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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YDTNNXwwsVz4z6mHYg3xkch</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500367</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160053</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005010103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spectrum of cardiac lesions associated with Isolated Cleft Mitral Valve and their impact on therapeutic choices</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>hammiri</surname>
            <given-names>Ayoub El</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drighil</surname>
            <given-names>Abdenasser</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benhaourech</surname>
            <given-names>Sanaa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ibn Rochd University Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Casablanca</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="MA">Morocco</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: El hammiri A,</bold> Cardiology Department, Ibn Rochd University hospital. 1 Rue des H&#244;pitaux, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Postal Code 20380, Maroc. E-mail: <email>Dr_aub@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: El hammiri A, Drighil A, Benhaourech S; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: El hammiri A, Benhaourech S; Writing of the manuscript: El hammiri A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: El hammiri A, Drighil A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>4</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>367</fpage>
      <lpage>372</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Isolated cleft mitral valve (ICMV) may occur alone or in association with other congenital heart lesions. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of cardiac lesions associated with ICMV and their potential impact on therapeutic management.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We conducted a descriptive study with data retrieved from the Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) single-center registry of our institution, including patients with ICMV registered between December 2008 and November 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Among 2177 patients retrieved from the CHD registry, 22 (1%) had ICMV. Median age at diagnosis was 5 years (6 days to 36 years). Nine patients (40.9%) had Down syndrome. Seventeen patients (77.3%) had associated lesions, including 11 (64.7%) with accessory chordae in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) with no obstruction, 15 (88.2%) had ventricular septal defect (VSD), three had secundum atrial septal defect, and four had patent ductus arteriosus. Thirteen patients (59.1%) required surgical repair. The decision to proceed with surgery was mainly based on the severity of the associated lesion in eight patients (61.5%) and on the severity of the mitral regurgitation in four patients (30.8%). In one patient, surgery was decided based on the severity of both the associated lesion and mitral regurgitation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our study shows that ICMV is rare and strongly associated with Down syndrome. The most common associated cardiac abnormalities were VSD and accessory chordae in the LVOT. We conclude that cardiac lesions associated with ICMV are of major interest, since in this study patients with cardiac lesions were diagnosed earlier. The decision to operate on these patients must take into account the severity of both mitral regurgitation and associated cardiac lesions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency / complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>A mitral valve cleft not associated with an atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) or a common atrioventricular junction is often referred as "isolated cleft mitral valve" (ICMV) or as "true mitral valve cleft". This uncommon congenital cardiac disease is associated with a variable degree of mitral regurgitation (MR) and may occur alone or in association with other congenital heart lesions.</p>
      <p>Some earlier reports have highlighted the anatomical and echocardiographic features of ICMV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> With the advent of high-resolution echocardiography, ICMV and associated cardiac lesions may be readily diagnosed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Recognition of the spectrum of cardiac abnormalities associated with ICMV is paramount, as the severity of the associated cardiac lesions may determine the timing of the intervention. Patients with associated lesions have been reported to be more symptomatic and, therefore, tend to be diagnosed earlier than patients with ICMV alone. Also, the type and severity of the associated cardiac lesions may influence the type of intervention in the setting of substantial MR.</p>
      <p>The aim of our study was to identify the spectrum of the cardiac lesions associated with ICMV and define their impact on the diagnosis delay and the therapeutic management.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Our study used data from patients registered from December 2008 to November 2014 obtained from the Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) single-center registry of our university hospital. The diagnosis of ICMV was based on echocardiographic findings in all patients and was established by the same operator (A.D.). ICMV was defined as the presence of a cleft in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, visualized in the parasternal short axis or subcostal view of the mitral valve. Consistent with Anderson's description,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> the cleft should appear very much like an "artificial cleft produced in a normal valve with a scalpel".</p>
