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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dWJZSHXYJ5xpkhBCvHtK5Zq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500389</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160070</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brazilian Cardiorespiratory Fitness Classification Based on Maximum Oxygen Consumption</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Ananda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Artur Haddad Herdy</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina. Rua Newton Ramos 91- 601-A, Centro. Postal Code 88015-395, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>arherdy@cardiosport.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Herdy AH e Caixeta A. Acquisition of data: Herdy AH. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Herdy AH e Caixeta A. Statistical analysis: Herdy AH e Caixeta A. Obtaining financing: Herdy AH. Writing of the manuscript: Herdy AH e Caixeta A. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Herdy AH e Caixeta A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>389</fpage>
      <lpage>395</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the most complete tool available to assess functional aerobic capacity (FAC). Maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max), an important biomarker, reflects the real FAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To develop a cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) classification based on VO<sub>2</sub> max in a Brazilian sample of healthy and physically active individuals of both sexes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We selected 2837 CEPT from 2837 individuals aged 15 to 74 years, distributed as follows: G1 (15 to 24); G2 (25 to 34); G3 (35 to 44); G4 (45 to 54); G5 (55 to 64) and G6 (65 to 74). Good CRF was the mean VO<sub>2</sub> max obtained for each group, generating the following subclassification: Very Low (VL): VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 50% of the mean; Low (L): 50% - 80%; Fair (F): 80% - 95%; Good (G): 95% -105%; Excellent (E) &gt; 105%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t7">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="16%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Men</th>
                    <th align="center">VL &lt; 50%</th>
                    <th align="center">L 50-80%</th>
                    <th align="center">F 80-95%</th>
                    <th align="center">G 95-105%</th>
                    <th align="center">E &gt; 105%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 25.30</td>
                    <td align="center">25.30-40.48</td>
                    <td align="center">40.49-48.07</td>
                    <td align="center">48.08-53.13</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 53.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 23.70</td>
                    <td align="center">23.70-37.92</td>
                    <td align="center">37.93-45.03</td>
                    <td align="center">45.04-49.77</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 49.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 22.70</td>
                    <td align="center">22.70-36.32</td>
                    <td align="center">36.33-43.13</td>
                    <td align="center">43.14-47.67</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 47.67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 20.25</td>
                    <td align="center">20.25-32.40</td>
                    <td align="center">32.41-38.47</td>
                    <td align="center">38.48-42.52</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 42.52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 17.54</td>
                    <td align="center">17.65-28.24</td>
                    <td align="center">28.25-33.53</td>
                    <td align="center">33.54-37.06</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 37.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                    <td align="center">15.00-24.00</td>
                    <td align="center">24.01-28.50</td>
                    <td align="center">28.51-31.50</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 31.50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" colspan="6">
                      <bold>Women</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 19.45</td>
                    <td align="center">19.45-31.12</td>
                    <td align="center">31.13-36.95</td>
                    <td align="center">36.96-40.84</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 40.85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 19.05</td>
                    <td align="center">19.05-30.48</td>
                    <td align="center">30.49-36.19</td>
                    <td align="center">36.20-40.00</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 40.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 17.45</td>
                    <td align="center">17.45-27.92</td>
                    <td align="center">27.93-33.15</td>
                    <td align="center">33.16-34.08</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 34.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 15.55</td>
                    <td align="center">15.55-24.88</td>
                    <td align="center">24.89-29.54</td>
                    <td align="center">29.55-32.65</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 32.66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 14.30</td>
                    <td align="center">14.30-22.88</td>
                    <td align="center">22.89-27.17</td>
                    <td align="center">27.18-30.03</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 30.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 12.55</td>
                    <td align="center">12.55-20.08</td>
                    <td align="center">20.09-23.84</td>
                    <td align="center">23.85-26.35</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 26.36</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This chart stratifies VO<sub>2</sub> max measured on a treadmill in a robust Brazilian sample and can be used as an alternative for the real functional evaluation of physically and healthy individuals stratified by age and sex.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Respiratory Function Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is considered one of the most complete tools to assess functional aerobic capacity, because it provides an integrated assessment of response to exercise, involving the cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematopoietic, neurophysiological and skeletal muscle systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In clinical practice, it has been widely used to assess cardiac and pulmonary diseases, to stratify the risk of patients with heart failure, and to optimize the prescription of physical exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In Brazil, CPET is preferably performed on a treadmill, but, in many countries, a cycle ergometer is preferred. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max) reflects the individual's maximum capacity to absorb, transport and consume oxygen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The major determinants of normal VO<sub>2</sub> max are: genetic factors, muscle mass amount, age, sex and body weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In practice, VO<sub>2</sub> max is considered to be equivalent to the highest VO<sub>2</sub> value obtained in peak exertion, which is usually used to classify cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in a population. In this study, for practical purposes, we named VO<sub>2</sub> peak, which was actually measured, VO<sub>2</sub> max.</p>
      <p>Few studies have provided reference CRF charts for populations, and it is yet to be clarified whether the existing classifications can be extrapolated to other populations. Most published studies have been based on small samples, and the profiles of the populations studied have significantly differed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The CRF classification charts most used in Brazil are as follows: that of the American Heart Association (AHA), published in 1972 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), and that by Cooper, of 1987. Brazil does not have a solid and widely used CRF classification for CPET; therefore, this study proposes a classification based on Brazilian population data. Such data, resulting from a recently published study, were used as reference for CPET on a treadmill (ramp protocol) for sedentary and physically active men and women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>American Heart Association Cardiorespiratory Fitness Chart based on maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max &#8211; mL/kg.min) &#8211; 1972</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Men</th>
              <th align="center">Very Low</th>
              <th align="center">Low</th>
              <th align="center">Fair</th>
              <th align="center">Good</th>
              <th align="center">Excellent</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Age group</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">20-29</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 25</td>
              <td align="center">25-33</td>
              <td align="center">34-42</td>
              <td align="center">43-52</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30-39</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 23</td>
              <td align="center">23-30</td>
              <td align="center">31-38</td>
              <td align="center">39-48</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40-49</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 20</td>
              <td align="center">20-26</td>
              <td align="center">27-35</td>
              <td align="center">36-44</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">50-59</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 18</td>
