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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">S4K4w77TkS9hmGXfJgrGSWq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160049</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005010102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertensives' Knowledge About High-Sodium Foods and Their Behavior</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra Ribas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Busnello</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Michielin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucia Campos Pellanda</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC) Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP: 90.620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>; <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Teixeira JF, Busnello FM, Pellanda LC; Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Teixeira JF, Pellanda LC; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Teixeira JF, Goulart MR, Busnello FM, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>4</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>404</fpage>
      <lpage>410</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In Brazil, the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is approximately 30% of the total population. In 2010, SAH was the cause of death of about 9.4 million people worldwide. A healthy dietary pattern is important to maintain proper blood pressure levels and, consequently, disease control.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To describe the knowledge and practices of hypertensive patients cared for at a public hypertension outpatient clinic, and its relationship with high-sodium food.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We applied a questionnaire to patients with questions related to sociodemographics, dietary pattern, frequency of ingestion of certain foods, and knowledge about their own disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We studied 221 patients, 56.1% of whom were women, and 53.8% had only elementary education. Their mean age was 57.7 &#177;13.5 years, and 75.6% of them reported having high blood pressure, and 11.3%, diabetes mellitus. Regarding dietary pattern, 62% used ready-to-use seasonings, but 94.1% reported not adding extra salt to their ready meals. Regarding patients' knowledge about high-sodium foods and SAH, only 8 patients had 100% of right answers, 37 patients had 73.8%, and 42 patients, 57% of right answers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Knowledge about SAH prevention and high-sodium foods was insufficient. Based on this study's findings, more effective educational strategies targeted at this population can be developed.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Food Habits</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium Chloride, Dietary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In Brazil, the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is approximately 30% of the total population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Data have shown that, in 2010 only, SAH was the cause of death of around 9.4 million people worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It is related to cardiovascular diseases, and almost 70% of individuals with acute myocardial infarction have increased blood pressure levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The worldwide cost with cardiovascular diseases was estimated to be 906 billion dollars in 2015, and that figure is expected to reach 1,044 billion in 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The increase in SAH prevalence is due to both population increase and aging and risky behavior factors, such as smoking, alcohol intake, sedentary lifestyle, stress and unhealthy diet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It has been well established that excessive salt intake is associated with blood pressure elevation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In Brazil, the mean sodium intake is approximately 3.6g for men (9g of salt) and 2.7g for women (6.7g of salt), almost twice the recommended daily value of 1.5g of sodium (3.7g of salt).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Lifestyle changes, such as healthy dietary habits, are important to maintain adequate blood pressure levels and to control the disease. Currently, communication media provide plenty of information on SAH; however, some studies have shown hypertensive patients to lack knowledge about their disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Low levels of knowledge about SAH are associated with worse blood pressure control;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> thus, knowledge about their own disease, preventive care, experience exchange, and interaction between other effective methodologies allow hypertensive patients to have more effective self-care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering the need to establish educational programs according to characteristics specific to the social group approached, the present study aimed at describing the level of knowledge about SAH and its relationship with high-sodium foods, as well as the dietary habits of patients cared for at a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic mainly directed at patients with SAH.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This cross-sectional study interviewed 221 patients who sought medical care at the Multidisciplinary Outpatient Clinic for SAH of the Instituto de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre city, Rio Grande do Sul state. This study included patients aged at least 18 years, of both sexes, who provided written informed consent. Individuals with dementia or problems hindering adequate communication with researchers were excluded.</p>
      <p>Sample size calculation considered a scenario with 50% of participants having adequate knowledge (worse scenario), 7% error margin and 95% confidence level. Thus, the need to include 200 patients was estimated. Considering a 10% margin of losses and refusals, we chose to include 220 patients.</p>
      <p>To assess normality, the histograms of continuous variables, their measures of central trend and dispersion, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnof test were used. Non-paired Student <italic>t</italic> test and chi-square test were used to assess the differences between the total number of right answers and age group, disease duration, sex, schooling, marital status and ethnicity.</p>
      <p>Data collection was performed before the visits to the multidisciplinary outpatient clinic. Patients completed a structured questionnaire with questions related to their dietary routine and dietary habits (intake of high-sodium foods, ready-to-use seasoning, additional salt to ready meals, light salt, ready-to-use dressings and instant soups; frequency of the intake of charcuterie, canned food and soft drinks). In addition, information on the following was collected: sociodemographics, such as age, sex, marital status; work condition; schooling; lifestyle; smoking habit; alcohol intake; physical exercise practice; and preexisting pathologies.</p>