      <p>Definitions of the positions of the cleft as "anterior lateral" or "anterior median" was based on the description by Di Segni et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Anterior median refers to the classic position of the cleft, as described by the authors, in the middle of the anterior leaflet, pointing toward the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). Anterior lateral, in turn, refers to decentralized clefts, in which the lateral portion of the anterior leaflet is wider than the medial portion or the medial portion is wider.</p>
      <p>Demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as therapeutic management of all patient with ICMV were recorded. Patients with AVSD were excluded from the analysis. The severity of the MR was estimated qualitatively by color Doppler with the evaluation of the degree of regurgitant mitral flow in the left atrium (LA), and/or quantitatively using the proximal isovelocity surface area to calculate the effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) with the formula <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The degree of MR was classified as follows: (1) mild, when the color flow of the MR jet was small and central (usually 4 cm<sup>2</sup> or &lt; 20% of the LA area), and/or EROA &lt; 0.20 cm<sup>2</sup>, regurgitant volume (RV) &lt; 30 mL, regurgitant fraction (RF) &lt; 30%; (2) moderate, when the color flow of the MR jet was intermediate and/or 0.20 &#8804; EROA &lt; 0.40 cm<sup>2</sup>, 30 &#8804; RV &lt; 60 mL, 30% &#8804; RF &lt; 50%; and (3) severe, when the color flow of the MR jet was large and central (usually &gt;10 cm<sup>2</sup> or &gt; 40% of the LA area) or in the presence of a wall-impinging jet swirling of variable size in the LA and/or EROA &#8805; 0.40 cm<sup>2</sup>, RV &#8805; 60 mL, RF &#8805; 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			<alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href=""/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YDTNNXwwsVz4z6mHYg3xkch/2b6e7c9b886f7e2daca0f7f3924e5d395df5ee78.jpg"/></alternatives> or with a simplified formula <alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href=""/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YDTNNXwwsVz4z6mHYg3xkch/48dc9eca2b7d47e4b13b670a53ede4fd737504ff.jpg"/></alternatives>.</p>
      <p>The systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) was estimated from the tricuspid regurgitant jet peak velocity using the modified Bernoulli equation (peak gradient = 4V<sup>2</sup>, where V is the maximal velocity of the tricuspid regurgitant jet measured by continuous-wave Doppler).</p>
      <p>We reported all associated cardiac lesions and described them according to the international nomenclature based on the International Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> SA peak Doppler gradient greater than 20 mmHg characterized the occurrence of a subaortic obstruction.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or as median (range), and categorical variables are expressed as percentage. All analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Among 2177 patients with a CHD, 22 (1%) had an ICMV. The median age at diagnosis was 5 years (6 days to 36 years), and 50% of the patients were diagnosed before the age of 4 years. Patients with associated lesions were diagnosed at a median age of 20 months (range 6 days to 33 years), and patients without associated lesions were diagnosed at a median age of 9 years (range 6 years to 36 years). The rate of consanguinity was 9.1%, and the male-to-female ratio was 0.83. Nine patients (40.9%) had Down syndrome. In one patient the cleft was in an anterior lateral position, and in 21 (95.5%) patients the cleft was in the an anterior median position. MR was severe in 5 patients (22.7%), moderate in two patients (9.1%), mild in six patients (27.3%), and absent in nine patients (40.9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the ICMV population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>General characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ICMV associated with other cardiac lesions</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>ICMV alone</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>All patients</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of patients</td>
              <td align="center">17 (77.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (22.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median age at diagnosis</td>
              <td align="center">2 years and 9 months (6 days to 33 years)</td>
              <td align="center">12 years (9 years to 36 years)</td>
              <td align="center">5 years (6 days to 36 years)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Consanguinity rate</td>
              <td align="center">2 (11.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2 (9.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">7 (41.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (45.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">10 (58.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (54.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Down syndrome</td>
              <td align="center">9 (52.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">9 (40.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Location of the cleft</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anterior median</td>