              <td align="center">18-24</td>
              <td align="center">25-33</td>
              <td align="center">34-42</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60-69</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 16</td>
              <td align="center">16-22</td>
              <td align="center">23-30</td>
              <td align="center">31-40</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Women</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Very Low</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Low</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Fair</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Good</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Excellent</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Age group</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">20-29</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 24</td>
              <td align="center">24-30</td>
              <td align="center">31-37</td>
              <td align="center">38-48</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30-39</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 20</td>
              <td align="center">20-27</td>
              <td align="center">28-33</td>
              <td align="center">34-44</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40-49</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 17</td>
              <td align="center">17-23</td>
              <td align="center">24-30</td>
              <td align="center">31-41</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">50-59</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
              <td align="center">15-20</td>
              <td align="center">21-27</td>
              <td align="center">28-37</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60-69</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 13</td>
              <td align="center">13-17</td>
              <td align="center">18-23</td>
              <td align="center">24-34</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 35</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study's sample comprised 9,250 CPET performed at a large cardiology referral center in southern Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Based on a questionnaire completed during the test, individuals with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: any symptom suggesting disease or pathology; amateur or professional athletes; smokers; users of any medication; obese individuals (body mass index - BMI &gt; 30); and tests with the ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide produced and of oxygen used (respiratory exchange ratio - RER) &lt; 1.1. After applying the exclusion criteria, 3,922 CPET were identified, of which, 2,837 CPET, corresponding to healthy and active individuals, were selected. Those individuals, aged between 15 and 74 years, were of both sexes and different ethnicities, and practiced leisure-time aerobic physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day, three times a week.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>All exercise tests were conducted by cardiologists trained in ergometry and CPET by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Department of Ergometry and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation. The tests were performed on a treadmill (Inbrasport - ATL<sup>TM</sup>, Brazil, 1999, Software ErgoPC Elite Version 3.3.6.2, Micromed Brazil, 1999), using the ramp protocol. A mixing chamber gas analyzer (MetaLyzer II, Cortex <sup>TM</sup> - Leipzig, Germany, 2004) was used to collect the expired gases. For descriptive statistics, central trend measures, such as means, were used, in addition to dispersion measures (standard deviation). Excel software, Microsoft 2008, was used for statistical analyses and charts.</p>
      <p>Participants, classified according to sex (female and male), were divided into six age groups between 15 and 74 years as follows: G1 (15 to 24 years); G2 (25 to 34 years); G3 (35 to 44 years); G4 (45 to 54 years); G5 (55 to 64 years); and G6 (65 to 74 years).</p>
      <p>The CRF classification proposed in this study was based on 2,837 CPET performed in apparently healthy individuals. We arbitrarily adopted as "Good" CRF the mean VO<sub>2</sub> max value expressed in mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> obtained in each group, and, taking that value as a reference, we classified CRF as follows: "Very Low" (VO<sub>2</sub> value &lt; 50% of the mean); "low" (50-80%); "fair" (80-95%); "good" (95-105%); and "excellent" (&gt; 105%).</p>
      <p>To internally validate our proposed CRF classification, sedentary individuals of both sexes from the study population sample were assessed, according to previous publication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> show the mean VO<sub>2</sub> max values of the original population and the number of CPET performed, stratified by sex and age groups, of physically active and sedentary individuals. The VO<sub>2</sub> max levels were higher in the active groups as compared to the sedentary ones, and men had greater VO<sub>2</sub> max levels than women did. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref> show our proposed CRF classification, with five different categories, stratified by sex and age group, of apparently healthy individuals. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref> shows the classification of the sedentary population (men and women) from the original sample, considering the new CRF chart proposed in this study. It is worth noting that the CRF of sedentary individuals is always classified as either fair or low.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the physically active and sedentary male population according to mean VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL/kg.min) and age groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="7">Active men</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#8211; 24</td>
              <td align="center">25 &#8211; 34</td>
              <td align="center">35 &#8211; 44</td>
              <td align="center">45 &#8211; 54</td>
              <td align="center">55 &#8211; 64</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#8211; 74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">n = 1818</td>
              <td align="center">343</td>
              <td align="center">597</td>
              <td align="center">427</td>
              <td align="center">285</td>
              <td align="center">134</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL/kg.min)</td>
              <td align="center">50.6 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">47.4 &#177; 7.4</td>
              <td align="center">45.4 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">40.5 &#177; 6.5</td>
              <td align="center">35.3 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">30 &#177; 6.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="7">
                <bold>Sedentary men</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#8211; 24</td>
              <td align="center">25 &#8211; 34</td>
              <td align="center">35 &#8211; 44</td>
              <td align="center">45 &#8211; 54</td>
              <td align="center">55 &#8211; 64</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#8211; 74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">n = 570</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">188</td>
              <td align="center">157</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL/kg.min)</td>
              <td align="center">47.4 &#177; 7.9</td>
              <td align="center">41.9 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">39.9 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">35.6 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">30 &#177; 6.3</td>
              <td align="center">23.1 &#177; 6.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the physically active and sedentary female population according to mean VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL/kg.min) and age groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="7">Active women</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#8211; 24</td>
              <td align="center">25 &#8211; 34</td>
              <td align="center">35 &#8211; 44</td>
              <td align="center">45 &#8211; 54</td>
              <td align="center">55 &#8211; 64</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#8211; 74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">n = 1019</td>
              <td align="center">177</td>
              <td align="center">300</td>
              <td align="center">229</td>
              <td align="center">206</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL/kg.min)</td>
              <td align="center">38.9 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">38.1 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">34.9 &#177; 5.9</td>
              <td align="center">31.1 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">25.1 &#177; 4.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="7">
                <bold>Sedentary women</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#8211; 24</td>
              <td align="center">25 &#8211; 34</td>
              <td align="center">35 &#8211; 44</td>
              <td align="center">45 &#8211; 54</td>
              <td align="center">55 &#8211; 64</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#8211; 74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">n = 515</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">149</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL/kg.min)</td>
              <td align="center">35.6 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">34.0 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">30.0 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">23.9 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">21.3 &#177; 3.4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classification of cardiorespiratory fitness based on maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max &#8211; mL/kg.min) for the male sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Age group (years)</th>