      <p>Individuals were considered to be sedentary when not meeting the current recommendations for physical activity practice (150 minutes per week for adults and 300 minutes per week for adolescents).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding knowledge about salt-rich foods, patients were asked about their perception of the salt content of certain foods, such as ready-to-use salad dressings, industrialized snacks, cheese, salami, ham, vegetable preserves, and instant soups. Knowledge about SAH included questions regarding the existence of a strategy to prevent high blood pressure and whether that disease could be cured. The multiple choice questions were elaborated based on the Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension and on a nutritional knowledge questionnaire previously validated for the Brazilian population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) software, version 18.0, was used for statistical analysis. Categorical variables were described as proportions, and continuous variables, as means and standard deviations. To assess the relationship between intake, knowledge and other factors, Student <italic>t</italic> test and chi-square test were used, with a p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>The present study was assessed and approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research of the IC/FUC (protocol 4412/09).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We assessed 221 patients aged between 18 and 84 years, with predominance of the female sex (56.1%) and of the age group of 60 years and over (48.9%). Mean age was 57.7 &#177; 13.5 years, and major characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Socioeconomic, demographic and behavior characteristics of hypertensive patients (n = 221)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N = 221</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">124</td>
              <td align="center">56.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">43.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">18 - 29</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30 - 39</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40 - 49</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">17.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">50 - 59</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">25.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 60</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">48.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Schooling</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incomplete elementary school</td>
              <td align="center">133</td>
              <td align="center">60.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete elementary school</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">18.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete middle school</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">15.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incomplete middle school</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High school</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Marital status</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Married</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">61.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Widowed</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">17.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Single</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Separated</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">10.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Number of children</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">9.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 - 3</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">58.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4 - 6</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">25.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 7</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Work condition</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Retired</td>
              <td align="center">139</td>
              <td align="center">62.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Salaried</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unemployed</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Freelance</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">13.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Housework</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">10.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking duration (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>10 - 15</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>20 - 30</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>30 - 40</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity practice</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">29.17</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding knowledge about their own disease, 75.6% of the population sample reported having SAH, and 79.2% had a family history of SAH.</p>
      <p>Regarding dietary habits, 62% and 66.5% of the patients used ready-to-use seasoning and dressings, respectively, and 62.9% had no instant soups. Regarding light-salt intake, 95.9% of the patients had none, and 94.1% added no salt to ready-to-use meals. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the intake frequency of industrialized foods and soft drinks.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency of the intake of industrialized foods and soft drinks of hypertensive patients (n = 221)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5">
                <bold>Intake frequency n (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <th align="center">
                <bold>1x/day</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>1x/week</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2 - 3x/month</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>1x/month</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>none</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Canned food</td>
              <td align="center">0 (zero)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (17.2)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (14.9)</td>
              <td align="center">110 (49.8)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (12.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Soft drink</td>
              <td align="center">21 (9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (35.7)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (13.1)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (16.3)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (8.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Salami Sausage</td>