              <td align="center">17 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (95.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anterior lateral</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Level of regurgitation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe</td>
              <td align="center">2 (11.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (22.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">2 (11.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2 (9.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mild</td>
              <td align="center">4 (23.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (27.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absentusente</td>
              <td align="center">9 (52.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">9 (40.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Therapeutic management</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical</td>
              <td align="center">11 (64.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (59.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medical</td>
              <td align="center">4 (23.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (27.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None</td>
              <td align="center">2 (11.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (13.6%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ICMV: isolated cleft mitral valve.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A total of 17 patients (77.3%) had associated lesions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Among them, 11 (64.7%) had accessory chordae in the LVOT with no obstruction, 15 (88.2%) had ventricular septal defects (VSD; perimembranous = 8, inlet = 7) with a median diameter of 14 mm (2 mm to 41 mm), three patients had <italic>secundum</italic> atrial septal defects (ASD), and four patients had patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Eight patients (36.4%) had pulmonary hypertension. Surgery was proposed to 13 patients, the recommendations was based on the severity of the associated lesions in eight patients (61.5%) and the severity of the MR in four patients (30.8%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>). In one patient, the decision of surgery was based on the severity of both the associated lesion and mitral regurgitation.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of associated cardiac lesions in ICMV</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Type of associated lesion</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Number and percentage (n = 17)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VSD</td>
              <td align="center">15 (88.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Perimembranous</td>
              <td align="center">8 (47.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inlet</td>
              <td align="center">7 (41.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Accessory chordae in LVOT</td>
              <td align="center">11 (64.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PDA</td>
              <td align="center">4 (23.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASD <italic>(ostium secundum)</italic></td>
              <td align="center">3 (17.7%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>ICMV: isolated cleft mitral valve; VSD: ventricular septal defect; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; ASD: atrial septal defect.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reasons for choosing surgery as a therapeutic option in a population with isolated cleft mitral valve.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0367-60053-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Level of mitral regurgitation in patients with isolated cleft mitral valve referred to surgery.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0367-60053-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The first description of ICMV was in 1954 by Edwards et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The definition of ICMV by the Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project is a "cleft in the anterior mitral valve leaflet not associated with <italic>primum</italic> ASD or other features of AVSD (with or without other associated defects)".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> It is a rare cause of congenital MR with an incidence in the pediatric population of 1:1340.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In our study, ICMV represented 1% of all CHD.</p>
      <p>As described by Perier and Clausnizer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> some anatomic features are specific to ICMV. Unlike clefts associated with AVSD, the mitral annulus in ICMV is located in its normal anatomic position and the cleft points towards the LVOT, whereas the mitral and tricuspid valves are attached to the interventricular septum at different levels (the tricuspid valve junction is lower than that of the mitral valve junction).</p>
      <p>In our study, the age at diagnosis ranged from 6 days to 36 years, which is consistent with previous data reporting an age ranges from 1 day to 52 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Patients with associated lesions were diagnosed at a median age of 20 months (range 6 days to 33 years), whereas those without associated lesions were diagnosed at a median age of 9 years (range 6 years to 36 years). These findings are consistent with a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> showing that patients with ICMV and associated lesions had an earlier presentation and substantial cardiac symptoms, which related more to the associated cardiac lesions than to the ICMV itself.</p>