              <th align="center">Very Low</th>
              <th align="center">Low</th>
              <th align="center">Fair</th>
              <th align="center">Good</th>
              <th align="center">Excellent</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">15 &#8211; 24</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 25.30</td>
              <td align="center">25.30 &#8211; 40.48</td>
              <td align="center">40.49 &#8211; 48.07</td>
              <td align="center">48.08 &#8211; 53.13</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 53.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">25 &#8211; 34</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 23.70</td>
              <td align="center">23.70 &#8211; 37.92</td>
              <td align="center">37.93 &#8211; 45.03</td>
              <td align="center">45.04 &#8211; 49.77</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 49.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">35 &#8211; 44</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 22.70</td>
              <td align="center">22.70 &#8211; 36.32</td>
              <td align="center">36.33 &#8211; 43.13</td>
              <td align="center">43.14 &#8211; 47.67</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 47.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">45 &#8211; 54</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 20.25</td>
              <td align="center">20.25 &#8211; 32.40</td>
              <td align="center">32.41 &#8211; 38.47</td>
              <td align="center">38.48 &#8211; 42.52</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 42.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">55 &#8211; 64</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 17.54</td>
              <td align="center">17.65 &#8211; 28.24</td>
              <td align="center">28.25 &#8211; 33.53</td>
              <td align="center">33.54 &#8211; 37.06</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 37.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">65 &#8211; 74</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
              <td align="center">15.00 &#8211; 24.00</td>
              <td align="center">24.01 &#8211; 28.50</td>
              <td align="center">28.51 &#8211; 31.50</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 31.50</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classification of cardiorespiratory fitness based on maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max &#8211; mL/kg.min) for the female sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Age group (years)</th>
              <th align="center">Very Low</th>
              <th align="center">Low</th>
              <th align="center">Fair</th>
              <th align="center">Good</th>
              <th align="center">Excellent</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">15 &#8211; 24</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 19.45</td>
              <td align="center">19.45 &#8211; 31.12</td>
              <td align="center">31.13 &#8211; 36.95</td>
              <td align="center">36.96 &#8211; 40.84</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 40.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">25 &#8211; 34</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 19.05</td>
              <td align="center">19.05 &#8211; 30.48</td>
              <td align="center">30.49 &#8211; 36.19</td>
              <td align="center">36.20 &#8211; 40.00</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 40.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">35 &#8211; 44</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 17.45</td>
              <td align="center">17.45 &#8211; 27.92</td>
              <td align="center">27.93 &#8211; 33.15</td>
              <td align="center">33.16 &#8211; 34.08</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 34.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">45 &#8211; 54</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 15.55</td>
              <td align="center">15.55 &#8211; 24.88</td>
              <td align="center">24.89 &#8211; 29.54</td>
              <td align="center">29.55 &#8211; 32.65</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 32.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">55 &#8211; 64</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 14.30</td>
              <td align="center">14.30 - 22.88</td>
              <td align="center">22.89 &#8211; 27.17</td>
              <td align="center">27.18 &#8211; 30.03</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 30.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">65 &#8211; 74</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 12.55</td>
              <td align="center">12.55 &#8211; 20.08</td>
              <td align="center">20.09 &#8211; 23.84</td>
              <td align="center">23.85 &#8211; 26.35</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 26.36</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classification of cardiorespiratory fitness based on maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max &#8211; mL/kg.min) of the male and female sedentary population from the original study and according to the new cardiorespiratory fitness chart proposed in this study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="6">Men</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age group (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Very Low</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Low</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Fair</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Good</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Excellent</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">15 &#8211; 24</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 47.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">25 &#8211; 34</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 41.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">35 &#8211; 44</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 39.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">45 &#8211; 54</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 35.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">55 &#8211; 64</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 30.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">65 &#8211; 74</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 23.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Women</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">15 &#8211; 24</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 35.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">25 &#8211; 34</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 34.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">35 &#8211; 44</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 30.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">45 &#8211; 54</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 27.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">55 &#8211; 64</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 23.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">65 &#8211; 74</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 21.2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As expected, VO<sub>2</sub> max levels dropped throughout the age groups for both sexes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Behavior of maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max &#8211; mL/kg.min) throughout the years in men.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0389-60070-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Behavior of maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max &#8211; mL/kg.min) throughout the years in women.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0389-60070-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We elaborated a CRF classification chart based on VO<sub>2</sub> max levels measured during CPET (ramp protocol) performed on an ergometric treadmill, to more accurately classify a solid Brazilian sample of healthy and physically active individuals of both sexes. We chose to base our analysis on data of physically active individuals, who would provide CRF in the "good" category, corresponding to mean CRF values. Not using data of sedentary individuals allowed us to validate our proposed CRF classification chart, observing in which category sedentary individuals would fit.</p>
      <p>According to our CRF classification chart, we confirmed that the CRF of active men is higher than that of active women of the same age group, and, for both sexes, active individuals had a better CRF as compared to sedentary ones. According to Nunes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> mean VO<sub>2</sub> max values of women are lower than those of men, the mean VO<sub>2</sub> max values of the former corresponding to only 70% of those of the latter. The present study showed a mean VO<sub>2</sub> max of women corresponding to 76% to 83% of the mean VO<sub>2</sub> max of men of the same age group.</p>