              <td align="center">2(9.9)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (19.9)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (25.8)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (72.9)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (27.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Canned sardine</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.5)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">108 (48.9)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (38.9)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the information source about foods and nutrition reported by patients.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Information sources about foods and nutrition.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0404-60049-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the patients' knowledge about the high salt content in foods. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref> shows the number of right answers to the questionnaire according to the different characteristics of the sample. Significant differences were observed between the number of right answers and sex, information source and presence or absence of atherosclerosis. No difference was observed between the number of right answers and disease duration, ethnicity and age group (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Knowledge about the Intake of hlgh-sodlum foods of hypertensive patients (n = 221)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Foods</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Knew (n / %)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sausage</td>
              <td align="center">200 (90.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Industrialized snacks</td>
              <td align="center">200 (90.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Salami</td>
              <td align="center">195 (88.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ready-to-use seasoning</td>
              <td align="center">172 (77.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ham</td>
              <td align="center">130 (58.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Frankfurter</td>
              <td align="center">129 (58.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vegetable preserves</td>
              <td align="center">127 (57.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Instant soups</td>
              <td align="center">116 (52.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ready-to-use salad dressing</td>
              <td align="center">108 (48.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mozzarella cheese</td>
              <td align="center">97 (43.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Canned foods</td>
              <td align="center">81 (36.7)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean number of right answers in the questionnaire according to different characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>% right answers</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">62.81 &#177; 9.34</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">59.45 &#177; 10.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">HDL-cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">61.9 &#177; 9.83</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">58.22 &#177; 9.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Atherosclerosis</td>
              <td align="center">With atherosclerosis</td>
              <td align="center">59.04 &#177; 9.24</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No atherosclerosis</td>
              <td align="center">62.63 &#177; 9.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Information source</td>
              <td align="center">Newspaper</td>
              <td align="center">65.02 &#177; 8.81</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No newspaper</td>
              <td align="center">60.27 &#177; 9.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Information source</td>
              <td align="center">Internet</td>
              <td align="center">67.18 &#177; 6.45</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No Internet</td>
              <td align="center">60.83 &#177; 9.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dietary choice</td>
              <td align="center">Influence of flavor</td>
              <td align="center">59.45 &#177; 7.88</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No influence of flavor</td>
              <td align="center">62.01 &#177; 10.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dietary choice</td>
              <td align="center">Influence of diet</td>
              <td align="center">65.17 &#177; 7.91</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No influence of diet</td>
              <td align="center">60.46 &#177; 9.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dietary choice</td>
              <td align="center">Influence of healthy food</td>
              <td align="center">62.38 &#177; 9.53</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No influence of healthy food</td>
              <td align="center">59.88 &#177; 10</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Student t test</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref> shows the topic approached and the proportion of right answers for each question.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean values of body mass Index (BMI) according to cholesterol levels, Information source and Influence on dietary choice</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">32.34 &#177; 2.77</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">33.14 &#177; 3.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Information source</td>
              <td align="center">Newspaper</td>
              <td align="center">31.81 &#177; 3.07</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No newspaper</td>
              <td align="center">33.09 &#177; 3.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dietary choice</td>
              <td align="center">Influence of convenience</td>
              <td align="center">31.45 &#177; 3.63</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No influence of convenience</td>
              <td align="center">33.12 &#177; 1.32</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Student t test</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When asked about the existence of any strategy to prevent SAH, 90.5% of the patients answered 'yes'. Regarding disease prognosis, 29.9% of the patients answered high blood pressure can be cured. However, 70.1% of the patients answered there is only disease stabilization or prevention.</p>