      <p>In our study, 40.9% of the patients had Down syndrome. This frequency was higher in comparison with other published series that have reported incidences from 10% to 25%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In a recent study, Thankavel et al. reported an incidence of ICMV of 6.5% in individuals with the syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> This high incidence of Down syndrome in patients with ICMV suggests a possible connection between this genetic abnormality and ICMV.</p>
      <p>Isolated clefts can be diagnosed adequately by two dimensional Doppler echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Following the advent of high-resolution cross-sectional echocardiography and three-dimensional echocardiography, ICMV has been more readily diagnosed and appears to be more common than previously thought.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Echocardiography can demonstrate the cleft and evaluate its severity. In our series, MR was graded as moderate or severe in 31.8% of the cases, whereas ICMV without regurgitation was recorded in nine patients (40.9%). These findings contrast with those by Fraisse et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> who reported a higher incidence of moderate to severe MR (45.5%). Furthermore, echocardiography may identify anatomical malformations associated with ICVM, such as <italic>secundum</italic> ASD, transposition of the great arteries, VSD, tricuspid atresia, PDA, coarctation of the aorta, double outlet right ventricle, and anomalous pulmonary venous connection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In our study, ICMV was associated with other congenital cardiac lesions in 17 patients (77.3%). The most frequent associated lesion was VSD in 15 patients (88.23%), which is in agreement with the findings by Zhu and al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> who have reported an associated VSD in 50% of the patients with ICVM. Accessory chordae was found in 11 patients (64.7%), none of whom had LVOT obstruction. While an incomplete coaptation of the two halves of the cleft anterior leaflet is typically the cause of associated MR, particularly when a wide cleft is present,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> accessory chordae may cause LVOT stenosis and thereby contribute to the mechanism of MR. Previous pathological studies have also suggested that restriction of the motion of the anterior mitral leaflet caused by accessory chordae may be an additional mechanism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The importance of this latter mechanism has long been recognized as a limitation to the success of mitral valve repairs in patients with AVSD once the cleft has been sutured,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> but no data have been described addressing the impact of the existence of accessory chordae on the success of surgical repair in an ICMV population.</p>
      <p>Of all patients referred to surgery in our study, 61% were referred because of the severity of the associated lesions. Only 31% of the patients were operated on exclusively due to the severity of the MR. A total of 54% of the patients operated on in our study had mild to moderate MR, suggesting that the indication for surgery was based on the severity and complexity of the associated lesions in most patients.</p>
      <p>The high incidence of associated congenital cardiac lesions in the ICMV population is of major interest. Often, a substantial cleft can be repaired at the same time that the other cardiac lesions are repaired. In the absence of other congenital cardiac lesions, the decision about surgical intervention should be taken based on the MR severity and its clinical impact. If the degree of regurgitation is only mild to moderate, the surgical repair is not urgent, since the regurgitation does not progress over the intermediate term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study shows that ICMV is rare and frequently associated with Down syndrome. Perimembranous VSD and accessory chordae in the LVOT were the most common associated cardiac abnormalities. ICMV may be of major interest in these cases because patients with associated lesions seem to be diagnosed earlier. The decision to operate on the ICMV should take into account the severity of both the MR and associated cardiac lesion.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Espectro de Les&#245;es Card&#237;acas Associadas &#224; Fissura Isolada da Valva Mitral e Impacto das Les&#245;es Sobre as Op&#231;&#245;es Terap&#234;uticas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>hammiri</surname>
            <given-names>Ayoub El</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drighil</surname>
            <given-names>Abdenasser</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benhaourech</surname>