      <p>Sedentary individuals not only had a lower VO<sub>2</sub> max as compared to physically active ones, but also a twice higher decrease in VO<sub>2</sub> max as age advanced.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Regular exercise practice reduces the VO<sub>2</sub> max rate of decrease as compared to a sedentary lifestyle,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and, the greater the VO<sub>2</sub>, the greater the protection against cardiovascular events. An increase in aerobic capacity is associated with an increase in survival, as reported by Myers et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> who have demonstrated a significant increase in the relative risk of death from any cause as functional capacity decreased, regardless of the risk factors involved. In addition, those authors have reported a 12%-increase in survival for each 1-MET increase in the CRF level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most CRF classification charts used in clinical practice have been elaborated in other countries and have not been validated for the Brazilian population. Extrapolating those classifications to the Brazilian population can lead to relevant discrepancies. Belli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have shown significant discrepancies when comparing international charts with Brazilian data. Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> have classified CRF into percentiles, similarly to Cooper et al., and have observed a difference in VO<sub>2</sub> max when comparing the two charts.</p>
      <p>VO<sub>2</sub> max depends on a frequent and constant physical activity and can be enhanced with treinos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, despite the volume or intensity of the workout raise VO2 max by 10 to 30%, there is also an important genetic influence. Research has shown that genetic inheritance is the main responsible for max VO2 each individual and may be responsible for up to 25% to 50% of the variation in the values of VO<sub>2</sub> max, ie, alone accounts for almost half of ACR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>VO<sub>2</sub> max can be measured directly by analyzing the gases expired during CPET, or indirectly, by using calculations. Although some prediction equations provide an acceptable association with values obtained via direct measurements, the difference varies, depending on the population studied. The error for one certain individual can be extremely high, ranging from 15% to 20% in some studies, and can even reach or exceed 30%, a high margin of error, considering other measurements in the biological area<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to data obtained in this study, VO<sub>2</sub> max drops with age. That drop in women varies less from one age group to the other as compared to that in men. We observed a higher drop in VO<sub>2</sub> max among active women from group 3 to group 4, with a mean of 0.38 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> per year. Among sedentary women, that drop was sharper from group 2 to group 3, with a mean of 0.4 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> per year. Among both active and sedentary men, however, the VO<sub>2</sub> max drop was more marked from group 5 to group 6, with a mean of 0.53 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> per year among active men, and of 0.69 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> per year among sedentary men. Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> have shown a VO<sub>2</sub> max drop of 0.4 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> per year among men aged 20 to 60 years. Belli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> using indirect VO<sub>2</sub> max measurement, have evidenced a drop of 20% to 25% per decade in mean VO<sub>2</sub> max from the age of 50 years onward, that drop being sharper after the age of 60 years. An approximate drop in VO<sub>2</sub> max of 0.4 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> per year is estimated to occur from the age of 25 years onward, and that VO<sub>2</sub> max decline is twice greater in sedentary individuals as compared to physically active ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We used the new CRF classification chart to classify sedentary individuals undergoing CPET under the same conditions of the physically active ones from the original population. This would allow us to validate our proposed classification, considering how the VO<sub>2</sub> max values of those individuals would fit. Differently from the studies estimating VO<sub>2</sub> max indirectly, the direct measurement of VO<sub>2</sub> max shows that CRF in sedentary individuals is classified, at the most, as fair, regardless of age and sex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>). From the practical viewpoint, sedentary individuals have decreased tolerance to exertion, and, thus, physical exercise prescription to active and sedentary individuals should differ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The CRF chart by Cooper<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and that of the AHA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) are the most commonly used tools to classify CRF in CPET programs in Brazil. However, the literature lacks data concerning sampling methods and sample types used to elaborate the AHA chart. Therefore, the comparison of data obtained in this study with the AHA chart is limited. Our classification comprises a wider age range, from 15 to 74 years, as compared to that of the AHA (20 to 69 years). The VO<sub>2</sub> max analysis in both charts evidences, in younger age groups, very similar VO<sub>2</sub> max values. However, in the other age groups, a greater difference is observed between our data and the VO<sub>2</sub> max values of the AHA chart.</p>
      <p>Most CRF charts published so far have been elaborated with CPET performed on a cycle ergometer. The VO<sub>2</sub> max obtained in tests performed on a treadmill, as opposed to those performed on a bicycle, is approximately 5% to 17% higher (mean of 8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The difference is attributed to the amount of active muscle mass involved in the test, which is greater for the inclined treadmill. Another important factor relates to the pedaling effect, which causes localized muscle fatigue by using the large muscle groups of the thigh, and that fatigue can occur before maximum exertion is imposed to the circulatory and respiratory systems, generating a lower VO<sub>2</sub> max.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study sample, the age range was wide, including adolescents older than 15 years. We believe that from that age on, individuals already have muscle maturation and performance close to those of young adults under the age of 25 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The classification chart proposed should be assessed as an instrument to predict risk for morbidity and mortality, according to each individual's functional profile. Further studies are required.</p>
      <p>This study has limitations, such as the lack of standardization of ramp protocols. Individuals classified as physically active practiced different types of activities and sports, making the comparison of the results in different populations difficult. Further studies are required, using the same intensities and inclinations in the protocol ramp and with individuals practicing the same type of aerobic exercise, because that would improve the analysis and comparison of the results. Individuals with hypertension, diabetes or dyslipidemia, those on any type of medication, and those with a BMI greater than 30 (obese) were excluded, making the applicability of that classification in those subgroups uncertain. The Brazilian population is known to be diversified, and, in southern Brazil, the European colonization predominates (smaller percentage of Afrodescendant and Native individuals, as compared to other Brazilian regions). New studies should be developed, including different ethnicities and individuals from other Brazilian regions, aiming at comparing with the classification proposed to verify whether the values differ.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This is one of the few Brazilian studies to propose a CRF chart with data extracted from a robust population sample, and based on VO<sub>2</sub> max measured via CPET on a treadmill. These data can be used for functional capacity classification according to sex and age group and considering different risk profiles.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Whitkanack</surname>
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          <article-title>Disparities in ventilatory and circulatory responses to bicycle and treadmill exercise</article-title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Ergoespirometria</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o Nacional da Aptid&#227;o Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pelo Consumo M&#225;ximo de Oxig&#234;nio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Ananda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Artur Haddad Herdy</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina. Rua Newton Ramos 91- 601-A, Centro. CEP 88015-395, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>arherdy@cardiosport.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Herdy AH e Caixeta A. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Herdy AH. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Herdy AH e Caixeta A. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Herdy AH e Caixeta A. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Herdy AH. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Herdy AH e Caixeta A. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Herdy AH e Caixeta A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) &#233; a ferramenta dispon&#237;vel mais completa na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade aer&#243;bica funcional (CF) do indiv&#237;duo. O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> max), importante marcador biol&#243;gico, reflete a real CF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Elaborar uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) baseada no VO<sub>2</sub> max em uma amostra nacional de sujeitos saud&#225;veis e ativos de ambos os sexos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Selecionamos 2837 TCPE de indiv&#237;duos entre 15 e 74 anos, assim distribu&#237;dos: G1 (15 a 24); G2 (25 a 34); G3 (35 a 44); G4 (45 a 54); G5 (55 a 64) e G6 (65 a 74). A ACR boa foi a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> max obtido em cada grupo, gerando as seguintes subclassifica&#231;&#245;es: Muito Fraca (MF) VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 50% da m&#233;dia; Fraca (F): 50%-80%; Regular (R): 80%-95%; Boa (B): 95%-105%; e Excelente (E) &gt; 105%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t14">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="16%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Homens</th>