      <p>There were 14 questions concerning patients' knowledge about high-salt foods and their relation to SAH (14 right answers = 100%). Only 3.6% of the patients scored 100%, the mean number of right answers being 8.9. No significant difference was observed between number of right answers and age group, disease duration, sex, schooling, marital status and ethnicity.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study shows an insufficient level of knowledge of hypertensive patients about SAH. Considering that those patients were followed up at a SAH outpatient clinic, the fact that one fourth of them did not acknowledge their own diagnosis of SAH is worth noting. These results are in accordance with the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most participants used ready-to-use seasonings and dressings in their meals, increasing the daily amount of sodium in their diets. Sodium intake above the recommended values is directly related to blood pressure levels elevation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> However, it is worth noting that more than 90% of the interviewed individuals did not add additional salt to their meals, confirming other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Nevertheless, a Brazilian study<sup>12</sup> has shown that the mean sodium intake for men and women remains high.</p>
      <p>Clearly, patients have difficulty properly addressing SAH prevention and/or control. That shows the need to instrument health professionals to both elaborate specific patient-directed strategies, and to promote dietary habits, aiming at providing hypertensive patients with autonomy when choosing their foods, with consequent improvement in their quality of life.</p>
      <p>Primary prevention of SAH can be obtained through non pharmacological treatment, mainly lifestyle changes, which include weight control, sodium and alcohol intake reduction, smoking cessation and regular physical activity practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Knowledge about SAH is important to promote more effective self-care and to prevent worsening of the patients' clinical findings. Group activities have proved to be effective to build knowledge, because they comprise: interaction with health professionals, whose role is to facilitate teaching and to provide guidance according to the patients' understanding level; exchange of experiences between hypertensive participants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Thus, integrated health care contributes to reduce the SAH risk factors.</p>
      <p>In accordance with other studies, in our sample women showed to have more knowledge about nutrition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This can be due to cultural issues regarding more interest in nutrition, or to the fact that women more often search for health care services and have more opportunities to discuss their issues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This could explain the higher prevalence of female patients in this sample.</p>
      <p>That higher prevalence of the female sex, corroborating other studies with the same population profile,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> leads us to assume women are more concerned with their disease and more often search for health care.</p>
      <p>Regarding schooling, 60% of the sample had incomplete elementary education. This might have influenced adhesion to treatment or have hindered the understanding about SAH and the guidance provided by the health professionals about the disease. This might justify 25% of the participants reporting not having a diagnosis of SAH, despite being followed up at a SAH outpatient clinic. This points to the need for specific intervention strategies, directed to patients' profiles, to improve their knowledge about their disease.</p>
      <p>The low prevalence of the smoking habit found in this study can be considered beneficial, because smoking can be associated with interruption of the SAH treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> It is worth noting, however, that the instrument of data collection in this study did not comprise the "ex-smoker" category; therefore, ex-smokers were included in the "non-smoker" category. That fact is negative, because it involves reverse causality, that is, patients quitted smoking in an attempt to improve their health condition. Likewise, most patients denied the habit of alcohol intake, which has been found in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study had limitations, such as memory bias, which might have affected the accuracy of the responses, and the limitation inherent in cross-sectional studies, that is, the absence of follow-up over time, not allowing us to establish causal relationships. Therefore, a causal relationship with insufficient knowledge could not be directly established. However, knowledge is the first step to behavior change, and this study aimed at assessing that knowledge, contributing to support the elaboration of more effective education programs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Considering the insufficient knowledge about their own disease and the unhealthy dietary habits observed among hypertensive patients in this study, in addition to the sedentary lifestyle reported by most of them, strategies of nutrition education and health promotion should be developed, aimed at increasing their knowledge about their own disease and empowering them to self-care and lifestyle changes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank CNPq and ICFUC.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Conhecimento e Atitudes Sobre Alimentos Ricos em S&#243;dio por Pacientes Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra Ribas</given-names>
          </name>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Busnello</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Michielin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucia Campos Pellanda</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC) Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP: 90.620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>; <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Teixeira JF, Busnello FM, Pellanda LC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Teixeira JF, Pellanda LC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Teixeira JF, Goulart MR, Busnello FM, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>No Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; aproximadamente 30% do total da popula&#231;&#227;o. No mundo, HAS &#233; a causa de morte de cerca de 9,4 milh&#245;es de pessoas. Um padr&#227;o alimentar saud&#225;vel &#233; importante para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos adequados e, consequentemente, controle da doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Descrever o conhecimento e as pr&#225;ticas alimentares de pacientes hipertensos sobre a HAS, relacionando-a com alimentos ricos em s&#243;dio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Aplicou-se aos pacientes um question&#225;rio contendo perguntas relacionadas ao seu padr&#227;o alimentar, h&#225;bitos e frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de determinados alimentos e conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a e condi&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Avaliaram-se 221 pacientes, sendo 56,1% mulheres, 53,8% com ensino fundamental incompleto, e m&#233;dia de idade de 57,7&#177;13,5 anos. Desses, 75,6% referiram ser portadores de HAS e 11,3% eram diab&#233;ticos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o alimentar, verificou-se que 62% utilizam temperos prontos para o preparo das refei&#231;&#245;es, por&#233;m 94,1% referiram n&#227;o adicionar sal &#224; refei&#231;&#227;o pronta. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conhecimento dos pacientes quanto aos alimentos com alto teor de s&#243;dio e &#224; HAS, apenas 8 acertaram 100% das quest&#245;es do question&#225;rio (14 acertos = 100%), 37 pacientes tiveram 73,8% de acertos e 42 pacientes, 57% de acertos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O conhecimento sobre preven&#231;&#227;o da HAS e alimentos ricos em s&#243;dio foi considerado insuficiente. Com base nesses achados, ser&#225; poss&#237;vel elaborar estrat&#233;gias educativas mais efetivas e direcionadas para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>H&#225;bitos Alimentares</kwd>
        <kwd>Cloreto de S&#243;dio na Dieta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; aproximadamente 30% do total da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Dados mostram que somente em 2010 a HAS causou a morte de cerca de 9,4 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m de estar relacionada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, quase 70% dos indiv&#237;duos que sofrem um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio possuem n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Estima-se que em 2015 sejam gastos 906 bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares no mundo com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e que esse valor chegue a 1.044 bilh&#245;es em 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O aumento da preval&#234;ncia de HAS deve-se tanto ao crescimento e envelhecimento populacional, quanto a fatores comportamentais de risco, como tabagismo, ingest&#227;o de bebidas alco&#243;licas, sedentarismo, estresse e dieta inadequada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> J&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido que o consumo excessivo de sal est&#225; associado com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> sendo que, no Brasil, o consumo m&#233;dio de s&#243;dio &#233; de cerca de 3,6 g para homens (9g de sal) e 2,7g para mulheres (6,7 g de sal), valores que chegam quase ao dobro do recomendado de 1,5 g de s&#243;dio por dia (3,7g de sal).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida, como bons h&#225;bitos alimentares, &#233; importante para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos adequados e consequente controle da doen&#231;a. Atualmente, existem muitas informa&#231;&#245;es nos meios de comunica&#231;&#227;o sobre HAS, por&#233;m, alguns estudos indicam um desconhecimento do seu conceito por parte dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que baixos n&#237;veis de conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a est&#227;o associados a um pior controle dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> portanto, conhecer a pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a, cuidados preventivos, troca de experi&#234;ncia, bem como o di&#225;logo entre outras metodologias eficazes s&#227;o essenciais para que pacientes com HAS possam exercer um autocuidado mais efetivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tendo em vista a necessidade de estabelecer programas educacionais de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas do grupo social a ser abordado, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever o n&#237;vel de conhecimento sobre HAS e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com os alimentos ricos em s&#243;dio e as pr&#225;ticas alimentares de pacientes atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio multidisciplinar especialmente dirigido &#224; HAS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal, no qual foram entrevistados 221 pacientes que buscaram atendimento no Ambulat&#243;rio Multidisciplinar de HAS do Instituto de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), em Porto Alegre, RS. Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Foram exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com dem&#234;ncia ou problemas que comprometessem a adequada comunica&#231;&#227;o com o pesquisador.</p>
        <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral, foi considerado o cen&#225;rio de uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 50% de participantes com conhecimento adequado (pior cen&#225;rio), uma margem de erro de 7% e um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%. Dessa forma, estimou-se a necessidade de incluir um total de 200 pacientes. Considerando uma margem de 10% de perdas e recusas, optou-se por incluir 220 pacientes.</p>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade, foram examinados os histogramas das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e de suas medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e dispers&#227;o, e o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnof. Os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado e o do Qui-Quadrado foram utilizados para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre total de acertos e faixa et&#225;ria, tempo de doen&#231;a, sexo, escolaridade, estado civil e etnia.</p>
        <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada antes das consultas no ambulat&#243;rio multidisciplinar. Os pacientes responderam a um question&#225;rio estruturado contendo perguntas relacionadas &#224; sua rotina alimentar, bem como aos seus h&#225;bitos alimentares (consumo de alimentos ricos em s&#243;dio, de temperos prontos, de sal adicional nas refei&#231;&#245;es prontas, de sal "<italic>light</italic>" e de molhos e sopas prontas; frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de embutidos, enlatados e refrigerantes). Tamb&#233;m foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre condi&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas, incluindo idade, sexo, situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal, condi&#231;&#227;o de trabalho, escolaridade, estilo de vida, tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237; cio f&#237;sico e patologias pr&#233;-existentes.