            <given-names>Sanaa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ibn Rochd University Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Casablanca</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="MA">Marrocos</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Marrocos</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: El hammiri A</bold>, Cardiology department, Ibn Rochd University hospital. 1 Rue des H&#244;pitaux, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, CEP 20380, Maroc. E-mail: <email>Dr_aub@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: El hammiri A, Drighil A, Benhaourech S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: El hammiri A, Benhaourech S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: El hammiri A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: El hammiri A, Drighil A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fissura isolada da valva mitral (FIVM) pode ocorrer isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com outras les&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil das les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas &#224; FIVM e o potencial impacto dessas les&#245;es na terap&#234;utica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizamos um estudo descritivo com dados obtidos do registro unic&#234;ntrico <italic>Congenital Heart Disease</italic> (CHD) de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o incluindo pacientes com FIVM registrados entre dezembro de 2008 e novembro de 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Entre 2177 pacientes identificados no registro CHD, 22 (1%) apresentavam FIVM. A mediana de idade ao diagn&#243;stico foi de 5 anos (6 dias a 36 anos). Nove pacientes (40,9%) apresentavam s&#237;ndrome de Down. Dezessete pacientes (77,3%) apresentavam les&#245;es associadas, incluindo 11 (64,7%) com cordoalha acess&#243;ria na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, 15 (88,2%) com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV), tr&#234;s com comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> e quatro com persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial. Treze pacientes (59,1%) necessitaram reparo cir&#250;rgico. A decis&#227;o de prosseguir com a cirurgia foi baseada principalmente na gravidade da les&#227;o associada em oito pacientes (61,5%) e na gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral em quatro pacientes (30,8%). Em um paciente, a decis&#227;o por cirurgia foi baseada na gravidade tanto da les&#227;o associada quanto da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nosso estudo mostra que a FIVM &#233; rara e est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Down. As anormalidades card&#237;acas associadas mais comuns foram a CIV e cordoalha acess&#243;ria na VSVE. Conclu&#237;mos que as les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas &#224; FIVM s&#227;o de grande interesse, j&#225; que neste estudo, pacientes com les&#245;es associadas foram diagnosticados mais precocemente. A decis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica deve levar em conta a gravidade tanto da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral quanto das les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Uma fissura na v&#225;lvula mitral n&#227;o associada a um defeito do septo atrioventricular (DSAV) ou a uma jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular comum &#233; frequentemente denominada "fissura isolada da valva mitral" (FIVM) ou "fissura verdadeira da valva mitral". Esta doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita rara est&#225; associada a um grau vari&#225;vel de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) e pode ocorrer isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com outras les&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas.</p>
        <p>Alguns relatos pr&#233;vios destacaram as caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da FIVM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Com o advento da ecocardiografia de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, a FIVM e as les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas podem ser prontamente diagnosticadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O reconhecimento do espectro de anormalidades card&#237;acas associadas &#224; FIVM &#233; fundamental, pois a gravidade destas les&#245;es pode determinar o momento da interven&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes com les&#245;es associadas s&#227;o descritos como sendo mais sintom&#225;ticos, tendendo portanto a serem diagnosticados mais precocemente do que os pacientes com FIVM e sem les&#245;es associadas. Al&#233;m disso, o tipo e a gravidade das les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas podem influenciar o tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a de RM importante.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do nosso estudo foi identificar o espectro das les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas &#224; FIVM e definir o impacto destas les&#245;es sobre o tempo de diagn&#243;stico e o manejo terap&#234;utico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo utilizou dados de pacientes registrados entre dezembro de 2008 e novembro de 2014 no registro unic&#234;ntrico <italic>Congenital Heart Disease</italic> (CHD) do nosso hospital universit&#225;rio. O diagn&#243;stico de FIVM foi baseado em todos os pacientes em achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e estabelecido pelo mesmo operador (A.D.). A FIVM foi definida como a presen&#231;a de uma fissura no folheto anterior da valva mitral, visualizada nos cortes paraesternal em eixo menor ou subcostal da valva mitral. Em consist&#234;ncia com a descri&#231;&#227;o de Anderson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a fissura deve ser visualizada como uma "fissura artificial produzida em uma valva normal com um bisturi".</p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o da fissura como "anterior lateral" ou "anterior mediana" foi baseada na descri&#231;&#227;o de Di Segni et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A posi&#231;&#227;o "anterior mediana" se refere &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica da fissura, de acordo com os autores, no centro do folheto anterior, apontando em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE). A posi&#231;&#227;o "anterior lateral" se refere a fissuras descentralizadas, nas quais a por&#231;&#227;o lateral do folheto anterior &#233; mais ampla do que a por&#231;&#227;o medial, ou vice-versa.