                    <th align="center">MF &lt; 50%</th>
                    <th align="center">F 50-80%</th>
                    <th align="center">R 80-95%</th>
                    <th align="center">B 95-105%</th>
                    <th align="center">E &gt; 105%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 25,30</td>
                    <td align="center">25,30-40,48</td>
                    <td align="center">40,49-48,07</td>
                    <td align="center">48,08-53,13</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 53,13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 23,70</td>
                    <td align="center">23,70-37,92</td>
                    <td align="center">37,93-45,03</td>
                    <td align="center">45,04-49,77</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 49,77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 22,70</td>
                    <td align="center">22,70-36,32</td>
                    <td align="center">36,33-43,13</td>
                    <td align="center">43,14-47,67</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 47,67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 20,25</td>
                    <td align="center">20,25-32,40</td>
                    <td align="center">32,41-38,47</td>
                    <td align="center">38,48-42,52</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 42,52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 17,54</td>
                    <td align="center">17,65-28,24</td>
                    <td align="center">28,25-33,53</td>
                    <td align="center">33,54-37,06</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 37,06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                    <td align="center">15,00-24,00</td>
                    <td align="center">24,01-28,50</td>
                    <td align="center">28,51-31,50</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 31,50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" colspan="6">
                      <bold>Mulheres</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 19,45</td>
                    <td align="center">19,45-31,12</td>
                    <td align="center">31,13-36,95</td>
                    <td align="center">36,96-40,84</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 40,85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 19,05</td>
                    <td align="center">19,05-30,48</td>
                    <td align="center">30,49-36,19</td>
                    <td align="center">36,20-40,00</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 40,01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 17,45</td>
                    <td align="center">17,45-27,92</td>
                    <td align="center">27,93-33,15</td>
                    <td align="center">33,16-34,08</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 34,09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 15,55</td>
                    <td align="center">15,55-24,88</td>
                    <td align="center">24,89-29,54</td>
                    <td align="center">29,55-32,65</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 32,66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 14,30</td>
                    <td align="center">14,30-22,88</td>
                    <td align="center">22,89-27,17</td>
                    <td align="center">27,18-30,03</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 30,04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">G6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 12,55</td>
                    <td align="center">12,55-20,08</td>
                    <td align="center">20,09-23,84</td>
                    <td align="center">23,85-26,35</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 26,36</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A presente tabela estratifica o VO<sub>2</sub> max aferido em esteira em uma robusta amostra nacional e pode ser utilizada como op&#231;&#227;o para a real avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional de indiv&#237;duos ativos e saud&#225;veis de acordo com sexo e faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Teste de exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) &#233; considerado uma das ferramentas mais completas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional aer&#243;bica de um indiv&#237;duo, pois permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o integrada da resposta ao exerc&#237;cio, envolvendo o sistema cardiovascular, pulmonar, hematopoi&#233;tico, neurofisiol&#243;gico e m&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, vem sendo amplamente utilizado para investiga&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e pulmonares, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e prescri&#231;&#227;o otimizada de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No Brasil, o TCPE &#233; preferencialmente realizado em esteira rolante, por&#233;m, em muitos outros pa&#237;ses, a prefer&#234;ncia &#233; pelo cicloerg&#244;metro. Por sua vez, o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> max) reflete a m&#225;xima capacidade de um indiv&#237;duo absorver, transportar e consumir oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Os principais fatores determinantes de um VO<sub>2</sub> max normal s&#227;o: fatores gen&#233;ticos, quantidade de massa muscular, idade, sexo e peso corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Na pr&#225;tica, considera-se VO<sub>2</sub> max o equivalente ao maior valor de VO<sub>2</sub> obtido no pico do esfor&#231;o, sendo esse o valor geralmente utilizado para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) na popula&#231;&#227;o. Neste manuscrito, para fins pr&#225;ticos, denominaremos o VO<sub>2</sub> pico, que de fato foi o medido, como VO<sub>2</sub> max.</p>
        <p>S&#227;o poucos os estudos na literatura que fornecem tabelas de refer&#234;ncia populacionais de ACR, e n&#227;o se sabe ao certo se as classifica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o extrapol&#225;veis para outras popula&#231;&#245;es. A maior parte dos trabalhos publicados foi baseada em tamanhos de amostra pequenos e que diferiam significativamente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> As tabelas de classifica&#231;&#227;o de ACR mais utilizadas em nosso pa&#237;s s&#227;o: a da American Heart Association (AHA), publicada em 1972 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>), e a de Cooper, de 1987. Por n&#227;o existir no Brasil uma classifica&#231;&#227;o robusta e amplamente utilizada de ACR para o TCPE, estamos propondo uma classifica&#231;&#227;o baseada em dados da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Tais dados s&#227;o derivados de recente publica&#231;&#227;o, cujos valores foram utilizados como refer&#234;ncia para TCPE em esteira rolante (protocolo de rampa), para homens e mulheres sedent&#225;rios e ativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pelo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> max - ml/kg.min) pela American Heart Association - 1972 </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Homens</th>
                <th align="center">Muito fraca</th>
                <th align="center">Fraca</th>
                <th align="center">Razo&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Boa</th>
                <th align="center">Excelente</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Faixa Et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">20-29</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 25</td>
                <td align="center">25-33</td>
                <td align="center">34-42</td>
                <td align="center">43-52</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30-39</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 23</td>
                <td align="center">23-30</td>
                <td align="center">31-38</td>
                <td align="center">39-48</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40-49</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 20</td>
                <td align="center">20-26</td>
                <td align="center">27-35</td>
                <td align="center">36-44</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50-59</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 18</td>
                <td align="center">18-24</td>
                <td align="center">25-33</td>
                <td align="center">34-42</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60-69</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 16</td>
                <td align="center">16-22</td>
                <td align="center">23-30</td>
                <td align="center">31-40</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">Muito fraca</td>
                <td align="center">Fraca</td>
                <td align="center">Razo&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">Boa</td>
                <td align="center">Excelente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Faixa Et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">20-29</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 24</td>
                <td align="center">24-30</td>
                <td align="center">31-37</td>
                <td align="center">38-48</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30-39</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 20</td>
                <td align="center">20-27</td>
                <td align="center">28-33</td>
                <td align="center">34-44</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40-49</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 17</td>