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram considerados sedent&#225;rios quando n&#227;o atingissem as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais de pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, que s&#227;o 150 minutos por semana em adultos e 300 minutos por semana em adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conhecimento sobre alimentos ricos em sal, perguntou-se a percep&#231;&#227;o do paciente quanto ao sal de determinados alimentos, como molho pronto para saladas, salgadinhos industrializados, queijo, salame, presunto, vegetais em conserva e sopas prontas. As quest&#245;es de conhecimento sobre HAS inclu&#237;ram se havia alguma estrat&#233;gia para evit&#225;-la e se tinha cura. As quest&#245;es e alternativas foram elaboradas com base nas Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o e em question&#225;rio sobre conhecimento nutricional previamente validado para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado o programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>), vers&#227;o 18.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o descritas sob a forma de propor&#231;&#245;es, e as cont&#237;nuas, sob a forma de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Para avaliar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre consumo, conhecimento e outros fatores foram utilizados o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student e o teste do Qui-Quadrado com p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>O presente projeto foi analisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisas em seres humanos do IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS, parecer n&#186;. 4412/09.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram estudados 221 pacientes entre 18 e 84 anos, com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo feminino (56,1%) e da faixa et&#225;ria igual ou acima de 60 anos (48,9%). A m&#233;dia de idade foi 57,7 &#177; 13,5 anos, e as principais caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas, demogr&#225;ficas e comportamentais dos pacientes hipertensos (n= 221)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N = 221</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
                <td align="center">56,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">43,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18 a 29</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 a 39</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40 a 49</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">17,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50 a 59</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">25,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 60</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">48,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escolaridade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ens. fundamental incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">133</td>
                <td align="center">60,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ens. fundamental completo</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ens. m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ens. m&#233;dio incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado civil</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casado</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">61,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vi&#250;vo</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Solteiro</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Separado</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">10,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de filhos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 a 3</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">58,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 a 6</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">25,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 7</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Condi&#231;&#227;o de trabalho</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aposentado</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
                <td align="center">62,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Assalariado</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desempregado</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aut&#244;nomo</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Do lar</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de tabagismo (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10 a 15</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">20 a 30</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 a 40</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">29,17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto ao conhecimento sobre a pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a, 75,6% da popula&#231;&#227;o informou ter HAS, enquanto 79,2% tinha hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s pr&#225;ticas alimentares, verificou-se que 62% e 66,5% dos pacientes utilizavam temperos e molhos industrializados, respectivamente, para preparar suas refei&#231;&#245;es, e 62,9% n&#227;o consumiam sopas industrializadas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de sal <italic>light</italic>, 95,9% n&#227;o o utilizavam e 94,1% n&#227;o colocavam sal adicional na refei&#231;&#227;o pronta. A frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de alimentos industrializados e refrigerantes est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de alimentos industrializados e refrigerantes de hipertensos (n = 221)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia de consumo n (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>1x/dia</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>1x/semana</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2 a 3x/m&#234;s</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>1x/m&#234;s</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o consome</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Enlatado</td>
                <td align="center">0(zero)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (17,2)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (49,8)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (12,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Refrigerante</td>