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, al&#233;m do tratamento de todos os pacientes com FIVM, foram registrados. Pacientes com DSAV foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. A gravidade da RM foi estimada qualitativamente por Doppler colorido com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau do fluxo mitral regurgitante no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e/ou quantitativamente utilizando a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie de isovelocidade proximal para calcular a &#225;rea efetiva do orif&#237;cio regurgitante (AEOR) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O grau de RM foi classificado da seguinte maneira: (1) leve, quando o fluxo do jato da RM ao Doppler colorido era pequeno e central (geralmente 4 cm<sup>2</sup> ou &lt; 20% da &#225;rea do AE), e/ou AEOR &lt; 0,20 cm<sup>2</sup>, volume regurgitante (VR) &lt; 30 mL, fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante (FR) &lt; 30%; (2) moderado, quando o jato do fluxo da RM ao Doppler colorido era intermedi&#225;rio e/ou 0,20 &#8804; AEOR &lt; 0,40 cm<sup>2</sup>, 30 &#8804; VR &lt; 60 mL, 30% &#8804; FR &lt; 50%; e (3) grave, quando o fluxo do jato da RM ao Doppler colorido era amplo e central (em geral &gt; 10 cm<sup>2</sup> ou &gt; 40% da &#225;rea do AE) ou na presen&#231;a de um jato em redemoinho de dimens&#245;es vari&#225;veis colidindo com a parede do AE e/ou AEOR &#8805; 0,40 cm<sup>2</sup>, VR &#8805; 60 mL, RF &#8805; 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href=""/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YDTNNXwwsVz4z6mHYg3xkch/c95f4fd724eb17e60abf78551cf7f241e22bea91.jpg"/></alternatives>), ou pela f&#243;rmula simplificada (<alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href=""/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YDTNNXwwsVz4z6mHYg3xkch/68d40d86f4a0f3e8f8288ea09c705c381ce34743.jpg"/></alternatives>).</p>
        <p>A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) foi estimada a partir do pico de velocidade do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o de Bernoulli modificada (gradiente de pico = 4V<sup>2</sup>, onde V &#233; a velocidade m&#225;xima do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide estimado por Doppler de ondas cont&#237;nuas).</p>
        <p>Relatamos todas as les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas e as descrevemos de acordo com a nomenclatura internacional baseada no <italic>International Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Um pico de gradiente ao Doppler maior do que 20 mmHg caracterizou a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o suba&#243;rtica.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados est&#227;o representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o expressas em porcentagem. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa SPSS (vers&#227;o 20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre 2177 pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, 22 (1%) apresentavam FIVM. A mediana de idade ao diagn&#243;stico foi de 5 anos (6 dias a 36 anos) e 50% dos pacientes foram diagnosticados antes da idade de 4 anos. Os pacientes com les&#245;es associadas foram diagnosticados com uma mediana de idade de 20 meses (intervalo de 6 dias a 33 anos) e os pacientes sem les&#245;es associadas foram diagnosticados com uma mediana de idade de 9 anos (intervalo de 6 anos a 36 anos). A taxa de consanguinidade foi de 9,1% e a raz&#227;o entre os sexos masculino e feminino foi de 0,83. Nove pacientes (40,9%) apresentavam s&#237;ndrome de Down. Um paciente apresentava fissura anterior lateral e 21 (95,5%) apresentavam fissura anterior mediana. A RM era severa em cinco pacientes (22,7%), moderada em dois pacientes (9,1%), leve em seis pacientes (27,3%) e estava ausente em nove pacientes (40,9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o com FIVM</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>FIVM com outras les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>FIVM sem outras les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Todos os pacientes</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">17 (77,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (22,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana da idade ao diagn&#243;stico</td>
                <td align="center">2 anos e 9 meses (6 dias a 33 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">12 anos (9 anos a 36 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">5 anos (6 dias a 36 anos)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taxa de consanguinidade</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">7 (41,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (45,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">10 (58,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (54,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome de Down</td>
                <td align="center">9 (52,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">9 (40,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Localiza&#231;&#227;o da fissura</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anterior mediana</td>
                <td align="center">17 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (95,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anterior lateral</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grave</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (22,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderado</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leve</td>