                <td align="center">17-23</td>
                <td align="center">24-30</td>
                <td align="center">31-41</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50-59</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                <td align="center">15-20</td>
                <td align="center">21-27</td>
                <td align="center">28-37</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60-69</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 13</td>
                <td align="center">13-17</td>
                <td align="center">18-23</td>
                <td align="center">24-34</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 35</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Para o presente estudo foi utilizada uma amostra de 9.250 TCPE, realizados em grande centro de refer&#234;ncia de cardiologia no sul do Brasil (maiores detalhes podem ser consultados em publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Foram exclu&#237;dos, atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio realizado no momento do teste, indiv&#237;duos com qualquer sintoma sugestivo de doen&#231;a ou patologia relatada, atletas amadores ou profissionais, tabagistas, indiv&#237;duos em uso de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o, obesos (&#237;ndice de massa corporal - IMC &gt; 30) e testes com raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (R) &lt; 1,1. Ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 3.922 foram identificados. Desses, foram selecionados 2.837 exames, que correspondiam aos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e ativos. Esses sujeitos realizavam qualquer tipo de atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica formal de lazer por, pelo menos, 30 minutos di&#225;rios, no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s vezes por semana, sendo de ambos os sexos, de diferentes etnias, estando em faixa et&#225;ria entre 15 e 74 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Todos os testes de exerc&#237;cio foram executados por cardiologistas habilitados em ergometria e em TCPE pelo Departamento de Ergometria e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DERC-SBC). Os pacientes realizaram o teste em esteira ergom&#233;trica (Inbrasport - ATL&#174;, Brasil, 1999, Software ErgoPC Elite Vers&#227;o 3.3.6.2, Micromed Brasil, 1999), tendo sido utilizado protocolo de rampa. Analisador de gases tipo <italic>mixing chamber</italic> (MetaLyzer II, Cortex<sup>&#174;</sup> - Leipzig, Alemanha, 2004) foi usado para coleta dos gases expirados. Para a estat&#237;stica descritiva foram utilizadas medidas de tend&#234;ncia central, como m&#233;dia, al&#233;m de medidas de dispers&#227;o, por meio do desvio-padr&#227;o. O programa utilizado para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas e tabelas foi o Excel, Microsoft 2008.</p>
        <p>Os grupos foram divididos em sexo feminino e masculino, e as faixas et&#225;rias foram divididas em seis grupos entre 15 e 74 anos, conforme as refer&#234;ncias utilizadas: G1 (15 a 24); G2 (25 a 34 ); G3 (35 a 44); G4 (45 a 54); G5 (55 a 64) e G6 (65 a 74).</p>
        <p>A proposta de classifica&#231;&#227;o da ACR neste estudo foi constru&#237;da com base nos 2.837 testes realizados em indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis. Arbitrariamente, adotamos como aptid&#227;o "Boa" a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> max expresso em ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> obtido em cada grupo e, a partir desse dado, classificamos da seguinte forma: aptid&#227;o "muito fraca" (valor do VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 50% da m&#233;dia), "fraca" (50-80%), "regular" (80-95%), "boa" (95-105%) e "excelente" (&gt; 105%).</p>
        <p>Para validar internamente nossa classifica&#231;&#227;o, distribu&#237;mos os pacientes sedent&#225;rios de ambos os sexos da amostra populacional utilizada, conforme publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> (de acordo com a proposta de classifica&#231;&#227;o de ACR). Essa pesquisa foi devidamente aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">3</xref> apresentam os valores m&#233;dios do VO<sub>2</sub> max da popula&#231;&#227;o original, o n&#250;mero de exames de TCPE, de acordo com sexo e faixa et&#225;ria, em indiv&#237;duos ativos e sedent&#225;rios. Observa-se que o valor do VO<sub>2</sub> max &#233; superior nos grupos ativos, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sedent&#225;rios, e que os homens possuem um VO<sub>2</sub> max superior ao das mulheres. Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">5</xref> est&#225; apresentada nossa proposta de classifica&#231;&#227;o de ACR, com 5 diferentes classes, de acordo com sexo e faixa et&#225;ria de indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 6</xref> demonstra a classifica&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o sedent&#225;ria da amostra original, enquadrada, na nova tabela de ACR proposta neste trabalho, para homens e mulheres sedent&#225;rios. Podemos observar que os sedent&#225;rios sempre ser&#227;o classificados como ACR regular ou fraca.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o masculina ativa e sedent&#225;ria de acordo com a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> max (ml/kg.min) em suas respectivas faixas et&#225;rias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="7">Homens ativos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#8211; 24</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#8211; 34</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#8211; 44</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#8211; 54</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#8211; 64</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#8211; 74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#186; = 1818</td>
                <td align="center">343</td>
                <td align="center">597</td>
                <td align="center">427</td>
                <td align="center">285</td>
                <td align="center">134</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> max m&#233;dio (ml/kg.min)</td>
                <td align="center">50,6 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">47,4 &#177; 7,4</td>
                <td align="center">45,4 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">40,5&#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">35,3&#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 6,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">
                  <bold>Homens sedent&#225;rios</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#8211; 24</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#8211; 34</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#8211; 44</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#8211; 54</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#8211; 64</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#8211; 74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#186; = 570</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">188</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> max m&#233;dio (ml/kg.min)</td>
                <td align="center">47,4 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">41,9 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">39,9 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">23,1&#177; 6,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o feminina ativa e sedent&#225;ria de acordo com a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> max (ml/kg.min) em suas respectivas faixas et&#225;rias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="7">Mulheres ativas</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#8211; 24</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#8211; 34</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#8211; 44</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#8211; 54</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#8211; 64</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#8211; 74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#186; = 1019</td>
                <td align="center">177</td>
                <td align="center">300</td>
                <td align="center">229</td>
                <td align="center">206</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> max m&#233;dio (ml/kg.min)</td>
                <td align="center">38,9 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">38,1 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">34,9 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">31,1 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">25,1 &#177; 4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">
                  <bold>Mulheres sedent&#225;rias</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#8211; 24</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#8211; 34</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#8211; 44</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#8211; 54</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#8211; 64</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#8211; 74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#186; = 515</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">149</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> max m&#233;dio (ml/kg.min)</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">34,0 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">30,0 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">23,9 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">21,3 &#177; 3,4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pelo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> max - ml/kg.min) para o sexo masculino</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Faixa Et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">Muito fraca</th>
                <th align="center">Fraca</th>
                <th align="center">Regular</th>