                <td align="center">21 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (16,3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (8,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Salame Lingui&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">2(9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (19,9)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (72,9)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (27,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sardinha enlatada</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (48,9)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (38,9)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As fontes de informa&#231;&#227;o citadas pelos pacientes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fontes de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o e nutri&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0404-60049-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O conhecimento dos pacientes quanto ao alto teor de sal nos alimentos est&#225; descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>. As diferen&#231;as no total de acertos em rela&#231;&#227;o a diferentes caracter&#237;sticas da amostra s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>. Houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre o total de acertos e sexo, fonte de informa&#231;&#227;o e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de aterosclerose. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre n&#250;mero de acertos e tempo de doen&#231;a, etnia e faixa et&#225;ria (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Conhecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de alimentos com alto teor de s&#243;dio de hipertensos (n = 221)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Alimentos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Conhecia (n / %)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lingui&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">200 (90,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Salgadinho industrializado</td>
                <td align="center">200 (90,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Salame</td>
                <td align="center">195 (88,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Temperos prontos</td>
                <td align="center">172 (77,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presunto</td>
                <td align="center">130 (58,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Salsicha</td>
                <td align="center">129 (58,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vegetais em conservas</td>
                <td align="center">127 (57,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sopas prontas</td>
                <td align="center">116 (52,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Molho pronto p/ saladas</td>
                <td align="center">108 (48,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Queijo mozarela</td>
                <td align="center">97 (43,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Enlatados</td>
                <td align="center">81 (36,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia de acertos no question&#225;rio de acordo com diferentes caracter&#237;sticas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>% de acertos</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td>62,81 &#177; 9,34</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens</td>
                <td>59,45 &#177; 10,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">HDL-colesterol</td>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td>61,9 &#177; 9,83</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td>58,22 &#177; 9,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Aterosclerose</td>
                <td>Com aterosclerose</td>
                <td>59,04 &#177; 9,24</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem aterosclerose</td>
                <td>62,63 &#177; 9,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Fonte de informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td>Usa Jornal</td>
                <td>65,02 &#177; 8,81</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o usa jornal</td>
                <td>60,27 &#177; 9,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Fonte de Informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td>Usa Internet</td>
                <td>67,18 &#177; 6,45</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o usa Internet</td>
                <td>60,83 &#177; 9,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Escolha Alimentar</td>
                <td>Influ&#234;ncia do sabor</td>
                <td>59,45 &#177; 7,88</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem influ&#234;ncia do sabor</td>
                <td>62,01 &#177; 10,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Escolha Alimentar</td>
                <td>Influ&#234;ncia da dieta</td>
                <td>65,17 &#177; 7,91</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem influ&#234;ncia da dieta</td>
                <td>60,46 &#177; 9,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Escolha Alimentar</td>
                <td>Influ&#234;ncia de alimentos saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td>62,38 &#177; 9,53</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem influ&#234;ncia de alimentos saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td>59,88 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Teste t de Student</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta o t&#243;pico abordado e a propor&#231;&#227;o de acertos em cada uma das quest&#245;es.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores m&#233;dios de &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de acordo com n&#237;veis de colesterol, fontes de informa&#231;&#227;o e influ&#234;ncias sobre a escolha alimentar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Colesterol</td>
                <td align="center">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">32,34 &#177; 2,77</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">33,14 &#177; 3,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Fonte de informa&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">Usa Jornal</td>
                <td align="center">31,81 &#177; 3,07</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o usa Jornal</td>
                <td align="center">33,09 &#177; 3,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Escolha Alimentar</td>
                <td align="center">Influ&#234;ncia da conveni&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">31,45 &#177; 3,63</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o tem influ&#234;ncia da conveni&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">33,12 &#177; 1,32</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Teste t de Student</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando perguntado se havia alguma estrat&#233;gia para evitar HAS, 90,5% dos pacientes responderam que sim. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a, 29,9% responderam que h&#225; cura para a press&#227;o alta. Entretanto, 70,1% responderam que existe apenas estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ou preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para as perguntas relacionadas ao conhecimento dos pacientes quanto aos alimentos com alto teor de sal e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o com HAS, foram consideradas 14 quest&#245;es (14 acertos = 100%). Apenas 3,6% dos pacientes tiveram 100% de acertos, sendo a m&#233;dia de 8,9 acertos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre total de acertos e faixa et&#225;ria, tempo de doen&#231;a, sexo, escolaridade, estado civil e etnia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostra que o n&#237;vel de conhecimento dos pacientes sobre HAS &#233;, em geral, insuficiente. Considerando que esses pacientes s&#227;o acompanhados em ambulat&#243;rio especializado em HAS, &#233; relevante o fato de que cerca de um quarto deles n&#227;o reconhecesse o pr&#243;prio diagn&#243;stico de HAS. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com a literatura em outros contextos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Grande parte dos participantes utilizava temperos e molhos prontos para preparar suas refei&#231;&#245;es, levando ao aumento do aporte de s&#243;dio di&#225;rio em suas dietas. Sabe-se que a ingest&#227;o de quantidades de s&#243;dio acima dos valores recomendados est&#225; diretamente relacionada ao aumento dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Entretanto, ressaltamos que mais de 90% dos entrevistados n&#227;o acrescenta sal adicional nas refei&#231;&#245;es, corroborando com outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Mesmo assim, as pesquisas or&#231;amentais brasileiras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> mostram que o consumo m&#233;dio de s&#243;dio para homens e mulheres mant&#233;m-se elevado.</p>
        <p>Est&#225; clara a dificuldade que os pacientes t&#234;m em realizar, com autonomia, o cuidado adequado para a preven&#231;&#227;o e/ou controle da doen&#231;a. Esses dados mostram que h&#225; necessidade de instrumentaliza&#231;&#227;o do profissional de sa&#250;de, tanto na elabora&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas e direcionadas ao paciente conforme suas necessidades, quanto na promo&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares, com o objetivo de fornecer autonomia ao hipertenso no momento de suas escolhas alimentares, com consequente melhora na sua qualidade de vida.</p>
        <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da HAS pode ser obtida atrav&#233;s de tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico, constituindo-se em mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, que incluem controle do peso, diminui&#231;&#227;o do consumo de s&#243;dio e &#225;lcool, n&#227;o ser tabagista e aumento na pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O conhecimento sobre HAS &#233; importante para que haja um autocuidado mais efetivo e para que n&#227;o ocorra piora no quadro cl&#237;nico desses pacientes. Atividades em grupo mostram-se bem eficazes para a constru&#231;&#227;o do saber, pois incluem tanto a comunica&#231;&#227;o com os profissionais de sa&#250;de, cujo papel &#233; facilitar o ensinamento e cujas orienta&#231;&#245;es devem ser de acordo com o n&#237;vel de entendimento do paciente, quanto a troca de experi&#234;ncias entre os pr&#243;prios hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Dessa forma, o cuidado integrado em sa&#250;de contribui para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de riscos inerentes &#224; HAS.</p>
        <p>Assim como em outros estudos, as mulheres demonstraram maior conhecimento na &#225;rea de nutri&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Isso pode dever-se a quest&#245;es culturais de interesse em nutri&#231;&#227;o, ou tamb&#233;m ao fato de frequentarem mais os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e terem maiores oportunidades de discutir o assunto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Isso &#233; compat&#237;vel com a maior preval&#234;ncia de pacientes do sexo feminino na amostra.</p>
        <p>Tal maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo feminino, corroborando outros estudos com o mesmo perfil de popula&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> leva-nos a supor que as mulheres tenham maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o com sua doen&#231;a e busquem mais atendimento com profissionais de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; escolaridade, 60% da amostra tinha ensino fundamental incompleto, o que deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o. Esse fator pode influenciar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento ou dificultar o entendimento sobre a HAS e as orienta&#231;&#245;es dadas pelos profissionais sobre a doen&#231;a, o que pode justificar 25% dos entrevistados referindo n&#227;o ter diagn&#243;stico de HAS, apesar de estarem sendo atendidos em um servi&#231;o especializado. Isso mostra a necessidade de elaborar estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas de interven&#231;&#227;o, direcionadas ao perfil do paciente para sua melhor compreens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A baixa preval&#234;ncia do h&#225;bito de fumar encontrado pode ser considerada um fator ben&#233;fico, pois o tabagismo pode estar associado ao abandono do tratamento de HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Cabe, por&#233;m, destacar que, como o instrumento de coleta de dados do estudo atual n&#227;o abrange a quest&#227;o de "ex-tabagista", essa categoria foi enquadrada em "n&#227;o-fumantes". Esse fato &#233; negativo por ser considerado uma vari&#225;vel de causalidade reversa, isto &#233;, os pacientes passaram a n&#227;o fumar mais na tentativa de melhorar seu estado de sa&#250;de. De forma semelhante, a maior parte da amostra negou o h&#225;bito de consumir bebidas alco&#243;licas, o que foi encontrado em outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo teve como limita&#231;&#245;es o poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria, que pode ter afetado a acur&#225;cia das respostas, e a limita&#231;&#227;o inerente aos estudos transversais, ou seja, a aus&#234;ncia de acompanhamento no tempo n&#227;o permite o estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#245;es causais. Assim, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer diretamente uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal com o conhecimento insuficiente. No entanto, o conhecimento &#233; o primeiro passo para a mudan&#231;a de comportamento, e o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar tal conhecimento, contribuindo para embasar a elabora&#231;&#227;o de programas educativos mais efetivos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Diante do grau insuficiente de conhecimento sobre a pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a e das pr&#225;ticas alimentares inadequadas observadas nos pacientes hipertensos neste estudo, assim como estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio relatado pela maioria, verifica-se a import&#226;ncia do desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias de educa&#231;&#227;o alimentar e promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, visando ao incremento do conhecimento sobre a pr&#243;pria condi&#231;&#227;o e empoderando os indiv&#237;duos para o autocuidado e a mudan&#231;a de h&#225;bitos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Ao CNPq e ICFUC.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