                <td align="center">4 (23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (27,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">9 (52,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">9 (40,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Manejo terap&#234;utico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cir&#250;rgico</td>
                <td align="center">11 (64,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (59,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dico</td>
                <td align="center">4 (23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (27,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,6%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>FIVM: fissura isolada da valva mitral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao todo, 17 pacientes (77,3%) apresentavam les&#245;es associadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>). Entre eles, 11 (64,7%) apresentavam cordoalha acess&#243;ria na VSVE sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, 15 (88,2%) apresentavam comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV; perimembranosa = 8, via de entrada = 7), com mediana de di&#226;metro de 14 mm (2 mm a 41 mm), tr&#234;s apresentavam comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> e quatro apresentavam persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial (PCA). Oito pacientes (36,4%) apresentavam hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. A cirurgia foi proposta para 13 pacientes e a recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi baseada na gravidade das les&#245;es associadas em oito pacientes (61,5%) e na gravidade da RM em quatro pacientes (30,8%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2</xref>). Em um paciente, a decis&#227;o da cirurgia foi baseada na gravidade tanto da les&#227;o associada quanto da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas &#224; FIVM</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de les&#227;o associada</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#250;mero e percentual (n = 17)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CIV</td>
                <td align="center">15 (88,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perlmembranosa</td>
                <td align="center">8 (47,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">De via de entrada</td>
                <td align="center">7 (41,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cordoalha acess&#243;ria na VSVE</td>
                <td align="center">11 (64,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCA</td>
                <td align="center">4 (23,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CIA <italic>(ostium secundum)</italic></td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,7%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>FIVM: fissura isolada da valva mitral; CIV: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Raz&#245;es para escolher cirurgia como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com fissura isolada da valva mitral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0367-60053-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral em pacientes com fissura isolada da valva mitral encaminhados para cirurgia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0367-60053-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A primeira descri&#231;&#227;o de FIVM foi em 1954 por Edwards.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A defini&#231;&#227;o de FIVM pelo <italic>Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project</italic> &#233; a de uma "fissura no folheto anterior da valva mitral n&#227;o associada &#224; CIA do tipo <italic>ostium primum</italic> ou a outras caracter&#237;sticas de DSAV (com ou sem outros defeitos associados)".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A FIVM &#233; uma causa rara de RM cong&#234;nita com uma incid&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica de 1:1340.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em nosso estudo, a FIVM representou 1% de todas as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas.</p>
        <p>Como descrito por Perier e Clausnizer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> algumas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas da FIVM. Ao contr&#225;rio de fissuras associadas aos DSAV, o anel mitral na FIVM est&#225; em posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica normal e a fissura aponta para a VSVE, enquanto as valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide est&#227;o conectadas ao septo interventricular em n&#237;veis diferentes (a jun&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide &#233; mais baixa do que a da valva mitral).</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, a idade ao diagn&#243;stico variou de 6 dias a 36 anos, o que &#233; consistente com dados pr&#233;vios que reportaram faixas et&#225;rias entre 1 dia e 52 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Pacientes com les&#245;es associadas foram diagnosticados com uma mediana de idade de 20 meses (intervalo de 6 dias a 33 anos), enquanto aqueles sem les&#245;es associadas foram diagnosticados com uma mediana de idade de 9 anos (intervalo de 6 anos a 36 anos). Estes achados s&#227;o consistentes com um estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> que mostrou que pacientes com FIVM e les&#245;es associadas tinham apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais precoce e sintomas card&#237;acos importantes, que estavam mais relacionados &#224;s les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas do que &#224; pr&#243;pria FIVM.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, 40,9% dos pacientes tinham s&#237;ndrome de Down. Esta frequ&#234;ncia foi maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras s&#233;ries publicadas que relataram incid&#234;ncias de 10% a 25%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em um estudo recente, Thankavel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relataram uma incid&#234;ncia de FIVM de 6,5% em indiv&#237;duos com a s&#237;ndrome. Esta alta incid&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome de Down em pacientes com FIVM sugere uma poss&#237;vel liga&#231;&#227;o entre esta anomalia gen&#233;tica e a FIVM.</p>