                <th align="center">Boa</th>
                <th align="center">Excelente</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15 &#8211; 24</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 25,30</td>
                <td align="center">25,30 &#8211; 40,48</td>
                <td align="center">40,49 &#8211; 48,07</td>
                <td align="center">48,08 &#8211; 53,13</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 53,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">25 &#8211; 34</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 23,70</td>
                <td align="center">23,70 &#8211; 37,92</td>
                <td align="center">37,93 &#8211; 45,03</td>
                <td align="center">45,04 &#8211; 49,77</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 49,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">35 &#8211; 44</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 22,70</td>
                <td align="center">22,70 &#8211; 36,32</td>
                <td align="center">36,33 &#8211; 43,13</td>
                <td align="center">43,14 &#8211; 47,67</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 47,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">45 &#8211; 54</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 20,25</td>
                <td align="center">20,25 &#8211; 32,40</td>
                <td align="center">32,41 &#8211; 38,47</td>
                <td align="center">38,48 &#8211; 42,52</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 42,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">55 &#8211; 64</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 17,54</td>
                <td align="center">17,65 &#8211; 28,24</td>
                <td align="center">28.25 &#8211; 33,53</td>
                <td align="center">33,54 &#8211; 37,06</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 37,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">65 &#8211; 74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                <td align="center">15,00 &#8211; 24,00</td>
                <td align="center">24,01 &#8211; 28,50</td>
                <td align="center">28,51 &#8211; 31,50</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 31,50</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pelo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> max - ml/kg.min) para o sexo feminino</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Faixa Et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">Muito fraca</th>
                <th align="center">Fraca</th>
                <th align="center">Regular</th>
                <th align="center">Boa</th>
                <th align="center">Excelente</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15 &#8211; 24</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 19,45</td>
                <td align="center">19,45 &#8211; 31,12</td>
                <td align="center">31,13 &#8211; 36,95</td>
                <td align="center">36,96 &#8211; 40,84</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 40,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">25 &#8211; 34</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 19,05</td>
                <td align="center">19,05 &#8211; 30,48</td>
                <td align="center">30,49 &#8211; 36,19</td>
                <td align="center">36,20 &#8211; 40,00</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 40,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">35 &#8211; 44</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 17,45</td>
                <td align="center">17,45 &#8211; 27,92</td>
                <td align="center">27,93 &#8211; 33,15</td>
                <td align="center">33,16 &#8211; 34,08</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 34,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">45 &#8211; 54</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 15,55</td>
                <td align="center">15,55 &#8211; 24,88</td>
                <td align="center">24,89 &#8211; 29,54</td>
                <td align="center">29,55 &#8211; 32,65</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 32,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">55 &#8211; 64</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 14,30</td>
                <td align="center">14,30 - 22,88</td>
                <td align="center">22,89 &#8211; 27,17</td>
                <td align="center">27,18 &#8211; 30,03</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 30,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">65 &#8211; 74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 12,55</td>
                <td align="center">12,55 &#8211; 20,08</td>
                <td align="center">20,09 &#8211; 23,84</td>
                <td align="center">23,85 &#8211; 26,35</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 26,36</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pelo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> max - ml/kg.min) da popula&#231;&#227;o sedent&#225;ria masculina e feminina do estudo original na nova tabela de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="6">Homens</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Faixa Et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">Muito fraca</th>
                <th align="center">Fraca</th>
                <th align="center">Regular</th>
                <th align="center">Boa</th>
                <th align="center">Excelente</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15 &#8211; 24</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 47,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">25 &#8211; 34</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 41,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">35 &#8211; 44</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 39,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">45 &#8211; 54</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 35,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">55 &#8211; 64</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 30,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">65 &#8211; 74</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 23,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Mulheres</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15 &#8211; 24</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 35,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">25 &#8211; 34</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 34,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">35 &#8211; 44</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 30,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">45 &#8211; 54</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 27,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">55 &#8211; 64</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 23,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">65 &#8211; 74</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> = 21,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os valores do VO<sub>2</sub> max tiveram queda, como esperado, ao longo das faixas et&#225;rias em ambos os sexos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> max - ml/kg.min) ao longo dos anos em homens.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0389-60070-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> max - ml/kg.min) ao longo dos anos em mulheres.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0389-60070-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo elaborou uma tabela de ACR baseada nos valores de VO<sub>2</sub> max aferido pelo TCPE em protocolo de rampa em esteira ergom&#233;trica, a fim de classificar de forma mais precisa uma robusta amostra nacional de sujeitos saud&#225;veis e ativos de ambos os sexos. Optamos por utilizar como base os dados dos indiv&#237;duos ativos, pois partir&#237;amos de uma boa ACR nos valores correspondentes &#224; m&#233;dia. O fato de n&#227;o fazermos essa classifica&#231;&#227;o com os sedent&#225;rios nos propiciou a tentativa de validar nossa proposta, observando em que faixa os mesmos se enquadrariam.</p>
        <p>Analisando nossa classifica&#231;&#227;o, pudemos corroborar que a ACR em homens ativos &#233; maior que em mulheres ativas para a mesma faixa et&#225;ria e que, em ambos os sexos, os indiv&#237;duos ativos apresentam ACR superior &#224; dos sedent&#225;rios. Conforme citado por Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>, os valores m&#233;dios do VO<sub>2</sub> max nas mulheres s&#227;o inferiores aos dos homens, correspondendo a apenas 70% dos valores m&#233;dios do VO<sub>2</sub> max dos mesmos. No presente estudo, observou-se que a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> max das mulheres correspondeu a uma varia&#231;&#227;o entre 76% e 83% da m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> max dos homens dentro da mesma faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios apresentam n&#227;o s&#243; um VO<sub>2</sub> max menor em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos ativos, mas tamb&#233;m um decl&#237;nio duas vezes maior do VO<sub>2</sub> max &#224; medida que envelhecem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A pr&#225;tica regular do exerc&#237;cio reduz a taxa de decl&#237;nio do VO<sub>2</sub> max em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;quela de indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e, quanto maior o VO<sub>2</sub>, maior a prote&#231;&#227;o contra eventos cardiovasculares. Um incremento na capacidade aer&#243;bica est&#225; associado a aumento da sobrevida, como descrito por Myers et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> que demonstraram que o risco relativo de morte por qualquer causa aumentou significativamente &#224; medida que a capacidade funcional diminuiu, independentemente dos fatores de risco envolvidos. Os autores tamb&#233;m observaram que, a cada 1 MET de incremento na ACR, ocorria um aumento de 12% na sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria das tabelas de classifica&#231;&#227;o de ACR utilizadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica foi proposta em outros pa&#237;ses e n&#227;o foi validada para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, podendo resultar em discrep&#226;ncias relevantes, uma vez que essa classifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; extrapolada para a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Belli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> demonstraram discrep&#226;ncias importantes quando comparadas tabelas internacionais com dados brasileiros. Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> classificaram a ACR em percentil, assim como feito por Cooper et al., e observaram diferen&#231;a no VO<sub>2</sub> max comparando as duas tabelas.</p>
