&#225;ssio, magn&#233;sio, c&#225;lcio e fibras e, al&#233;m disso, deve apresentar uma quantidade baixa de s&#243;dio, carnes vermelhas, doces, a&#231;&#250;car e bebidas que cont&#234;m a&#231;&#250;car.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observando essas caracter&#237;sticas de uma dieta saud&#225;vel, deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o que a maioria dos estudos relaciona separadamente poucos aspectos da dieta e, seguindo essa tend&#234;ncia, o presente estudo quantificou apenas o consumo de gorduras totais. Assim, o resultado encontrado no presente estudo deve ser visto com cautela, pois alguns indiv&#237;duos com consumo elevado de gorduras totais podem apresentar, em sua dieta, uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de gorduras poli-insaturadas e monoinsaturadas, que s&#227;o ben&#233;ficas para a sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os indiv&#237;duos analisados podem consumir tamb&#233;m outros alimentos que favorecem a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, como gr&#227;os integrais, nozes, peixes, aves, e ainda outros ricos em pot&#225;ssio, magn&#233;sio, c&#225;lcio e fibras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As demais vari&#225;veis do presente estudo n&#227;o estiveram associadas com a press&#227;o arterial aumentada, sendo a literatura controversa quanto a esses resultados. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, estudos demonstram maiores chances de altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial no sexo masculino,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> enquanto outros relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa ou inexistente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, h&#225; aumento nos valores absolutos de press&#227;o arterial com o aumento das faixas et&#225;rias na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, mas isso parece n&#227;o implicar em aumentos nos valores alterados de press&#227;o arterial nessa faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o gasto energ&#233;tico di&#225;rio, a literatura tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica com os valores alterados de press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Apesar disso, sabe-se que comportamento sedent&#225;rio estabelecido durante a inf&#226;ncia relaciona-se fortemente com comportamento sedent&#225;rio na vida adulta, tornando esses indiv&#237;duos mais suscet&#237;veis &#224;s repercuss&#245;es negativas do sedentarismo no futuro, incluindo valores elevados de press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, Stabelini Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> e Fernandes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a press&#227;o arterial alterada em ambos os sexos.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de tabaco, associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram encontradas para indiv&#237;duos jovens em outros estudos para o sexo masculino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e nem para ambos os sexos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> pois sabe-se que existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o dose-tempo-resposta entre o consumo de tabaco e o aparecimento de doen&#231;as relacionadas, ou seja, o risco aumenta conforme o n&#250;mero de cigarros fumados e, especialmente, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do consumo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, resultados controversos s&#227;o encontrados na literatura, demonstrando associa&#231;&#227;o de valores alterados de press&#227;o arterial nos mais altos &#237;ndices socioecon&#244;micos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> nos mais baixos &#237;ndices socioecon&#244;micos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e, ainda, associa&#231;&#227;o inexistente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Segundo Constanzi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> jovens em condi&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas mais favor&#225;veis teriam uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o mais farta, com ambientes e estilos de vida diferentes, que poderiam desencadear sedentarismo, aumentando as chances de desenvolvimento de press&#227;o arterial alterada. Por&#233;m Seabra et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> comentam que indiv&#237;duos nos mais altos estratos socioecon&#244;micos parecem apresentar uma tend&#234;ncia maior &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas do que os menos favorecidos.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presente pesquisa, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es podem ser citadas e essas observa&#231;&#245;es podem ser importantes para futuros estudos que pretendem avaliar a press&#227;o arterial e seus determinantes. A primeira observa&#231;&#227;o se refere ao desenho deste estudo, que teve uma caracter&#237;stica de coleta de dados transversal. Nesse tipo de estudo, pode ocorrer a causalidade reversa, ou seja, a exposi&#231;&#227;o e o desfecho s&#227;o coletados simultaneamente, tornando mais dif&#237;cil determinar qual precedeu ao outro.</p>
        <p>Outra observa&#231;&#227;o refere-se &#224;s medidas autorrelatadas (gasto energ&#233;tico di&#225;rio, consumo alimentar, tabagismo, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o arterial), uma vez que elas dependem muito da compreens&#227;o dos sujeitos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis que est&#227;o sendo avaliadas. No entanto, em estudos de grande escala, essas medidas ainda s&#227;o extremamente &#250;teis pela sua qualidade de poder avaliar muitos sujeitos em uma &#250;nica avalia&#231;&#227;o e por serem alternativas interessantes, quando n&#227;o h&#225; a oportunidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medidas mais precisas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstrou uma alta preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial alterada em adolescentes da cidade de Curitiba, e tamb&#233;m que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o minimiza as estimativas desse desfecho entre os jovens, provavelmente pela familiariza&#231;&#227;o com o protocolo de mensura&#231;&#227;o. Ainda assim, as estimativas foram superiores &#224;s de outros estudos, tanto nacionais quanto internacionais.</p>
        <p>O hist&#243;rico familiar positivo de hipertens&#227;o arterial e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada foram os fatores associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial alterada entre os adolescentes. Levando isso em considera&#231;&#227;o, uma aten&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser dada aos jovens com medida da cintura aumentada, assim como aos adolescentes cujos pais apresentam hipertens&#227;o arterial. Esses subgrupos populacionais devem ser foco das pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de controle da press&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem, incluindo a&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao estilo de vida adotado nos &#226;mbitos escolar e familiar.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Capes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Rodrigo Bozza pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