        <p>Fissuras isoladas podem ser diagnosticadas adequadamente com ecocardiografia bidimensional com avalia&#231;&#227;o por Doppler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Ap&#243;s o advento da ecocardiografia bidimensional de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e da ecocardiografia tridimensional, a FIVM tem sido diagnosticada mais rapidamente e parece ser mais comum do que se pensava anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A ecocardiografia pode demonstrar a fissura e avaliar sua gravidade. Em nossa s&#233;rie, a RM foi moderado ou severa em 31,8% dos casos, enquanto a FIVM sem regurgita&#231;&#227;o foi registrada em nove pacientes (40,9%). Estes achados contrastam com os de Fraisse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que relataram uma incid&#234;ncia maior de RM moderada a grave (45,5%). Al&#233;m disso, a ecocardiografia pode identificar malforma&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas associadas &#224; FIVM, tais como CIA com <italic>ostium secundum</italic>, transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, CIV, atresia tric&#250;spide, PCA, coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta, dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito e conex&#227;o an&#244;mala de veias pulmonares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Em nosso estudo, a FIVM esteve associada com outras les&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas em 17 pacientes (77,3%). A les&#227;o associada com maior frequ&#234;ncia foi a CIV em 15 pacientes (88,2%), o que est&#225; alinhado com os achados de Zhu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> que relataram CIV associada em 50% dos pacientes com FIVM. A presen&#231;a de cordoalha acess&#243;ria foi encontrada em 11 pacientes (64,7%), nenhum dos quais apresentavam obstru&#231;&#227;o na VSVE. Enquanto uma coapta&#231;&#227;o incompleta das duas metades da fissura no folheto anterior &#233; geralmente a causa de RM associada, especialmente na presen&#231;a de uma fissura ampla,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> a presen&#231;a de cordoalha acess&#243;ria pode causar estenose na VSVE e assim contribuir para o mecanismo de RM. Estudos patol&#243;gicos anteriores tamb&#233;m sugerem que a restri&#231;&#227;o do movimento da c&#250;spide anterior da valva mitral causada por cordoalha acess&#243;ria possa ser um mecanismo adicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A import&#226;ncia desse &#250;ltimo mecanismo &#233; reconhecida h&#225; bastante tempo como uma limita&#231;&#227;o ao sucesso da repara&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral em paciente com DSAV, uma vez que a fissura tenha sido suturada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> mas n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o a respeito do impacto da presen&#231;a de cordoalha acess&#243;ria sobre o sucesso do reparo cir&#250;rgico em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com FIVM.</p>
        <p>De todos os pacientes encaminhados para cirurgia em nosso estudo, 61% foram encaminhados devido &#224; gravidade das les&#245;es associadas. Apenas 31% dos pacientes foram operados exclusivamente devido &#224; gravidade da RM. Ao todo, 54% dos pacientes operados em nosso estudo apresentavam RM leve a moderada, sugerindo que a indica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia foi baseada na gravidade e complexidade das les&#245;es associadas na maioria dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A alta incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas associadas na popula&#231;&#227;o com FIVM &#233; de grande interesse. Muitas vezes, uma fissura importante pode ser reparada simultaneamente &#224; repara&#231;&#227;o das outras les&#245;es card&#237;acas. Na aus&#234;ncia de outras les&#245;es card&#237;acas isoladas, a decis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica na FIVM deve ser baseada na gravidade da RM e seu impacto cl&#237;nico. Se o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o for apenas leve ou moderado, o reparo cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o &#233; urgente, j&#225; que a regurgita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o progride a m&#233;dio prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo mostra que a FIVM &#233; rara e est&#225; frequentemente associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Down. A CIV perimembranosa e cordoalha acess&#243;ria na VSVE foram as anormalidades card&#237;acas associadas mais comuns. A FIVM pode ser de grande interesse nestes casos, j&#225; que os pacientes com les&#245;es associadas parecem ser diagnosticados mais precocemente. A decis&#227;o de operar a FIVM deve levar em conta a gravidade tanto da RM quanto da les&#227;o card&#237;aca associada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