        <p>O VO<sub>2</sub> max depende de uma pr&#225;tica frequente e constante de atividade f&#237;sica e pode ser aprimorado com treinos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No entanto, apesar de o volume ou intensidade do treino elevarem o VO<sub>2</sub> max em 10 a 30 %, tamb&#233;m se observa uma importante influ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica. Pesquisas t&#234;m mostrado que a heran&#231;a gen&#233;tica &#233; a principal respons&#225;vel pelo VO<sub>2</sub> max de cada indiv&#237;duo, podendo ser respons&#225;vel por at&#233; 25% a 50% da varia&#231;&#227;o nos valores do VO<sub>2</sub> max, ou seja, isoladamente &#233; respons&#225;vel por quase metade da ACR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O VO<sub>2</sub> max pode ser medido de forma direta, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise dos gases expirados durante o TCPE, ou indireta, atrav&#233;s de c&#225;lculos. Apesar de algumas dessas equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o resultar em associa&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;vel com os valores obtidos nas medidas diretas, essa diferen&#231;a &#233; muito vari&#225;vel, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. O erro para um dado indiv&#237;duo pode ser bastante alto, girando entre 15% e 20% em alguns estudos, podendo em raros casos alcan&#231;ar ou exceder 30%, uma margem de erro alta, considerando outras medidas da &#225;rea biol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com os dados obtidos neste estudo, observa-se uma queda do VO<sub>2</sub> max, relacionada &#224; idade. Tal queda nas mulheres tem uma varia&#231;&#227;o menor de uma faixa et&#225;ria para outra, quando comparamos com os homens. Nossos dados apontam para uma queda do VO<sub>2</sub> max mais acentuada nas mulheres ativas do grupo 3 para o grupo 4, com m&#233;dia de 0,38 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> por ano. Nas sedent&#225;rias, a queda foi mais acentuada do grupo 2 para o grupo 3, com m&#233;dia de 0,4 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> por ano. J&#225; no sexo masculino, tanto no grupo ativo quanto no sedent&#225;rio, a queda do VO<sub>2</sub> max foi mais acentuada do grupo 5 para o grupo 6, com m&#233;dia de 0,53 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> por ano no grupo ativo e de 0,69 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> por ano no sedent&#225;rio. Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> demonstraram uma queda do VO<sub>2</sub> max no sexo masculino de 0,4 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> por ano, dos 20 aos 60 anos. Por sua vez, Belli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (apesar da aferi&#231;&#227;o indireta do VO<sub>2</sub> max) evidenciaram uma queda no VO<sub>2</sub> max m&#233;dio a partir dos 50 anos, em torno de 20% a 25% por d&#233;cada, sendo mais acentuada ap&#243;s os 60 anos. Estima-se uma queda no VO<sub>2</sub> max de aproximadamente 0,4 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> por ano a partir dos 25 anos, e esse decl&#237;nio do VO<sub>2</sub> max &#233; aproximadamente duas vezes maior em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com o intuito de aplicar nossa nova proposta de ACR, utilizamos a tabela elaborada para classificar os pacientes sedent&#225;rios submetidos ao TCPE, nas mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es que os indiv&#237;duos ativos da popula&#231;&#227;o original. Essa seria umas das formas de validarmos a proposta de classifica&#231;&#227;o, averiguando como se enquadrariam os valores de VO<sub>2</sub> max nesses indiv&#237;duos. Diferentemente de estudos que estimam o VO<sub>2</sub> max de forma indireta, o VO<sub>2</sub> max direto mostra que a ACR nos pacientes sedent&#225;rios &#233; classificada como, no m&#225;ximo, regular, independentemente de idade e sexo (demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 6</xref>). Do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, os indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios apresentam menor toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o e, por isso, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos para indiv&#237;duos ativos e sedent&#225;rios deve ser diferenciada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As tabelas de ACR de Cooper<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e da AHA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>), a segunda publicada em 1972, s&#227;o as mais utilizadas para classifica&#231;&#227;o da ACR nos <italic>softwares</italic> para TCPE no Brasil. No entanto, n&#227;o se encontram dispon&#237;veis na literatura dados referentes aos m&#233;todos e tipo de amostra utilizados para a elabora&#231;&#227;o da tabela da AHA. Dessa forma, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dados obtidos no nosso estudo com a tabela da AHA fica limitada. Nossa classifica&#231;&#227;o abrange uma faixa et&#225;ria mais ampla, variando de 15 a 74 anos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a da AHA (20 a 69 anos). Ao observarmos o VO<sub>2</sub> max das duas tabelas, notamos que, nas faixas et&#225;rias mais baixas, o VO<sub>2</sub> max &#233; muito semelhante. No entanto, nos pacientes nas demais faixas et&#225;rias, observamos um distanciamento maior entre os nossos dados e os valores do VO<sub>2</sub> max da AHA.</p>
        <p>Observando as tabelas de ACR existentes nos trabalhos at&#233; ent&#227;o publicados, constatamos que a grande maioria foi estabelecida com TCPE realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro. A diferen&#231;a do VO<sub>2</sub> max obtido em testes realizados em esteira, quando comparados aos feitos em bicicleta, verificada por diversos autores, &#233; da ordem de 5% a 17%, sendo em m&#233;dia 8% maior na esteira ergom&#233;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Essa diferen&#231;a &#233; atribu&#237;da ao tamanho da massa muscular ativa, a qual &#233; maior na esteira rolante inclinada superiormente. Outro fator importante se refere ao efeito de pedalar, o qual ocasiona uma fadiga muscular localizada, quando da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos grandes grupos musculares da coxa, fadiga essa que pode ocorrer antes de se impor um esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo aos sistemas circulat&#243;rios e respirat&#243;rios, gerando um VO<sub>2</sub> max menor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A faixa et&#225;ria em nosso estudo foi bastante ampla, e procuramos incluir adolescentes acima de 15 anos. Acreditamos que, acima dessa faixa et&#225;ria, eles j&#225; apresentam um amadurecimento muscular e desempenho muito pr&#243;ximo ao dos adultos jovens, com menos de 25 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Entendemos que a presente proposta de classifica&#231;&#227;o traz uma ferramenta que pode e deve ser testada como instrumento de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de morbimortalidade futura, de acordo com perfil funcional de cada indiv&#237;duo. Para isso, futuros estudos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o dignas de nota, como a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o para os protocolos de testes em rampa. Os indiv&#237;duos classificados como ativos eram praticantes de diferentes tipos de exerc&#237;cios e esportes. Tal fato dificulta a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados em distintas popula&#231;&#245;es. &#201; salutar que novos estudos venham a ser realizados, utilizando o protocolo de rampa nas mesmas intensidades e inclina&#231;&#245;es, com indiv&#237;duos praticantes de um mesmo tipo de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, pois isso aperfei&#231;oaria a an&#225;lise e a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Indiv&#237;duos portadores de hipertens&#227;o, diab&#233;ticos, dislipid&#234;micos, aqueles em uso de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o e os com IMC acima de 30 (obesos) foram exclu&#237;dos, o que deixa d&#250;vida da aplicabilidade desta classifica&#231;&#227;o nesses subgrupos de pacientes. Sabemos tamb&#233;m que a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira &#233; muito diversificada e que, no sul do Brasil, h&#225; um predom&#237;nio da coloniza&#231;&#227;o europeia (menor porcentual de afrodescendentes e &#237;ndios, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s). Novos estudos devem ser desenvolvidos, incluindo indiv&#237;duos de etnias distintas, oriundos de outras regi&#245;es do Brasil e comparados com a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta para se verificar se os valores podem ser diferentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um dos poucos estudos brasileiros a propor uma tabela de ACR com dados extra&#237;dos de uma robusta amostra populacional, baseados no VO<sub>2</sub> max aferido atrav&#233;s de TCPE em esteira. Esses dados podem ser utilizados como op&#231;&#227;o para classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional dos indiv&#237;duos de acordo com sexo e faixa et&#225;ria, colocando em perspectiva os diferentes perfis de risco de acordo com a real ACR.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
